tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32296130618748978262024-03-16T19:51:31.295+01:00Obsolete Technology Tellye !True Televisions have the CRT Tube !!
Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets
all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.comBlogger3033125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-76836551835088861832024-02-28T18:00:00.177+01:002024-02-28T18:00:00.170+01:00WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 16" YEAR 1984<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHM8quG-EpBngzw9RhnvuxN9iascdW9Xkp6Q2OeOgrTJ1FvHwAZ3iJHNwM3txE48czkolZlh2irzbW4mHsARNpDY9AzFDcjpGjb9vsFyG-ibARhL1RaaaGHf9E2_U2lYpqp_NkHcltyR383djRDme7QrYMFJDUxALJacOOwg_M2AuCjWkU5WQE5NDJtk6t/s1026/IMGH_13578__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHM8quG-EpBngzw9RhnvuxN9iascdW9Xkp6Q2OeOgrTJ1FvHwAZ3iJHNwM3txE48czkolZlh2irzbW4mHsARNpDY9AzFDcjpGjb9vsFyG-ibARhL1RaaaGHf9E2_U2lYpqp_NkHcltyR383djRDme7QrYMFJDUxALJacOOwg_M2AuCjWkU5WQE5NDJtk6t/s320/IMGH_13578__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69kzj5gHLf4MMGP7i4AnGwAhWreGoFfH10dAdyGMyAEZMaFOup72mwYeqmM7-12dbDE_TGmhR3el-n6bP83xaXh1ZFrM_bXfwlQVq9WFqS0x16ECTW6V1GMONdasQ7fjk8FTYFHEBHDR5UGJtMlJSHPsZj_7dCoQJpSpX2OdFpmOu4IxLqyHWBZucNj-N/s1026/IMGH_13579__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj69kzj5gHLf4MMGP7i4AnGwAhWreGoFfH10dAdyGMyAEZMaFOup72mwYeqmM7-12dbDE_TGmhR3el-n6bP83xaXh1ZFrM_bXfwlQVq9WFqS0x16ECTW6V1GMONdasQ7fjk8FTYFHEBHDR5UGJtMlJSHPsZj_7dCoQJpSpX2OdFpmOu4IxLqyHWBZucNj-N/s320/IMGH_13579__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_eKrwZ48F20NrqTiTGfzN5SOgX2VnRXS-uy9ElpZHEtxOpO91avcT2-S3UA4q4d06bSXE8sv2gGkxAON-yQVv-WQU3VgzXlsCaRjg71ROuVOAfDzgSK5Gy2hSUyLUnz01s_QtL2e5wd9WElJBn6fo4ze2DMsbO3L8UlPu8_v4SZRjqVD1kwT5TbOuyj7/s1026/IMGH_13580__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_eKrwZ48F20NrqTiTGfzN5SOgX2VnRXS-uy9ElpZHEtxOpO91avcT2-S3UA4q4d06bSXE8sv2gGkxAON-yQVv-WQU3VgzXlsCaRjg71ROuVOAfDzgSK5Gy2hSUyLUnz01s_QtL2e5wd9WElJBn6fo4ze2DMsbO3L8UlPu8_v4SZRjqVD1kwT5TbOuyj7/s320/IMGH_13580__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwm4imDHN2-ed2PguD3Hu-1PHMFqFrnHwFLEb2Nquc1dicQieODjKC3o_gPFWB2LbzOrRExml3YMJJy23PaEl0uDqslnlWAzDDcH0pDxpKjeI-z9MkIqujGpwkYYWbiQ08EUBwAJ8f0xWHM3kGegPq6jlm4Ioy3i7yvGgcqZ2SqlNcsy26pTiWQmCpIhCA/s1026/IMGH_13582__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIagPMZJs8cgAyCAIPxsjZoZrJUfGH8vNfY2hPbnz3dJIJ3sgsgnMl6vJdGT6BM5a8RA50vsuA1HU7vabWtppVBCRQf3ADybM6DPr_zOHRBXtilNnaoXGrzPv2qKMsPYqCdfN9v8w7XaVPNS7rhhI5-H_2o_T5av6TrkZee1B9VddwGZ7MpVwapYAcsOI2/s320/IMGH_13584__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53OBXgtiLkuoIKw23laBnXcyLmy7RP4eTTssZUETU2xpa-GpK-9YPxpaF6ei2eBMjFPY_7EOSWWroohQW3sZ0dk4TvN68h_nOR-jgVS4a_jGyxQsoqcVeGxnREkDUV3Ra4z-rqB8Q_mnWBmX2N62Ogh6FAz_oRk3vz3hB2DgLGEE6J4LnRNk1Qi7mHAve/s1282/IMGH_13581__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53OBXgtiLkuoIKw23laBnXcyLmy7RP4eTTssZUETU2xpa-GpK-9YPxpaF6ei2eBMjFPY_7EOSWWroohQW3sZ0dk4TvN68h_nOR-jgVS4a_jGyxQsoqcVeGxnREkDUV3Ra4z-rqB8Q_mnWBmX2N62Ogh6FAz_oRk3vz3hB2DgLGEE6J4LnRNk1Qi7mHAve/s320/IMGH_13581__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR3t4mbRmoFGL5wIJCkIF-q207Sd55mMKvC_idYG2r9MdeKLv5Mh7eBJAHcQMIIXhCmqVPV_ZsgTY-NIMA1jad_GxQVWRU2URexRLVfOi67jfp_6QKmHZDtyrHqC76Yk5-VF_YL3FFVgS1XDwPuh7UsKydgVXKA7BCCoy7txVSIW8x5o5eXlwRB2EclKFn/s1026/IMGH_13585__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR3t4mbRmoFGL5wIJCkIF-q207Sd55mMKvC_idYG2r9MdeKLv5Mh7eBJAHcQMIIXhCmqVPV_ZsgTY-NIMA1jad_GxQVWRU2URexRLVfOi67jfp_6QKmHZDtyrHqC76Yk5-VF_YL3FFVgS1XDwPuh7UsKydgVXKA7BCCoy7txVSIW8x5o5eXlwRB2EclKFn/s320/IMGH_13585__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><p>The WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 16" is a portable color television with 16 inches (42cm) screen.</p><p>The set features;</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>29 programs PLL synthesizer 99 channels with bottom placed a red led display and local keyboard and remote control.
This color television is featured with PLL frequency synthesized tuning
system, a television tuning system employs a frequency
synthesizer system for establishing the tuning of the receiver,
featured with a Microcomputer driven synthesis system.A tuning system
is provided in which the tuning function is substantially integrated in
a microprocessor. A fixed modulus counter is cascaded with a
programmable counter (or timer) found within the microprocesor thereby
extending the counting range of the programmable counter. Then by
prescaling the output of the local oscillator to a value below the
toggle frequency of the microprocessor counter, the microprocessor may
periodically measure the output frequency of the oscillator and, if
necessary, generate correction signals therefor. <br />
Some prior art tuning systems for use with a voltage tunable tuner have
utilized a plurality of preset potentiometers each adjusted to supply a
voltage required to tune the tuner to a desired channel. Mechanical or
electronic switches have been employed to connect one of the preset
voltages at a time to the tuner. With this method of tuning, the channel
being received is not accurately identified by the system. Initially,
in order to set each of the potentiometers to permit reception of
desired channels, a viewer must determine the channel being received by
channel call letters and/or channel number identification periodically
transmitted from the television station. Typically, after the channel
being received has been identified, a plastic insert having the channel
number printed thereon is placed in front of a lamp which will be
illuminated whenever this channel is selected. <br />
Television receivers of the type under consideration frequently include
a frequency synthesizer for tuning the receiver's local oscillator to
the nominal carrier frequency of a selected television channel.
Generally, the frequency synthesizer compares the local oscillator
frequency to a reference frequency associated with the selected
channel, and then varies the local oscillator frequency until it equals
the reference frequency. Presumably, the receiver will now be
correctly tuned to the selected channel. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53OBXgtiLkuoIKw23laBnXcyLmy7RP4eTTssZUETU2xpa-GpK-9YPxpaF6ei2eBMjFPY_7EOSWWroohQW3sZ0dk4TvN68h_nOR-jgVS4a_jGyxQsoqcVeGxnREkDUV3Ra4z-rqB8Q_mnWBmX2N62Ogh6FAz_oRk3vz3hB2DgLGEE6J4LnRNk1Qi7mHAve/s1282/IMGH_13581__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53OBXgtiLkuoIKw23laBnXcyLmy7RP4eTTssZUETU2xpa-GpK-9YPxpaF6ei2eBMjFPY_7EOSWWroohQW3sZ0dk4TvN68h_nOR-jgVS4a_jGyxQsoqcVeGxnREkDUV3Ra4z-rqB8Q_mnWBmX2N62Ogh6FAz_oRk3vz3hB2DgLGEE6J4LnRNk1Qi7mHAve/w200-h150/IMGH_13581__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-A8GHdvIgniknmmCRaSpnHAoxcdNfG00NhB38kG3J7itNSHwXFToVuSpEXmaZT5Di2EsSOAT9mVAJuyP-lMZL5tV1F6VdjCfgozjOFs1QHvNsjtF98si2XIre6jCdQxqEA8DV5RWiUaGz/s1282/IMGH_11030__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>This
method of tuning the receiver relies, of course, on the frequency of
the incoming television signal being equal to its nominal or standard
frequency.<br />
The object of this invention is to provide a tuning system which uses a
frequency synthesizer implemented with a microprocessor.A further
object of this invention is to provide a tuning system in which the
tuning function occurs primarily within the microprocessor. <br />
These objects are achieved in a frequency synthesized tuning system
comprising a variable oscillator and a microprocessor coupled to said
variable oscillator for the control thereof, said microprocessor having a
programmable counter therein, wherein the tuning function of said
tuning system is substantially integrated within said microprocessor,
characterized in that said tuning system further comprises means coupled
between said oscillator and said microprocessor for extending the
capacity of said programmable counter, whereby said programmable counter
may be used for measuring the output frequency of said variable
oscillator. <br />
The system employed in the tv permits utilization of a frequency
synthesizer tuning system which correctly tunes to a desired
television station or channel even if the transmitted signals
from that station are not precisely maintained at the proper
frequencies even in combination of a fine tuning adjustable by the
user.<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
It is an additional object of this invention to provide an
improved frequency synthesizer tuning system for a television
receiver.</li></ul><p>
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU509yQnm5IorhRj6I16a5MiG3yHKjmhdkSZfFcIlA9XdD3JGpUQULbPAX_kmXbmKPrQRA2STC09Ih13VLujF8iAPgomn9IoQ4oA2leubJnxyadvkSXtyEkCHkt0KvXNhQL0s8Y9e38YyQ/s1600/PLL-SY-BLK__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU509yQnm5IorhRj6I16a5MiG3yHKjmhdkSZfFcIlA9XdD3JGpUQULbPAX_kmXbmKPrQRA2STC09Ih13VLujF8iAPgomn9IoQ4oA2leubJnxyadvkSXtyEkCHkt0KvXNhQL0s8Y9e38YyQ/s320/PLL-SY-BLK__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>
<b>PLL SYNTHESIZED TUNING System Concepts:</b><br /><br />INTRODUCTION
Digital tuning systems are fast replacing the conventional mechanical
systems in AM FM and television receivers The desirability of the
digital approach is mainly due to the following features * Precise
tuning of station frequencies<br />
* Exact digital frequency display<br />
*
Keyboard entry of desired frequency<br />
* Virtually unlimited station memory<br />
* Up down scanning through the band<br />
* Station ‘‘search’’ (stop on next
active station)<br />
* Power on to the last station<br />
* Easy option for
time-of-day clock In addition<br />
<i>" recent</i> "developments in large scale
integrated circuit technology and new varactor diodes for the AM band
have made the cost-benefit picture for digital tuning very attractive
System partitioning is extremely important in optimizing this
cost-benefit picture as will be discussed.<br /><br />SYSTEM DESCRIPTION<br />A
simplified block diagram of a typical digitally tuned receiver is shown
in Figure 1 Notice this receiver could be one for <i>AM FM marine radio or
television <u>it makes no difference</u></i> The frequency synthesizer block
generates the local oscillator frequency for the receiver just as a
conventional mechanical tuner would However the phase-locked-loop (PLL)
acts as an integral frequency multiplier of an accurate crystal
controlled reference frequency while the mechanical type provides a
continuously variable frequency output with no reference Some method of
controlling the value of the multiplier for channel tuning must be
provided The other RF IF and audio video circuitry will be the same as
in the mechanical tuning method There are many different ways to
partition the frequency synthesizer system to perform the digital tuning
function................</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A PHILIPS CRT TUBE of HI-BRI series.
</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>2 antennas for both VHF and UHF channels reception.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>First WHITE WESTINGHOUSE portable color tv with An AV SCART connector backside.</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>A SCART Connector (which stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils
Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a standard for connecting
audio-visual equipment together. The official standard for SCART is
CENELEC document number EN 50049-1. SCART is also known as Péritel
(especially in France) and Euroconnector but the name SCART will be used
exclusively herein. The standard defines a 21-pin connector (herein
after a SCART connector) for carrying analog television signals. Various
pieces of equipment may be connected by cables having a plug fitting
the SCART connectors. Television apparatuses commonly include one or
more SCART connectors.</span></span></span></li></ul><div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Although a SCART connector is
bidirectional, the present invention is concerned with the use of a
SCART connector as an input connector for receiving signals into a
television apparatus. A SCART connector can receive input television
signals either in an RGB format in which the red, green and blue signals
are received on Pins 15, 11 and 7, respectively, or alternatively in an
S-Video format in which the luminance (Y) and chroma (C) signals are
received on Pins 20 and 15. As a result of the common usage of Pin 15 in
accordance with the SCART standard, a SCART connector cannot receive
input television signals in an RGB format and in an S-Video format at
the same time.</span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s1600/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s320/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><span> Consequently many commercially available
television apparatuses include a separate SCART connectors each
dedicated to receive input television signals in one of an RGB format
and an S-Video format. This limits the functionality of the SCART
connectors. In practical terms, the number of SCART connectors which can
be provided on a television apparatus is limited by cost and space
considerations. However, different users wish the input a wide range of
different combinations of formats of television signals, depending on
the equipment they personally own and use. However, the provision of
SCART connectors dedicated to input television signals in one of an RGB
format and an S-Video format limits the overall connectivity of the
television apparatus. Furthermore, for many users the different RGB
format and S-Video format are confusing. Some users may not understand
or may mistake the format of a television signal being supplied on a
given cable from a given piece of equipment. This can result in the
supply of input television signals of an inappropriate format for the
SCART connector concerned.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This kind of connector is todays obsoleted !</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Sound speaker side placed toghether with an external speaker connector too.<br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 is apretty unique model with an interesting double function handgrip, allowing to obtain an inclined tv cabinet or a front vertically placing of the same as seen in pictures above.The objective of the present invention was early on to expand on the utility of relatively small, portable tvs with locking mechanism in determined viewing positions;and can be positioned within front or inclined way with a locking connection member installed along a side of the main body for selectively controlling rotation of few degree. The handgrip rectangle structure acts as a switch between the two positions choice. <br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 is also characterized by implementing as a first portable color tv the MOTOROLA TDA 3300 Motorola's third
generation colour processing,Motorola's third generation PAL decoder
system (Chroma III) employs a single 40 -pin i.c., type TDA3300. Amongst
the features of this i.c. are low dissipation, typically 600mW, with a
single 12V supply; a patented 90° phase - shift system requiring no
adjustment; and direct inputs for on -screen (data, TV games, etc.)
displays, with a complementary fast blanking input. Of particular
interest is the beam limiting and automatic black -level adjustment
system, the latter making it unnecessary to incorporate preset controls
to set up the black level. These arrangements rely on three high
-voltage transistors to monitor the beam currents, providing feedback
signals for the i.c. If the reference voltage is exceeded, the beam
current limiting action comes into operation, reducing the contrast. The
system has been designed to enhance the set's video and digital signal
handling capability. During the flyback time the feedback input
impedance rises, activating a further internal comparator. This compares
the tube's cut-off current (a hot cathode doesn't cut off completely)
with another internal reference voltage. The resultant signal is
integrated and added to the output (at the output clamp) to provide the
automatic black -level correction. Readers may recall that a similar
idea, using discrete circuitry, is employed in certain B and 0 colour
chassis. The advantage is that the black level is held constant
throughout the tube's life, with no grey scale drift.</li></ul><p>The device will accept a PAL or NTSC composite video<br />signal and output the. three colour signals—needing only a simple<br />driver
amplifier to interface with the picture tube ,furthermore it features
first time an apparatus and method for the automatic setup of a CRT
operating point, or dc signal level (black), as well as the contrast, or
gain level (gray), of a video display by sampling the CRT signal level
of the individual cathodes and locking the dc signal level to a common
dc setup reference and gain level to a value determined by a common
contrast control signal and gain reference. An apparatus and method in
which a common brightness control signal is modulated by a common
contrast control signal such that a brightness control pedestal is added
to each video signal path of a video display whereby picture black
level does not change with contrast. the system is provided for
achieving and maintaining gray scale tracking in a multibeam, cathode
ray display device, despite fluctuations in the electrical
characteristics of the display device and of video amplifiers driving
the device. Tracking is accomplished by measuring the actual beam
currents produced during the applications of test signals to the
amplifiers and automatically adjusting the biases and gains of the
amplifiers in response to differences between the measured beam currents
and predefined beam currents which should be produced. The invention
can also be used to automatically stabilize the beam current in a single
beam cathode ray display device. </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #20124d; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span>
It has a Transistorized horizontal deflection circuits made up of a
horizontal switching or output transistor, a diode, one or more
capacitors and a deflection winding. The output transistor, operating as
a switch, is driven by a horizontal rate square wave signal and
conducts during a portion of the horizontal trace interval. A diode,
connected in parallel with the transistor, conducts during the remainder
of the trace interval. A retrace capacitor and the deflection yoke
winding are coupled in parallel across the transistor-diode combination.
Energy is transferred into and out of the deflection winding via the
diode and output transistor during the trace interval and via the
retrace capacitor during the retrace interval. </li></ul>
In some television
receivers, the collector of the horizontal output transistor is coupled
to the B+ power supply through the primary windings of the high voltage
transformer. <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iLAyM9jCjpU/T8PSqS9D7OI/AAAAAAAAL2A/zoVWYOzUtdU/s1600/ITT-VIDOM-ADV1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5747669173539171554" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iLAyM9jCjpU/T8PSqS9D7OI/AAAAAAAAL2A/zoVWYOzUtdU/s320/ITT-VIDOM-ADV1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; width: 228px;" /></a>The set is build with a unique type of Modular chassis design The modular equipment chassis can include a first top support, a first
bottom support, a first side member, a second side member, and a first
guide rail. because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver. </li></ul><p>
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required. <br />
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman. <br />
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors. <br />
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will
require more highly qualified servicemen. <br />
The primary symptoms
of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of
the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are
located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver
require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must
use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis
from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components
are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they
are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components
in the receiver. <br />
Repairing a modern color television receiver
often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to
a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive
undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require
at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to
the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these
reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in
operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and
is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be
purchased. <br />
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized
color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a
plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and
maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the
cabinet so
that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner
as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance
and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another
aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the
owner.<br />
</p><div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<br />
This set has spark like pictures and colors and very high contrast and bright perfectly focused and was very reliable.<p><br /><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The set wasn't expensive and was fabricated by Formenti Industry in Italy in 1984<br /></span></span></p><p><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">FORMENTI GROUP HISTORY</span><span style="font-size: small;">
It was founded in Desio ( Milan ) from Carlo Formenti in 1947 , under
the name Carlo Formenti sas, and began his activities with the
construction of radio , designed by the same founder, private label
and un<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmy3jxiZ5BjnDLfGS1KYNRXwUpLZwko_ND0SEQFGBCrSulHB37XVuj2lm68PnVnpSnbEFVtEMx8-Bi-1DChY9NEnDJVGIj1oXeuFkkbDidzonSA8FkyKFgymv0a4kzauRFr-37WEhV0pn/s1600/FORMENTI-AD1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmy3jxiZ5BjnDLfGS1KYNRXwUpLZwko_ND0SEQFGBCrSulHB37XVuj2lm68PnVnpSnbEFVtEMx8-Bi-1DChY9NEnDJVGIj1oXeuFkkbDidzonSA8FkyKFgymv0a4kzauRFr-37WEhV0pn/s320/FORMENTI-AD1.jpg" width="235" /></a>der contract with other brands.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1953 the
activities were moved to a new factory with 80 employees and was
launched early production of TV sets in black and white , mostly as a
subcontractor for major brands like Telefunken , Singer and Siemens .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Three
years later began exports to foreign countries, and always as a
subcontractor produced devices with trademarks for the large retail
chains in Europe.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1961 took over the
Italian plant of U.S. Admiral of Concorezzo with its 1,000 employees
and a production capacity of 500 units per day, the license for the
brand , and continued with the production of television and radio.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Admiral
was formed Formenti SpA based in Milan , Lombardy and the company
began its period of expansion so that within a few years led her to be
one of the largest in the industry nationally.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Moreover, the production was extended to the field of "white" with the start of production of washing machines .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">During
the sixties , the head office and administration of the company,
which changed its name to Industrie Formenti SpA Italy, was moved to
Liss .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1972 was inaugurated a new plant in Sessa
Aurunca for the production of color televisions with brands Admiral,
Phoenix , Philco , and Televideon Uranya. Formenti was actually the
first in Italy to produce the equipment, but until 1976 were marketed
exclusively in the Central European countries, especially France and
Germany , where for some time had already begun broadcasting in
color.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Since 1983 the Group Formenti appeared on the
market with another brand, White-Westinghouse , which became the most
important with TVs, VCRs and household products from the same company
Brianza.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In subsequent years Formenti used other brands as DuMont and Schaub-Lorenz .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Partially
affected by the general crisis of the Italian electronic, in 1984 the
public financial REL entered the capital Formenti record the 27.75%
of the shares . The company, which by then had 580 employees scattered
in the two plants, however, was one of the few entries in orbit REL
able to repair their accounts in a short time.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1989
was started the modernization and extension of the establishment of
Sessa, the installation of assembly automation , which allowed the
company to undergo an increase in productivity from 300 to 2,200
pieces per day,The establishment of Concorezzo was instead intended to
produce a new monitor and display for professional computer and ATM .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The
company's continued A successful period during the nineties . Its
sales went from over 108 billion lire in 1991 to 310 made in 1999 .
Meanwhile, the Group acquired it in Monza 1997 the brand Imperial and
the failed Sèleco , noting the brands Brionvega and Tandberg and the
establishment of Pordenone (activated in 1998 ), and finally the
Formenti family formed a new group called Sèleco-Formenti SpA, the which
Charles, the founder, assumed the presidency, while the sons John and
Julius, held the positions of CEO and director, respectively .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">But
since the year 2000 for Formenti begins a period of severe crisis.
The company's balance sheet records a large deficit due to declining
sales, the latter factor caused by the aggressive competition of
producers Turkish color TV, put on the market at competitive prices
clearly and without adequate anti- dumping on the part of ' European
Union .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Also as a result of the difficulties facing the
company, it decided to close the two plants Concorezzo ( 2000 ) and
Sessa Aurunca ( 2003 ), respectively, 130 and 440 employees, as well
as staff reductions in the Friuli .</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In 2004 the
company was put into liquidation , and then it is decided by the
commissioner, the Court of Monza that appointment as curator
Professor. Francesco Fimmanò. After a long period of unemployment
benefits for workers of the company, shed of Pordenone and brands
Sèleco, Brionvega and Imperial in 2006 are awarded to the Super / /
Fluo , a company based in Udine owned by the brothers Carlo and Marco
Asquini. The new property will only tempoi to produce some brand
Imperial model tv, radio, and a Seleco brand new LCD TV brand Brionvega
before the bankruptcy of the same. From this to save the brand Super
/ / Fluo, while the other brands owned and acquired by Formenti will
pass to the new property called Selek Brionvega Technology and the
mark for both audio and video production will switch to SIM2
Multimedia, the renowned Italian company field projectors.</span></span><br />
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Note"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some References.</span></span><br /></span></h2></li></ul>
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Seleco-Formenti-fatturato-99-a-33" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">SELECO-FORMENTI: FATTURATO ‘99 A + 33%</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 7 giugno 2000. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-dati-1"> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Le principali società italiane (2003)</span>, R&S-Mediobanca, 2003, pp. 188-189.</cite></span>
</li></ul><br /><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-fondazione-2"> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Quale futuro per la tv Made in Italy?</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Trade Consumer Electronics</span>, E2S, settembre 2006, pp. 31-32.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://www.elettrovintage.it/Storia/storia_radio.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Storia della Radio D'epoca</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">elettrovintage.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <span style="font-style: italic;">ITALY Major Manufacturers Directory</span>, Business Information Agency, 2011, p. 212.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> M. Ruffolo, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1984/09/02/pioggia-di-miliardi-su-tv-color-hi-fi.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">PIOGGIA DI MILIARDI SU TV COLOR E HI-FI</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 2 settembre 1984, p. 29. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> A. Bonafede, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1987/10/16/rel-il-colore-dei-soldi.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">REL, il colore dei soldi</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 16 ottobre 1987, p. 19. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-ndesign-7"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-ndesign_7-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/http://www.nicotradesign.it/Articoli/STYLING.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Lo styling dei televisori</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">nicotradesign.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
</li></ul><br /><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-sessa-8"> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> C. Piazzotta, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://www.italiaoggi.it/archivio/la-formenti-spa-punta-alla-seleco-337973" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">La Formenti spa punta alla Seleco</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Oggi" title="Italia Oggi">Italia Oggi</a></span>, n. 243, 15 ottobre 1997, p. 12. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> A. Bonafede, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/10/19/sommersi-salvati-con-soldi-rel.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">SOMMERSI E SALVATI CON I SOLDI REL</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 19 ottobre 1990, p. 15. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Video tv, oltre 108 miliardi il fatturato FORMENTI</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></span>, 28 giugno 1992.</cite></span>
</li></ul><br /><div><div class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation" id="simpleSearch"><div class="mw-body" id="content" role="main"><div class="vector-body" id="bodyContent"><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1997/12/21/formenti-marchi-seleco.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">A FORMENTI I MARCHI SELECO</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 21 dicembre 1997, p. 28. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/04/12/alla-seleco-ricomincia-la-produzione-di-televisori.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Alla Seleco ricomincia la produzione di televisori</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 12 aprile 1998, p. 21. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> G. Lonardi, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1999/06/21/seleco-un-disegno-per-la-tv.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Seleco, un disegno per la tv</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 21 giugno 1999, p. 14. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Formenti conferma la chiusura Appello dei sindacati al Comune</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></span>, 18 marzo 2000.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/http://e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Seleco-Formenti-nel-semestre-vendite-a-26-e-a-settembre-torna-Phonola" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">SÈLECO-FORMENTI: NEL SEMESTRE VENDITE A +26%; E A SETTEMBRE TORNA PHONOLA</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 27 giugno 2001. <small>URL consultato il 9 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52002PC0433&from=it" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Proposta
di regolamento del Consiglio che istituisce un dazio antidumping
definitivo sulle importazioni di apparecchi riceventi per la televisione
a colori originari della Repubblica popolare cinese, della Repubblica
di Corea, della Malaysia e della Thailandia, e chiude il procedimento
per quanto riguarda le importazioni di apparecchi riceventi per la
televisione a colori originari di Singapore /* COM/2002/0433 def. */</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">eur-lex.europa.eu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Del Giudice, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2003/06/07/PN_03_PNC3.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Seleco, 68 in mobilità</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 7 giugno 2003, p. 3. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Formenti-appeso-a-un-filo-il-futuro-di-Seleco/%28language%29/ita-IT" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">FORMENTI: APPESO A UN FILO IL FUTURO DI SELECO</span></a> <span class="chiarimento" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}"></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}">[<i><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Collegamenti_interrotti" title="Aiuto:Collegamenti interrotti">collegamento interrotto</a></i>]</sup>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 17 novembre 2004. <small>URL consultato il 1º aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Del Giudice, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2004/09/29/PN_01_PNA1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Piano di salvataggio per la Seleco</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 29 settembre 2004, p. 1. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Lisetto, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2004/09/30/PN_03_PNC1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Seleco, passa il piano di rilancio</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 30 settembre 2004, p. 3. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Lisetto, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2004/10/07/PN_04_PND1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Horizon entra nella Seleco</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 7 ottobre 2004, p. 4. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Del Giudice, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2004/10/25/PN_07_PNA4.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Adriatek rileva la Seleco</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 25 ottobre 2004, p. 6. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Del Giudice, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2004/11/03/PN_01_PNA1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Seleco in liquidazione, saltano 150 posti</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 3 novembre 2004, p. 1. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2004/12/30/PN_02_PNB1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Seleco in liquidazione, saltano 150 posti</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 30 dicembre 2004, p. 2. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style: normal;"> A. Falini, <span style="font-style: italic;">La
straordinaria amministrazione. Elementi di criticità nella
comunicazione e nel controllo delle imprese in amministrazione
straordinaria</span>, Franco Angeli, 2008, p. 138.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Del Giudice, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2005/01/04/PN_05_PND1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Il commissario della Seleco: «Ora sulle cessioni decido io»</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 4 gennaio 2005, p. 5. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> E. Del Giudice, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2006/04/27/NZ_10_REGB4.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Asta deserta, nessuno compra Seleco</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 27 aprile 2006, p. 10. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> C. Rigo, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2006/08/15/PN_01_PNA1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ceduta la Seleco, in salvo 75 lavoratori</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Pordenone</span>, 15 agosto 2006, p. 1. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span>
<br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formenti#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> C. Rigo, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2006/08/15/UD_05_UDE1.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Un udinese acquista la Seleco</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116171425/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggero_Veneto" title="Messaggero Veneto">Messaggero Veneto</a> - Sezione di Udine</span>, 15 agosto 2006, p. 5. <small>URL consultato il 2 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: center;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">*******</cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span></cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span></cite></span></cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span></cite></span></cite></span></cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span></cite></span></cite></span></cite></span></cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span></cite></span></cite></span></cite></span></cite></span> </cite></span></div></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTpTVnYPelwTTFjc4bulzo4CfAKdGW6yDDERLSpV8UxFHzIV3Z6FOkTlxMZSd5a61mLmZAiigXnkTUm-wWPl0KO-GElcibT4RSET-gFmXX0TkzRm1-Jc4WciGMCZ9HkNZceG9Gjfv2tG9xtEdIbBp09RfYUZn3nSVmQgmet7zgJUIig7GT7HTyPm9drKFc/s1170/FwXB_dmXgAAWJvv.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1170" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTpTVnYPelwTTFjc4bulzo4CfAKdGW6yDDERLSpV8UxFHzIV3Z6FOkTlxMZSd5a61mLmZAiigXnkTUm-wWPl0KO-GElcibT4RSET-gFmXX0TkzRm1-Jc4WciGMCZ9HkNZceG9Gjfv2tG9xtEdIbBp09RfYUZn3nSVmQgmet7zgJUIig7GT7HTyPm9drKFc/w400-h355/FwXB_dmXgAAWJvv.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div></cite></span></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><u><b>AND STOP NOW SPRAYING CHEMICALS IN OUR SKY !</b></u></span></span></span><br /></cite></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">********************* </cite></span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span></div></div><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-34775844249909191152024-02-28T17:30:00.191+01:002024-02-28T17:30:00.148+01:00WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 16" CHASSIS V.C.182 INTERNAL VIEW<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxquVad5n8QmNlUzx8d6eISQvapIIkuisCjrvMEL_Isp3O2CbWbqtWpHvEOgbAKP2e5reDwuAlKBnq6ZSTQfZzUM7PAur_ysDFA4XaR8LW1NthtN7rLtZvD-XFVac3_NXndFHmEbze1EfPqjr_qGDP2RyzxHMVKRGCpGrqpeTGl9lo4QvxQWWVHgK4nVD/s1282/IMGH_13560__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwxquVad5n8QmNlUzx8d6eISQvapIIkuisCjrvMEL_Isp3O2CbWbqtWpHvEOgbAKP2e5reDwuAlKBnq6ZSTQfZzUM7PAur_ysDFA4XaR8LW1NthtN7rLtZvD-XFVac3_NXndFHmEbze1EfPqjr_qGDP2RyzxHMVKRGCpGrqpeTGl9lo4QvxQWWVHgK4nVD/s320/IMGH_13560__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPYWZQapGX_NPJNIubkiDMgJ92HF31OuVWP59VW0Ffrz5fFP3eP7iu11_CUcD8p5gXYRjVNHYZuapn_babFPz8PE4krlPx1et30x1J5XOeUtSolTXKL8kzYNaXR6y4SVa93PsSEMGccjYNyAASPLz5Ijvw8JLxe5s2an96Uz6Ua5EqS_hdAZjKSw0OQiP3/s1282/IMGH_13561__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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<p>A very compact CHASSIS THE CHASSIS V.C.182 IN MULTI BOARD FASHION for that era and was used
even for models of 20 Inches (51Cm) sets. The present invention have recognized, among other things, that a
problem to be solved can include organizing, powering, and routing
signals to or from various sections of a tv color receiver. The present subject
matter can help provide a solution to this problem, such as by providing
a modular equipment chassis. Organizing, powering, and routing signals to and from the electronictv parts can be challenging when there is limited space within a television set if it's of a portable type.</p><p>Another challenge can include a lack of
mounting locations to affix an electronic part to the compex chassis.
Yet another challenge is that each electronic part can have its own
unique power requirements and/or a dedicated power supply that can
further limit space available within the tv chassis. </p><p>Another challenge
can be dissipating or otherwise absorbing heat generated by multiple
electronic part (and their respective power supplies) when such part are mounted within a tv chassis and in close proximity to
one another. Elevated temperatures can, in some instances, damage or
compromise proper function of an electronic part. The aforementioned challenges and problems can be resolved by a modular equipment chassis like the here present the CHASSIS V.C.182. </p><p>70 14 654 01 (SYNC + DEFLECTIONS + EHT PANEL)<br /></p><p>70 14 653 02 (SUPPLY PANEL)</p><p>70 14 655 01 (IF + VIDEO + HF PANEL)<br /></p><p> </p><p> WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 16" CHASSIS V.C.182 POWER SUPPLY.<br /></p><p>What is a Flyback Transformer? The low cost, simplicity of design and intrinsic efficiency of flyback transformers have made them a popular solution for power supply designs of below 100W to 150W. Other advantages of the flyback transformer over circuits with similar topology include isolation between primary and secondary and the ability to provide multiple outputs and a choice of positive or negative voltage for the output.<br />Flyback transformer, or, line output transformers are a part of the power supplies in cathode ray tubes. The flyback transformer generates a high voltage, as needed by the CRT display or similar devices (e.g. plasma lamps). A flyback transformer generates a voltage between a few kilovolts to 50 kilovolts and uses high frequency switched currents between 17 kHz and 50 kHz.<br />The chief difference between a flyback transformer and main/audio transformer is that flybacks transfer as well as store energy, for a just a fraction of an entire switching period. The secret behind that is the coil winding on a ferrite core that has an air gap; it increases the magnetic circuit reluctance for storing the energy.<br />The reason it is called a flyback transformer is because the primary winding uses a relatively low-voltage saw-tooth wave. The wave gets strengthened first and then gets switched off abruptly; this causes the beam to fly back from right to left on the display.<br />Applications Cathode ray tube. Televisions. Plasma Lamps.<br />Any display requiring high voltage to operate and much more.<br /><br />Highly and friendly serviceability we can see here, and it's not highly complex.<br /></p><p><u><b>THE SIEMENS TDA 4600 Semiconductor circuit</b></u> <b>description</b> for supplying power to electrical
equipment, comprising a transformer having a primary winding connected,
via a parallel connection of a collector-emitter path of a transistor
with a first capacitor, to both outputs of a rectifier circuit supplied,
in turn, by a line a-c voltage; said transistor having a base
controlled via a second capacitor by an output of a control circuit
acted upon, in turn by the rectified a-c line voltage as actual value
and by a reference voltage; said transformer having a first secondary
winding to which the electrical equipment to be supplied is connected;
said transformer having a second secondary winding with one terminal
thereof connected to the emitter of said transistor and the other
terminal thereof connected to an anode of a first diode leading to said
control circuit; said transformer having a third secondary winding with
one terminal thereof connected, on the one hand, via a series connection
of a third capacitor with a first resistance, to the other terminal of
said third secondary winding and connected, on the other hand, to the
emitter of said transistor, the collector of which is connected to said
primary winding; a point between said third capacitor and said first
resistance being connected to the cathode of a second diode; said
control circuit having nine terminals including a first terminal
delivering a reference voltage and connected, via a voltage divider
formed of a t</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>hird and fourth series-connected resistances, to the anode
of said second diode; a second terminal of said control circuit serving
for zero-crossing identification being connected via a fifth resistance
to said cathode of said second diode; a third terminal of said
control-circuit serving as actual value input being directly connected
to a divider point of said voltage divider forming said connection of
said first terminal of said control circuit to said anode of said second
diode; a fourth terminal of said control circuit delivering a sawtooth
voltage being connected via a sixth resistance to a terminal of said
primary winding of said transformer facing away from said transistor; a
fifth terminal of said control circuit serving as a protective input
being connected, via a seventh resistance to the cathode of said first
diode and, through the intermediary of said seventh resistance and an
eighth resistance, to the cathode of a third diode having an anode
connected to an input of said rectifier circuit; a sixth terminal of
said control circuit carrying said reference potential and being
connected via a fourth capacitor to said fourth terminal of said control
circuit and via a fifth capacitor to the anode of said second diode; a
seventh terminal of said control circuit establishing a potential for
pulses controlling said transistor being connected directly and an
eighth terminal of said control circuit effecting pulse control of the
base of said transistor being connected through the intermediary of a
ninth resistance to said first capacitor leading to the base of said
transistor; and a ninth terminal of said control circuit serving as a
power supply input of said control circuit being connected both to the
cathode of said first diode as well as via the intermediary of a sixth
capacitor to a terminal of said second secondary winding as well as to a
terminal of said third secondary winding.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title" style="text-align: left;">
Description:</div>
The
invention relates to a blocking oscillator type switching power supply
for supplying power to electrical equipment, wherein the primary winding
of a transformer, in series with the emitter-collector path of a first
bipolar transistor, is connected to a d-c voltage obtained by
rectification of a line a-c voltage fed-in via two external supply
terminals, and a secondary winding of the transformer is provided for
supplying power to the electrical equipment, wherein, furthermore, the
first bipolar transistor has a base controlled by the output of a
control circuit which is acted upon in turn by the rectified a-c line
voltage as actual value and by a set-point transmitter, and wherein a
starting circuit for further control of the base of the first bipolar
transistor is provided. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T62kdwdT6e4/US-F3HKRkUI/AAAAAAAAOKQ/Kg98R7awRx8/s1600/IMGH_04361.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Such a blocking oscillator switching
power supply is described in the German periodical, "Funkschau" (1975)
No. 5, pages 40 to 44. It is well known that the purpose of such a
circuit is to supply electronic equipment, for example, a television
set, with stabilized and controlled supply voltages. Essential for such
switching power supply is a power switching transistor i.e. a bipolar
transistor with high switching speed and high reverse voltage. This
transistor therefore constitutes an important component of the control
element of the control circuit. Furthermore, a high operating frequency
and a transformer intended for a high operating frequency are provided,
because generally, a thorough separation of the equipment to be supplied
from the supply naturally is desired. Such switching power supplies may
be constructed either for synchronized or externally controlled
operation or for non-synchronized or free-running operation. A blocking
converter is understood to be a switching power supply in which power is
delivered to the equipment to be supplied only if the switching
transistor establishing the connection between the primary coil of the
transformer and the rectified a-c voltage is cut off. The power
delivered by the line rectifier to the primary coil of the transformer
while the switching transistor is open, is interim-stored in the
transformer and then delivered to the consumer on the secondary side of
the transformer with the switching transistor cut off. <br />
In the
blocking converter described in the aforementioned reference in the
literature, "Funkschau" (1975), No. 5, Pages 40 to 44, the power
switching transistor is connected in the manner defined in the
introduction to this applic<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguy0spHI4BL8-Htea54gLo0JhJTx5Y_kPje5mzc8T2hzwwCRR7nmodzcHM8m56aemToTXoKyNG6iUb_zgHJxy6TtBiZ3jQmN2mxpJA9q65PpMXUVqB7sqeWsiOC5fcPDSh_0bhROjWOWjLvaZrbAdLmHnyCAC6P2KVu7cxeOFOpBXIPSm10X5ESGR1OL2g/s1282/IMGH_13564__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguy0spHI4BL8-Htea54gLo0JhJTx5Y_kPje5mzc8T2hzwwCRR7nmodzcHM8m56aemToTXoKyNG6iUb_zgHJxy6TtBiZ3jQmN2mxpJA9q65PpMXUVqB7sqeWsiOC5fcPDSh_0bhROjWOWjLvaZrbAdLmHnyCAC6P2KVu7cxeOFOpBXIPSm10X5ESGR1OL2g/s320/IMGH_13564__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iHJKydTf_jY/US-FysAAphI/AAAAAAAAOJo/O3vNPGST1-U/s1600/IMGH_04358.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>ation. In addition, a so-called starting
circuit is provided. Because several diodes are generally provided in
the overall circuit of a blocking oscillator according to the definition
provided in the introduction hereto, it is necessary, in order not to
damage these diodes, that due to the collector peak current in the case
of a short circuit, no excessive stress of these diodes and possibly
existing further sensitive circuit parts can occur. <br />
Considering
the operation of a blocking oscillator, this means that, in the event of
a short circuit, the number of collector current pulses per unit time
must be reduced. For this purpose, a control and regulating circuit is
provided. Simultaneously, a starting circuit must bring the blocking
converter back to normal operation when the equipment is switched on,
and after disturbances, for example, in the event of a short circuit.
The starting circuit shown in the literature reference "Funkschau" on
Page 42 thereof, differs to some extent already from the conventional
d-c starting circuits. It is commonly known for all heretofore known
blocking oscillator circuits, however, that a thyristor or an equivalent
circuit replacing the thyristor is essential for the operation of the
control circuit. <br />
It is accordingly an object of the invention to
provide another starting circuit. It is a further object of the
invention to provide a possible circuit for the control circuit which is
particularly well suited for this purpose. It is yet another object of
the invention to provide such a power supply which is assured of
operation over the entire range of line voltages from 90 to 270 V a-c,
while the secondary voltages and secondary load variations between
no-load and short circuit are largely constant. <br />
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With
the foregoing and other objects in view, there is provided, in
accordance with the invention, a blocking oscillator-type switching
power supply for supplying power to electrical equipment wherein a
primary winding of a transformer, in series with an emitter-collector
path of a first bipolar transistor, is connected to a d-c voltage
obtained by rectification of a line a-c voltage fed-in via two external
supply terminals, a secondary winding of the transformer being
connectible to the electrical equipment for supplying power thereto, the
first bipolar transistor having a base controlled by the output of a
control circuit acted upon, in turn, by the rectified a-c line voltage
as actual value and by a set-point transmitter, and including a starting
circuit for further control of the base of the first bipolar
transistor, including a first diode in the starting circuit having an
anode directly connected to one of the supply terminals supplied by the
a-c line voltage and a cathode connected via a resistor to an input
serving to supply power to the control circuit, the input being directly
connected to a cathode of a second diode, the second diode having an
anode connected to one terminal of another secondary winding of the
transformer, the other secondary winding having another terminal
connected to the emitter of the first bipolar transmitter. <br />
In
accordance with another feature of the invention, there is provided a
second bipolar transistor having the same conduction type as that of the
first bipolar transistor and connected in the starting circuit with the
base thereof connected to a cathode of a semiconductor diode, the
semiconductor diode having an anode connected to the emitter of the
first bipolar transistor, the second bipolar transistor having a
collector connected via a resistor to a cathode of the first diode in
the starting circuit, and having an emitter connected to the input
serving to supply power to the control circuit and also connected to the
cathode of the second diode which is connected to the other secondary
winding of the transformer. <br />
In accordance with a further feature
of the invention, the base of the second bipolar transistor is connected
to a resistor and via the latter to one pole of a first capacitor, the
anode of the first diode being connected to the other pole of the first
capacitor. <br />
In accordance with an added feature of the invention,
the input serving to supply power to the control circuit is connected
via a second capacitor to an output of a line rectifier, the output of
the line rectifier being directly connected to the emitter of the first
bipolar transistor. <br />
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In accordance with an additional feature of
the invention, the other secondary winding is connected at one end to
the emitter of the first bipolar transistor and to a pole of a third
capacitor, the third capacitor having another pole connected, on the one
hand, via a resistor, to the other end of the other secondary winding
and, on the other hand, to a cathode of a third diode, the third diode
having an anode connected via a potentiometer to an actual value input
of the control circuit and, via a fourth capacitor, to the emitter of
the first bipolar transistor. <br />
In accordance with yet another
feature of the invention, the control circuit has a control output
connected via a fifth capacitor to the base of the first bipolar
transistor for conducting to the latter control pulses generated in the
control circuit. <br />
In accordance with a concomitant feature of the
invention, there is provided a sixth capacitor shunting the
emitter-collector path of the first transistor. <br />
Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claim. <br />
Although
the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a
blocking oscillator type switching power supply, it is nevertheless not
intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications
and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the
spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of
the claims. <br />
The construction and method of operation of the invention, however,
together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best
understood from the following description of specific embodiments when
read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:<br />
<br />
FIGS. 1 and 2 are circuit diagrams of the blocking oscillator type switching power supply according to the invention; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the control unit RS of FIGS. 1 and 2.<br />
<br />
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Referring
now to the drawing and, first, particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, there is
shown a rectifier circuit G in the form of a bridge current, which is
acted upon by a line input represented by two supply terminals 1' and
2'. Rectifier outputs 3' and 4' are shunted by an emitter-collector path
of an NPN power transistor T1 i.e. the
series connection of the so-called first bipolar transistor referred to
hereinbefore with a primary winding I of a transformer Tr. Together
with the inductance of the transformer Tr, the capacitance C1 determines
the frequency and limits the opening voltages of the switch embodied by
the first transistor T1. A capacitance C2, provided between the base of
the first transistor T1 and the control output 7,8 of a control circuit
RS, separates the d-c potentials of the control or regulating circuit
RS and the switching transistor T1 and serves for addressing this
switching transistor T1 with pulses. A resistor R1 provided at the
control output 7,8 of the control circuit RS is the negative-feedback
resistor of both output stages of the control circuit RS. It determines
the maximally possible output pulse current of the control circuit RS. A
secondary winding II of the transformer Tr takes over the power supply
of the control circuit, in steady state operation, via the diode D1. To
this end, the cathode of this diode D1 is directly connected to a power
supply input 9 of the control circuit RS, while the anode thereof is
connected to one terminal of the secondary winding II. The other
terminal of the secondary winding II is connected to the emitter of the
power switching transistor T1.<br />
<br />
The cathode of the diode D1 and,
therewith, the power supply terminal 9 of the control circuits RS are
furthermore connected to one pole of a capacitor C3, the other pole of
which is connected to the output 3' of the rectifier G. The capacitance
of this capacitor C3 thereby smoothes the positive half-wave pulses and
serves simultaneously as an energy storage device during the starting
period. Another secondary windi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>ng
III of the transformer Tr is connected by one of the leads thereof
likewise to the emitter of the first transistor T1, and by the other
lead thereof via a resistor R2, to one of the poles of a further
capacitor C4, the other pole of which is connected to the
first-mentioned lead of the other secondary winding III. This second
pole of the capacitor C4 is simultaneously connected to the output 3' of
the rectifier circuit G and, thereby, via the capacitor C3, to the
cathode of the diode D1 driven by the secondary winding II of the
transformer Tr as well as to the power supply input 9 of the control
circuit RS and, via a resistor R9, to the cathode of a second diode D4.
The second pole of the capacitor C4 is simultaneously connected directly
to the terminal 6 of the control circuit RS and, via a further
capacitor C 6, to the terminal 4 of the control circuit RS as well as,
additionally, via the resistor R6, to the other output 4' of the
rectifier circuit G. The other of the poles of the capacitor C4 acted
upon by the secondary winding II is connected via a further capacitor C5
to a node, which is connected on one side thereof, via a variable
resistor R4, to the terminals 1 and 3 of the control circuit RS, with
the intermediary of a fixed resistor R5 in the case of the terminal 1.
On the other side of the node, the latter and, therefore, the capacitor
C5 are connected to the anode of a third diode D2, the cathode of which
is connected on the one hand, to the resistor R2 mentioned hereinbefore
and leads to the secondary winding III of the transformer Tr and, on the
other hand, via a resistor R3 to the terminal 2 of the control circuit
RS.<br />
<br />
The nine terminals of the control circuit RS have the following purposes or functions:<br />
<br />
Terminal
1 supplies the internally generated reference voltage to ground i.e.
the nominal or reference value required for the control or regulating
process;<br />
<br />
Terminal 2 serves as input for the oscillations provided
by the secondary winding III, at the zero point of which, the pulse
start of the driving pulse takes place;<br />
<br />
Terminal 3 is the control
input, at which the existing actual value is communicated to the
control circuit RS, that actual value being generated by the rectified
oscillations at the secondary winding III;<br />
<br />
Terminal 4 is
responsive to the occurrence of a maximum excursion i.e. when the
largest current flows through the first transistor T1 ;<br />
<br />
Terminal 5
is a protective input which responds if the rectified line voltage
drops too sharply; Terminal 6 serves for the power supply of the control
process and, indeed, as ground terminal;<br />
<br />
Terminal 7 supplies the
d-c component required for charging the coupling capacitor C2 leading
to the base of the first transistor T1 ;<br />
<br />
Terminal 8 supplies the control pulse required for the base of the first transistor T1 ; and<br />
<br />
Terminal 9 serves as the first terminal of the power supply of the control circuit RS.<br />
<br />
Further details of the control circuit RS are described hereinbelow.<br />
<br />
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The
capacity C3 smoothes the positive half-wave pulses which are provided
by the secondary winding II, and simultaneously serves as an energy
storage device during the starting time. The secondary winding III
generates the control voltage and is simultaneously used as
feedback. The time delay stage R2 /C4 keeps harmonics and fast
interference spikes away from the control circuit RS. The resistor R3 is
provided as a voltage divider for the second terminal of the control
circuit RS. The diode D2 rectifies the control pulses delivered by the
secondary winding III. The capacity C5 smoothes the control voltage. A
reference voltage Uref, which is referred to ground i.e. the potential
of terminal 6 is present at the terminal 1 of the control circuit RS.
The resistors R4 and R5 form a voltage divider of the input-difference
control amplifier at the terminal 3. The desired secondary voltage can
be set manually via the variable resistor R4. A time-delay stage R6 /C6
forms a sawtooth rise which corresponds to the collector current rise of
the first bipolar transistor T1 via the primary winding I of the
transformer Tr. The sawtooth present at the terminal 4 of the control
circuit RS is limited there between the reference voltage 2 V and 4 V.
The voltage divider R7 /R8 (FIG. 2), brings to the terminal 5 of the
control circuit RS the enabling voltage for the drive pulse at the
output 8 of the control circuit RS.<br />
<br />
The diode D4, together with
the resistor R9 in cooperation with the diode D1 and the secondary
winding II, forms the starting circuit provided, in accordance with the
invention. The operation thereof is as follows:<br />
<br />
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After the
switching power supply is switched on, d-c voltages build up at the
collector of the switching transistor T1 and at the input 4 of the
control circuit RS, as a function in time of the predetermined time
constants. The positive sinusoidal half-waves charge the capacitor C3
via the starting diode D4 and the starting resistor R9 in dependence
upon the time constant R9.C3. Via the protective input terminal 5 and
the resistor
R11 not previously mentioned and forming the connection between the
resistor R9 and the diode D1, on the one hand, and the terminal 5 of the
control circuit RS, on the other hand, the control circuit RS is biased
ready for switching-on, and the capacitor C2 is charged via the output
7. When a predetermined voltage value at the capacitor C3 or the power
supply input 9 of the control circuit RS, respectively, is reached, the
reference voltage i.e. the nominal value for the operation of the
control voltage RS, is abruptly formed, which supplies all stages of the
control circuit and appears at the output 1 thereof. Simultaneously,
the switching transistor T1 is switched into conduction via the output
8. The switching of the transistor T1 at the primary winding T of the
transformer Tr is transformed to the second secondary winding II, the
capacity C3 being thereby charged up again via the diode D1. If
sufficient energy is stored in the capacitor C3 and if the re-charge via
the diode D1 is sufficient so that the voltage at a supply input 9 does
not fall below the given minimum operating voltage, the switching power
supply then remains connected, so that the starting process is
completed. Otherwise, the starting process described is repeated several
times.<br />
<br />
In FIG. 2, there is shown a further embodiment of the
circuit for a blocking oscillator type switching power supply, according
to the invention, as shown in FIG. 1. Essential for this circuit of
FIG. 2 is the presence of a second bipolar transistor T2 of the type of
the first bipolar transistor T1 (i.e. in the embodiments of the
invention, an npn-transistor), which forms a further component of the
starting circuit and is connected with the collector-emitter path
thereof between the resistor R9 of the starting circuit and the current
supply input 9 of the control circuit RS. The base of this second
transistor T2 is connected to a node which leads, on the one hand, via a
resistor R10 to one electrode of a capacitor C7, the other electrode of
which is connected to the anode of the diode D4 of the starting circuit
and, accordingl<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>y,
to the terminal 1' of the supply input of the switching power supply G.
On the other hand, the last-mentioned node and, therefore, the base of
the second transistor T2 are connected to the cathode of a Zener diode
D3, the anode of which is connected to the output 3' of the rectifier G
and, whereby, to one pole of the capacitor C3, the second pole of which
is connected to the power supply input 9 of the control circuit RS as
well as to the cathode of the diode D1 and to the emitter of the second
transistor T2. In other respects, the circuit according to FIG. 2
corresponds to the circuit according to FIG. 1 except for the resistor
R11 which is not necessary in the embodiment of FIG. 2, and the missing
connection between the resistor R9 and the cathode of the diode D1,
respectively, and the protective input 5 of the control circuit RS.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijzyGU0_lSC-XTQ5wSxYNtF8ZnZ4-3TCmndscWl78TJsUetgZCCObAgJoM795edIX8vH5ePtGDK9wUTdP8KLGnBIWKdlefe_2s9O8OPns9oiMzpZMCAoWTVCzA4NXaKcGc6yzlsOCWCG4/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijzyGU0_lSC-XTQ5wSxYNtF8ZnZ4-3TCmndscWl78TJsUetgZCCObAgJoM795edIX8vH5ePtGDK9wUTdP8KLGnBIWKdlefe_2s9O8OPns9oiMzpZMCAoWTVCzA4NXaKcGc6yzlsOCWCG4/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-2__TVMS.jpg" width="217" /></a></div>
Regarding the operation of the starting circuit according to FIG. 2,
it can be stated that the positive sinusoidal half-wave of the line
voltage, delayed by the time delay stage C7, R10 drives the base of the
transistor T2 in the starting circuit. The amplitude is limited by the
diode D3 which is provided for overvoltage protection of the control
circuit RS and which is preferably incorporated as a Zener diode. The
second transistor T2 is switched into conduction. The capacity C3 is
charged, via the serially connected diode D4 and the resistor R9 and the
collector-emitter path of the transistor T2, as soon as the voltage
between the terminal 9 and the terminal 6 of the control circuit RS i.e.
the voltage U9, meets the condition U9 <[UDs -UBE (T2)].<br />
<br />
Because
of the time constant R9.C3, several positive half-waves are necessary
in order to increase the voltage U9 at the supply terminal 9 of the
control circuit RS to such an extent that the control circuit RS is
energized. During the negative sine half-wave, a partial energy
chargeback takes place from the capacitor C3 via the emitter-base path
of the transistor T2 of the starting circuit and via the resistor R10
and the capacitor C7, respectively, into the supply network. At
approximately 2/3 of the voltage U9, which is limited by the diode D3,
the control circuit RS is switched on. At the terminal 1 thereof, the
reference voltage Uref then appears. In addition, the voltage divider R5
/R4 becomes effective. At the terminal 3, the control amplifier
receives the voltage forming the actual value, while the first bipolar
transistor T1 of the blocking-oscillator type switching power supply is
addressed pulsewise via the terminal 8.<br />
<br />
Because the capacitor C6
is charged via the resistor R6, a higher voltage than Uref is present at
the terminal 4 if the control circuit RS is activated. The control
voltage then discharges the capacitor C6 via the terminal 4 to half the
value of the reference voltage Uref, and immediately cuts off the
addressing input 8 of the control circuit RS. The first driving pulse of
the switching transistor T1 is thereby limited to a minimum of time.
The power for switching-on the control circuit RS and for driving the
transistor T1 is supplied by the capacitor C3. The voltage U9 at the
capacitor C3 then drops. If the voltage U9 drops below the switching-off
voltage value of the control circuit RS, the latter is then
inactivated. The next positive sine half-wave would initiate the
starting process again.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg0ceec1qzD5nAv52u80QGKL5xR5BTHXien0meyqzmMmpc2VginwZS9ea61QBcP0ddRhWhSbH45LXlra8icFa7zBlSth7-7SDuRThJhWWXd2P-VsNvpkPc7JDmuI-1fJ0mNT7g6kClohkQ/s752/SIEMENS_TD4600__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="655" data-original-width="752" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg0ceec1qzD5nAv52u80QGKL5xR5BTHXien0meyqzmMmpc2VginwZS9ea61QBcP0ddRhWhSbH45LXlra8icFa7zBlSth7-7SDuRThJhWWXd2P-VsNvpkPc7JDmuI-1fJ0mNT7g6kClohkQ/s320/SIEMENS_TD4600__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
By switching the transistor T1, a voltage
is transformed in the secondary winding II of the transformer Tr. The
positive component is rectified by the diode D1, recharing of the
capacitor C3 being thereby provided. The voltage U9 at the output 9 does
not, therefore, drop below the minimum value required for the operation
of the control circuit RS, so that the control circuit RS remains
activated. The power supply continues to operate in the rhythm of the
existing conditions. In operation, the voltage U9 at the supply terminal
9 of the control circuit RS has a value which meets the condition U9
>[UDs -UBE (T2)], so that the transistor T2 of the starting circuit
remains cut off.<br />
<br />
For the internal layout of the control circuit
RS, the construction shown, in particular, from FIG. 3 is advisable.
This construction is realized, for example, in the commercially
available type TDA 4600 (Siemens AG).<br />
<br />
The block diagram of the control circuit according to FIG. 3 <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>shows
the power supply thereof via the terminal 9, the output stage being
supplied directly whereas all other stages are supplied via Uref. In the
starting circuit, the individual subassemblies are supplied with power
sequentially. The d-c output voltage potential of the base current gain
i.e. the voltage for the terminal 8 of the control circuit RS, and the
charging of the capacitor C2 via the terminal 7 are formed even before
the reference voltage Uref appears. Variations of the supply voltage U9
at terminal 9 and the power fluctuations at the terminal 8/terminal 7
and at the terminal 1 of the control circuit RS are leveled or smoothed
out by the voltage control. The temperature sensitivity of the control
circuit RS and, in particular, the uneven heating of the output and
input stages and input stages on the semiconductor chip containing the
control circuit in monolithically integrated form are intercepted by the
temperature compensation provided. The output values are constant in a
specific temperature range. The message for blocking the output stage,
if the supply voltage at the terminal 9 is too low, is given also by
this subassembly to a provided control logic.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T62kdwdT6e4/US-F3HKRkUI/AAAAAAAAOKQ/Kg98R7awRx8/s1600/IMGH_04361.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
The outer voltage divider of the terminal 1 via the resistors
R5 and R4 to the control tap U forms, via terminal 3, the variable side
of the bridge for the control amplifier formed as a differential
amplifier. The fixed bridge side is formed by the reference voltage Uref
via an internal voltage divider. Similarly formed are circuit portions
serving for the detection of an overload short circuit and circuit
portions serving for the "standby" no-load detection, which can be
operated likewise via terminal 3.<br />
<br />
Within a provided trigger
circuit, the driving pulse length is determined as a function of the
sawtooth rise at the terminal 4, and is transmitted to the control
logic. In the control logic, the commands of the trigger circuit are
processed. Through the zero-crossing identification at input 2 in the
control circuit RS, the control logic is enabled to start the control
input only at the zero point of the frequency oscillation. If the
voltages at the terminal 5 and at the terminal 9 are too low, the
control logic blocks the output amplifier at the terminal 8. The output
amplifier at the terminal 7 which is responsible for the base charge in
the capacitor C2, is not touched thereby.<br />
<br />
The base current gain
for the transistor T1 i.e. for the first transistor in accordance with
the definition of the invention, is formed by two amplifiers which
mutually operate on the capacitor C2. The roof inclination of the base
driving current for the transistor T1 is impressed by the collector
current simulation at the terminal 4 to the amplifier at the terminal 8.
The control pulse for the transistor T1 at the terminal 8 is always
built up to the potential present at the terminal 7. The amplifier
working into the terminal 7 ensures that each new switching pulse at the
terminal 8 finds the required base level at terminal 7.<br />
<br />
Supplementing
the comments regarding FIG. 1, it should also be mentioned that the
cathode of the diode D1 connected by the anode thereof to the one end of
the secondary winding II of the transformer Tr is connected via a
resistor R11 to the protective input 5 of the control circuit RS
whereas, in the circuit acco<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>rding to FIG. 2, the protective input 5 of
the control circuit RS is supplied via a voltage divider R8, R7 directly
from the output 3', 4' of the rectifier G delivering the rectified line
a-c voltage, and which obtains the voltage required for executing its
function. It is evident that the first possible manner of driving the
protective input 5 can be used also in the circuit according to FIG. 2,
and the second possibility also in a circuit in accordance with FIG. 1.<br />
<br />
The
control circuit RS which is shown in FIG. 3 and is realized in detail
by the building block TDA 4600 and which is particularly well suited in
conjunction with the blocking oscillator type switching power supply
according to the invention has 9 terminals 1-9, which have the following
characteristics, as has been explained in essence hereinabove:<br />
<br />
Terminal
1 delivers a reference voltage Uref which serves as the
constant-current source of a voltage divider R5.R4 which supplies the
required d-c voltages for the differential amplifiers provided for the
functions control, overload detection, short-circuit detection and
"standby"-no load detection. The dividing point of the voltage divider
R5 -R4 is connected to the terminal 3 of the control circuit RS. The
terminal 3 provided as the control input of RS is controlled in the
manner described hereinabove as input for the actual value of the
voltage to be controlled or regulated by the secondary winding III of
the transformer Tr. With this input, the lengths of the control pulses
for the switching transistor T1 are determined.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>
Via the input
provided by the terminal 2 of the control circuit RS, the zero-point
identification in the control circuit is addressed for detecting the
zero-point of
the oscillations respectively applied to the terminal 2. If this
oscillation changes over to the positive part, then the addressing pulse
controlling the switching transistor T1 via the terminal 8 is released
in the control logic provided in the control circuit.<br />
<br />
A
sawtooth-shaped voltage, the rise of which corresponds to the collector
current of the switching transistor T1, is present at the terminal 4 and
is minimally and maximally limited by two reference voltages. The
sawtooth voltage serves, on the one hand as a comparator for the pulse
length while, on the other hand, the slope or rise thereof is used to
obtain in the base current amplification for the switching transistor
T1, via </p><p>the terminal 8, a base drive of this switching transistor T1
which is proportional to the collector current.<br />
<br />
The terminal 7 of
the control circuit RS as explained hereinbefore, determines the
voltage potential for the addressing pulses of the transistor T2. The
base of the switching transistor T1 is pulse-controlled via the terminal
8, as described hereinbefore. Terminal 9 is connected as the power
supply input of the control circuit RS. If a voltage level falls below a
given value, the terminal 8 is blocked. If a given positive value of
the voltage level is exceeded, the control circuit is activated. The
terminal 5 releases the terminal 8 only if a given voltage potential is
present.<br />
</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlXkLK10aqrVDFUriA8j-Bsg2U2er3dmyQnJ_vSpBMTnESiUG_yFRlUWI2peeu8n7aZNzf4KMAuv9KdL9xLvdb4Ghgzqa-hJjMRYPg52n-sQ0Rk9oQgbh3dmtb1ar90bFWcmjXjVEoL1bqgClI0W0uMNveF7L7BONOiHaRK3hg5FW807rp8NUYpCiA2GiM/s1282/IMGH_13575__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlXkLK10aqrVDFUriA8j-Bsg2U2er3dmyQnJ_vSpBMTnESiUG_yFRlUWI2peeu8n7aZNzf4KMAuv9KdL9xLvdb4Ghgzqa-hJjMRYPg52n-sQ0Rk9oQgbh3dmtb1ar90bFWcmjXjVEoL1bqgClI0W0uMNveF7L7BONOiHaRK3hg5FW807rp8NUYpCiA2GiM/s320/IMGH_13575__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T62kdwdT6e4/US-F3HKRkUI/AAAAAAAAOKQ/Kg98R7awRx8/s1600/IMGH_04361.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
Foreign References:<br />
DE2417628A1 1975-10-23 363/37 <br />
DE2638225A1 1978-03-02 363/49 <br />
Other References:<br />
Grundig Tech. Info. (Germany), vol. 28, No. 4, (1981).<br />
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 978, 979, Aug. 1976.<br />
German Periodical, "Funkschau", (1975), No. 5, pp. 40 to 44.<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title" style="text-align: left;">
Inventors:</div><p>
Peruth, Gunther (Munich, DE) Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin and Munich, DE)</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><br />
<b> </b></p><p><b> </b></p><p><b> </b></p><p style="text-align: left;">A switching mode power supply (SMPS) may be used as an apparatus for
supplying power to electronic products. The SMPS converts input
alternating current (AC) voltages and outputs static voltages to operate
electronic products.The present invention relates to a switched-mode power supply. Such a
switched-mode power supply operates on the flyback converter principle,
in which a switching transistor is switched through during a switched-on
phase and magnetization is in consequence built up in a transformer,
and the switching transistor is switched off during a switched-off phase
and the magnetization is dissipated again via coupled windings of the
transformer.<br />
In a typical switch mode power supply (SMPS) of a television receiver,
for example, the AC mains supply voltage is coupled directly to a bridge
rectifier for producing an unregulated direct current (DC) input supply
voltage that is, for example, referenced
to a common conductor,
referred to as "hot" ground, and that is conductively isolated from the
cold ground conductor. A pulse width modulator controls the duty cycle
of a chopper transistor switch that applies the unregulated supply
voltage across a primary winding of an isolating flyback transformer. In
principle a switched-mode power supply comprises at least the
following components: a switch, an inductor, a rectifier, capacitor and a
load. The load may be considered as a resistance which is in parallel
with the capacitor. During the part of the period in which the switch
conducts a current originating from the input voltage source passes
through the inductor so that energy which is derived from this source is
stored in the inductor. During the other part of the period, in which
the switch is not conducting, the energy stored in the inductor produces
a current through the rectifier which current recharges the capacitor
and, consequently, replenishes the energy losses caused by the load. By
the adjustment or control of the conducting period of the switch
relative to the cycle, the output D.C. voltage across the load can be
independent of variations of the input D.C. voltage, for example, it can
be kept constant. Such variations are caused by, for example,
fluctuations in the electric AC supply where the input voltage is
derived therefrom by rectification. A
flyback voltage at a frequency that is determined by the modulator is
developed at a secondary winding of the transformer and is rectified to
produce a DC output supply voltage such as a voltage B+ that energizes a
horizontal deflection circuit of the television receiver. The primary
winding of the flyback transformer is, for example, conductively coupled
to the hot ground conductor. The secondary winding of the flyback
transformer and voltage B+ may be conductively isolated from the hot
ground conductor by the hot-cold barrier formed by the transformer. Such
a switched mode power supply is generally called SMPS. A SMPS as it
is commonly used, for example, in consumer devices like <i>television
receivers</i>, video recorders, audio equipments etc. generally includes a
main switching transistor connected in series with the primary winding
of a transformer, a base drive circuit for periodically switching said
switching transistor between ON and OFF, and a control circuit for
controlling the base drive current for said main switching transistor in
such a way that output voltages derived from several secondary windings
of said transformer are stabilized.On the other hand such a SMPS generally includes a protection circuit
for case of overloading or a short circuit or any other failures within
the operating voltages. Said protection circuit is needed since without
protection means the collector-emitter current of the main switching
transistor can reach excessively high values in case of a failure which
might damage said switching transistor or cause any other damages of
circuit components.</p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s1282/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj13GySWMi2TX1Ff8kpI7L0LYcOTfEbKPVjCM7Orrg7l1zBmGeqF5vdsghqPn5DdS6JHcl2wh6R17zaaZh-DBOMTpC56YYreHDVtEOK-RQc-ONPeKTMI1KZ47BEB8iEFIsJN1leWVCdZCRMd5js0mzv-gMrTyQg5zDJgr-UvV_wPLDg3ojblirKRMrKnFRT/s320/IMGH_13568__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
For some uses a D.C. isolation between the input voltage source and
the output voltage is absolutely required. This is the case, for
example, with power supplies of television receivers especially where it
is desirable to connect additional apparatus to the receiver, such as,
for example, video storage devices or television game circuits. A
switched-mode power supply is eminently suitable for this purpose as the
transformer which must effect that isolation passes signals which
usually have a much higher frequency, for example 15 to 20 kHz, than
those of the electric AC supply source so that said transformer may be
relatively small in size. <br />
With a switched-mode power supply of
the flyback converter type the inductor of the converter can be
implemented in a simple manner as a transformer. A primary winding
thereof is connected in series with the switch between the terminals of
the input voltage source whereas a secondary winding is in series with
the rectifier. The publication "Philips Application Information" 472:
"properties of d.c.-to d.c. converters for switched-mode power supplies"
of Mar. 18, 1975 describes such a circuit. Of the three types the
flyback converter has the best control properties which is evidenced by
the formula which expresses the output voltage as a function of the
input voltage and of the ratio of the time of conduction of the switch
to the entire cycle. However, it should be noted that the entire energy
which is supplied to the load by a flyback converter must be passed on
by the transformer which imposes higher requirements both on the
transformer and, particularly, on the storage capacity thereof as well
as on the switch. <p style="text-align: left;">SIEMENS TDA 4600-2 TDA 4600-2D<br />ControlIer for Switched-Mode Power Supplies / BipolarlC<br />In
addition to their use with TV receivers and video recorders, the ICs
TDA 4600-2 and TDA 4600-2 D can be applied in power supplied of hi-fi
sets and active speakers due to their wide operational ranges and
superior voltage stability during high load changes.<br /><br />Features<br />• Direct driving of switching transistor<br />• Low start-up current<br />• Reversing linear overload characteristic<br />• Collector current - proportional to base-current input<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhSOUkJ7pAW_TXn952P4mkNhyphenhyphenJyOaunkgNZD_Cvlb92_EMKJnGP3UA1ha7iW4qknvNDuSFfprpD1OuDGAPrCB1yg9xtZ4GilQBYA5rVqfL1YpQu7a9GprADCh_41RzjTKW-PDaZTdRTHfW/s900/SIEMENS_TDA4600-MAXRATING__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhSOUkJ7pAW_TXn952P4mkNhyphenhyphenJyOaunkgNZD_Cvlb92_EMKJnGP3UA1ha7iW4qknvNDuSFfprpD1OuDGAPrCB1yg9xtZ4GilQBYA5rVqfL1YpQu7a9GprADCh_41RzjTKW-PDaZTdRTHfW/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-MAXRATING__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45WaM0uRzXDg5OYIn8HgjLw_ZdaEkhXNbv7ao9grF8CA0smY0YknyJ0krZRuOIkIawnPF6cQqqUuqiRyrYXqS8dpFc4ixxNMmgjGF_izYs3I1E46cjiBdWJS29crYkEdxHn4toFhfubvI/s893/SIEMENS_TDA4600-OP__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="893" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj45WaM0uRzXDg5OYIn8HgjLw_ZdaEkhXNbv7ao9grF8CA0smY0YknyJ0krZRuOIkIawnPF6cQqqUuqiRyrYXqS8dpFc4ixxNMmgjGF_izYs3I1E46cjiBdWJS29crYkEdxHn4toFhfubvI/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-OP__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguT2jKE2A56OKLMI6wpuyNn4WrT4lI9LuswIaWW1ZvtdldsifyudV0cwp-CoW6awY_Z28Uexu12ovHQqNsSSH5hgiPkCu_0zH9H5xj3yG860kexq6DRxcxPKLTsHWFRO2lf6foTm3iFXIb/s1202/SIEMENS_TDA4600-DATA1__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="906" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguT2jKE2A56OKLMI6wpuyNn4WrT4lI9LuswIaWW1ZvtdldsifyudV0cwp-CoW6awY_Z28Uexu12ovHQqNsSSH5hgiPkCu_0zH9H5xj3yG860kexq6DRxcxPKLTsHWFRO2lf6foTm3iFXIb/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-DATA1__TVMS.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /> </span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwc-XaUXwdwNb_YjctF9bUn5gg6td51wPs_0Hx4uDI4QIr-hk6EnhF2QeSGaEGqlfb8ZaVdvoDYIvCe7T7rc96Zk1WkDSFCFNHjHQXagkcC02CljMbjTe2O40ZY4cWs_R_ygZnbkw9DGjM/s690/SIEMENS_TDA4600-MEASURE-CIRC__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="690" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwc-XaUXwdwNb_YjctF9bUn5gg6td51wPs_0Hx4uDI4QIr-hk6EnhF2QeSGaEGqlfb8ZaVdvoDYIvCe7T7rc96Zk1WkDSFCFNHjHQXagkcC02CljMbjTe2O40ZY4cWs_R_ygZnbkw9DGjM/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-MEASURE-CIRC__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><b>TDA 4600-2 Circuit description</b><br />During
start-up, normal and overload operations the TDA 4600-2; or -2D
regulates, controls and protects the switching transistor installed in
the flyback converter power supplies. </p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><u>I) Start-up operation</u> </p><p style="text-align: left;">The
start-up operation is divided into three consecutive phases: 1. An
internal reference voltage is built up which supplies the voltage
regulator and effects the charging of the coupling electrolytic
capaCitor and the switching transistor. During these procedures an 19
current less than 3.2 mA will be maintained, if the supply voltage Vg
does not exceed", 12 V. 2. At Vg '" 12 V an internal reference voltage
V1 = 4 V is suddenly released to provide all IC components with the
exception of the control logic with a thermally stable and
overload-resistant current. 3. In concurrence with the release of the
reference voltage the control logic is activated by an additional
stabilization circuit, and the IC is now ready for operation. Above
sequential start-up phases ensure the charging of the switching
transistor by the coupling electrolytic capacitor and subsequent
precision switching.<br /><br /><u>II) Normal operation</u><br />Zero passages
of the feedback coil are registered at pin 2 and forwarded to the
control logic. At pin 3 (input control, overload, and standby
recognition) the rectified amplitude variations of the feedback coil are
applied. The regulating (control) amplifier operates with an input
voltage of about 2 V and a current of about 1.4 mA. According to the
internal reference voltage, ttie operating region of the regulating
amplifier will be defined by the collector current simulation pin 4 and
the overload recognition. The simulation of the collector current is
generated by an external RC network at pin 4 and an internally set
voltage level. By increasing the capacitance (10 nFl, the collector
current of the switching transistor is increased as well and establishes
the desired control range. The control range extends between a 2 V
clamped dc voltage and an ac voltage rising as a sawtooth wave, which
may vary up to a maximum amplitude of 4 V (reference voltage). By
reducing the secondary load to 20 W, the switching frequency increases
to about 50 kHz at an almost constant pulse duty factor (on-time to
period approx. 1/3). During additional secondary load reduction to about
1 W, the switching frequency will change to approx. 70 kHz, while the
pulse duty factor falls to approx. 1/11. At the same time, the collector
peak current falls below 1 A. The output level of the regulating
(control) amplifier, the overload recognition, and the collector current
simulation are compared in the trigger and the control logic is
instructed accordingly. Pin 5 will provide additional blocking
alternatives, i.e. the output at pin 8 is blocked at a voltage of equal
to or less than 2.2 Vat pin 5. Based on the start-up circuit, the zero
crossing identification, and the trigger-activated release, the control
logic flipflops are set which control both the base current
amplification and shut-down. The base current amplifier forwards the
sawtooth voltage V 4 to pin 8. Also, a current feedback with an external
resistance of R "" 0.68 Q is inserted between pin 8 and pin 7. The
resistance value determines the maximum amplitude of the base current
for the switch ing transistor. III) Safety features The base current
shut-down, released by the control logic, clamps the output of pin 7 at
1.6 V and thus blocks the driving of the switching transistor. This
preventive method will go into effect, if the voltage at pin 9 falls
below typo 7.4 V or if voltages of less than typo 22 V are present at
pin 5. In case of short-circuited secondary windings in the SMPS, the
fault condition will be continuously monitored by the IC. With the load
completely removed from the secondary winding in the SMPS, the IC is set
at a small pulse duty factor. The total power consumption of the SMPS
is kept below n = 6 to 10 W during both operating conditions. After the
output has been blocked at a supply voltage Vg of less than or equal to
typo 7.4 V, an additional voltage reduction of .1V g = 0.6 V will switch
off the reference voltage (4 V).</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcVHHn8wQc_upXlS_neoRAhaOjMSEipZhYsVslHF9nt4kIgqy1BeC6ZzCqk6tBp00DmuDr5lBY8GjIMzQeS7GjX0s5f_rPszhpoCjczQV08g31pEglefLU4ibMk_dAyrtaJmFPuUM_dT6e/s1202/SIEMENS_TDA4600-GRAPH1__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="752" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcVHHn8wQc_upXlS_neoRAhaOjMSEipZhYsVslHF9nt4kIgqy1BeC6ZzCqk6tBp00DmuDr5lBY8GjIMzQeS7GjX0s5f_rPszhpoCjczQV08g31pEglefLU4ibMk_dAyrtaJmFPuUM_dT6e/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-GRAPH1__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0OxyNHa_dTjvmFWs366GTdDR-fU0YTxGoDBbHBPRXTGs5R1xn-rPt4VtRaMT1dliaCElW0JuJ5g7Z8rUQaN2mjCr9XAzzSVbp3WMqdMMRaGIv_0dwmzK3kQZ0emymraKwXiULrpfYwrcr/s1202/SIEMENS_TDA4600-GRAPH2__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="820" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0OxyNHa_dTjvmFWs366GTdDR-fU0YTxGoDBbHBPRXTGs5R1xn-rPt4VtRaMT1dliaCElW0JuJ5g7Z8rUQaN2mjCr9XAzzSVbp3WMqdMMRaGIv_0dwmzK3kQZ0emymraKwXiULrpfYwrcr/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-GRAPH2__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: left;"><br />Thermal resistance (only applicable to TDA 4600-2 D)<br />Standardized, ambience-related thermal resistance Rth JA 1 versus lateral length 1of a square<br />copper-clad cooling area (35 IJ.m copper lamination).<br />Rth JA<br /> (I = 0) = 60 K/W<br />Tamb:S;; 70°C<br />Pv= 1 W<br />PCB in Ifertical position circuit in vertical position static air.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNhIWUsG1NuIibQHTq7gNO3JZRw8pT2AnzYVnB0LNm7IRawPwKDmz9zoaugoRyJBTDacM3PR-7Uz9K6dK4TtP3BpKgjVQ6wvEsn4Dg6rCIdI8X1Jst9a1uJ8tuluBldgAS43x6na3giZ6/s665/SIEMENS_TDA4600-THERMAL__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="622" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNhIWUsG1NuIibQHTq7gNO3JZRw8pT2AnzYVnB0LNm7IRawPwKDmz9zoaugoRyJBTDacM3PR-7Uz9K6dK4TtP3BpKgjVQ6wvEsn4Dg6rCIdI8X1Jst9a1uJ8tuluBldgAS43x6na3giZ6/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-THERMAL__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVyAxpsRmuGimeXsSHj4AmIGQg-dyMfFJ7OBkr8-WdiNT1kfO5ILuSHZcaSTKCz-GXOd16xeF3oKnLK3qnMrZZihPwxUHNWqWEwGVW8ST_fOv2YRrklTsRHlcbidKGjfdW7nBoDV9EUYUs/s1016/SIEMENS_TDA4600-BLOCK-DIAG__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="1016" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVyAxpsRmuGimeXsSHj4AmIGQg-dyMfFJ7OBkr8-WdiNT1kfO5ILuSHZcaSTKCz-GXOd16xeF3oKnLK3qnMrZZihPwxUHNWqWEwGVW8ST_fOv2YRrklTsRHlcbidKGjfdW7nBoDV9EUYUs/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-BLOCK-DIAG__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Measurement circuit 2 and application circuit<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTxFY4A9cFDOlnaBhQ4KK9ErbTx53BPZTWbV5SwG8pbn6qlZOBdoCpx0S2b8zltnX_98Y1lQpuODkHKl00m578ey0u9O6Pk50zc3gN6xiTYm-KNcQq3yjibtlryqijqEGG1AS-e3gTPVMe/s1202/SIEMENS_TDA4600-MEASURE-CIRC-TEST__TVMS.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="890" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTxFY4A9cFDOlnaBhQ4KK9ErbTx53BPZTWbV5SwG8pbn6qlZOBdoCpx0S2b8zltnX_98Y1lQpuODkHKl00m578ey0u9O6Pk50zc3gN6xiTYm-KNcQq3yjibtlryqijqEGG1AS-e3gTPVMe/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-MEASURE-CIRC-TEST__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br />Measurement diagram for overload operations<br /><br /><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRrsL3E3u-l4dSRqXj4CAr4FRMfvif52PO60nqevu6jmg5UhpmEDnWcmnbeZdoE0Y_wUeoQncLbMLI-NyerLHYOrTLg6sBiDNb5HVIxtboCpWjols6ETGNEQka4BdjpdJ5KX5xodMjdp6/s837/SIEMENS_TDA4600-OVERLOAD-M__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="837" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRrsL3E3u-l4dSRqXj4CAr4FRMfvif52PO60nqevu6jmg5UhpmEDnWcmnbeZdoE0Y_wUeoQncLbMLI-NyerLHYOrTLg6sBiDNb5HVIxtboCpWjols6ETGNEQka4BdjpdJ5KX5xodMjdp6/s320/SIEMENS_TDA4600-OVERLOAD-M__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /></p>Pin configuration<br />(TDA 4600-2: Plastic Power Package - 9 pin SIP package)<br />(TDA 4600-2D: Plastic 18 pin DIP package)<br />Pin No,<br /> Function<br />1 Vre! output<br /><br />2 Zero passage identification<br /><br />3 Input regulating amplifier, overload amplifier<br /><br />4 Collector current simulation<br /><br />5 Possible connection for additional protective circuit<br /><br />6 Ground<br /><br />7 DC voltage output for charging the coupling capacitor<br /><br />8 Pulse output - driving the switching transistor<br /><br />9 Current supply input<br /><br />only applicable to TDA 4600-2 D<br />10<br />11<br />12<br />13<br />14<br /> interconnected (ground)<br />15<br />16<br />17<br />18<br /><p><b> </b><u><b>GENERAL BASIC TRANSISTOR LINE OUTPUT STAGE OPERATION:</b></u><br /><br />The
basic essentials of a transistor line output stage are shown in Fig.
1(a). They comprise: a line output transformer which provides the d.c.
feed to the line output transistor and serves mainly to generate the
high -voltage pulse from which the e.h.t. is derived, and also in
practice other supplies for various sections of the receiver; the line
output transistor and its parallel efficiency diode which form a
bidirectional switch; a tuning capacitor which resonates with the line
output transformer primary winding and the scan coils to determine the
flyback time; and the scan coils, with a series capacitor which provides
a d.c. block and also serves to provide slight integration of the
deflection current to compensate for the scan distortion that would
otherwise be present due to the use of flat screen, wide deflection
angle c.r.t.s. This basic circuit is widely used in small -screen
portable receivers with little elaboration - some use a pnp output
transistor however, with its collector connected to chassis.<br /><br />Circuit Variations:<br />Variations
to the basic circuit commonly found include: transposition of the scan
coils and the correction capacitor; connection of the line output
transformer primary winding and its e.h.t. ove<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYP2Wf5Te1PAASbGq5CKiq1aOiILngB5umDkYBQIUF3hbgGe6Z3NkgRZqdB5obrdqg0DRR3iNmI_K0OFHZPJznbzrTXnf-baJkL6fiKMmbRqmZf168prlRsubtiLOhRFPAdhVK4Ge-fSN02vvjrA_LdGr9yrH5mT_WPBJbuXUlqogDIf6ribLIgdw9y5yG/s1026/IMGH_13566b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYP2Wf5Te1PAASbGq5CKiq1aOiILngB5umDkYBQIUF3hbgGe6Z3NkgRZqdB5obrdqg0DRR3iNmI_K0OFHZPJznbzrTXnf-baJkL6fiKMmbRqmZf168prlRsubtiLOhRFPAdhVK4Ge-fSN02vvjrA_LdGr9yrH5mT_WPBJbuXUlqogDIf6ribLIgdw9y5yG/s320/IMGH_13566b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>rwinding
in series; connection of the deflection components to a tap on the
transformer to obtain correct matching of the components and conditions
in the stage; use of a boost diode which operates in identical manner to
the arrangement used in valve line output stages, thereby increasing
the effective supply to the stage; omission of the efficiency diode
where the stage is operated from an h.t. line, the collector -base
junction of the line output transistor then providing the efficiency
diode action without, in doing so, producing scan distortion; addition
of inductors to provide linearity and width adjustment; use of a pair of
series -connected line output transistors in some large -screen colour
chassis; and in colour sets the addition of line convergence circuitry
which is normally connected in series between the line scan coils and
chassis. These variations on the basic circuit do not alter the basic
mode of operation however.<br /><br />Resonance<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUtknVpApCgwVzmmmd_40W4Gyw5YbRw19Ocq8w-udegGCLrctIVob3gH5C6Waervf1ysjGf9rb1TUHfQEjkhuNM7uRY9xG5yKPE5N0s6CvCmVki_R9dhi3NRt7D2fAX8W53gVIZG46Xw/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUtknVpApCgwVzmmmd_40W4Gyw5YbRw19Ocq8w-udegGCLrctIVob3gH5C6Waervf1ysjGf9rb1TUHfQEjkhuNM7uRY9xG5yKPE5N0s6CvCmVki_R9dhi3NRt7D2fAX8W53gVIZG46Xw/s200/LINE-DEFL-F1__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />The
most important fact to appreciate about the circuit is that when the
transistor and diode are cut off during the flyback period - when the
beam is being rapidly returned from the right-hand side of the screen to
the left-hand side the tuning capacitor together with the scan coils
and the primary winding of the line output transformer form a parallel
resonant circuit: the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 1(b). The line
output transformer primary winding and the tuning capacitor as drawn in
Fig. 1(a) may look like a series tuned circuit, but from the signal
point of view the end of the transformer primary winding connected to
the power supply is earthy, giving the equivalent arrangement shown in
Fig. 1(b).<br /><br />The Flyback Period:<br />Since the operation of the
circuit depends mainly upon what happens during the line flyback period,
the simplest point at which to break into the scanning cycle is at the
end of the forward scan, i.e. with the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJhuuR9WJKIYCI2KvMMJZ0x1hmWhwAmmXr6IRb1BSkWG_IYJpT_-rF2X5GhyphenhyphenL2OtZwoqjUOHpSFv4Ef_qQpEGieE6NuZ6kzClquMqDro0lG12MsM-YIuHSbpLtLZ_vy6zmdN4eyhnGN8/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJhuuR9WJKIYCI2KvMMJZ0x1hmWhwAmmXr6IRb1BSkWG_IYJpT_-rF2X5GhyphenhyphenL2OtZwoqjUOHpSFv4Ef_qQpEGieE6NuZ6kzClquMqDro0lG12MsM-YIuHSbpLtLZ_vy6zmdN4eyhnGN8/s320/LINE-DEFL-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>
beam deflected to the right-hand side of the screen, see Fig. 2. At
this point the line output transistor is suddenly switched off by the
squarewave drive applied to its base. Prior to this action a linearly
increasing current has been flowing in the line output transformer
primary winding and the scan coils, and as a result magnetic fields have
been built up around these components. When the transistor is switched
off these fields collapse, maintaining a flow of current which rapidly
decays to zero and returns the beam to the centre of the screen. This
flow of current charges the tuning capacitor, and the voltage at A rises
to a high positive value - of the order of 1- 2k V in large -screen
sets, 200V in the case of mains/battery portable sets. The e<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlg6TFKppNfFF34T7clSQFPfJWSjv2mEvZq26gEhgwZKWWkxVGHYtlf98_qKmVBWSUiQUoBvrwYabJo8ruYlDASMm2nkNoh5xv6NWXbLrheMZfsyyRb4ZP-jmDZpnE2EBzOb6VHkqr4yU/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlg6TFKppNfFF34T7clSQFPfJWSjv2mEvZq26gEhgwZKWWkxVGHYtlf98_qKmVBWSUiQUoBvrwYabJo8ruYlDASMm2nkNoh5xv6NWXbLrheMZfsyyRb4ZP-jmDZpnE2EBzOb6VHkqr4yU/s320/LINE-DEFL-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>nergy
in the circuit is now stored in the tuning capacitor which next
discharges, reversing the flow of current in the circuit with the result
that the beam is rapidly deflected to the left-hand side of the screen -
see Fig. 3. When the tuning capacitor has discharged, the voltage at A
has fallen to zero and the circuit energy is once more stored in the
form of magnetic fields around the inductive components. One half -cycle
of oscillation has occurred, and the flyback is complete.<br /><br />Energy Recovery: <br />First
Part of Forward Scan The circuit then tries to continue the cycle of
oscillation, i.e. the magnetic fields again collapse, maintaining a
current flow which this time would charge the tuning capacitor
negatively (upper plate). When the voltage at A reaches about -0.6V
however the efficiency diode becomes forward biased and switches on.
This damps the circuit, preventing further oscillation, but the magnetic
fields continue to collapse and in doing so produce a linearly decaying
current flow which provides the first part of the forward s<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8VstlYyKelGqXik5iv8Aymvt0kxlLbAwGJ0F4TnHfohTgmrkPay3hJ18-wBzOKQlO3yrVXtzI-axPvnP1pxFSF0uTSqW5W-GB6dh5L3sdFBN1RCNJhGr4_YHSbp22uZJgd4xIpN1Qtg/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F4__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8VstlYyKelGqXik5iv8Aymvt0kxlLbAwGJ0F4TnHfohTgmrkPay3hJ18-wBzOKQlO3yrVXtzI-axPvnP1pxFSF0uTSqW5W-GB6dh5L3sdFBN1RCNJhGr4_YHSbp22uZJgd4xIpN1Qtg/s320/LINE-DEFL-F4__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>can,
the beam returning towards the centre of the screen - see Fig. 4. The
diode shorts out the tuning capacitor but the scan correction capacitor
charges during this period, its right-hand plate becoming positive with
respect to its left-hand plate, i.e. point A. Completion of Forward Scan
When the current falls to zero, the diode will switch off. Shortly
before this state of affairs is reached however the transistor is
switched on. In practice this is usually about a third of the way
through the scan. The squarewave applied to its base drives it rapidly
to saturation, clamping the vol<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI43IcQl0tcPZboUdYX8bFLcO0PVRAc4g9nV42gDfJDz0aF-kMzsyG0T1eDPOcGyQnW8BwcESh5FubBfJOO0vI2yxQLpABkan1OKT-f9jEK_HsE0lvPru2vPpf7Byv6DKOi1u5DU95aX8/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI43IcQl0tcPZboUdYX8bFLcO0PVRAc4g9nV42gDfJDz0aF-kMzsyG0T1eDPOcGyQnW8BwcESh5FubBfJOO0vI2yxQLpABkan1OKT-f9jEK_HsE0lvPru2vPpf7Byv6DKOi1u5DU95aX8/s320/LINE-DEFL-F5__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>tage
at point A at a small positive value - the collector emitter saturation
voltage of the transistor. Current now flows via the transistor and the
primary winding of the line output transformer, the scan correction
capacitor discharges, and the resultant flow of current in the line scan
coils drives the beam to the right-hand side of the screen see Fig. 5.<br /><br />Efficiency:<br />The
transistor is then cut off again, to give the flyback, and the cycle of
events recurs. The efficiency of the circuit is high since there is
negligible resistance present. Energy is fed into the circuit in the
form of the magnetic fields that build up when the output transistor is
switched on. This action connects the line output transformer primary
winding across the supply, and as a result a linearly increasing current
flows through it. Since the width is<br />dependent on the supply voltage, this must be stabilised.<br /><br />Harmonic Tuning:<br />There
is another oscillatory action in the circuit during the flyback period.
The considerable leakage inductance between the primary and the e.h.t.
windings of the line output transformer, and the appreciable self
-capacitance present, form a tuned circuit which is shocked into
oscillation by the flyback pulse. Unless this oscillation is controlled,
it will continue into and modulate the scan. The technique used to
overcome this effect is to tune the leakage inductance and the
associated capacitance to an odd harmonic of the line flyback
oscillation frequency. By doing this the oscillatory actions present at
the beginning of the scan cancel. Either third or fifth harmonic tuning
is used. Third harmonic tuning also has the effect of increasing the
amplitude of the e.h.t. pulse, and is generally used where a half -wave
e.h.t. rectifier is employed. Fifth harmonic tuning results in a
flat-topped e.h.t. pulse, giving improved e.h.t. regulation, and is
generally used where an e.h.t. tripler is employed to produce the e.h.t.
The tuning is mainly built into the line output transformer, though an
external variable inductance is commonly found in colour chassis so that
the tuning can be adjusted. With a following post I will go into the
subject of modern TV line timebases in greater detail with other models
and technology shown here at Obsolete Technology Tellye ! <br />
<br />
<b>CHASSIS Simplified horizontal / line deflection circuit.</b><br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" width="300" /></a><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSzxC70ZXupLKIO95MCVGGZJv_wAUiUSGfBywV4-Qhw1As0NGC5qIrlhwALbyeskW1g30KQtN-TNQlm6DxMJ3tD4W_GlvgshHEs90K4LpoGVXr04zvHBUmCx8YTGe5SEEK3ru9GO6Wgnlr/s320/HOR-DEF-WAV-1.jpg" width="320" />A horizontal deflection circuit makes a sawtooth<br />
current flow through a deflection coil. The current<br />
will have equal amounts of positive and negative<br />
current. The horizontal switch transistor conducts<br />
for the right hand side of the picture. The damper<br />
diode conducts for the left side of the picture.<br />
Current only flows through the fly back capacitor<br />
during retrace time.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
For time 1 the transistor is turned on. Current<br />
ramps up in the yoke. The beam is moved from the<br />
center of the picture to the right edge. Energy is<br />
stored on the inductance of the yoke.<br />
E=I2L/2<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-xy1krVNdX4I54jj1qymqfdQw7CN397ZijyO22927Z3myk0UXQFb81MvFEfobgYvJGiP53_xhw-lD914cNmdn3WrzxSfHkpfyxsYzrZnOK-wBVX57CeEtVxNMa_6Xe6-awD3qFq25v5Iv/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-xy1krVNdX4I54jj1qymqfdQw7CN397ZijyO22927Z3myk0UXQFb81MvFEfobgYvJGiP53_xhw-lD914cNmdn3WrzxSfHkpfyxsYzrZnOK-wBVX57CeEtVxNMa_6Xe6-awD3qFq25v5Iv/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-2.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
For time 2 the transistor is turned off. Energy<br />
transfers from the yoke to the flyback capacitor. At<br />
the end of time two all the energy from the yoke is<br />
placed on the flyback capacitor. There is zero<br />
current in the yoke and a large voltage on the<br />
capacitor. The beam is quickly moved from the<br />
right edge back to the middle of the picture.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEislnERhUO3rfuwCFjyNp1u1qzOCVS5AKohwhPiX2lgrvUI1Snm7PiB9tPvCqGUWN01eH3GF3nbk8d4m3L3UJpo7oA6xbJjP-Cxr2joR-EzYDTH5cOPE3862TKM8UEj8WzRoLpWe5wVR-ef/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEislnERhUO3rfuwCFjyNp1u1qzOCVS5AKohwhPiX2lgrvUI1Snm7PiB9tPvCqGUWN01eH3GF3nbk8d4m3L3UJpo7oA6xbJjP-Cxr2joR-EzYDTH5cOPE3862TKM8UEj8WzRoLpWe5wVR-ef/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-3.jpg" width="320" /></a>During time 3 the energy on the capacitor flows<br />
back into the yoke. The voltage on the flyback<br />
capacitor decreases while the current in the yoke<br />
builds until there is no voltage on the capacitor. By<br />
the end of time 3 the yoke current is at it's<br />
maximum amount but in the negative direction.<br />
The beam is quickly deflected form the center to the<br />
left edge.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyNYCPn6ml-F4cnBBBkrhJdrI_CzmZKLFND_ZK93M47UHC_SJ_rSJwcYJIi3VxNXVxjBKOx9R-t-qOPwJ1OU2hKh-M8m0OoMyaUmKqgNeDHr3Tl6SCOhK8smCIqgHZMif3B9-uMxW9P_a/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-4.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyNYCPn6ml-F4cnBBBkrhJdrI_CzmZKLFND_ZK93M47UHC_SJ_rSJwcYJIi3VxNXVxjBKOx9R-t-qOPwJ1OU2hKh-M8m0OoMyaUmKqgNeDHr3Tl6SCOhK8smCIqgHZMif3B9-uMxW9P_a/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-4.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
Time 4 represents the left hand half of the picture.<br />
Yoke current is negative and ramping down. The<br />
beam moves from the left to the center of the<br />
picture.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The current that flows when the horizontal switch is<br />
closed is approximately:<br />
Ipk ≅ Vcc T / Ldy<br />
Ipk = collector current<br />
T = 1/2 trace time<br />
Ldy = total inductance (yoke + lin coil + size coil)<br />
note:The lin coil inductance varies with current.<br />
______<br />
Tr ≅ 3.14 √ L C<br />
The current that flows during retrace is produced by<br />
the C and L oscillation. The retrace time is 1/2 the<br />
oscillation frequency of the L and C.<br />
I2L /2 ≅ V2C /2 or I2L = V2C As stated earlier the energy in the yoke moves to the<br />
flyback capacitor during time 2.<br />
V= the amount of the flyback pulse that is above the<br />
supply voltage.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzh3AB_p2FO5zzcpLABY4xx-qq6O99VKfavkO6yxvtj7XQNbat3npXziBAmOjKZIC-jbzs4UTVt55lPERLNGOudFA2De29Q9fYYnCDnR1_CRjyAQ2MMbtcFBleFvUqVnseO5r3LD-q1Yzz/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzh3AB_p2FO5zzcpLABY4xx-qq6O99VKfavkO6yxvtj7XQNbat3npXziBAmOjKZIC-jbzs4UTVt55lPERLNGOudFA2De29Q9fYYnCDnR1_CRjyAQ2MMbtcFBleFvUqVnseO5r3LD-q1Yzz/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>
D.C. annualizes is inductors are considered<br />
shores, capacitors are open and generally<br />
semiconductors are removed. The voltage at the<br />
point “B+” is the supply voltage. The collector<br />
voltage of Q1 is also at the supply voltage. The<br />
voltage across C2 is equal to the supply voltage.<br />
When we A.C. annualize this circuit we will find<br />
that the collector of Q1 has a voltage that ranges<br />
from slightly negative to 1000 volts positive. The<br />
average voltage must remain the same as the D.C.<br />
value.<br />
In the A.C. annualizes of the circuit, the<br />
inductance of the yoke (DY) and the inductance of<br />
the flyback transformer are in parallel. The<br />
inductance of T2 is much larger than that if the<br />
DY. This results is a total system inductance of<br />
about 10% to 20% less than that of the DY it’s<br />
self.<br />
The voltage across the Q1 is a half sinusoid pulse during the flyback or retrace period and close to zero at<br />
all other times. It is not possible or safe to observe this point on an oscilloscope without a proper high<br />
frequency high voltage probe. Normally use a 100:1 probe suitable for 2,000V peak. The probe must have<br />
been high frequency calibrated recently.<br />
</p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">VIDEO CHROMA PROCESSING WITH TDA3300 (MOTOROLA)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQGKnSRfrgBza7jG3rCcwilSvjns-796ROkuaQOOYhjSbdDhLSR14gSBfH5ixfx6HqLQF4QV6QdnlnR2vO00oZcZ08WY6oRrJyGiszyUn-Xp40bxYqYfls2wuQt5iMoSosoTGls1nfCM/s1600/tda3301.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5541375310572033330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQGKnSRfrgBza7jG3rCcwilSvjns-796ROkuaQOOYhjSbdDhLSR14gSBfH5ixfx6HqLQF4QV6QdnlnR2vO00oZcZ08WY6oRrJyGiszyUn-Xp40bxYqYfls2wuQt5iMoSosoTGls1nfCM/s320/tda3301.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 224px;" /></a><br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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TDA3300 3301 TV COLOR PROCESSOR<br />
<br />
This device will accept a PAL or NTSC composite video signal and output the<br />
three color signals, needing only a simple driver amplifier to interface to the pic-<br />
ture tube. The provision of high bandwidth on-screen display inputs makes it<br />
suitable for text display, TV games, cameras, etc. The TDA3301 B has user con»<br />
trol laws, and also a phase shift control which operates in PAL, as well as NTSC.<br />
0 Automatic Black Level Setup<br />
0 Beam Current Limiting<br />
0 Uses Inexpensive 4.43 MHZ to 3.58 MHz Crystal<br />
0 No Oscillator Adjustment Required<br />
0 Three OSD Inputs Plus Fast Blanking Input<br />
0 Four DC, High Impedance User Controls<br />
0 lnterlaces with TDA33030B SECAM Adaptor<br />
0 Single 12 V Supply<br />
0 Low Dissipation, Typically 600 mW<br />
The brilliance control operates by adding a pedestal to the output<br />
signals. The amplitude of the pedestal is controlled by Pin 30.<br />
During CRT beam current sampling a standard pedestal is<br />
substituted, its value being equivalent tothe value given by V30 Nom<br />
Brightness at black level with V30 Nom is given by the sum of three gun<br />
currents at the sampling level, i.e. 3x20 |.1A with 100 k reference<br />
resistors on Pins 16, 19, and 22.<br />
During picture blanking the brilliance pedestal is zero; therefore, the<br />
output voltage during blanking is always the minimum brilliance black<br />
level (Note: Signal channels are also gain blanked).<br />
<br />
Chrominance Decoder<br />
The chrominance decoder section of the TDA3301 B<br />
consists of the following blocks:<br />
Phase-locked reference oscillator;<br />
Phase-locked 90 degree servo loop;<br />
U and V axis decoders<br />
ACC detector and identification detector; .<br />
Identification circuits and PAL bistable; .<br />
Color difference filters and matrixes with fast blanking<br />
Circuits.<br />
The major design considerations apart from optimum<br />
performance were:<br />
o A minimum number of factory adjustments,<br />
o A minimum number of external components,<br />
0 Compatibility with SECAM adapter TDA3030B,<br />
0 Low dissipation,<br />
0 Use of a standard 4.433618 Mhz crystal rather<br />
than a 2.0 fc crystal with a divider.<br />
<br />
The crystal VCO is of the phase shift variety in which the<br />
frequency is controlled by varying the phase of the feedback.<br />
A great deal of care was taken to ensure that the oscillator loop<br />
gain and the crystal loading impedance were held constant in<br />
order to ensure that the circuit functions well with low grade<br />
crystal (crystals having high magnitude spurious responses<br />
can cause bad phase jitter). lt is also necessary to ensure that<br />
the gain at third harmonic is low enough to ensure absence of<br />
oscillation at this frequency.<br />
<br />
It can be seen that the<br />
necessary 1 45°C phase shift is obtained by variable addition<br />
ol two currents I1 and I2 which are then fed into the load<br />
resistance of the crystal tuned circuit R1. Feedback is taken<br />
from the crystal load capacitance which gives a voltage of VF<br />
lagging the crystal current by 90°.<br />
The RC network in the T1 collector causes I1 to lag the<br />
collector current of T1 by 45°.<br />
For SECAM operation, the currents I1 and I2 are added<br />
together in a fixed ratio giving a frequency close to nominal.<br />
When decoding PAL there are two departures from normal<br />
chroma reference regeneration practice:<br />
a) The loop is locked to the burst entering from the PAL<br />
delay line matrix U channel and hence there is no<br />
alternating component. A small improvement in signal<br />
noise ratio is gained but more important is that the loop<br />
filter is not compromised by the 7.8 kHz component<br />
normally required at this point for PAL identification<br />
b) The H/2 switching of the oscillator phase is carried out<br />
before the phase detector. This implies any error signal<br />
from the phase detector is a signal at 7.8 kHz and not dc.<br />
A commutator at the phase detector output also driven<br />
from the PAL bistable coverts this ac signal to a dc prior<br />
to the loop filter. The purpose ot this is that constant<br />
offsets in the phase detector are converted by the<br />
commutator to a signal at 7.8 kHz which is integrated to<br />
zero and does not give a phase error.<br />
When used for decoding NTSC the bistable is inhibited, and<br />
slightly less accurate phasing is achieved; however, as a hue<br />
control is used on NTSC this cannot be considered to be a<br />
serious disadvantage.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
90° Reference Generation<br />
To generate the U axis reference a variable all-pass network<br />
is utilized in a servo loop. The output of the all-pass network<br />
is compared with the oscillator output with a phase detector of<br />
which the output is filtered and corrects the operating point of<br />
the variable all»pass network .<br />
As with the reference loop the oscillator signal is taken after<br />
the H/2 phase switch and a commutator inserted before the<br />
filter so that constant phase detector errors are cancelled.<br />
For SECAM operation the loop filter is grounded causing<br />
near zero phase shift so that the two synchronous detectors<br />
work in phase and not in quadralure.<br />
The use of a 4.4 MHz oscillator and a servo loop to generate<br />
the required 90° reference signal allows the use of a standard,<br />
high volume, low cost crystal and gives an extremely accurate<br />
90° which may be easily switched to 0° for decoding AM<br />
SECAM generated by the TDA3030B adapter.<br />
<br />
ACC and Identification Detectors<br />
During burst gate time the output components of the U and<br />
also the V demodulators are steered into PNP emitters. One<br />
collector current of each PNP pair is mirrored and balanced<br />
against its twin giving push-pull current sources for driving the<br />
ACC and the identification filter capacitors.<br />
The identification detector is given an internal offset by<br />
making the NPN current mirror emitter resistors unequal. The<br />
resistors are offset by 5% such that the identification detector<br />
pulls up on its filter capacitor with zero signal.<br />
Identification<br />
See Figure 11 for definitions.<br />
Monochrome I1 > I2<br />
PAL ldent. OK I1 < lg<br />
PAL ldent_ X l1 > I2<br />
NTSC I3 > I2<br />
Only for correctly identified PAL signal is the capacitor<br />
voltage held low since I2 is then greater than I1.<br />
For monochrome and incorrectly identified PAL signals l1>l2<br />
hence voltage VC rises with each burst gate pulse.<br />
When V,ef1 is exceeded by 0.7 V Latch 1 is made to conduct<br />
which increases the rate of voltage rise on C. Maximum<br />
current is limited by R1.<br />
When Vref2 is exceeded by 0.7 V then Latch 2 is made to<br />
conduct until C is completely discharged and the current drops<br />
to a value insufficient to hold on Latch 2.<br />
As Latch 2 turns on Latch 1 must turn off.<br />
Latch 2 turning on gives extra trigger pulse to bistable to<br />
correct identification.<br />
The inhibit line on Latch 2 restricts its conduction to alternate<br />
lines as controlled by the bistable. This function allows the<br />
SECAM switching line to inhibit the bistable operation by firing<br />
Latch 2 in the correct phase for SECAM. For NTSC, Latch 2<br />
is fired by a current injected on Pin 6.<br />
lf the voltage on C is greater than 1.4 V, then the saturation<br />
is held down. Only for SECAM/NTSC with Latch 2 on, or<br />
correctly identified PAL, can the saturation control be<br />
anywhere but minimum.<br />
NTSC Switch<br />
NTSC operation is selected when current (I3) is injected into<br />
Pin 6. On the TDA33O1 B this current must be derived<br />
externally by connecting Pin 6 to +12 V via a 27 k resistor (as<br />
on TDA33OOB). For normal PAL operation Pin 40 should be<br />
connected to +12 V and Pin 6 to the filter capacitor.<br />
<br />
4 Color Difference Matrixing, Color Killing,<br />
and Chroma Blanking<br />
During picture time the two demodulators feed simple RC<br />
filters with emitter follower outputs. Color killing and blanking<br />
is performed by lifting these outputs to a voltage above the<br />
maximum value that the color difference signal could supply.<br />
The color difference matrixing is performed by two<br />
differential amplifiers, each with one side split to give the<br />
correct values of the -(B-Y) and -(Ft-Y) signals. These are<br />
added to give the (G-Y) signal.<br />
The three color difference signals are then taken to the<br />
virtual grounds of the video output stages together with<br />
luminance signal.<br />
Sandcastle Selection<br />
The TDA3301B may be used with a two level sandcastle<br />
and a separate frame pulse to Pin 28, or with only a three level<br />
(super) sandcastle. In the latter case, a resistor of 1.0 MQ is<br />
necessary from + 12 V to Pin 28 and a 70 pF capacitor from<br />
Pin 28 to ground.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDd0pxEUqT82a_jRGbVly3FeJZTZxyOlu1SZuA8yFVPX50xIZdO8H7NhmUzREO3qdInnwa11WrqoFzcLFOf0nsVrLdmVIF30Y_2oYNM9exPHKtZ_dF482j0F92NW8z_wCgRPmNNYCZD_IZE5vuEH2ZQ9Du1HQA4lkKBhfwR-gB91GPqiYaDV-zFycXC339/s1026/IMGH_13572b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDd0pxEUqT82a_jRGbVly3FeJZTZxyOlu1SZuA8yFVPX50xIZdO8H7NhmUzREO3qdInnwa11WrqoFzcLFOf0nsVrLdmVIF30Y_2oYNM9exPHKtZ_dF482j0F92NW8z_wCgRPmNNYCZD_IZE5vuEH2ZQ9Du1HQA4lkKBhfwR-gB91GPqiYaDV-zFycXC339/s320/IMGH_13572b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s1282/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><p><br />
Timing Counter for Sample Control<br />
In order to control beam current sampling at the beginning<br />
of each frame scan, two edge triggered flip-flops are used.<br />
The output K ofthe first flip-flop A is used to clock the second<br />
tlip-flop B. Clocking of A by the burst gate is inhibited by a count<br />
of A.B.<br />
The count sequence can only be initiated by the trailing<br />
edge of the frame pulse. ln order to provide control signals for:<br />
Luma/Chroma blanking<br />
Beam current sampling<br />
On-screen display blanking<br />
Brilliance control<br />
The appropriate flip-flop outputs ar matrixed with sandcastle<br />
and frame signals by an emitter-follower matrix.<br />
<br />
Video Output Sections<br />
Each video output stage consists of a feedback amplifier in A further drive current is used to control the DC operating<br />
which the input signal is a current drive to the virtual earth from point; this is derived from the sample and hold stage which<br />
the luminance, color difference and on-screen display stages. samples the beam current after frame flyback.</p><p>
</p><p><br />
</p><p> <span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA2541 IF AMPLIFIER WITH DEMODULATOR AND AFC</span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjheBBZDGCZRj8s1oFosUaCcO-CEPKsvBFzrhLDv09lpe4GtyAY-jcuEMzgS6rkSPe4OsmfUqtB9tAy0tjRCjzqpK3mZLaHXFv_94ukpJyG0whBvNiM-8VeuAzfZARlHG-AeorRxoaQuq3H/s1600/tda2541.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630056887048066498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjheBBZDGCZRj8s1oFosUaCcO-CEPKsvBFzrhLDv09lpe4GtyAY-jcuEMzgS6rkSPe4OsmfUqtB9tAy0tjRCjzqpK3mZLaHXFv_94ukpJyG0whBvNiM-8VeuAzfZARlHG-AeorRxoaQuq3H/s320/tda2541.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3HPSGjyVa8MQL-nmZcLD3PEHY7ryol1ZOVOP01RFZZg2_ZHdbOk3QDjwQWNQoDJXS0eMDHKmLPQl4TTZ9KEAtc8A0cmpzlh1iuTGvWdv_VC0gXE2FgpnJdsdiPeAShRV47OII3oxa7td9ZcJHUN-7jb1zRwy6ejCdzShh-LxvAny4GAoTEmVMf9NP8oB4/s1282/IMGH_13572__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3HPSGjyVa8MQL-nmZcLD3PEHY7ryol1ZOVOP01RFZZg2_ZHdbOk3QDjwQWNQoDJXS0eMDHKmLPQl4TTZ9KEAtc8A0cmpzlh1iuTGvWdv_VC0gXE2FgpnJdsdiPeAShRV47OII3oxa7td9ZcJHUN-7jb1zRwy6ejCdzShh-LxvAny4GAoTEmVMf9NP8oB4/s320/IMGH_13572__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-style: italic;">DESCRIPTION<br />The TDA2540 and 2541 are IF amplifier and A.M.<br />demodulator circuits for colour and black and white<br />television receivers using PNP or NPN tuners. They<br />are intended for reception of negative or positive<br />modulation CCIR standard.<br />They
incorporate the following functions : .Gain controlled amplifier
.Synchronous demodulator .White spot inverter .Video preamplifier with
noise protection .Switchable AFC .AGC with noise gating .Tuner AGC
output (NPN tuner for 2540)-(PNP<br />tuner for 2541) .VCR switch for video output inhibition (VCR<br />play back).</span>An
automatic fine tuning (AFT) circuit is provided which generates an AFT
control signal in response to a video intermediate frequency (I.F.)
signal. The I.F. signal is supplied to the inputs of two buffer
amplifiers, which couple signals of like phase relationship to two
inputs of a discriminator network. The discriminator network is tuned to
the desired frequency of the video I.F. signal, and is responsive to
the buffered I.F. signals for causing respective signal voltages to be
developed at its inputs which vary differentially in magnitude in
response to the frequency deviation of the I.F. signals from the desired
I.F. frequency. The differentially related signals are detected by two
peak detector networks for use as AFT control signals. The buffer
amplifiers and peak detectors may be conveniently fabricated on a single
I.C. chip. The discriminator network is coupled to the buffer
amplifiers by two external I.C. terminals. </p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 16" CHASSIS V.C.182 Digital phase locked loop tuning system </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">/ PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER:</span><br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBOUtPndT4B0C5L4UvwwEc0i2mBuGwfNWLh8v4p7VLwR7VBBLFC5ggqL88Rim0nzMpLEJAYhmL-6kMZ1UblJBBMxkZ5E2Gmgn32zg1LBEV-n1qSc4eQBOdzU75-u0FkBSHm-eMIxMU25ttIRkJ8hZHDsg83VM7VdNLBDTHNf0fg6XvDKEhu7rYbyfEJfO/s1282/IMGH_13571__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBOUtPndT4B0C5L4UvwwEc0i2mBuGwfNWLh8v4p7VLwR7VBBLFC5ggqL88Rim0nzMpLEJAYhmL-6kMZ1UblJBBMxkZ5E2Gmgn32zg1LBEV-n1qSc4eQBOdzU75-u0FkBSHm-eMIxMU25ttIRkJ8hZHDsg83VM7VdNLBDTHNf0fg6XvDKEhu7rYbyfEJfO/s320/IMGH_13571__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div>
A phase locked loop circuit for use in an automatic frequency
synthesizing system. The system includes a programmer circuit which is
responsive to a channel number input signal and generates a first
digital control signal which is representative of the selected channel
number and a second digital control signal which is representative of a
predetermined group of channel numbers. A programmable divider is
controlled by the programming circuit and generates a digital output
signal which causes the phase locked loop circuit to generate a desired
system output frequency corresponding to the selected channel number
input signal. The phase locked loop circuit includes automatic fine
tuning and manual fine tuning features.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A digital phase locked loop tuning system responsive to a local
oscillator signal for producing a frequency synthesized digital output
signal which is utilized to control the frequency of the local
oscillator, the local oscillator having a plurality of frequencies
associated therewith corresponding, respectively, to a plurality of
selectable channels, each of the channels being allocated to one of at
least two channel groups with each channel in a particular channel group
being separated from an adjacent channel in the particular channel
group by a predetermined frequency spacing of the local oscillator,
comprising: <br />
programming means responsive to an input signal representing a selected
channel number of a particular channel group for generating a first
digital control signal having a value corresponding to the selected
channel number and for generating a second digital control signal
representative of said particular channel group, said second digital
control signal being a constant predetermined value for all of said
channel numbers that are within said group; and <br />
programmable divider means coupled to said programming means being
responsive to said first, second digital control signals and the local
oscillator signal, in a local oscillator mode, for generating the
digital output signal which is representative of a desired frequency
corresponding to said selected channel number, said programmable divider
means including means for dividing the local oscillator signal by first
and second factors, said first factor being related to the frequency
separation between local oscillator signals by an integral number, the
local oscillator signal being divided by said first factor during a
first interval for a first number of periods of the output signal and
being divided by said second factor for a second number of periods of
the output signal, said first number of periods being related to the
number of the channel selected, said second number being related to the
channel group within which the selected channel lies.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Phase locked loop system according to claim 1, wherein said
programming means including means coupled to said programming means for
receiving an MFT signal and being responsive to said MFT signal for
altering said first and second digital control signals, and said
programmable divider means being responsive to said altered digital
control signals for generating an altered system output frequency.
<br />
<br />
3. Phase locked loop system according to claim 2, wherein said
programming means includes first terminal means coupled to said
programming means for receiving an AFT control signal, and first logic
means responsive to the input signal and the AFT control signal for
generating the first digital control signal.
<br />
<br />
4. Phase locked loop system according to claim 3, wherein said
programming means includes second logic means coupled to said first
logic means and responsive to the AFT control signal for generating the
second digital control signal. <br />
<br />
5. Phase locked loop system according to claim 4, wherein said second
logic means includes group decoder means coupled to said first logic
means. <br />
<br />
6. Phase locked loop circuit means according to claim 5, wherein said
second logic means includes memory means coupled to said group decoder
means and to said first terminal means. <br />
<br />
7. Phase locked loop system according to claim 6, wherein said second
logic means includes second terminal means for receiving an MFT signal,
and up/down counter latch means coupled to said memory means and to said
second terminal means for altering said first and second digital
control signals in response to said MFT signal.
<br />
<br />
8. Phase locked loop system according to claim 7, wherein said second
logic means includes adder means coupled to said up/down counter latch
means to said memory means. <br />
<br />
9. Phase locked loop system according to claim 3, wherein said first
logic means includes channel number generator means coupled to said
first terminal means and responsive to said input signal.
<br />
<br />
10. Phase locked loop system according to claim 9, wherein said channel
number generator means includes first and second data selector means
coupled to said first terminal means, and adder means coupled to said
second data selector means and to said up/down counter latch means.
<br />
<br />
11. Phase locked loop system according to claim 1, wherein said means
for dividing the local oscillator signal includes programmable counter
means for generating a modulus control output signal, and variable
modulus prescaler divider means coupled to and responsive to said
programmable counter means, said variable modulus prescaler divider
means dividing the local oscillator signal by said first and second
factors. <br />
<br />
12. Phase locked loop system according to claim 11, wherein said
programmable counter means includes third data selector means coupled to
receive said first and second digital control signals and said modulus
control signal. <br />
<br />
13. Phase locked loop system according to claim 12, wherein said
programmable counter means includes a programmable counter coupled to
said third data selector means and to said variable modulus prescaler
divider means. <br />
<br />
14. Phase locked loop system according to claim 13, wherein said
programmable counter means includes look ahead circuit means coupled to
said programmable counter, and divide by two circuit means coupled to
said look ahead circuit means for generating said modulus control output
signal. <br />
<br />
15. Phase locked loop tuning system according to claim 1 including digital automatic fine tuning (AFT) means wherein: <br />
said programmable divider means includes switching means responsive to
an AFT control signal to inhibit the local oscillator signal to said
programmable divider means and to provide an input signal thereto of a
different frequency than the local oscillator signal; and <br />
said programming means including logic means responsive to said AFT
control signal for altering said first and second digital control
signals to predetermined values to cause the phase locked loop tuning
system to be operable in an automatic fine tuning mode.<br />
<br />
<br />
16. Phase locked loop tuning system of claim 15 wherein said programmable divider means includes: <br />
programmable counter means for generating first and second modulus control signals; and <br />
dual modulus prescaler means responsive to said first modulus control
signal for dividing the local oscillator signal in said local oscillator
mode and said input signal of a different frequency in said automatic
fine tuning mode by said first factor which is equal to the integer six
and being responsive to said second modulus control signal for dividing
said local oscillator signal and said input signal of a different
frequency by said second factor which is equal to the integer five
respectively.<br />
<br />
<br />
17. Phase locked loop tuning system of claim 16 wherein said signal of a
different frequency is an intermediate frequency signal provided by the
tuning system and supplied to said switching means.
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBOUtPndT4B0C5L4UvwwEc0i2mBuGwfNWLh8v4p7VLwR7VBBLFC5ggqL88Rim0nzMpLEJAYhmL-6kMZ1UblJBBMxkZ5E2Gmgn32zg1LBEV-n1qSc4eQBOdzU75-u0FkBSHm-eMIxMU25ttIRkJ8hZHDsg83VM7VdNLBDTHNf0fg6XvDKEhu7rYbyfEJfO/s1282/IMGH_13571__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBOUtPndT4B0C5L4UvwwEc0i2mBuGwfNWLh8v4p7VLwR7VBBLFC5ggqL88Rim0nzMpLEJAYhmL-6kMZ1UblJBBMxkZ5E2Gmgn32zg1LBEV-n1qSc4eQBOdzU75-u0FkBSHm-eMIxMU25ttIRkJ8hZHDsg83VM7VdNLBDTHNf0fg6XvDKEhu7rYbyfEJfO/s320/IMGH_13571__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div>
18. In a phase locked loop tuning system for receiving a channel number
input signal and a local oscillator signal having groups of selectable
frequencies wherein the frequency spacing between each adjacent local
oscillator frequency within a single group is uniform, the improvement
comprising programmable divider means for generating a digital output
signal representative of a desired tuning system output frequency
including variable modulus prescaler divider means having a prescaler
division ratio being equal to P = S/Y' for dividing the local oscillator
frequency by said prescaler division ratio during a first interval for a
first number of periods of the digital output signal and for dividing
the local oscillator frequency by a second prescaler division ratio
during a second interval for a second number of periods, said second
ratio being related to said first ratio, where S is the frequency
spacing between each adjacent local oscillator frequency within a single
group (i), Y<sub>i</sub> =D<sub>i</sub> -X<sub>i</sub> S, where D<sub>i</sub> is said desired tuning system output frequency within said selected group; X<sub>i</sub> =D<sub>i</sub> /S rounded off to the nearest integer; Y' is chosen such that Y<sub>i</sub> /Y' is an integer and S/Y' is an integer and Y' is the smallest value of all values of Y<sub>i</sub>. <br />
<br />
19. In a receiver including a tuning apparatus for providing a plurality
of local oscillator signals each corresponding to a respective one of a
plurality of selectable channels, each of the channels being allocated
to one of at least two channel groups wherein each channel is separated
from an adjacent channel in the respective channel group by a
predetermined frequency spacing, a phase locked loop tuning system for
producing a frequency synthesized output signal for controlling the
frequency of the local oscillator, comprising: <br />
variable modulus divider means for selectively dividing the frequency of
the local oscillator signal by first and second factors in response to a
modulus control signal to provide an output signal, said first factor
being related to the frequency separation between local oscillator
signals by an integral number; and <br />
programmable means for generating said modulus control signal to cause
said variable modulus divider means to divide by said first factor
during a first interval for a first number of periods of said output
signal and to divide by said second factor during a second interval for a
second number of periods of said output signal, said first number of
periods being related to the number of the channel selected, said second
number of periods being related to the channel group corresponding to
the selected channel.<br />
<br />
<br />
20. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 19 wherein said programmable means includes: <br />
programming means responsive to a selected channel input signal for
producing first and second digital output signals, said first digital
output signal being related to the selected channel number plus one of
two constant values which are determined in accordance within which
channel group the selected channel input signal lies, said second
digital signal being a constant value for all selected channels within a
channel group; and <br />
programmable divider means responsive to said first and second digital
output signals from said programming means for providing said variable
modulus control signal and the frequency synthesized output signal.<br />
<br />
<br />
21. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 20 wherein said
programming means includes automatic fine tuning (AFT) means responsive
to a AFT control signal being applied thereto when the receiver is
placed in an AFT mode wherein: <br />
said variable modulus divider means is caused to receive a input signal different from the local oscillator signal; <br />
said programming means being responsive to the AFT control signal for
altering said first and second digital signals such that the receiver is
finely tuned to the frequency of the received signal applied to the
receiver.<br />
<br />
<br />
22. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 21 wherein said
programming means includes means for receiving a manual fine tuning
(MFT) signal for altering said first and second digital output signals,
and said programmable divider means being responsive to said altered
digital control signals for generating an altered output signal.
<br />
<br />
23. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 19 wherein the one of
said first and second factors is an even number and the other is an odd
number. <br />
<br />
24. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 23 wherein said first
factor is the integer six and said second factor is the integer five.
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
This invention relates to digital tuning systems, and more particularly,
to a simplified digital phase locked loop (PLL) tuning system
incorporating unique digital automatic fine tuning and manual fine
tuning schemes. <br />
Since the appearance of varactor tuners for television, many tuning
address schemes have evolved for controlling them. PLL techniques have
maintained a performance advantage but have suffered a cost disadvantage
due to complexity, the high frequencies involved, the need for
automatic fine tuning and in some localities, the need for a manual fine
tuning arrangement. With the advances that have taken place in
semiconductor technology in the last several years, the high operating
frequencies no longer present a significant problem. <br />
Prior art PLL systems for use in television tuners have not yet been
able to incorporate an automatic fine tuning feature, nor have they been
able to incorporate a manual fine tuning system which would enable the
PLL tuning system to be intentionally offset in predetermined
increments. Television sets normally have an automatic fine tuning (AFT)
feature, but this is normally incorporated as a separate circuit which
is not directly incorporated into the television tuner. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBOUtPndT4B0C5L4UvwwEc0i2mBuGwfNWLh8v4p7VLwR7VBBLFC5ggqL88Rim0nzMpLEJAYhmL-6kMZ1UblJBBMxkZ5E2Gmgn32zg1LBEV-n1qSc4eQBOdzU75-u0FkBSHm-eMIxMU25ttIRkJ8hZHDsg83VM7VdNLBDTHNf0fg6XvDKEhu7rYbyfEJfO/s1282/IMGH_13571__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBOUtPndT4B0C5L4UvwwEc0i2mBuGwfNWLh8v4p7VLwR7VBBLFC5ggqL88Rim0nzMpLEJAYhmL-6kMZ1UblJBBMxkZ5E2Gmgn32zg1LBEV-n1qSc4eQBOdzU75-u0FkBSHm-eMIxMU25ttIRkJ8hZHDsg83VM7VdNLBDTHNf0fg6XvDKEhu7rYbyfEJfO/s320/IMGH_13571__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div><p>
An additional disadvantage of prior art PLL systems which are designed
for use in a television tuner environment is that they are highly
complex and relatively expensive. In order to convert the channel number
input into the proper digital control signals for the PLL, a relatively
large ROM having a capacity on the order of 82 words by 12 bits was
required. The best prior art PLL tuning systems require two high speed
programmable counters which greatly increase the system complexity. This
together with the large ROM which the system required, greatly
decreased the cost effectiveness of the system so that commercial
manufacturers were able to use these prior art PLL systems only in their
most expensive commercial television receivers. <br />
Therefore, it is a feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL
tuning system which incorporates design techniques that vastly simplify
the complexity of the PLL while at the same time allowing the system to
meet the latest needs of a television tuning system or any other PLL
tuning system which is addressed by a channel number. <br />
It is another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL tuning
system that has the ability to automatically tune nonprecise station
frequencies and the ability to be manually fine tuned. <br />
It is yet another feature of the present invention to provide a digital
PLL tuning system having only a single high speed programmable counter
and requiring a ROM capacity of only 5 words by 9 bits. <br />
It is still another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL
tuning system which performs the automatic fine tuning feature by
utilizing the PLL tuning system as a digital discriminator. <br />
It is yet another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL
tuning system incorporating a manual fine tuning (MFT) arrangement which
is capable of intentionally offsetting the local oscillator frequency
of a TV tuner in one megahertz steps or of offsetting TV IF frequency in
steps of 125 kilohertz. </p><p><br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
The preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a phase
locked loop circuit means for an automatic frequency synthesizing
system. The phase locked loop circuit means includes programming means
which is responsive to an input signal representing a selected channel
number for generating a first digital control signal representative of
the selected channel number and for generating a second digital control
signal representative of a predetermined group of channel numbers. A
programmable divider means is coupled to the first and second digital
control signals and generates a digital output signal representative of a
desired system output frequency corresponding to the selected channel
number. <br />
The phase locked loop circuit means further includes an automatic fine
tuning feature for fine tuning the phase locked loop output frequency to
the exact frequency of the received signal. The system further includes
a manual fine tuning provision which allows the phase locked loop
operating frequency to be intentionally offset in predetermined
increments. </p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS TDA2594 HORIZONTAL COMBINATION</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>The PHILIPS TDA2594 is a monolithic integrated circuit intended for use in colour television receivers.<br />
The circuit incorporates the following functions:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxeAfTETDkdYR_k13KJYdWfMSXVR_7k4GFJC_vyAOfIzjvscbFCBln9_GtvmLMoGWtwdVf6g4w_rVZdyc98nYiVuJixA_P5khn8XhXLPWwYzBc-j77fz5pMxbmzz-YTlqqxoamIPLdMkQWGsVrzJ_EkqXoyRVulnesxCRdZuhIs5dj88atVe90dxJZ2aI3/s1282/IMGH_13566__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxeAfTETDkdYR_k13KJYdWfMSXVR_7k4GFJC_vyAOfIzjvscbFCBln9_GtvmLMoGWtwdVf6g4w_rVZdyc98nYiVuJixA_P5khn8XhXLPWwYzBc-j77fz5pMxbmzz-YTlqqxoamIPLdMkQWGsVrzJ_EkqXoyRVulnesxCRdZuhIs5dj88atVe90dxJZ2aI3/s320/IMGH_13566__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
0 Horizontal oscillator based on the threshold switching principle.<br />
0 Phase comparison between sync pulse and oscillator voltage (tp1).<br />
0 Internal key pulse for phase detector (-D) fYP~ ‘I V<br />
V3-1elp-pl WP- 1° V<br />
<br />
* Permissible range: 1 t<br />
<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz79XkvH1zIYciDbQWMJ16Fc-uZRzLBwdnxzD8D9rPslVsOYhGXikHopQ1e8WjErVMFsfxOUPbchiHdJZlmQtvCAS54HgkvLTEb9WEI0WTVRyVR6kq4ftyXHjhHBMSsW3sFdo16urkghwj2VaujxRht0V6Lk3Zga09T6br1DQKDVaPV3gjITHDB-0SLtFw/s1982/TDA2594-PHILIPS-0__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1982" data-original-width="1538" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz79XkvH1zIYciDbQWMJ16Fc-uZRzLBwdnxzD8D9rPslVsOYhGXikHopQ1e8WjErVMFsfxOUPbchiHdJZlmQtvCAS54HgkvLTEb9WEI0WTVRyVR6kq4ftyXHjhHBMSsW3sFdo16urkghwj2VaujxRht0V6Lk3Zga09T6br1DQKDVaPV3gjITHDB-0SLtFw/s320/TDA2594-PHILIPS-0__TVMS.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixj_HCPcA4wfbajeletnT9O3oMr5z2CZsa2l-RIV6UZqKTV7q7ugg3CCAP4y1F8Pa0-7QD3Atj3Pv6xUc8hWxy1TrO4foJUEs9T_ltKidC-0I3j1FL-pXEbOSt4TL_Lp81aSMFtR23MP8H3vma7j3zcPgnqpIruG9iR-9cq2oYlQofe8sd3c4JIw1h8Mg4/s1982/TDA2594-PHILIPS-1__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1538" data-original-width="1982" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixj_HCPcA4wfbajeletnT9O3oMr5z2CZsa2l-RIV6UZqKTV7q7ugg3CCAP4y1F8Pa0-7QD3Atj3Pv6xUc8hWxy1TrO4foJUEs9T_ltKidC-0I3j1FL-pXEbOSt4TL_Lp81aSMFtR23MP8H3vma7j3zcPgnqpIruG9iR-9cq2oYlQofe8sd3c4JIw1h8Mg4/s320/TDA2594-PHILIPS-1__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFK3gSFCh4alo1nuxHZB-7kBV8oANHcMG0nFse0gCZB_nKrJbrhH7URRSopnmwSzrsUGFAWXF7bBEyoMrf7RT6MyUEwPJXtG9eq7ig1ZVJYyoggETGTtAKXzuuN6XW0IAKaBAdM4ysmNG-N9-x6cTx9IIjH81F7QTo8wh-Ehq2PW5kGKroMKDSivRYQ0c2/s1982/TDA2594-PHILIPS-2__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1982" data-original-width="1538" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFK3gSFCh4alo1nuxHZB-7kBV8oANHcMG0nFse0gCZB_nKrJbrhH7URRSopnmwSzrsUGFAWXF7bBEyoMrf7RT6MyUEwPJXtG9eq7ig1ZVJYyoggETGTtAKXzuuN6XW0IAKaBAdM4ysmNG-N9-x6cTx9IIjH81F7QTo8wh-Ehq2PW5kGKroMKDSivRYQ0c2/s320/TDA2594-PHILIPS-2__TVMS.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqFDNV0rmO4PLt1kCr_SN-ddFDzLe7KAoYLcfLiQ83GPQvqXax-QQojubZjVSJhAjXA5_BDDKaj-4mUfHbXT1cEEHq_nnwSFZ31CCMvg1Ty0L2d8LQcfD0AmjNqzZxOQtupFwAih_pu59sw2AwxbCnyAh8Hywn2B2l_P-NoJZdBpvkmv9UdmNK2df3fsM/s1982/TDA2594-PHILIPS-3__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1982" data-original-width="1538" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqFDNV0rmO4PLt1kCr_SN-ddFDzLe7KAoYLcfLiQ83GPQvqXax-QQojubZjVSJhAjXA5_BDDKaj-4mUfHbXT1cEEHq_nnwSFZ31CCMvg1Ty0L2d8LQcfD0AmjNqzZxOQtupFwAih_pu59sw2AwxbCnyAh8Hywn2B2l_P-NoJZdBpvkmv9UdmNK2df3fsM/s320/TDA2594-PHILIPS-3__TVMS.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-y2LvayXQH4C8wXd8yac07WPeBkr_i262vMI7G1MdjqwOUzjNEbJwpw8zPOfA12pjqTaqFXncU5It-mVvm8FqpRKq9ogTMjkBxb5wh80HU6GTXbO3WeaZNsaB5bqJozZsxl6VmW2XihAa2YOWMdcGmK09je74DJ-wcvfbG2hJHaf19GC7EPuAcTW_ccw6/s1982/TDA2594-PHILIPS-4__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1982" data-original-width="1538" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-y2LvayXQH4C8wXd8yac07WPeBkr_i262vMI7G1MdjqwOUzjNEbJwpw8zPOfA12pjqTaqFXncU5It-mVvm8FqpRKq9ogTMjkBxb5wh80HU6GTXbO3WeaZNsaB5bqJozZsxl6VmW2XihAa2YOWMdcGmK09je74DJ-wcvfbG2hJHaf19GC7EPuAcTW_ccw6/s320/TDA2594-PHILIPS-4__TVMS.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ZP-ey2VoFuFRBvsSkGYW3jSPYy7Lx2VKV3ZQ6sC-tb_Gz2OUz3CRSrRoslmEQF9rozLiaNzxyQWEMCz9ibfaJBY_cRxry0MrdjxgWw4x1jw8TykqIyOtahkcATPQ8VDoVcccVn01JdgXc-n6kUBz94HOOrXv0CS-gxQh93HLJhl-hsylVZlP8R3hxjyZ/s1982/TDA2594-PHILIPS-5__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1982" data-original-width="1538" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ZP-ey2VoFuFRBvsSkGYW3jSPYy7Lx2VKV3ZQ6sC-tb_Gz2OUz3CRSrRoslmEQF9rozLiaNzxyQWEMCz9ibfaJBY_cRxry0MrdjxgWw4x1jw8TykqIyOtahkcATPQ8VDoVcccVn01JdgXc-n6kUBz94HOOrXv0CS-gxQh93HLJhl-hsylVZlP8R3hxjyZ/s320/TDA2594-PHILIPS-5__TVMS.jpg" width="248" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxeAfTETDkdYR_k13KJYdWfMSXVR_7k4GFJC_vyAOfIzjvscbFCBln9_GtvmLMoGWtwdVf6g4w_rVZdyc98nYiVuJixA_P5khn8XhXLPWwYzBc-j77fz5pMxbmzz-YTlqqxoamIPLdMkQWGsVrzJ_EkqXoyRVulnesxCRdZuhIs5dj88atVe90dxJZ2aI3/w400-h300/IMGH_13566__TVM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><br />
Field Timebase IC :<br />
The <b>TDA1170</b> field timebase i.c. is shown in block diagram form in Fig.
3. The i.c. is housed in a 12 -pin package with copper frame and heat
dissipation tabs. It is capable of supplying up to 1.6A peak -to -peak
to drive any type of saddle -wound scanning yoke but for a colour
receiver it is suggested that the toroidal deflection coil system
developed by RCA is used. In this case the i.c. acts as a driver in
conjunction with a complementary pair of output transistors. The yoke
current in this case is in the region of 6A. The TDA1170 is designed for
operation with a nominal 22V supply. It can be operated at up t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tetOknsNlC-s70fuuoGN9ETV0w0tNRPr_Yhya0cu7TGouz3LoWamDbLezZ0bU-6COsJP-OTi_gfvxXq-PLbZxenNNkymomjKh3Nppk6pyXNaSj60bLqa0ysfmVrAcs4eOu_naiwG2H4/s1600/SGS-TV-DES-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tetOknsNlC-s70fuuoGN9ETV0w0tNRPr_Yhya0cu7TGouz3LoWamDbLezZ0bU-6COsJP-OTi_gfvxXq-PLbZxenNNkymomjKh3Nppk6pyXNaSj60bLqa0ysfmVrAcs4eOu_naiwG2H4/s320/SGS-TV-DES-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>o
35V however. A voltage doubler within the i.c. is brought into action
during the flyback time to raise the supply to 70V. Good frequency
stability is claimed and the yoke current stability with changes in
ambient temperature is such that the usual thermistor in series with the
field coils is not required. For monochrome receiver use the power
supplied to the yoke would be 0-83W for a yoke current of lA peak -to
-peak with a 1012 coil impedance and 20V supply. As the power
dissipation rating of the i.c. is 2.2W no further heatsink is required.
For use in a colour receiver with a toroidal coil impedance of 1.6Ohm
the scanning current would be 7A peak -to -peak. The power supplied to
the yoke may be as much as 6.5W while the dissipation in the i.c. would
be up to 2-3W. In this case a simple heatsink can be formed from a thin
copper sheet soldered to the heat fins- an area of about 3-4 sq. in.
should be adequate. The sync circuit at the input gives good noise
immunity while the difference between the actual and ideal interlace is
less than 0-3% of the field amplitude. Because of the high output
impedance a relatively low value (1/iF or less) output coupling
capacitor can be used. <b>This means that mylar types instead of
electrolytics</b> can be used, reducing the problems of linearity and
amplitude stability with respect to temperature and ageing.
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRtL0F7rm2BRQ3VQifDxg5FRyGY4fRTDmKpkv3x3g9_dsb-yGh7EbMoU0AMY2WyaK3-GzyczxJ8DcEVZiM2P4QvcB7KEpmMTPXhu8p846tr6TLE_cgzvaH4O4zb1mKfu3ziEluddu2HTo9dsTkoKPXI2xmuXrxeBPi_Q5z-evLB0005h2xU_SD3E__y7vT/s2477/TDA1170S-0__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRtL0F7rm2BRQ3VQifDxg5FRyGY4fRTDmKpkv3x3g9_dsb-yGh7EbMoU0AMY2WyaK3-GzyczxJ8DcEVZiM2P4QvcB7KEpmMTPXhu8p846tr6TLE_cgzvaH4O4zb1mKfu3ziEluddu2HTo9dsTkoKPXI2xmuXrxeBPi_Q5z-evLB0005h2xU_SD3E__y7vT/s320/TDA1170S-0__TVMS.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNoqZsc4m3n6KoyBR-dkqizpnf8WDF7wzFNa_UySSsU1Bb5UqkyUPopudsh0gqACF_zFKlwda10gy6D_VVJkYOKzwro4liVGZGWAYt7qQueW0obM1N-GFZ9dJgeVFt-SIq5baAode1jMhHmHFRRlm6s5LoZH2QVNgQqiCC_gLIeW1c4q_v7zbwX72oDO_c/s2477/TDA1170S-1__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIpc54JIa7sndrDlrz0l7HNknI6zMEsycTALURZ_MJ6vbz-DAFlE9ylBIY8KWDGow5jM2m9qAy9ttLXe_xl8tGUKDkmGQzCvrDBu1GgZwqjJFnbMli56MUWIYFgDbs-c2rk9zr5L08B_O8_WYXvPMQerI5-BVRTjtFneDNeDHUU-JzhPmQk37U08RmplBa/s320/TDA1170S-7__TVMS.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFujCGw8KQC-hskgT_6LKjiGOuABG3-3OG-EM0GKY81xDa9pjZxQsduLA_t5LB-O_8RrK16kgW3Wpdm-pCTRR3SXpZrfgS8kecSYGf999v8RjsAB6kWXL3Grbgldezo4tPbxrGUkAvy4NXWV85EXFJ9LR4goFb46dvTVLzb-G0jCPV26CUCy8i4tWWoFC/s2477/TDA1170S-8__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSFujCGw8KQC-hskgT_6LKjiGOuABG3-3OG-EM0GKY81xDa9pjZxQsduLA_t5LB-O_8RrK16kgW3Wpdm-pCTRR3SXpZrfgS8kecSYGf999v8RjsAB6kWXL3Grbgldezo4tPbxrGUkAvy4NXWV85EXFJ9LR4goFb46dvTVLzb-G0jCPV26CUCy8i4tWWoFC/s320/TDA1170S-8__TVMS.jpg" width="247" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b>DESCRIPTION<br />The TDA2006 is a monolithic integrated circuit in Pentawatt package, intended for use as a low frequency class ”AB” amplifier. At ±12V, d = 10 % typically it provides 12W output power on a 4Ω load and 8W on a 8<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFe5Rti4nE87t9wcvLtBHBCMqMtLvDBSHLfCPMwE3DM1fJZMBb3titXVgMXzQ3JyYGv1aFKGsU0Zlr41IAbh1kmieAjseAmx7zhYQiwNQzEaVwSUOCYCzsv-9nzsigHxeUd8tCo2g-F1hcUAHiNi2oHvGlUuFdtxPkjJ5FOu6b44VLRrmRsmrl26TobM04/s1282/IMGH_13570__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFe5Rti4nE87t9wcvLtBHBCMqMtLvDBSHLfCPMwE3DM1fJZMBb3titXVgMXzQ3JyYGv1aFKGsU0Zlr41IAbh1kmieAjseAmx7zhYQiwNQzEaVwSUOCYCzsv-9nzsigHxeUd8tCo2g-F1hcUAHiNi2oHvGlUuFdtxPkjJ5FOu6b44VLRrmRsmrl26TobM04/s320/IMGH_13570__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>Ω . The TDA2006 provides high output current and has very low harmonic and cross-over distortion. Further the device incorporates an original (and patented)short circuit protection system comprising an arrangement for automatically limiting the dissipated power so as to keep the working point of the output transistors within their safe operating area. A conventional thermal shutdown system is also included. The TDA2006 is pin to pin equivalent to the TDA2030.<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p></p><p><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWvMi9Oi8VW0QYqa-v9pOkfvyJM9X4mdxjeLkU0-aGhyFJUDMwbV315DJ0YoLXeQ8RKesW5XIYMUpoHhsDpcqkqwuKnVL0Jrf_78h48OqvsM0KfDbWuECS0zofzfOmImGm1QlUel-rgAGjl9tviGO6Jsog8mDW4Fxy-CqPDPY91Tigss9Ls2i2hTLPGW9C/s2477/TDA2006-10__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWvMi9Oi8VW0QYqa-v9pOkfvyJM9X4mdxjeLkU0-aGhyFJUDMwbV315DJ0YoLXeQ8RKesW5XIYMUpoHhsDpcqkqwuKnVL0Jrf_78h48OqvsM0KfDbWuECS0zofzfOmImGm1QlUel-rgAGjl9tviGO6Jsog8mDW4Fxy-CqPDPY91Tigss9Ls2i2hTLPGW9C/s320/TDA2006-10__TVMS.jpg" width="247" /></a><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE7O4TaJo8ISNb3v4iYa7ibbFUeltzv5fdSLpQvtmn0KQWRwc3h5WNnEqof9gRwDzqApKepbMDrcNdyvnMEMIwjSsuzb2i_WTp0bPS95icdbEV6rBa534pbI8D5XnxKwhOS7luAKRu0-Y9PRQn7Muy6gHPG63n33aR_N4KaierlM3A8TIhs0i-ANJ9yDzB/s2477/TDA2006-9__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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</p><p><b>SOME REFERENCES LIST:</b><br />A. Semiconductor Devices and Physics<br />1. J. Baliga and D. Y. Chen (Eds.), Power Transistors: Device Design and Applications, IEEE<br />Press, New York, 1984.<br />2. J. Biliga, Modern Power Devices, John Wiley, New York, 1987.<br />3. Blicher, Thyristor Physics, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.,1976.<br />4. K. Ghandhi, Semiconductor Power Devices Physics of Operation and Fabrication Technology,<br />John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,New York, 1977.<br />5. G. Hoft, Semiconductor Power Electronics, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.,1986.<br />(ISBN: 0-442-22543-1)<br />6. P .<br />L. Hower, Power semiconductor devices: an overview, IEEE Proc., Wvol. 76, no. 4, pp.<br />335-342, April 1988.<br />7. C. Lee and D. Y. Chen (Ed.), Power Devices and Their Applications, Virginia Power<br />Electronics Center, 1990.<br />8. Ohmi, Power static induction transistor technology," Technical Digest, IEEE Electron Devices<br />International Meeting, Washington, D.C., pp. 84-87, 1979.<br />9. Shockley, A unipolar field-effect transistor ,"<br />Proc. IRE, vol. 40, pp. 1365-1376, Nov. 1952.<br />10. Shockley, How we invented the transistor," New Scientist, vol. 689, Dec. 21, 1972.<br />11. Shockley, The path to the conception of the junction transistor," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices<br />23, vol. 597, 1976.<br />12. G. Streetman, Solid State Electronic Devices, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1980.<br />13. M. SZE, Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology, Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., 1985.<br />14. Teszner and R. Giqual, Gridistor - a new field-effect device," Proc. IEEE, vol. 52, pp. 1502-<br />1513, 1964.<br />15. M. Warner and B. L. Grung, Transistors: Fundamentals for the Integrated-Circuit Engineer<br />,<br />1983.<br />16. Wood, Fundamentals and Applications of Gate Turn-off Thyristors, Electric Power Research<br />Institute, Palo Alto, 1988.<br />17. S. Yang, Fundamental of Semiconductor Devices, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978.<br />18. Zuleeg, Multi-Channel field-effect transistor, theory and experiment," Solid-State Electronics,<br />vol. 10, pp. 559-576, 1967.<br />B. Power Electronics<br />19. D. Bedford and R. G. Hoft, Principles of Inverter Circuits, 1985 Reprint Edition, Robert E.<br />Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, 1964.<br />20. M. Bird and K. G. King, An Introduction to Power Electronics,1983. (ISBN: 0-471-10430-<br />2)<br />21. B. K. Bose, Adjustable Speed A C Drive Systems, IEEE Press, New York, 1982.<br />22. B. K. Bose, "Power electronics - an emerging technology", IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol.<br />36, no. 3, pp. 404-412, Aug. 1989.<br />23. B. K. Bose, Microcomputer Control of Power Electronics and Drives, IEEE Press, New<br />York, 1987.<br />24. B. K. Bose., Modern Power Electronics, Evolution, Technology and Applications, IEEE<br />Press, New York, 1991.<br />25. B. K. Bose,"Power electronics - an emerging technology," IEEE Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol.<br />36, no. 3, pp. 403-412, 1989.<br />26. B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and A C Drives, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1986.<br />27. B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and A C Drives, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1987.<br />(TK7881.15.B67).<br />28. B. K. Bose, "Power electronics and motion control technology," IEEE, pp. 1-10, 1992.<br />29. B. K. Bose, "Technology trends in microcomputer control of electrical machines," IEEE<br />Trans. on Ind. Electron., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 160-177, Feb. 1988.<br />30. A. Coekin, High-Speed Pulse Techniques, Pergamon, 1975. (TK7835.C56 1975).<br />31. Csaki, I. Hermann, I. Ipsits, A. Karpati, and P .<br />Magyar, Power Electronics Akademiai Kiado,<br />Budapest, 1979. (ISBN 963-05-1671-3).<br />32. B. Dewan and A. Straughen, Power Semiconductor Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1975.<br />33. K. Dubey, Power Semiconductor Controlled Drives, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1985.<br />34. Hans-Peter Hempel, Power Semiconductor Handbook, SEMIKRON, 1980. (ISBN 3-<br />9800346-1-5).<br />35. R. G. Hoft, Semiconductor Power Electronics, Van Nostrand, New York, 1986.<br />(TK7871.85.H65).<br />36. L. Kusic, Computer-Aided Power Systems Analysis, Prentice-Hall, 1986. (TK1005.K87<br />1986).<br />37. W. Lander ,<br />Power Electronics, McGraw-Hill, 1981. (ISBN: 0-07-084123-3).<br />38. M. Miller, Is power electronics a national priority ?, Power Conversion & Intelligent<br />Motion Control, March 1987.<br />39. Mohan, T. M. Undeeland, and P .<br />Robbins, Power Electronics, John Wiley, New York, 1989.<br />40. M. D. Murphy and F. G. Turnbull, Power Electronic Control of A C Motors, Pergamon, New<br />York, 1988.<br />41. E. Newell and J. W. Motto, Introduction to Solid State Power Electronics, Youngwood:<br />Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1977.<br />42. S. Oxner, Power FETs and Their Applications, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1982.<br />43. Pearman, Power Electronics: Solid State Motor Control, Reston Publishing Company, Inc.,<br />1980.<br />44. Pearman, Solid State Industrial Electronics, Reston Publishing Company, Inc., 1984. (ISBN:<br />0-8359-7041-8) (TK7881.P43).<br />45. Rajagopalan, Computer Aided Analysis of Power Electronic Systems, Marcel Dekker, New<br />York, 1987.<br />46. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1988.<br />47. H. Seidman, H. Mahrous, and T. G. Hicks, Handbook of Electric Power Calculations, 1983.<br />(ISBN 0-07-056061-7).<br />48. P .<br />Severns and G. E. Bloom, Modern DC-to-DC Switchmode Power Converter Circuits,<br />Van Nostrand Reihold Company Inc..<br />49. E. Tarter ,<br />Principles of Solid State Power Conversion, Howard W. Sams, 1985.<br />50. W. Williams, Power Electronics, John Wiley, New York, 1987.<br />C. Power Supplies<br />D. Electronic51. Chryssis, High-Frequency Switching Power Supplies Theory and Design, McGraw-Hill,<br />1984. (ISBN 0-07-010949-4) (TK868.P6C47).<br />52. Gottlieb, Regulated Power Supplies, third edition, Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., 1984.<br />53. Gottlieb, Power Supplies: Switching Regulators Inverters & Converters, 1984.<br />54. Griffith, Uninterruptible Power Supplies, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989.<br />55. Hnatek, Design of Solid State Power Supplies, Van Nostrand, New York, 1981.<br />56. Lee (Ed.), High-Frequency Resonant, Quasi-Resonant, and Multi-Resonant Converters,<br />Virginia Power Electronics Center, 1989.<br />57. Lee (Ed.), Modeling, Analysis, and Design of PW M Converters, Virginia Power<br />Electronics Center, 1990.<br />58. Middlebrook and S. Cuk (Eds.), Advances in Switching Mode Power Conversion, vols. I &<br />II, TESL A Co., Pasadena, California 1983.<br />59. M OTOROL A, Switchmode Application Manual, Motorola Inc., 1981.<br />60. M OTOROL A, Linear/Switchingmode Voltage Regulator Handbook: Theory and<br />Practice, 1981.<br />61. Pressman, Switching and Linear Power Supply, Power Converter Design, Hayden,<br />Rochelle Park, 1977.<br />62. Rensink, Switching Regulator Configurations and Circuit Realization, Ph.D Thesis by<br />Loman Rensink, California, 1979.<br />63. Severns and G. E. Bloom, Modern DC - to - DC Switch Mode Power Converter Circuits,<br />Van Nostrand, New York, 1985.<br />64. Sum, Switch Mode Power Conversion: Basic Theory and Design, Marcel Dekker, New<br />York, 1984.<br />65. Wood, Switching Power Converters, Van Nostrand, New York, 1981.<br />66. UNITRODE, Unitrode Switching Regulated Power Supply Design Seminar Manual,<br />Unitrode Corporation, 1985.<br />67. UNITRODE, Applications Handbook, Unitrode Corporation, 1985.<br />Equipment Thermal Design, Package Design<br />68. N. Ellison, Thermal Computations for Electronic Equipment, Van Nostrand Reinhold<br />Company, New York, 1984.<br />69. D. Kraus and Avram Bar-Cohen, Thermal Analysis and Control of Electronic Equipment,<br />Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, 1983. (ISBN 0-07-035416-2)<br />(TK7870.25.K73).<br />70. S. Matisoff, Handbook of Electronics Packaging Design and Engineering, Van Nostrand<br />Reinhold Company, 1982.<br />71. S. Steinberg, Cooling Techniques for Electronic Equipment, John Wiely & Sons, Inc., 1980.<br />(TK7870.25.S73).<br />E. Noise Reduction Techniques<br />72. W. Denny, Grounding for the Control of E MI.<br />73. J. Geogopoulos, Fiber Optics and Optical Isolators.<br />74. N. Ghose, E MP Environment and System Hardness Design.<br />75. C. Hart and E. W. Malone, Lighting and Lighting Protection.<br />76. Mardiguian, Electrostatic Discharge - Understand, Simulate and Fix ESD Problems.<br />77. Mardiguian, Interference Control in Computers and Microprocessor-Based Equipment.<br />78. Mardiguian, How to Control Electrical Noise.<br />79. Morrison, Grounding and Shielding Techniques in Instrumentation, second edition, John<br />Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977.<br />80. Morrison, Instrumentation Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1984.<br />81. W. Ott, Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Wiley-Interscience Publication,<br />1976.<br />82. A. Smith, Coupling of External Electromagnetic Fields to Transmission Lines.<br />83. R. J. White and M. Mardiguian, E MI Control Methodolgy and Procedures.<br />84. R. J. White, E MI Control in the Design of Printed Circuit Boards and Backplanes, 248 Pages.<br />85. R. J. White, Shielding Design Methodlogy and Procedures.<br />86. R. J. White, Electrical Filter<br />.<br />87. R. J. White, Electromagnetic Shielding Materials and Performance.<br />88. E MC E XPO, 1986 Symposium Record, 416 Pages.<br />89. E MC Library :<br />vol. 1 Electrical Noise and E MI Specifications<br />vol. 2 E MI Test Methods and Procedures<br />vol. 3 E MI Control Methods and Techniques<br />vol. 4 E MI Test Instrumentation and Systems<br />vol. 5 E MI Prediction and Analysis Techniques<br />vol. 6 E MI Specifications, Standards, and Regulations<br /><br />More References:<br />[1] Paynter, D.A., AN UNSYMMETRICAL SQUARE-WAVE<br />POWER OSCILLATOR, IRE transactions on Circuit Theory,<br />March 1956, pp. 64-65<br />[2] Dudley, William, UNSYMMETRICAL LOW VOLTAGE CON-<br />VERTER, 17th Power Sources Conference proceedings, 1963, pp.<br />155-158<br />[3] van Velthooven, C., PROPERTIES OF DC-TO-DC CONVERT-<br />ERS FOR SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLIES, Philips<br />Application Information #472, 18 March 1975, pp. 8-10<br />[4] G. Wolf, MAINS ISOLATING SWITCH-MODE POWER SUP-<br />PLY, Philips Electronic Applications Bulleting, Vol. 32, No. 1,<br />February 1973<br />[5] La Duca and Massey, IMPROVED SINGLE-ENDED REGU-<br />LATED DC/DC CONVERTER CIRCUIT, IEEE Power Electronics<br />Specialists Conference (PESC) record, June 1975, pp. 177-187<br />[6] Heinicke, Harald, APPARATUS FOR CONVERTING D.C.<br />VOLTAGE, U.S. patent number 3,921,054, 18 November 1975<br />(1973 German filing)<br />[7] Hamata and Katou, DC-TO-DC CONVERTER, U.S. patent<br />number 3,935,526, 27 January 1976 (1972 Japanese filing)<br />[8] Peterson, W.A., A FREQUENCY-STABILIZED FREE-RUN-<br />NING DC-TO-DC CONVERTER CIRCUIT EMPLOYING<br />PULSE-WIDTH CONTROL REGULATION, IEEE PESC proceed-<br />ings, June 1976, pp. 200-205<br />[9] Vermolen, J.V., NON-SATURATING ASYMMETRIC DC/DC<br />CONVERTER, U.S. patent number 3,963,973, 15 June 1976 (1973<br />Dutch filing)<br />[10] Lilienstein and Miller, THE BIASED TRANSFORMER DC-<br />TO-DC CONVERTER, IEEE PESC proceedings, June 1976, pp.<br />190-199<br />[11] Carsten, B., HIGH POWER SMPS REQUIRE INTRINSIC<br />RELIABILITY, Power Conversion International (PCI) proceedings,<br />September 1981, pp. 118-133<br />[12] Kuwabara and Miyachika, A VERY WIDE INPUT RANGE<br />DC-DC CONVERTER, IEEE INTELEC proceedings, 1987, pp.<br />228-233<br />[13] Wittenbreder, Martin and Baggerly, A DUTY CYCLE<br />EXTENSION TECHNIQUE FOR SINGLE ENDED FORWARD<br />CONVERTERS, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference<br />(APEC) proceedings, 1992, pp. 51-57<br /><br />More References:<br />Buhler H (1986) Sliding mode control (in French: Reglage ́<br /> par mode de glissement). Presses<br />Polytechniques Romandes, Lausanne<br />Carpita M, Marchesoni M (1996) Experimental study of a power conditioning system using sliding<br />mode control. IEEE Trans Power Electron 11(5):731–742<br />Carrasco JM, Quero JM, Ridao FP, Perales MA, Franquelo LG (1997) Sliding mode control of a<br />DC/DC PWM converter with PFC implemented by neural networks. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst I<br />Fundam Theor Appl 44(8):743–749<br />DeBattista H, Mantz RJ, Christiansen CF (2000) Dynamical sliding mode power control of wind<br />driven induction generators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 15(4):728–734<br />DeCarlo RA, Zak ̇<br /> SH, Drakunov SV (2011) Variable structure, sliding mode controller design. In:<br />Levine WS (ed) The control handbook—control system advanced methods. CRC Press, Taylor<br />& Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 50-1–50-22<br />Emelyanov SV (1967) Variable structure control systems. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)<br />Filippov AF (1960) Differential equations with discontinuous right hand side. Am Math Soc<br />Transl 62:199–231<br />Guffon S (2000) Modelling and variable structure control for active power filters (in French:<br />“Modelisation ́<br /> et commandes `<br /> a structure variable de filtres actifs de puissance”). Ph.D. thesis,<br />Grenoble Institute of Technology, France<br />Guffon S, Toledo AS, Bacha S, Bornard G (1998) Indirect sliding mode control of a three-phase<br />active power filter. In: Proceedings of the 29th annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists<br />Conference – PESC 1998. Kyushu Island, Japan, pp 1408–1414<br />Hung JY, Gao W, Hung JC (1993) Variable structure control: a survey. IEEE Trans Ind Electron<br />40(1):2–22<br />Itkis U (1976) Control systems of variable structure. Wiley, New York<br />Levant A (2007) Principles of 2-sliding mode design. Automatica 43(4):576–586<br />Levant A (2010) Chattering analysis. IEEE Trans Autom Control 55(6):1380–1389<br />Malesani L, Rossetto L, Spiazzi G, Tenti P (1995) Performance optimization of Cuk ́<br /> converters by<br />sliding-mode control. IEEE Trans Power Electron 10(3):302–309<br />Malesani L, Rossetto L, Spiazzi G, Zuccato A (1996) An AC power supply with sliding mode<br />control. IEEE Ind Appl Mag 2(5):32–38<br />Martinez-Salamero L, Calvente J, Giral R, Poveda A, Fossas E (1998) Analysis of a bidirectional<br />coupled-inductor Cuk ́<br /> converter operating in sliding mode. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst I Fundam<br />Theor Appl 45(4):355–363<br />Mattavelli P, Rossetto L, Spiazzi G (1997) Small-signal analysis of DC–DC converters with<br />sliding mode control. IEEE Trans Power Electron 12(1):96–102<br />ˇ<br />Sabanovic A (2011) Variable structure systems with sliding modes in motion control—a survey.<br />IEEE Trans Ind Inform 7(2):212–223<br />Sabanovic ˇ<br /> A, Fridman L, Spurgeon S (2004) Variable structure systems: from principles to<br />implementation, IEE Control Engineering Series. The Institution of Engineering and Technol-<br />ogy, London<br /><br />Sira-Ramırez ́ H (1987) Sliding motions in bilinear switched networks. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst 34<br />(8):919–933<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (1988) Sliding mode control on slow manifolds of DC to DC power converters. Int<br />J Control 47(5):1323–1340<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (1993) On the dynamical sliding mode control of nonlinear systems. Int J Control<br />57(5):1039–1061<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (2003) On the generalized PI sliding mode control of DC-to-DC power converters:<br />a tutorial. Int J Control 76(9/10):1018–1033<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H, Silva-Ortigoza R (2006) Control design techniques in power electronics devices.<br />Springer, London<br />Slotine JJE, Sastry SS (1983) Tracking control of non-linear systems using sliding surface, with<br />application to robot manipulators. Int J Control 38(2):465–492<br />Spiazzi G, Mattavelli P, Rossetto L, Malesani L (1995) Application of sliding mode control to<br />switch-mode power supplies. J Circuit Syst Comput 5(3):337–354<br />Tan S-C, Lai YM, Cheung KHM, Tse C-K (2005) On the practical design of a sliding mode<br />voltage controlled buck converter. IEEE Trans Power Electron 20(2):425–437<br />Tan S-C, Lai Y-M, Tse C-K (2011) Sliding mode control of switching power converters:<br />techniques and implementation. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton<br />Utkin VA (1972) Equations of sliding mode in discontinuous systems. 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IEEE Trans Power Electron 11(5):731–742<br />Carrasco JM, Quero JM, Ridao FP, Perales MA, Franquelo LG (1997) Sliding mode control of a<br />DC/DC PWM converter with PFC implemented by neural networks. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst I<br />Fundam Theor Appl 44(8):743–749<br />DeBattista H, Mantz RJ, Christiansen CF (2000) Dynamical sliding mode power control of wind<br />driven induction generators. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 15(4):728–734<br />DeCarlo RA, Zak ̇<br /> SH, Drakunov SV (2011) Variable structure, sliding mode controller design. In:<br />Levine WS (ed) The control handbook—control system advanced methods. CRC Press, Taylor<br />& Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 50-1–50-22<br />Emelyanov SV (1967) Variable structure control systems. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)<br />Filippov AF (1960) Differential equations with discontinuous right hand side. Am Math Soc<br />Transl 62:199–231<br />Guffon S (2000) Modelling and variable structure control for active power filters (in French:<br />“Modelisation ́<br /> et commandes `<br /> a structure variable de filtres actifs de puissance”). Ph.D. thesis,<br />Grenoble Institute of Technology, France<br />Guffon S, Toledo AS, Bacha S, Bornard G (1998) Indirect sliding mode control of a three-phase<br />active power filter. In: Proceedings of the 29th annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists<br />Conference – PESC 1998. Kyushu Island, Japan, pp 1408–1414<br />Hung JY, Gao W, Hung JC (1993) Variable structure control: a survey. IEEE Trans Ind Electron<br />40(1):2–22<br />Itkis U (1976) Control systems of variable structure. Wiley, New York<br />Levant A (2007) Principles of 2-sliding mode design. Automatica 43(4):576–586<br />Levant A (2010) Chattering analysis. IEEE Trans Autom Control 55(6):1380–1389<br />Malesani L, Rossetto L, Spiazzi G, Tenti P (1995) Performance optimization of Cuk ́<br /> converters by<br />sliding-mode control. IEEE Trans Power Electron 10(3):302–309<br />Malesani L, Rossetto L, Spiazzi G, Zuccato A (1996) An AC power supply with sliding mode<br />control. IEEE Ind Appl Mag 2(5):32–38<br />Martinez-Salamero L, Calvente J, Giral R, Poveda A, Fossas E (1998) Analysis of a bidirectional<br />coupled-inductor Cuk ́<br /> converter operating in sliding mode. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst I Fundam<br />Theor Appl 45(4):355–363<br />Mattavelli P, Rossetto L, Spiazzi G (1997) Small-signal analysis of DC–DC converters with<br />sliding mode control. IEEE Trans Power Electron 12(1):96–102<br />ˇ<br />Sabanovic A (2011) Variable structure systems with sliding modes in motion control—a survey.<br />IEEE Trans Ind Inform 7(2):212–223<br />Sabanovic ˇ<br /> A, Fridman L, Spurgeon S (2004) Variable structure systems: from principles to<br />implementation, IEE Control Engineering Series. The Institution of Engineering and Technol-<br />ogy, London<br /><br />References:<br /> Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (1987) Sliding motions in bilinear switched networks. IEEE Trans Circuit Syst 34<br />(8):919–933<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (1988) Sliding mode control on slow manifolds of DC to DC power converters. Int<br />J Control 47(5):1323–1340<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (1993) On the dynamical sliding mode control of nonlinear systems. Int J Control<br />57(5):1039–1061<br />Sira-Ramırez ́<br /> H (2003) On the generalized PI sliding mode control of DC-to-DC power converters:<br />a tutorial. 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Carsten, Bruce, “High Frequency Conductor Losses in Switchmode Magnetics,” PCIM, November 1986.<br />61. Clarke, J. C., “The Design of Small Current Transformers,” Electrical Review, January 1985.<br />62. Houldsworth, J. A., “Purpose-Designed Ferrite Toroids for Isolated Current Measurements in Power<br />Electronic Equipment,” Mullard Technical Publication M81-0026, 1981.<br />63. Cox, Jim, “Powdered Iron Cores and a New Graphical Aid to Choke Design,” Powerconversion Interna-<br />tional, February 1980.<br />64. Cox, Jim, “Characteristics and Selection of Iron Powder Cores for Induction in Switchmode Convert-<br />ers,” Proc. Powercon, 8, 1981.<br />65. Cattermole, Patrick A., “Optimizing Flyback Transformer Design.” Proc. Powercon, 1979, PC 79-1-3.<br />66. Geerlings, F. C., and Bracke, L. P. M., “High-Frequency Ferrite Power Transformer and Choke Design,<br />Part 1,” Electronic Components and Applications, vol. 4, no. 2, 1982.<br />67. Jansson, L. E., “Power-handling Capability of Ferrite Transformers and Chokes for Switched-Mode<br />Power Supplies,” Mullard Technical Note 31, 1976.<br />68. Hirschmann, W., Macek, O., and Soylemez, A. I., “Switching Power Supplies 1 (General, Basic Circuits),”<br />Siemens Application Note.<br />69. Ackermann, W., and Hirschmann, W., “Switching Power Supplies 2, (Components and Their Selection<br />and Application Criteria),” Siemens Application Note.<br />70. Schaller, R., “Switching Power Supplies 3, (Radio Interference Suppression),” Siemens Application Note.<br />71. Macek, O., “Switching Power Supplies 4, (Basic Dimensioning), “Siemens Application Note.<br />72. Bulletin SFB, Buss Small Dimension Fuses, Bussmann Division, McGraw-Edison Co., Missouri.<br />73. Catalog #20, Littlefuse Circuit Protection Components, Littlefuse Tracor, Des Plaines, III.<br />74. Bulletin-B200, Brush HRC Current Limiting Fuses, Hawker Siddeley Electric Motors, Canada.<br />75. Bulletins PC-104E and PC109C, MPP and Iron Powder Cores, The Arnold Engineering Co., Marengo,<br />Illinois.<br />76. Publication TP-25-575, HCR Alloy, Telcon Metals Ltd., Sussex, England.<br />77. Catalog 4, Iron Powder Toridal Cores for EMI and Power Filters, Micrometals, Anaheim, Calif.<br />78. Bulletin 59–107, Soft Ferrites, Stackpole, St. Marys, Pa.<br />79. SOAR—The Basis for Reliable Power Circuit Design, Philips Product Information #68.<br />80. Bennett, Wilfred P., and Kurnbatovic, Robert A., “Power and Energy Limitations of Bipolar Transistors<br />Imposed by Thermal-Mode and Current-Mode Second-Breakdown Mechanisms,” IEEE Transactions<br />on Electron Devices, vol. ED28, no. 10, October 1981.<br />81. Roark, D. “Base Drive Considerations in High Power Switching Transistors,” TRW Applications Note<br />#120, 1975.<br />82. Gates, T. W., and Ballard, M. F., “Safe Operating Area for Power Transistors,” Mullard Technical Com-<br />munications, vol. 13, no. 122, April 1974.<br />83. Williams, P. E., “Mathematical Theory of Rectifier Circuits with Capacitor-Input Filters,” Power Con-<br />version International, October 1982.<br />84. “Guide for Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits,” IEC Publication 664, 1980.<br />85. Kit Sum, K., PCIM, February 1998.<br />86. Spangler, J., Proc. Sixth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conf., Dallas, March 10–15, 1991.<br />87. Neufeld, H., “Control IC for Near Unity Power Factor in SMPS,” Cherry Semiconductor Corp., October 1989.<br />88. Micro Linear application notes 16 and 33.<br />89. Micro Linear application note 34.<br />90. Micrometals’ “Power Conversion & Line Filter Applications” data book.<br />91. Pressman, Abraham I., Billings, Keith, Morey, Taylor, Switching Power Supply Design, McGraw-Hill,<br />2009. ISBN 978-0-07-148272-1.<br />92. Texas Instruments/Unitrode Data Sheet UCC3895 SLUS 157B & application notes U136A & U154.<br />93. Stanley, William D., Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits, 2d Ed., Merrill, Columbus,<br />Ohio, 1989. ISBN 067520660-X.<br />94. “LM13700 Dual Operational Transconductance Amplifiers with Linearizing Diodes and Buffers,”<br />National Semiconductor Corporation, 2004. http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM13700.pdf.<br /><br />Further References:<br />1. G. Aboud, Cathode Ray Tubes, 1997, 2nd ed., San Jose, CA, Stanford Resources, 1997.<br />2. G. Aboud, Cathode Ray Tubes, 1997, Internet excerpts, available http://www.stanfordresources.com/<br />sr/crt/crt.html, Stanford Resources, February 1998.<br />3. G. Shires, Ferdinand Braun and the Cathode Ray Tube, Sci. Am., 230 (3): 92–101, March 1974.<br />4. N. H. Lehrer, The challenge of the cathode-ray tube, in L. E. Tannas, Jr., Ed., Flat Panel Displays<br />and CRTs, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.<br />5. P. Keller, The Cathode-Ray Tube, Technology, History, and Applications, New York: Palisades Press,<br />1991.<br />6. D. C. Ketchum, CRT’s: the continuing evolution, Society for Information Display International<br />Symposium, Conference Seminar M-3, 1996.<br />7. L. R. Falce, CRT dispenser cathodes using molybdenum rhenium emitter surfaces, Society for<br />Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 23: 331–333, 1992.<br />8. J. H. Lee, J. I. Jang, B. D. Ko, G. Y. Jung, W. H. Kim, K. Takechi, and H. Nakanishi, Dispenser<br />cathodes for HDTV, Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical<br />Papers, 27: 445–448, 1996.<br />9. T. Nakadaira, T. Kodama, Y. Hara, and M. Santoku, Temperature and cutoff stabilization of<br />impregnated cathodes, Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical<br />Papers, 27: 811–814, 1996.<br />10. W. Kohl, Materials Technology for Electron Tubes, New York, Reinhold Publishing, 1951.<br />11. S. Sugawara, J. Kimiya, E. Kamohara, and K. Fukuda, A new dynamic-focus electron gun for color<br />CRTs with tri-quadrupole electron lens, Society for Information Display International Symposium<br />Digest of Technical Papers, 26: 103–106, 1995.<br />12. J. Kimiya, S. Sugawara, T. Hasegawa, and H. Mori, A 22.5 mm neck color CRT electron gun with<br />simplified dynamically activated quadrupole lens, Society for Information Display International<br />Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 27: 795–798, 1996.<br />13. D. Imabayashi, M. Santoku, and J. Karasawa, New pre-focus system structure for the trinitron gun,<br />Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 27: 807–810,<br />1996.<br />14. K. Kato, T. Sase, K. Sasaki, and M. Chiba, A high-resolution CRT monitor using built-in ultrasonic<br />motors for focus adjustment, Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of<br />Technical Papers, 27: 63–66, 1996.<br />15. S. Sherr, Electronic Displays, 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley, 1993.<br />16. N. Azzi and O. Masson, Design of an NIS pin/coma-free 108° self-converging yoke for CRTs with<br />super-flat faceplates, Society for Information Display International Symposium Digest of Technical<br />Papers, 26: 183–186, 1995.<br />17. J. F. Fisher and R. G. Clapp, Waveforms and spectra of composite video signals, in K. Benson and<br />J. Whitaker, Television Engineering Handbook, Featuring HDTV Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill<br />Reinhold, 1992.<br />18. D. Pritchard, Standards and recommended practices, in K. Benson and J. Whitaker, Television<br />Engineering Handbook, Featuring HDTV Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill Reinhold, 1992.<br />19. A. Vecht, Phosphors for color emissive displays, Society for Information Display International Sym-<br />posium Conference Seminar Notes F-2, 1995.<br />20. Optical Characteristics of Cathode Ray Tube Screens, EIA publication TEP116-C, Feb., 1993.<br />21. G. Wyszecki and W. S. Stiles, Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae,<br />2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.<br />© 1999 by CRC Press LLC<br />22. A. Robertson and J. Fisher, Color vision, representation, and reproduction, in K. Benson and J.<br />Whitaker, Television Engineering Handbook, Featuring HDTV Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill<br />Reinhold, 1992.<br />23. M. Maeda, Trinitron technology: current status and future trends, Society for Information Display<br />International Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 27: 867–870, 1996.<br />24. C. Sherman, Field sequential color takes another step, Inf. Display, 11 (3): 12–15, March, 1995.<br />25. L. Ozawa, Helmet mounted 0.5 in. crt for SVGA images, Society for Information Display Interna-<br />tional Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 26: 95–98, 1995.<br />26. C. Infante, CRT display measurements and quality, Society for Information Display International<br />Symposium Conference Seminar Notes M-3, 1995.<br />27. J. Whitaker, Electronic Displays, Technology, Design, and Applications, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.<br />28. P. Keller, Electronic Display Measurement, Concepts, Techniques, and Instrumentation, New York:<br />John Wiley & Sons, 1997.<br />Further Information<br />L. Ozawa, Cathodoluminescence: Theory and Applications, New York: Kodansha, 1990.<br />V. K. Zworykin and G. A. Morton, Television: The Electronics of Image Transmission in Color and Mono-<br />chrome, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1954.<br />B. Wandell, The foundations of color measurement and color perception, Society for Information Display<br />International Symposium, Conference Seminar M-1, 1993. A nice brief introduction to color science<br />(31 pages).<br />Electronic Industries Association (EIA), 2500 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201 (Internet: www.eia.org).<br />The Electronic Industries Association maintains a collection of over 1000 current engineering publi-<br />cations and standards. The EIA is an excellent source for information on CRT engineering, standards,<br />phosphors, safety, market information, and electronics in general.<br />The Society for Information Display (SID), 1526 Brookhollow Dr., Suite 82, Santa Ana, CA 92705-5421<br />(Internet: www.display.org). The Society for Information Display is a good source of engineering<br />research and development information on CRTs and information display technology in general.<br /><br />Internet Resources:<br />The following is a brief list of places to begin looking on the World Wide Web for information on CRTs<br />and displays, standards, metrics, and current research. Also many of the manufacturers listed in Table<br />91.3 maintain Web sites with useful information.<br />The Society for Information Display<br />The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers<br />The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers<br />The Electronic Industries Association<br />National Information Display Laboratory<br />The International Society for Optical Engineering<br />The Optical Society of America<br />Electronics & Electrical Engineering Laboratory<br />National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)<br />The Federal Communications Commission<br /><br />www.display.org<br />www.smpte.org<br />www.ieee.org<br />www.eia.org<br />www.nta.org<br />www.spie.org<br />www.osa.org<br />www.eeel.nist.gov<br />www.nist.gov<br />www.fcc.gov<br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-71432756421338464692024-02-28T17:00:00.066+01:002024-02-28T17:00:00.133+01:00WHITE WESTINGHOUSE (FORMENTI) W342 16" CHASSIS V.C.182 CRT TUBE RTC (PHILIPS) A42/591X<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-LahT5z0HHI0rMIk70Vi6DqY3mj-3SFM7FhZfI_IlOEQRaD5NFs8c56s-z-Nuvz4rnz-CxzJBPMBXrKULZwNCiEQC6v4RX0eThFxRtPcvdF_XwaJ74dwz-0aGCimjxJBKBc4QnTEogQDInAQLnC9UtqGXQwPhed6mluMwYpPI1HzQrtPdUXUVouArO6E/s1282/IMGH_13565__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP-LahT5z0HHI0rMIk70Vi6DqY3mj-3SFM7FhZfI_IlOEQRaD5NFs8c56s-z-Nuvz4rnz-CxzJBPMBXrKULZwNCiEQC6v4RX0eThFxRtPcvdF_XwaJ74dwz-0aGCimjxJBKBc4QnTEogQDInAQLnC9UtqGXQwPhed6mluMwYpPI1HzQrtPdUXUVouArO6E/s320/IMGH_13565__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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CRT TUBE RTC (PHILIPS) A42/591X</p><p>• 90° deflection<br />• In-line gun, thermally stable; electrostatic hi-bi-potential focus<br />• 29, 1 mm neck diameter<br />• Hi-Bri screen with pigmented phosphor featuring high brightness and increased contrast performance<br />• Soft-Flash technology offering improved set reliability<br />• Slotted shadow mask optimized for minimum moire<br />• Fine pitch over entire screen<br />• Phosphor lines follow glass contour<br />• Quick-heating cathodes<br />• Internal magnetic shield<br />• Reinforced envelope for push-through mounting<br />• When combined with an appropriate hybrid saddle toroidal deflection unit (e.g. AT1216 or AT1470),<br />it forms a self-converging and raster correction free assembly.</p><p>FLASHOVER PROTECTION<br />With the high voltage used with this tube (max. 27,5 kV) internal flashovers may occur. As a result of<br />the Soft-Flash technology these flashover currents are limited to approx. 60 A offering higher set<br />reliability, optimum circuit protection and component savings.<br />Primary protective circuitry using properly grounded spark gaps and series isolation resistors (preferably<br />carbon composition) is still necessary to prevent tube damage. The spark gaps should be connected to<br />all picture tube electrodes at the socket according to the figure below; they are not required on the<br />heater pins. No other connections between the outer conductive coating and the chassis are permissible.<br />The spark gaps should be designed for a breakdown voltage at the focusing electrode (g3) of 11 kV<br />(1,5 x Vg3 max. at Va,g4 = 25 kV), and at the other electrodes of 1,5 to 2 kV.<br />The values of the series isolation resistors should be as high as possible (min. 1,5 kQ) without causing<br />deterioration of the circuit performance. The resistors should be able to withstand an instantaneous<br />surge of 20 kV for the focusing circuit and 12 kV for the remaining circuits without arcing.<br /><br /></p><p>DEGAUSSING<br />The picture tube is provided with an internal magnetic shield. This shield and the shadow mask with<br />its suspension system may be provided with an automatic degaussing system, consisting of one<br />magnetic coil winding mounted on the cone of the picture tube.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ck1TpWHBqctjknpvzL5ffuhkiBNo2PkBEAoXOKx3YGWdMPZ1h8EfrAPe7ZeekRK6ddYuYKsfgV-v_0QbLZdgoLdOrwLWsFuFf-iwwqMTY-yxvL_wMi-qeP7cs8ieuX17azoVpOwO_ZCsC8fBU9itO-KojyFYZ_8eZ4yC6eE4Eu-5eBwmMv_BUcSxwtIM/s1099/PHILIPS_A42-592X--1__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1099" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0ck1TpWHBqctjknpvzL5ffuhkiBNo2PkBEAoXOKx3YGWdMPZ1h8EfrAPe7ZeekRK6ddYuYKsfgV-v_0QbLZdgoLdOrwLWsFuFf-iwwqMTY-yxvL_wMi-qeP7cs8ieuX17azoVpOwO_ZCsC8fBU9itO-KojyFYZ_8eZ4yC6eE4Eu-5eBwmMv_BUcSxwtIM/s320/PHILIPS_A42-592X--1__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSMzmwZE8k1Ia_ab2gud2jMuIm-NP94p0sXTHNO2_SSJ-LrQJTELsBrb17Kg8uLwGc6E5w_ztgRLoI3Qe-F9juUBXCqYGNIIWpy0OKE58aG4DSo_Wg1BeW5W3LCAj2Og0-wGoFaqalCh3F19vwHGOrMGP6xPwyzFUn37MCT1ohWryThIIW94VzmDvJ7OXA/s1099/PHILIPS_A42-592X--2__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1098" data-original-width="763" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpYjEFksFSLa2UMcUevw5JoBGWkYAN-BnO424JFs77GSRZJ0_xWZwbpQT-DxaEuFDMqvWpXgIx231GKiENyLhZXQAyq6nWo6QgRmv3w4UpP13oFQy1Z7CY1go6IOYu4Hzhe6KC5ZHodp_WaOOxGYZ0AfWcWbuxkiInpGXEAZSfWpIdbYC5rmm9e8hHSsP/s320/PHILIPS_A42-592X--16__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><p><span style="font-size: small;">Radiotechnique (RT) was a French electronics company that made radio transmitting and receiving vacuum tubes, and later more advanced components such as integrated circuits and solar panels. At first it was a subsidiary of the French Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil (CSF). Later it became a subsidiary of Philips of the Netherlands. The company expanded after World War II, moving into television and electronics, including photovoltaics and printed circuits, and in 1979 had about 15,000 employees. Later it lost market share, went through various restructurings, was sold in 1998 and went bankrupt in 2002.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil (CSF) was formed in 1919 as a holding company for the Société française radio-électrique and other subsidiaries in fields related to radio-electricity.<br />Radiotechnique was initially based in Lyon in 1919.<br />The Radiotechnique subsidiary of the CSF was formed in 1919 to research and develop electronic transmission and reception tubes.<br />In 1921 Radiotechnique began to make radio sets at its Suresnes factory.<br />During the 1920s the company made wireless telephony transmitters and receiving sets, receiving tubes (lampes de réception) and amplifiers.<br />Yves Rocard, a graduate of the Ecole Normale, was recruited in 1928 by Roger Julia, the director of the company, and given the task of producing triodes for the new radio sets. Maurice Ponte was hired soon after.<br />The "Radiola" trademark was used for radio receivers as well as for a radio station.<br />Although France was not immediately affected by the Great Depression, CSF felt the effect in 1929 since radio transmission was mainly the result of global commercial activity.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In 1929 CSF transferred production of Radiola's consumer radio sets from SFR to Radiotechnique.<br />There was a legal dispute in 1929 between CSF and Philips of the Netherlands over patents for the new radio sets connected directed to the mains electricity, which CSF won. However, CSF made an agreement with Philips under which CSF would drop its amateur equipment line and Philips would not compete on professional equipment.<br />Radiotechnique was purchased by Philips in 1931.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Philips bought only half the shares of Radiotechnique, but in practice fully controlled the subsidiary.<br />CSF used the sale of its stake in Radiotechnique to strengthen its position in the professional sector.<br />Under the agreement with Philips the CSF scientific center left Radiotechnique and moved to Levallois as part of the SFR. Roger Julia was replaced by Henri Damelet, an executive who had joined the company in 1924. CSF remained well-represented on the board of directors, and publicity over the transfer of control was avoided. CSF held 70,000 registered shares while Philips held 70,000 bearer shares via the Midland Bank of London, which was represented on the board by Guy Thurneyssen.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The two Radiotechnique factories, making tubes and radio sets, covered a large area on both sides of the Rue Carnot, connected by an underground passage. 93% of the tubes were used for consumer radio sets, the others being used for the PTT, army and other purposes. At the end of 1937 sales volumes were well below expectations and the plant was closed to dispose of stocks. There were 1,200 employees in 1936–37, which fell to 700 in the years that followed. In 1939 CSF still held 49.9% of the capital of Radiotechnique, but Philips controlled the company.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Many of the radio sets sold under CSF's former "Radiola" trademark were imported from the Netherlands.<br />At the start of World War II (1939–45) Radiotechnique received important orders for radio equipment from the French Army, and increased its workforce to 1,400. The share of tubes for the consumer market fell to 44%. Given the large British participation, when the Germans occupied Paris they considered Radiotechnique to be spoils of war (Beutelager) and requisitioned the Suresnes factory on 24 June 1940. Some of the equipment from the tubes factory was removed. The factory was allowed to resume production of equipment for the telephone network and cheap radio receivers, which were popular with the occupying troops. During 1941 and 1942 at least five German directors were installed in the Suresnes factory. By 1944 there were 2,300 workers, with a large proportion of output going to Germany for civilian or military use.<br />After the war Radiotechnique grew fast.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Philips acquired total control of Radiotechnique in 1947.</b><br />The Suresnes factory in 1951 produced half of France's reception tubes and 30–40% of the wireless telephony receivers. By virtue of its association with Philips it had the financial, technical and commercial resources to enter the television market when it developed in France, and later to enter industrial electronics. This phase was marked by financial restructuring, recruitment and training of managers and technicians, and by geographical expansion of manufacturing facilities.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />New factories were opened to the west of the Suresnes parent factory.<br />The Évreux industrial center was located on Rue Pierre Brossolette from 1955, operated by a subsidiary Coprim (Compagnie des Produits élémentaires pour Industries Modernes) which mass-produced basic electronic components for mass market devices.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />By 1959 Radiotechnique had acquired 20% of COGECO, whose factories in Tours and Joué-lès-Tours manufactured capacitors.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Dreux gives an example of the problems encountered. Officials there heard that the company was looking for a site for a new plant and offered cheap land, help in improving infrastructure and plentiful local labour.<br />In 1956 Radiotechnique opened a television assembly plant and a factory for electronic components and cathode-ray tubes in Dreux. More than 1,000 workers were to be employed in the new facilities.<br />The workers promised by Dreux, displaced from closed facilities of Grosdemouge, Potez, the foundry and Firmin-Didot, were too highly skilled for routine production-line assembly jobs. They were unionized and demanded higher wages than the company could afford. The new plants were short of several hundred workers when they opened.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Radiotechnique brought in workers from Italy, Hungary and Spain to open the factory, but there was high turnover. In the following years recruiters continued to hire semiskilled workers in Italy, Spain and Morocco. By 1970 about 39% of the workers were foreign-born. Often they lived in primitive conditions in all-male dormitories built by the company.<br />In the early 1950s RT was one of three major vertically integrated tube producers in France, the others being Thomson-CSF and the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In the late 1950s Radiotechnique, Philips and Mullard sold Dario commercial photomultipliers for detection of nuclear radiation, developed by the research arm Laboratoires d'électronique et de physique appliquée [fr] (LEP).<br />RTC was a major manufacturer of photovoltaics and pioneered terrestrial applications as early as 1961.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In 1968 Radiotechnique had 30% of the French market for television sets and 50% of the market for picture tubes.<br />As of 1979 RTC was the French components division of Philips Elcoma, and the manufacturer of their solar panels.<br />In 1979 RTC manufactured the Philips BPx47 range solar panel while LEP undertook research into applied photovoltaics.<br />As of 1979 La Radiotechnique was a major manufacturer of electronics equipment, radio receivers and television sets under the "Radiola" and "Philips" brands. The Radiotechnique group had about 15,000 employees in France.<br />Radiotechnique began commercial production of semiconductors around 1954.<br />In 1965 all electronic component research, development and production, previously distributed between Coprim and the Radiotechnique "Tubes and Semiconductors" division was grouped into the new subsidiary Radiotechnique-Coprim (RTC).</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Radiotechnique became the parent company for RTC and LEP.<br />In June 1967 Philips, Radiotechnique and the Compagnie Générale d'Electricité formed a joint venture named RTC: Radiotechnique-Compelec. This took over all the industrial establishments in Caen, Chartres, Dreux, Évreux, Suresnes, Tours and Joué-lès-Tours. It made ferrite cores, printed circuits, ceramic dielectric capacitors, memory matrices and wirewound resistors.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In the late 1960s Radiotechnique produced Sylvania's SUHL-TTL integrated circuits, which were sold to the French computer maker Bull and to the computer division of Philips.<br />In 1968 Radiotechnique Compelec had 22% of the French semiconductor market, ahead of Sescosem and Texas Instruments, who both had 20%.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Radiotechnique was later adversely affected when Sylvania lost market share to Texas Instruments.<br />As of 1 January 1986 RTC la Radiotechnique-Compelec, Hyperelec and Cima became RTC-Compelec.<br />Philips had a majority position in the new RTC. In 1988 it was renamed RTC-Philips Composants, and in 1990 Philips Composants. In 1992 this was split into Philips Composants and Philips Circuits Imprimes. In June 1998 Philips Composants, which specialized in manufacture of ceramics products, was sold to the Carbone Lorraine group and took the name Ferroxdure.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In November 1998 the Aspocomp group of Finland purchased Philips circuits imprimés, which employed 550 people at the Évreux plant. The Évreux operation became Aspocomp, a 99% subsidiary of the Aspocomp group.<br />Due to financial troubles the company first announced a severe layoff plan, then went bankrupt.<br /> On 20 June 2002 the judicial liquidation of the company Actions Simplifiées Aspocomp was announced by the Évreux District Court and all staff were dismissed.<br /> </span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><br />At first the trademark was an R with the outline of a transmitting tube as background. When the thoriated filament was introduced in 1923 the R was replaced by RT. In 1924 the company launched Super-Micro and Radio-Watt tubes.<br />For a short period Radiotechnique used the "Doria" brand for American-style tubes. In 1927 the Dario trademark was adopted, but some tubes were marked as both RT and Dario.<br />The Radiola brand appeared in 1922 for a receptor made by SFR. Later it was transferred to Radiotechnique and then to Philips in 1931. It gradually became a sub-brand of the Philips group before disappearing in 2002.</span></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><br />REFERENCES NOTES</span></span>:</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFBase_de_données_BASOL_..."><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/http://basol.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/fiche.php?page=3&index_sp=27.0072" rel="nofollow"><i>Base de données BASOL sur les sites et sols pollués</i></a> (in French), Ministere de la Transition ecologique et solidaire<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-11</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Base+de+donn%C3%A9es+BASOL+sur+les+sites+et+sols+pollu%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Ministere+de+la+Transition+ecologique+et+solidaire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasol.developpement-durable.gouv.fr%2Ffiche.php%3Fpage%3D3%26index_sp%3D27.0072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBirks2013">Birks, J. B. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/http://livre.prologuenumerique.ca/telechargement/extrait.cfm?ISBN=9782296511224&type=pdf" rel="nofollow"><i>La radioélectricité en France sous l'Occupation</i></a>, Historiques (in French), l'Harmattan<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-22</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+radio%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9+en+France+sous+l%27Occupation&rft.series=Historiques&rft.pub=l%27Harmattan&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chambost&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flivre.prologuenumerique.ca%2Ftelechargement%2Fextrait.cfm%3FISBN%3D9782296511224%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFChambost2012b">Chambost, Emmanuel (11 November 2012b), <a class="external text" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_%28identifier%29" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-81097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-81097-6"><bdi>978-0-674-81097-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-11</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Small+City+in+France&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-81097-6&rft.aulast=Gaspard&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFc26BrCHoQC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFGillSwann2002">Gill, Jas; Swann, Peter (2002-03-11), <a class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporate+Vision+and+Rapid+Technological+Change%3A+The+Evolution+of+Market+Structure&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-03-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-87475-0&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Jas&rft.au=Swann%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpGJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFHistoire_de_Radiola_1922"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/http://100ansderadio.free.fr/HistoiredelaRadio/Radiola/Radiola-1922.html" rel="nofollow">"Histoire de Radiola 1922"</a>, <i>100 ans de radio</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-04</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" 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Colin, 72e Année (390): 148–161, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_%28identifier%29" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fgeo.1963.16372" rel="nofollow">10.3406/geo.1963.16372</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_%28identifier%29" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23445391" rel="nofollow">23445391</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+G%C3%A9ographie&rft.atitle=Un+exemple+de+d%C3%A9centralisation+industrielle+%3A+la+dispersion+des+usines+de+%22+La+Radiotechnique+%22+%C3%A0+l%27Ouest+de+Paris&rft.volume=72e+Ann%C3%A9e&rft.issue=390&rft.pages=148-161&rft.date=1963-03%2F1963-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fgeo.1963.16372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23445391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Fgeo_0003-4010_1963_num_72_390_16372.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFPorter1983">Porter, Michael E. (1983), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://books.google.com/books?id=GU-_LnIOwWUC&pg=PA521" rel="nofollow"><i>Cases in Competitive Strategy</i></a>, Simon and Schuster, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_%28identifier%29" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-925410-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-925410-3"><bdi>978-0-02-925410-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-10</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cases+in+Competitive+Strategy&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-02-925410-3&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGU-_LnIOwWUC%26pg%3DPA521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFScience_Applications,_Inc.1979">Science Applications, Inc. (October 1979), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://books.google.com/books?id=5n4THuEnGx4C&pg=SA3-PA5" rel="nofollow"><i>Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics</i></a>, US Department of Energy<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-10</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Characterization+and+Assessment+of+Potential+European+and+Japanese+Competition+in+Photovoltaics&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=1979-10&rft.au=Science+Applications%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5n4THuEnGx4C%26pg%3DSA3-PA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadiotechnique"></span></li><li><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSociété_Ascopomp_(Radiotechnique)_..._Eure"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://www.archivesportaleurope.net/ead-display/-/ead/pl/aicode/FR-FRAD027/type/fa/id/AD02700AP_000000091" rel="nofollow"><i>Société Ascopomp (Radiotechnique)</i></a> (in French), Archives départementales de l'Eure<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-1.</span></span></cite></li></ul><p><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSociété_Ascopomp_(Radiotechnique)_..._Eure"><span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="nowrap"> </span></span></cite></p><p> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFChambost2012">Chambost 2012</a>, p. 11–12.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFSoci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Ascopomp_%28Radiotechnique%29_..._Eure">Société Ascopomp (Radiotechnique) ... Eure</a>.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFChambost2012">Chambost 2012</a>, p. 13.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFParry1963">Parry 1963</a>, p. 148.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFLa_Radiotechnique_%28RT%29_%E2%80%93_Radiomuseum">La Radiotechnique (RT) – Radiomuseum</a>.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFChambost2012b">Chambost 2012b</a>.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFHistoire_de_Radiola_1922">Histoire de Radiola 1922</a>.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFCaronErkerFischer1995">Caron, Erker & Fischer 1995</a>, p. 53.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFGaspard1995">Gaspard 1995</a>, p. 35.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFParry1963">Parry 1963</a>, p. 149.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFParry1963">Parry 1963</a>, p. 150.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFGaspard1995">Gaspard 1995</a>, p. 36.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFGaspard1995">Gaspard 1995</a>, p. 37.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFGaspard1995">Gaspard 1995</a>, p. 77.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFMalerba1985">Malerba 1985</a>, p. 45.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFBirks2013">Birks 2013</a>, p. 144.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFScience_Applications,_Inc.1979">Science Applications, Inc. 1979</a>, p. 3-5.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFPorter1983">Porter 1983</a>, p. 521.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFScience_Applications,_Inc.1979">Science Applications, Inc. 1979</a>, p. 3-2.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFMalerba1985">Malerba 1985</a>, p. 62.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFMalerba1985">Malerba 1985</a>, p. 113.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFMalerba1985">Malerba 1985</a>, p. 117.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFGillSwann2002">Gill & Swann 2002</a>, PT150.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFBase_de_donn%C3%A9es_BASOL_...">Base de données BASOL ..</a>.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFN%C2%B0_de_pourvoi:_05-42551">N° de pourvoi: 05-42551</a>.</span>
<br /> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFMuller2014">Muller 2014</a>.</span><span class="reference-text"> </span></p><p><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328035916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotechnique#CITEREFHistory_of_the_manufacturer_Radiola_%E2%80%93_Radiomuseum">History of the manufacturer Radiola – Radiomuseum</a>.</span><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSociété_Ascopomp_(Radiotechnique)_..._Eure"><span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="nowrap"> </span></span></cite></p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-52121324245176638142024-02-07T18:00:00.031+01:002024-02-07T18:00:00.141+01:00MIVAR 28M1 TVD YEAR 1994<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7ZfdnSN6kVEB-3_tqru1FWyykwMP2yKiuxNupcgRN2WIQkwheUfk769M25ondCFM1lB8gA7WhfZ4Ysf7o5DsSSohVD73Ccc0K9k_xrv2mqEFgSoD3zpd4TCVVkJJcOqE1ZtPVq8tA_uvsWW4BF_wHR_AUXMBOzsa7lqs5MGTH32GHamfIoX5GHo1_kHs/s1282/IMGH_13532__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7ZfdnSN6kVEB-3_tqru1FWyykwMP2yKiuxNupcgRN2WIQkwheUfk769M25ondCFM1lB8gA7WhfZ4Ysf7o5DsSSohVD73Ccc0K9k_xrv2mqEFgSoD3zpd4TCVVkJJcOqE1ZtPVq8tA_uvsWW4BF_wHR_AUXMBOzsa7lqs5MGTH32GHamfIoX5GHo1_kHs/s320/IMGH_13532__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHAddcwxlahCo2Q1n_WR2bqcwIZbvU3CFvc_3opNc_mziQi5K0iBc8l78U5CUa9iKZAVLUuYzJnqGjWXjlW-fsIU7xnxw3ZN3VBwQ34DfTteu_R5lnvzcNKvTGPpgeRmW4aLTjbChmdgwrnFCAsFItcxui__RbKs_BvZ2eERUw6t0zvwkn7mnSYZq41tf/s1282/IMGH_13533__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHAddcwxlahCo2Q1n_WR2bqcwIZbvU3CFvc_3opNc_mziQi5K0iBc8l78U5CUa9iKZAVLUuYzJnqGjWXjlW-fsIU7xnxw3ZN3VBwQ34DfTteu_R5lnvzcNKvTGPpgeRmW4aLTjbChmdgwrnFCAsFItcxui__RbKs_BvZ2eERUw6t0zvwkn7mnSYZq41tf/s320/IMGH_13533__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CnPct2niAaDFOBC5qr9fQnjnu7ccaNHGeyC0tj3takPWTSHbw2AxIpQ_JEsbsIo4_M-FfGNFP7SgFtvHjYUlJdGkEMpkXntDhzK-ZAw9drVHgaXJPVN8SYZEh6Y-xxm44HOGDGFuv1DAMghW59HlBVKkYIDzBR3ZZxlhx1abvkeBgAF1MVpoguP2O0Im/s1282/IMGH_13534__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CnPct2niAaDFOBC5qr9fQnjnu7ccaNHGeyC0tj3takPWTSHbw2AxIpQ_JEsbsIo4_M-FfGNFP7SgFtvHjYUlJdGkEMpkXntDhzK-ZAw9drVHgaXJPVN8SYZEh6Y-xxm44HOGDGFuv1DAMghW59HlBVKkYIDzBR3ZZxlhx1abvkeBgAF1MVpoguP2O0Im/s320/IMGH_13534__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVuY4bjL1iySRMLE0L2FYa26jGdEFaMEfrfIi_iEW0BswBP-UWNEl4xN-VXLxiO8z7eROjZ3pmG3n3A-QHDk4W3FFVUXFPElk2zxRzYbJSpVI_Oo-I0yqrXB5-zrM-g9thKiTK3_OlJiM2eyWRmMMhvKle6wrvQMeYwTtIelm9nwdcYLAEc3QgSa_WBDwk/s1282/IMGH_13535__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVuY4bjL1iySRMLE0L2FYa26jGdEFaMEfrfIi_iEW0BswBP-UWNEl4xN-VXLxiO8z7eROjZ3pmG3n3A-QHDk4W3FFVUXFPElk2zxRzYbJSpVI_Oo-I0yqrXB5-zrM-g9thKiTK3_OlJiM2eyWRmMMhvKle6wrvQMeYwTtIelm9nwdcYLAEc3QgSa_WBDwk/s320/IMGH_13535__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR2secjvCT6Wknj9pKnt8s0CzvSUSbbgWU175dHUbJl6ecocJFJWijbBYSHqfed4WbBOxBMjMLOTzF-YpyH4exRbWUSUIxYTv-mxHXRnAbjqiEB5y-i3xcAeIB1ZpJFtvKv8wfoIWH5X2vs3IFsBqKzP59bhnjI_bmb4GCuvhrvKkLi8wVbXBDO2682nyf/s1282/IMGH_13536__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR2secjvCT6Wknj9pKnt8s0CzvSUSbbgWU175dHUbJl6ecocJFJWijbBYSHqfed4WbBOxBMjMLOTzF-YpyH4exRbWUSUIxYTv-mxHXRnAbjqiEB5y-i3xcAeIB1ZpJFtvKv8wfoIWH5X2vs3IFsBqKzP59bhnjI_bmb4GCuvhrvKkLi8wVbXBDO2682nyf/s320/IMGH_13536__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p> The MIVAR 28M1 TVD is a 28 inches color television with 40
programs PLL synthesized tuning and Bifonic 2 speakers mono sound and teletext.The teletext information is usually transmitted as part of the television signal in television lines where no normal television picture information is present. Initially, teletext transmissions in the United Kingdom used as teletext data lines television lines 17 and 18 in first fields and television lines 330 and 331 in second fields of the field or vertical blanking intervals (VBI), but current teletext transmissions in the United Kingdom now use at least six television lines in each VBI as data-lines. The VBI transmission is thus, in effect, multiplexed with the normal picture transmission and the teletext information transmitted in this way and representing data for display such as text and graphics can be displayed at a teletext television receiver as a selectable alternative to the normal picture information.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
The
MIVAR 28M1 TVD television tuning system employs a frequency synthesizer system
for establishing the tuning of the receiver, featured with a
Microcomputer driven synthesis system, coupled to a frequency lock
controller chip such as a Philips TSA5511 / SIEMENS SDA3202.
This tuner can tune television signals on VHF and UHF band. Recently,
frequency synthesizers including a phase locked loop (PLL)
have been suggested to accurately generate local oscillator signals at
predetermined frequencies corresponding to the various channels which a
viewer may select.
</li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CnPct2niAaDFOBC5qr9fQnjnu7ccaNHGeyC0tj3takPWTSHbw2AxIpQ_JEsbsIo4_M-FfGNFP7SgFtvHjYUlJdGkEMpkXntDhzK-ZAw9drVHgaXJPVN8SYZEh6Y-xxm44HOGDGFuv1DAMghW59HlBVKkYIDzBR3ZZxlhx1abvkeBgAF1MVpoguP2O0Im/s1282/IMGH_13534__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_CnPct2niAaDFOBC5qr9fQnjnu7ccaNHGeyC0tj3takPWTSHbw2AxIpQ_JEsbsIo4_M-FfGNFP7SgFtvHjYUlJdGkEMpkXntDhzK-ZAw9drVHgaXJPVN8SYZEh6Y-xxm44HOGDGFuv1DAMghW59HlBVKkYIDzBR3ZZxlhx1abvkeBgAF1MVpoguP2O0Im/w200-h150/IMGH_13534__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifEt7mFStlVm6EgkUmfe9g2Tt_y1TlyPhSy4Qzcw0hZiI-n1xj6vNchzqy8v9HenuIt3AUepnAcbkOot0Sd3J4TQDegWCIg-uVzIP60_QyOA7YvpzeLms21eKYntbnw8YMzTdXqhpRrFC5/s1600/IMGH_02941.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
The system employed in the tv permits
utilization
of a frequency synthesizer tuning system which correctly tunes to a
desired television station or channel even if the transmitted
signals from that station are not precisely maintained at the
proper frequencies even in combination of a fine tuning adjustable
by the user.To enable operation of the receiver in a fringe area, where
it may be
desirable to intentionally mistune a channel slightly, manual fine
tuning control logic circuitry is employed to disable the frequency
offset logic circuit and to permit changing the count of the reversible
counter by the viewer to manually fine tune the receiver as desired.
<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
It
is an additional object of this invention to provide an improved
frequency synthesizer tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
<br />
<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
This model series was featuring a chassis design with a video section
based around TDA8390A (PHILIPS) and was first and last using it.is a
one-chip PAL colour decoder which is designed to be used in combination
with the P’ CCD Delay Line (TDA8451) and the Filter Combination (TDA8452). The IC combines the circuits that are required for the identification and demodulation of PAL signals, RGB matrixing and amplification. SECAM signals can be handled when the IC is used in combination with the SECAM decoder TDA8490. Inductive components are not required due to the integration of the filters and the delay lines.<br /></li></ul>
Therefore, no adjustments are required to the filters and delay times. The decoder<br />
contains separate inputs for RGB signal insertion (analogue or digital) which can, for example, be used<br />
for text display systems (e.g. channel number display, Teletext, Antiope etc.).<br />
<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
Was last MIVAR Tv using the TEA2029C + TEA2164 SYNCH + POWER
SUPPLY DESIGN in their chassis design and these configurations gave a
high level of tech to these sets far better than <b>other tv brands and
types</b>.......</li></ul>
<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
The set was featured with VIDEOCOLOR MP CRT which first time features a color picture tube of the type having a shadow mask attached to a peripheral frame which is suspended in relation to a viewing screen of the tube, and particularly to such a tube having an improved shadow mask frame with reduced weight.<br /><p>As the sizes of color picture tubes have increased, there has been a corresponding increase in the
sizes and weights of tube components. One of these components is the
shadow mask frame. Present color picture tubes use steel frames to
support the shadow masks within the faceplate panels of the tubes. One
type of frame is made from a continuous piece of L-shaped steel, that is
bent and welded to itself at its ends. Another type of frame is formed
by pressing a flat steel sheet into the shape of the frame. A third type
of frame is disclosed in Canadian Patent 988,141, issued to T. M.
Shrader and K. A. Long on Apr. 27, 1976. This patent shows a frame that
is formed from four pieces that are welded together at the four corners
of the frame. The cited purpose of using four pieces is to provide an
adjustable frame to precisely fit within a particular mask. Each of the
four pieces has two flanges configured in an L-shaped cross-section. A
first of the flanges extends toward a screen of the tube and a second
flange extends from the first flange toward a central longitudinal axis
of the tube. In each piece, the first flange extends beyond the second
flange at both ends of the piece. These extensions of the first flange
overlap each other in the corners of the frame and are where the pieces
are welded together. </p><p>The three frame types discussed above are
usually supported within a faceplate panel by either three or four
springs that are attached to the sides of the frames. Recently, large
tubes have been suggested that are supported within faceplates by four
springs located at the corners of the mask frame. The present invention
provides a frame with reduced weight that can be used in a tube having
corner support springs. </p><p> </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
The set here shown like other Mivar tv's was introducing a novelty in
power supply design;Switch-mode power supply with burst mode standby
operation:</li></ul>
In a typical switch mode power supply (SMPS) of a television receiver
the AC mains supply voltage is coupled to a bridge rectifier. An
unregulated direct current (DC) input supply voltage is produced. A
pulse width modulator controls the duty cycle of a chopper transistor
switch that applies the unregulated supply voltage across a primary
winding of a flyback transformer. A flyback voltage at a frequency that
is determined by the modulator is developed at a secondary winding of
the transformer and is rectified to produce DC output supply voltages
such as a voltage B+ that energizes a horizontal deflection circuit of
the television receiver and a voltage that energizes a remote control
unit. <br />
During normal operation, the DC output supply voltages are
regulated by the pulse width modulator in a negative feedback manner.
During standby operation, the SMPS is required to generate the DC output
supply voltage that energizes the remote control unit. However, most
other stages of the television receiver are inoperative and do not draw
supply currents. Consequently, the average value of the duty cycle of
the chopper transistor may have to be substantially lower during standby
than during normal operation. <br />
Because of, for example, storage
time limitation in the chopper transistor, it may not be possible to
reduce the length of the conduction interval in a given cycle below a
minimum level. Thus, in order to maintain the average value of the duty
cycle low, it may be desirable to operate the chopper transistor in an
intermittent or burst mode, during standby. During standby, a long dead
time interval occurs between consecutively occurring burst mode
operation intervals. Only during the burst mode operation interval
switching operation occurs in the chopper transistor. The result is that
each of the conduction intervals is of a sufficient length. <br />
In
accordance with an aspect of the invention, burst mode operation
intervals are initiated and occur at a rate that is determined by a
repetitive signal at the frequency of the AC mains supply voltage. For
example, when the mains supply voltage is at 50 Hz, each burst mode
operation interval, when switching cycles occur, may last 5 milliseconds
and the dead time interval when no switching cycles occur, may last
during the remainder portion or 15 milliseconds. Such arrangement that
is triggered by a signal at the frequency of the mains supply voltage
simplifies the design of the SMPS. <br />
The burst mode operation
intervals that occur in standby operation are synchronized to the 50 Hz
signal. During each such interval, pulses of current are produced in
transformers and inductances of the SMPS. The pulses of current occur in
clusters that are repetitive at 50 Hz. The pulses of current occur at a
frequency that is equal to the switching frequency of the chopper
transistor within each burst mode operation interval. Such qurrent
pulses might produce an objectionable sound during power-off or standby
operation. The objectionable sound might be produced due to possible
parasitic mechanical vibrations as a result of the pulse currents in,
for example, the inductances and transformers of the SMPS. <br />
In
accordance with another aspect of the invention, the change in the AC
mains supply voltage during each period causes the length of the
conduction interval in consecutively occurring switching cycle during
the burst mode operation interval to increase progressively. Such
operation that occurs during each burst mode operation interval may be
referred to as soft start operation. The soft start operation causes,
for example, gradual charging of capacitors in the SMPS. Consequently,
the parasitic mechanical vibrations are substantially reduced. Also, the
frequency of the switching cycles within each burst mode operation
interval is maintained above the audible range for further reducing the
level of such audible noise during standby operation. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7ZfdnSN6kVEB-3_tqru1FWyykwMP2yKiuxNupcgRN2WIQkwheUfk769M25ondCFM1lB8gA7WhfZ4Ysf7o5DsSSohVD73Ccc0K9k_xrv2mqEFgSoD3zpd4TCVVkJJcOqE1ZtPVq8tA_uvsWW4BF_wHR_AUXMBOzsa7lqs5MGTH32GHamfIoX5GHo1_kHs/s1282/IMGH_13532__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu7ZfdnSN6kVEB-3_tqru1FWyykwMP2yKiuxNupcgRN2WIQkwheUfk769M25ondCFM1lB8gA7WhfZ4Ysf7o5DsSSohVD73Ccc0K9k_xrv2mqEFgSoD3zpd4TCVVkJJcOqE1ZtPVq8tA_uvsWW4BF_wHR_AUXMBOzsa7lqs5MGTH32GHamfIoX5GHo1_kHs/w200-h150/IMGH_13532__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdB3UYY7VghRETgQIfdY9UCbHxUQh_GEXIn9malLctpASA9KBHoIf_VqUs0Vt8VYhZOgHNGITg7HJlELH-f7N3y9X_SjS-BVXVwatdTgVQxVJj5OJ3YZx4NgjnBlGlBTWUZlSNtgZS6znNK4bcV5DBCmIzq-ysEAQ113PwbgfxYSrn7xXHfTqiCrUHRNa/s1282/IMGH_13182__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>A switch
mode power supply, embodying an aspect of the invention, for generating
an output supply voltage during both a standby-mode of operation and
during a run-mode of operation includes a source of AC mains input
supply voltage. A control signal at a given frequency is generated. A
switching arrangement energized by the input supply voltage and
responsive to the first control signal produces a switching current
during both the standby-mode of operation and the run-mode operation.
The output supply voltage is generated from the switching current. An
arrangement coupled to the switching arrangement and responsive to a
standby-mode/run-mode control signal and to a signal at a frequency that
is determined by a frequency of the AC mains input supply voltage
controls the switching arrangement in a burst mode manner during the
standby-mode of operation. During a burst interval, a plurality of
switching cycles are performed and during an alternating dead time
interval no switching cycles are performed. The two intervals alternate
at a frequency that is determined by the frequency of the AC mains input
supply voltage.</li></ul>
<br /><b>
These set were offering excellent bright and crisp pictures and good sound for a very fair price.</b><br />
<br />
Bifonic 2 speakers sound + teletext and SCART socket are completing the main features.<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #20124d; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnI_c4oJ6cFaCnM-dAORhMCVBLZubf-W9_nvwW64guevtUOlPb4uGxncEwFwThq-JmsOHDb6utKD4KVHTW4gY1grLdCafDROkJh11QfTz8y5lI7FfsTD7YOqhGeEtVQPURknnl7eAcilw/s1600/TV-SCART3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnI_c4oJ6cFaCnM-dAORhMCVBLZubf-W9_nvwW64guevtUOlPb4uGxncEwFwThq-JmsOHDb6utKD4KVHTW4gY1grLdCafDROkJh11QfTz8y5lI7FfsTD7YOqhGeEtVQPURknnl7eAcilw/s200/TV-SCART3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><span>A SCART Connector (which stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils
Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a standard for connecting
audio-visual equipment together. The official standard for SCART is
CENELEC document number EN 50049-1. SCART is also known as Péritel
(especially in France) and Euroconnector but the name SCART will be used
exclusively herein. The standard defines a 21-pin connector (herein
after a SCART connector) for carrying analog television signals. Various
pieces of equipment may be connected by cables having a plug fitting
the SCART connectors. Television apparatuses commonly include one or
more SCART connectors.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><span>Although a SCART connector is
bidirectional, the present invention is concerned with the use of a
SCART connector as an input connector for receiving signals into a
television apparatus. A SCART connector can receive input television
signals either in an RGB format in which the red, green and blue signals
are received on Pins 15, 11 and 7, respectively, or alternatively in an
S-Video format in which the luminance (Y) and chroma (C) signals are
received on Pins 20 and 15. As a result of the common usage of Pin 15 in
accordance with the SCART standard, a SCART connector cannot receive
input television signals in an RGB format and in an S-Video format at
the same time.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s1600/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s320/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><span> Consequently many commercially available
television apparatuses include a separate SCART connectors each
dedicated to receive input television signals in one of an RGB format
and an S-Video format. This limits the functionality of the SCART
connectors. In practical terms, the number of SCART connectors which can
be provided on a television apparatus is limited by cost and space
considerations. However, different users wish the input a wide range of
different combinations of formats of television signals, depending on
the equipment they personally own and use. However, the provision of
SCART connectors dedicated to input television signals in one of an RGB
format and an S-Video format limits the overall connectivity of the
television apparatus. Furthermore, for many users the different RGB
format and S-Video format are confusing. Some users may not understand
or may mistake the format of a television signal being supplied on a
given cable from a given piece of equipment. This can result in the
supply of input television signals of an inappropriate format for the
SCART connector concerned.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif"><span style="color: #20124d;">This kind of connector is todays obsoleted ! </span></span></span></span></blockquote><p> Furthermore they were very robust and easy to fix.<br />
<br />
<br />
The cabinet is made of a high quality plastic which doesn't know age or degradation at all.<br />
<br />
<br />
It's made by<span style="font-weight: bold;"> MIVAR</span> an Italian Brand <u><b>NO MORE ACTIVE In television manufacturing.</b></u><br />
<br />
MIVAR Sets have had great features and extreme simplicity toghether with
compactness and combined with reliability and durability.<br />
(Basically all what today you won't see anymore !)<br />
<br />
<br />
It's made by<span style="font-weight: bold;"> MIVAR</span> an Italian Brand<u> no more active since 20/12/2013.</u><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">MIVAR</span><span style="font-size: small;"> is a Factory site in the near of Milan (italy) in a Industrial city conglomerate called Abbiate Grasso.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
</p><div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1XaCI7wJ5Ak/Tup-E7tv8_I/AAAAAAAAIe8/wWFFPMsQge8/s1600/VICHI-JOUNG.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5686496102722827250" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1XaCI7wJ5Ak/Tup-E7tv8_I/AAAAAAAAIe8/wWFFPMsQge8/s320/VICHI-JOUNG.jpg" style="float: left; height: 219px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>Founded in 1945 by Mr. Carlo Vichi class of 1923, <span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;"><b>The activity started in 1945</b> - in Milano, Via Ugo Tommei 5 </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">street with fab</span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oYz2bwFLWWk/Tup88irM4UI/AAAAAAAAIeU/3UlCgVEH_Yo/s1600/MIVAR-FACT-OLD.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5686494859050672450" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oYz2bwFLWWk/Tup88irM4UI/AAAAAAAAIeU/3UlCgVEH_Yo/s320/MIVAR-FACT-OLD.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">rication o</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">f little </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">radio apparates.</span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tCZ6n7lg_zc/Tup-FJ8udKI/AAAAAAAAIfQ/PaDTNdnxxKE/s1600/VICHI-OLD.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5686496106543740066" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tCZ6n7lg_zc/Tup-FJ8udKI/AAAAAAAAIfQ/PaDTNdnxxKE/s320/VICHI-OLD.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 214px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1945 - Milano, Via Ugo Tommei 5: inizia l'attivit?">HISTORY OF MIVAR.<br /><br />1945 - Milan, Via Ugo Tommei 5: Begin the activity </span><span title="assemblando piccoli apparecchi radio.">assembling small radios. </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="assemblando piccoli apparecchi radio."> </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1950 - Via Curtatone 12: si sviluppa con la costruzione diretta dei pi?">1950 - Via Curtatone 12: developed with the construction of more direct </span><span title="importanti componenti radio.">major radio components fabricants. </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="importanti componenti radio."> </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1956 - Via Strigelli 13: vengono prodotti a livello industriale i primi apparecchi a modulazione di frequenza (FM).">1956 - 13 Street Strigelli: industrial production is manily targeted to first radio devices with frequency modulation (FM). </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1956 - Via Strigelli 13: vengono prodotti a livello industriale i primi apparecchi a modulazione di frequenza (FM)."> </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1958 - Via P.">1958 - Via P. </span><span title="Giordani 30: la televisione ?">30 Jordanians: TV </span><span title="ormai una realt?, alle industrie del settore si impone il raddoppio dell'attivit?, perci?,">become a reality, the industries is doubling his ACTIVITY, </span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="sempre in Milano, si costruisce il primo "vero" stabilimento con 400 dipendenti.">always in Milan, we build the first "real" plant with 400 employees. </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="sempre in Milano, si costruisce il primo "vero" stabilimento con 400 dipendenti."> </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1963 - Abbiategrasso, Via dante 45: sulla scia del decentramento e del dilagante successo della televisione, si costruisce un">1963 - Abbiategrasso, Via Dante 45: in the wake of decentralization and the rampant success of the television, building a </span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1963 - Abbiategrasso, Via dante 45: sulla scia del decentramento e del dilagante successo della televisione, si costruisce un"> </span><span title="importante stabilimento che diverr?">facility that will become important </span><span title="operante tra il 1968-70 occupando 800 dipendenti.">in place 800 employees occupying </span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="operante tra il 1968-70 occupando 800 dipendenti.">between </span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="operante tra il 1968-70 occupando 800 dipendenti."> 1968-70. </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="operante tra il 1968-70 occupando 800 dipendenti."> </span></span><br />
<span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="1990 - Abbiategrasso, Alzaia Naviglio: consci della fisiologica importanza che la televisione ha nella societ?">1990 - Abbiategrasso Canal towpath: aware of the physiological importance that television plays in society </span><span title="moderna, ricchi di">Modern, rich </span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="moderna, ricchi di"> </span><span title="esperienza e di mezzi, si inizia la costruzione di uno stabilimento su un'area di 120.000 m?">expertise and resources, we began construction of a factory area of 120,000 sqm </span><span title="di cui 30.00 coperti,">which covered 30.000 meters , </span></span><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span title="30.000 per la viabilit?"> for the viabilit </span><span title="con parcheggi e 60.000 a parco alberato.">with parking spaces and 60,000 meters park trees.<br /> <br /> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">In origin the factory </span><span style="font-size: small;">was brand nam</span><span style="font-size: small;">ed as Radio Var and indeed the tellye here in collection is internally m</span><span style="font-size: small;">arked as Radio VAR. After 1985 they were marked rightly MIVAR.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">T</span><span style="font-size: small;">o</span><span style="font-size: small;">day's activity</span><span style="font-size: small;"> is oriented in</span><span style="font-size: small;">
virtual production of LCD crap but with very low market penetration
due to "unfair" asian competitors presence and a local governement <b>
which don't care about</b>.<br /><br />(You call it global </span><span style="font-size: small;">market,
I call it <u> WORLD DESTRUCTION</u> combined toghether with mass Afro scum
crap Immigration (<b>EUROPEAN INVASION</b>) to obtain destruction on a large scale in all places
and to help more and better the loose of all <b>OUR</b> <b>workplaces and firms , lives, people</b>).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “If our buildings, our highways, and our railroads should be wrecked, we could rebuild them. </span></span></blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-be9Y2tM9ibA/Tup-ErncyUI/AAAAAAAAIe0/cR97KDdcrlk/s1600/MIVAR-FACT-TODAY.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="240" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5686496098401438018" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-be9Y2tM9ibA/Tup-ErncyUI/AAAAAAAAIe0/cR97KDdcrlk/s320/MIVAR-FACT-TODAY.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;">If our cities should be destroyed, out of the very ruins we could erect newer and greater ones. </span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Even if our armed might should be crushed, we could rear sons who would redeem our power.</span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr_rpvw9y3HSkFl3EKspK0oo0vmEUZT58Wp8Q_DH9brcs15YSJ3tQxOypNXiRY7GdfHk4_AIDIhuP59xqkjVsmSI1ULhD-NRlUO9ih0uex7cuf2gW9HoVT10-07rci0t8Qs0SYPHjVyaY/s1600/MIVAR-2014_End-Of_TV-Prod__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr_rpvw9y3HSkFl3EKspK0oo0vmEUZT58Wp8Q_DH9brcs15YSJ3tQxOypNXiRY7GdfHk4_AIDIhuP59xqkjVsmSI1ULhD-NRlUO9ih0uex7cuf2gW9HoVT10-07rci0t8Qs0SYPHjVyaY/s400/MIVAR-2014_End-Of_TV-Prod__TVM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Anyway </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-style: italic;">Obsolete Technolog</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;">y Tellye will show even this model</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> as a Time machine which looses nothing of the good tellyes ! ! !</span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZFG74nPX3IJnfUDAueyZ1vH1zX0Dm0Euq6PeLSzxsrDRsHNzHDrCrOGPLJhiS3NPsGH8VNydEEY-A8CDSRRpGNvIdKpeXc1AVqcRHx_RfQAtOoLWEKcVzvEqk2nJr2YXFSIcLsLLn1hca/s1600/800582__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZFG74nPX3IJnfUDAueyZ1vH1zX0Dm0Euq6PeLSzxsrDRsHNzHDrCrOGPLJhiS3NPsGH8VNydEEY-A8CDSRRpGNvIdKpeXc1AVqcRHx_RfQAtOoLWEKcVzvEqk2nJr2YXFSIcLsLLn1hca/s320/800582__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJb0uU2pbQKTV1BCk0_0gM8_6G4Zom-RHYw3tWI5_Li0szfnpmjMGChj06Z_XMqiF76LP_GvLRplBJOdAgJQ7Qzodf2m7iaODkEfGXVGZslYXuCUBK3A2Lm0I_JkFnXJs6V5WAhKB0Wgo/s1600/800530__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKJb0uU2pbQKTV1BCk0_0gM8_6G4Zom-RHYw3tWI5_Li0szfnpmjMGChj06Z_XMqiF76LP_GvLRplBJOdAgJQ7Qzodf2m7iaODkEfGXVGZslYXuCUBK3A2Lm0I_JkFnXJs6V5WAhKB0Wgo/s320/800530__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPuPweJBbOVzbvnIvVQLULYUtGtEr4fVxEdNiWkrcxLfpPrs1Ra9sxBWmcOuCdnaUhjw8Mi26Oxoi4IvXbjwnpSEtGb2lPhqxMtww7PvGr_GKjjuIuoKBLw2E_pj_L7NF1oWQiaroYsSNK/s1600/800504__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPuPweJBbOVzbvnIvVQLULYUtGtEr4fVxEdNiWkrcxLfpPrs1Ra9sxBWmcOuCdnaUhjw8Mi26Oxoi4IvXbjwnpSEtGb2lPhqxMtww7PvGr_GKjjuIuoKBLw2E_pj_L7NF1oWQiaroYsSNK/s320/800504__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK4iyp7Zn8IVwX9khYVJb6dOTND7NKHJVIFzmyUtbalXdzQVu4NwBmAxL0nhc6B8oxg5s1LNCq3Rc9RME0v7xCEEcvcGZ1atooQP1mbLJ62UKAeWTTGy__5ikpPf_NkmmeZ14rTLGfHzks/s1600/800478__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK4iyp7Zn8IVwX9khYVJb6dOTND7NKHJVIFzmyUtbalXdzQVu4NwBmAxL0nhc6B8oxg5s1LNCq3Rc9RME0v7xCEEcvcGZ1atooQP1mbLJ62UKAeWTTGy__5ikpPf_NkmmeZ14rTLGfHzks/s320/800478__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC3z6obydai5X1oQSunhvz-IiUO6_A-YaaW1H8OaQZIwj2G9qIzsiKy1gnwuTSjFvc3HP6JCmW8y3c6ugXfZMNj79xQ6vlVWht8HVOeKz43x5DHi6iTLkT_m0F8-pwz6E6xdLS5Z69WzOy/s1600/800544__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC3z6obydai5X1oQSunhvz-IiUO6_A-YaaW1H8OaQZIwj2G9qIzsiKy1gnwuTSjFvc3HP6JCmW8y3c6ugXfZMNj79xQ6vlVWht8HVOeKz43x5DHi6iTLkT_m0F8-pwz6E6xdLS5Z69WzOy/s320/800544__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMeaNDkXK7p3E_0Y_Ui2xt_uI0MqKRlraFCUZv1zFgejzDitSAAjQo-tH-hrJ3lwtgsmLljo-V4owwtVvSWMpYkym0AJ5ROYNzuYYn-wp62zhyAejI7d43t7vS95wZAF-C2kWNfbWbWUxu/s1600/800551__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMeaNDkXK7p3E_0Y_Ui2xt_uI0MqKRlraFCUZv1zFgejzDitSAAjQo-tH-hrJ3lwtgsmLljo-V4owwtVvSWMpYkym0AJ5ROYNzuYYn-wp62zhyAejI7d43t7vS95wZAF-C2kWNfbWbWUxu/s320/800551__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdIUzWE65fLHMjpbsJdeFUer-QiljCw3Fml1dyOl5qdB7il-8hrPM8zKK3Ep6eKLIOdUr3wpKmavWMiQd6G4FIYclZUvqmnrrBsd528JuJPthMFb-aISTG-SW2Cu0RMnFcc5llFj4puL1I/s1600/800565__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdIUzWE65fLHMjpbsJdeFUer-QiljCw3Fml1dyOl5qdB7il-8hrPM8zKK3Ep6eKLIOdUr3wpKmavWMiQd6G4FIYclZUvqmnrrBsd528JuJPthMFb-aISTG-SW2Cu0RMnFcc5llFj4puL1I/s320/800565__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvjG_oazh3z-LaEBK9V7sv8F7c3-0EZEwst6Ja0x3M26LhUq4wzxCse7IDkHcUA14tJXkOA3p3vVpbbThwQM0UmOmAO4zfhcxFGByaJUKgbSlHd5oTMN-rK8SkGCK-lRyxdXmO0C5kRSv/s1600/800604__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvjG_oazh3z-LaEBK9V7sv8F7c3-0EZEwst6Ja0x3M26LhUq4wzxCse7IDkHcUA14tJXkOA3p3vVpbbThwQM0UmOmAO4zfhcxFGByaJUKgbSlHd5oTMN-rK8SkGCK-lRyxdXmO0C5kRSv/s320/800604__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj255gwxvrWFGljvmv29_7VT_cODePWVuBVCqJzQHmMRQVcXY3QOCd98k3aAvdMiDttbXy5TejWQbNxLuzp611sDevjpQRzTQLsk0AD86MqOjr2uslJjLIDrHRYGh-MwIMHlroM8rkqUtN2/s1600/800596__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj255gwxvrWFGljvmv29_7VT_cODePWVuBVCqJzQHmMRQVcXY3QOCd98k3aAvdMiDttbXy5TejWQbNxLuzp611sDevjpQRzTQLsk0AD86MqOjr2uslJjLIDrHRYGh-MwIMHlroM8rkqUtN2/s320/800596__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjmP3OMXbMNoJk1_UKyec-F5g4IyOkSX8PSh9ZzLTeUnu9kKKwuz5Zbnyk4BP_NPX7kFo8rohCdGuz9kH8QUIm6ttI7D6Ku0bnpes0AVS1fshmmwy6XrLvEU0ooGk3sXHghSAdgOqv1Uc/s320/MIVAR-ARTICLE-1.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjmP3OMXbMNoJk1_UKyec-F5g4IyOkSX8PSh9ZzLTeUnu9kKKwuz5Zbnyk4BP_NPX7kFo8rohCdGuz9kH8QUIm6ttI7D6Ku0bnpes0AVS1fshmmwy6XrLvEU0ooGk3sXHghSAdgOqv1Uc/s320/MIVAR-ARTICLE-1.jpg" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROXLNxqGBrbwtU7umkveIdOXKdP-TwUdwRBFI16ugf57rLvMprBPulj5-41Wt4ETiXOPNyg5Cu_hlveOdUDS6VNFiKV6VAxQdzjuxYjgD5a4_7jfnjTsSN2ihKjpo1YdjtcrsfAeKJJs/s1600/mivar-vichi-LCD__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjROXLNxqGBrbwtU7umkveIdOXKdP-TwUdwRBFI16ugf57rLvMprBPulj5-41Wt4ETiXOPNyg5Cu_hlveOdUDS6VNFiKV6VAxQdzjuxYjgD5a4_7jfnjTsSN2ihKjpo1YdjtcrsfAeKJJs/s320/mivar-vichi-LCD__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ycAIw1SP7XPDZ6FmvjHpVXDMmwXKUte5tlG619y-uHc-VyBR2mNhs6BTHfVuc44Y4YKf6IU52RhxQ5Nz4Mc8HiQkkCBmGxaPxusyLGFySiwcqzsKbx901CX1Iw-BlDcuMIgOl5b1AV4/s1600/MIVAR-ARTICLE-2.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6ycAIw1SP7XPDZ6FmvjHpVXDMmwXKUte5tlG619y-uHc-VyBR2mNhs6BTHfVuc44Y4YKf6IU52RhxQ5Nz4Mc8HiQkkCBmGxaPxusyLGFySiwcqzsKbx901CX1Iw-BlDcuMIgOl5b1AV4/s320/MIVAR-ARTICLE-2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b>A brief note about on Television sets reliability and durability..........................</b></u></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">ANYONE
with even the smallest experience of television engineering is bound to
come up against that embarrassing question which is always so difficult
to answer-"which TV shall I get?" The questioner is usually concerned
about obtaining the cheapest and most reliable receiver that is
available, and this same approach generally governs the choice between
buying when new - restoring in this time. This is perfectly reasonable and <u>often applies to
other consumer products</u> apart from TV. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">What does seem a little strange
however is that no one ever seems to ask "which TV set gives the best
picture?" Why not? Doesn't anyone care, or is the question too
complicated to discuss? </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Yet the average person spends five and a half
hours a day, every day, watching TV garbage:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">At
least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only
employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible
Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it
isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their
enemies..............</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">................... so the quality of the picture <i>must
be important</i>........................ </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">expecially
for those football idiots so the they have the motivation to glue their
assface on the screen all day long to discover better somewaht in their
ignorance.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">........Now................It
is high time that people began to realise this simple fact, and to take
an interest in the quality of the product that absorbs so much of their
spare time. There are of course plenty of people who are genuinely
interested in good picture quality. It is unlikely for example that so
many readers of this Blog would be taking part in the <i>magnificent TELEVISION colour receiver project</i>,
but more likely restoring monochrome receivers or adapting old color
ones, if they were
indifferent to the quality of the picture obtained at the end of the
day. But today times seems changing, the trend started by many readers
of Obsolete Technology Tellye ! have had a significative rise up in
recovering and restoring old CRT's TV's and started to build up
collections by people in many lands worldwide.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> Good CRT picture quality cannot however be achieved merely by
connecting together the appropriate groups of circuits. Sometimes in
fact even well established designs can present problems if they are
assembled in a different way to the original or with non-standard
components. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">So what constitutes good picture quality and what do you do
when things go wrong? </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">It is not much use delving into the textbooks
because they are strangely unhelpful about this sort of thing.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"> At least
however we can here at Obsolete Technology Tellye ! establish some
basic principles to use as a starting point. There is a difference
between the kind of picture quality defects that you would expect to
find in a manufactured receiver compared to one made by a home restorer /
constructor. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">A CRT manufactured receiver usually has only minor faults
and one wants to'assess how well it compares with the products of other
set - makers.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">Todays trade, threw a rather different light on matters
however. Briefly, we found that during CRT boom periods for the
setmakers reliability increased whilst during periods of diminishing
sales a fall in the standard of reliability became evident, so you will find excellent sets from the 70s/80s. I had
tended to think that a <i>boom</i> meant an attitude of anything goes to get as
many sets out to meet the demand, with consequent corner cutting and
use of whatever alternative components could be got hold of if
necessary. The overriding point seems to be however that in boom
conditions with a seller's market prices can be maintained and quality
standards kept up whilst in flat market conditions there is overwhelming
pressure on prices and reliability tends to fall. It is difficult to be
too sure about this since the worst trading period coincided with the
era of dual standard analog TV sets which may eventually but not certainly inevitably less
reliable than the single -standard chassis which preceeded and succeeded
them. It would however tie up about the comparative reliability of
colour and monochrome sets, since the era of <i>colour boom</i> coincides with a
very flat period in monochrome set production and sales, that in
talking about reliability means overall dependability rather than
initial statistics for unboxed set condition. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">That all said is very
applicable to todays times, with completely </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">different </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">technically means, reality where
unfair market conditions focibly applied to European firms by an elite which has
only the will and target to destroy European eritage at all
levels with the main point in destroying local economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">It includes:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">- A number of areas of law involving acts by one
competitor or group of competitors which harm another in the field, and
which may give rise to criminal offenses and civil causes of
action.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">- Trade libel, the spreading of false information about the quality
or characteristics of a competitor's products, is prohibited at common
law but still high present and unstopped.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">- Various unfair business
practices such as fraud, misrepresentation, and unconscionable contracts
may be considered unfair competition, if they give one competitor an
advantage over others expecially all from the so called ASIATIC MARKET.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><b>Therefore</b>:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><i><u>All of todays apparates are literally absolute GARBAGE </u>when
new and resulting often broken when out of the box after purchase. Poor
engineering, manufacturing and materials in the main part, combined with unfair massive
import to Europe of such DUMP goods, at cheap prices in closed hard
tight market (so they can be the only 2 3 competitor in foreign lands
and all locals firms brought to death by heavy taxations, troublesome difficulties at all
levels)</i></span></span> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">and sold with medium to high prices respect to initial build cost</span>s !! </blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><i>For that
there can't be a comparation of reliability between a CRT TV SET and any one of
todays sets, which often are resulting in a SCAM mainly under the technological
part, emerging, even, from the first repair attempt !</i></span></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><i>...... And in the end you will NEVER SEE a restoring of ANY of the Actual </i></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><i>todays </i></span></b><b><span style="font-size: small;"><i>electronic GARBAGE </i></span></b>!</blockquote><p>
<br />
<i><b><u>R.I.P. EUROPE !</u></b></i></p><p><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"></cite></span></span></span>
<br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPCjViHfq3a8CmgHP7aSvvpfGBrXPhSLGl4o4LusFwNquL2QiQXyCMD3YN45lYyyW85IClXo5FLh6QWxB4wWLWrFrV-0ebTxl7_8ZCBJA4UiTxDWShn69FKW3AUpATqROKDit01t6mwvBykQXzElFxuMXpSz-GBmylNmy2fDk35g3RYc-7gYr4KnWVfA=s943" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="943" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPCjViHfq3a8CmgHP7aSvvpfGBrXPhSLGl4o4LusFwNquL2QiQXyCMD3YN45lYyyW85IClXo5FLh6QWxB4wWLWrFrV-0ebTxl7_8ZCBJA4UiTxDWShn69FKW3AUpATqROKDit01t6mwvBykQXzElFxuMXpSz-GBmylNmy2fDk35g3RYc-7gYr4KnWVfA=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">R.I.P CARLO !</span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></b>(Montieri, 5 febbraio 1923 – Milano, 20 settembre 2021).</div><div style="text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">On September 20 of the year 2021, at the age of 98, Mr. Carlo Vichi left us. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The last will of him for the funeral ceremony were these: </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u>no authorities. </u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A poor wooden coffin in the center of the plant </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">with <u>all the inhabitants</u> of Abbiategrasso invited to a big party.<br /> </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>For all the good you have dispensed, he finally rests in peace.</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b> </b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRey__fcYKE3gGFkfwWTWv9BO4Jgsn5lrD-KgyUSEHE9zEMsirGVoY-4D84We9OShZ6zr9aRhDF6W7wiZFwGWyk_et4QAr7j33-rRu8_RqNPf8ETVSxgu03NoGGBpl8tqZGA4SLwvSMivtuKttzaYC36IbKs4n2GdfTcAgDU5mXz3KP9Ib2p6aIFH-Q/s1282/STAB__TVM.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1282" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjRey__fcYKE3gGFkfwWTWv9BO4Jgsn5lrD-KgyUSEHE9zEMsirGVoY-4D84We9OShZ6zr9aRhDF6W7wiZFwGWyk_et4QAr7j33-rRu8_RqNPf8ETVSxgu03NoGGBpl8tqZGA4SLwvSMivtuKttzaYC36IbKs4n2GdfTcAgDU5mXz3KP9Ib2p6aIFH-Q/w400-h266/STAB__TVM.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /> </b></div><p>
</p><ol class="references" style="text-align: left;"><h2>
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Note">Further Notes:</span></span></span></h2></ol>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.quattronet.it/85_maggio/85_mivar.htm" rel="nofollow">"MIVAR: tutto iniziò in via Tommei", articolo tratto dal sito quattronet.it</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114201852/http://www.quattronet.it/85_maggio/85_mivar.htm" rel="nofollow">Archiviato</a> il 14 novembre 2011 in <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> [Maker], <a class="external text" href="https://www.radiomuseum.org/m/mivar_i_it_noindex_1.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Mivar ; Milano from Audiphon to Trader, 703 pictures, 124 sc</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">www.radiomuseum.org</span>. URL consultato il 13 giugno 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1987/12/04/nuovo-assalto-al-carrozzone-rel.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">NUOVO ASSALTO AL CARROZZONE REL - la Repubblica.it</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Archivio - la Repubblica.it</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1989/03/15/la-mivar-fa-utili-senza-spendere-per.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">LA MIVAR FA UTILI SENZA SPENDERE PER LA PUBBLICITA' - la Repubblica.it</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Archivio - la Repubblica.it</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/11/23/mivar-miracolo-ad-abbiategrasso.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">MIVAR, MIRACOLO AD ABBIATEGRASSO - la Repubblica.it</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Archivio - la Repubblica.it</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2000/marzo/30/Mivar_duce_alla_guerra_co_2_0003301059.shtml" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Archivio Corriere della Sera</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">archiviostorico.corriere.it</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/maggio/12/Crisi_vendite_alla_Mivar_cassa_co_2_0105123265.shtml" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Archivio Corriere della Sera</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">archiviostorico.corriere.it</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.adnkronos.com/Speciali/P_Lp/It/18.html" rel="nofollow">notizia del sito Adnkronos del 4 maggio 2005</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019211652/http://www.adnkronos.com/Speciali/P_Lp/It/18.html" rel="nofollow">Archiviato</a> il 19 ottobre 2006 in <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121210084034/www.cislmilano.it/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,10/Itemid,25/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">JOB MILANO</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">archive.is</span>, 10 dicembre 2012. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018 (archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.cislmilano.it/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,10/Itemid,25/">url originale</abbr> il 10 dicembre 2012).</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/dossier/Tecnologia%20e%20Business/digitale-terrestre/novita/mivar-full-hd.shtml?uuid=e3e3b61a-7607-11de-beab-2a78c6a877d2&DocRulesView=Libero" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Mivar rilancia in Full Hd - Il Sole 24 ORE</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">www.ilsole24ore.com</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <a class="external text" href="http://www.paid2write.org/tecnologia_scienze/mivar_in_crisi_ma_il_riscatto_avverra_con_led_12871.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Mivar In Crisi Ma Il Riscatto Avverrà Con I Led</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">www.paid2write.org</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> MonrifNet, <a class="external text" href="http://www.ilgiorno.it/legnano/cronaca/2013/10/11/963845-mivar-chiusa-abbiategrasso-vichi.shtml" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Televisori Mivar: fine dei programmi il 30 novembre - Il Giorno - Legnano</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">www.ilgiorno.it</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivar#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://www.fanpage.it/la-mia-mivar-chiude-ma-io-l-affitto-gratis-a-chi-assume-1200-italiani/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">“La mia Mivar chiude, l’affitto gratis a chi assume 1200 italiani”</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Fanpage</span>. URL consultato l'11 gennaio 2018.</cite></span></span></span></div>
<p> </p>
FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-51831888962266890552024-02-07T17:30:00.015+01:002024-02-07T17:30:00.137+01:00MIVAR 28M1 TVD CHASSIS TV 3796 INTERNAL VIEW<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimue1dU2mtSFI36YtcNTjhniSXIdY6cNBpaFP8tHway-qnbR1FGhyDR9tUN5FMUCWWVpNsaBYKbq_Eau5gpG9afmqmjEqCtdYuQHw1QpnsHIaHMUFP1AlJiSpiTgKcm_eyrwrEXReDB5KMadObxdR_1JrHbFKWJNShM9ItgQjsvqnF2Tu7lp2HyXO0Xv-k/s1282/IMGH_13537__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimue1dU2mtSFI36YtcNTjhniSXIdY6cNBpaFP8tHway-qnbR1FGhyDR9tUN5FMUCWWVpNsaBYKbq_Eau5gpG9afmqmjEqCtdYuQHw1QpnsHIaHMUFP1AlJiSpiTgKcm_eyrwrEXReDB5KMadObxdR_1JrHbFKWJNShM9ItgQjsvqnF2Tu7lp2HyXO0Xv-k/s320/IMGH_13537__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrEiMv5VIVE5zz7b-NEMUgYAvQjG4Uj4l5zEH5BE6J-AkK7YDVrCfh0bDesn4VP-kl36MsGWc3OSED8XkdUUnQsW1NZIEMT4y67V7aQjuT5jqXPa9CNT-I2rP12VYdS8uTIW-ZEzUXSj2TLUTKtmYqRV-ab-QNDMJoxoqIpqO5vATjyc8ia9LuFosh4HMy/s1282/IMGH_13538__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtsPMApnmaDcgbaByfIKU2SB2OYTuDcyeBwbt0wndWkoOXT-IBG6xieNs3sMJLFTqNfj1C5_eTv40tTWl7_mpkLNl6E1FZqRZRd-c8FlLS2omLSpTjjKUo8Er_fMYkpgbVickMEanAayQ6HmXnyNNZERZZJEemyfppKwHPbAngRTEa6rl0fFMzfCfz1g/s1282/IMGH_12831b__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtsPMApnmaDcgbaByfIKU2SB2OYTuDcyeBwbt0wndWkoOXT-IBG6xieNs3sMJLFTqNfj1C5_eTv40tTWl7_mpkLNl6E1FZqRZRd-c8FlLS2omLSpTjjKUo8Er_fMYkpgbVickMEanAayQ6HmXnyNNZERZZJEemyfppKwHPbAngRTEa6rl0fFMzfCfz1g/s320/IMGH_12831b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IZRLiVCtMLF78rpCSmHToyX8TDTQFxy_1nOWOcbNRHGAuXknW__ZN5O92H2WKolCGzx3YLhOUuWpwk8QnhR35XYU8N7jKt46oPcy1iY3LSuuCouklCb7Yq0edaY8fVFlpPJAo6GF0fgvLn_K_PxD1gOcdFMddEeS8cG6-6IjfzIQUoSSqGZtEHJW8w/s1282/IMGH_12832__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IZRLiVCtMLF78rpCSmHToyX8TDTQFxy_1nOWOcbNRHGAuXknW__ZN5O92H2WKolCGzx3YLhOUuWpwk8QnhR35XYU8N7jKt46oPcy1iY3LSuuCouklCb7Yq0edaY8fVFlpPJAo6GF0fgvLn_K_PxD1gOcdFMddEeS8cG6-6IjfzIQUoSSqGZtEHJW8w/s320/IMGH_12832__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> <u>CHASSIS TV3796 SCHEMATIC / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:</u></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1NkOHfXyVU1ZoFFS4Y5tlTj2F30pACw4zUMhHxZAsUGgIbq0E_-PovxmrBg7dLfl6Y6k8_k3vErlQ8UUP2Uyepp1cg1sEmQzh_XkFCF3NuO-LwkC5DINe-c2g3O7xl8Lg7sH99YfudTk/s898/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-9__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV1NkOHfXyVU1ZoFFS4Y5tlTj2F30pACw4zUMhHxZAsUGgIbq0E_-PovxmrBg7dLfl6Y6k8_k3vErlQ8UUP2Uyepp1cg1sEmQzh_XkFCF3NuO-LwkC5DINe-c2g3O7xl8Lg7sH99YfudTk/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-9__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsC2vdOXAnPCevyqSATXMP1yHRuwGsbny3xbt_LF6bfy9FUBvghAlyreD2_9kl_Zu2y_GBGt0nKmz9q5aVSWgm0IDgFj1L9cJQQMmhoR3NNeErb48ktvGUK6UZePioZ2wqYMbyXXVUJYE-/s1287/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-8__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsC2vdOXAnPCevyqSATXMP1yHRuwGsbny3xbt_LF6bfy9FUBvghAlyreD2_9kl_Zu2y_GBGt0nKmz9q5aVSWgm0IDgFj1L9cJQQMmhoR3NNeErb48ktvGUK6UZePioZ2wqYMbyXXVUJYE-/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-8__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyvsPxdpT54MvsneNgXfoUFmFidYzctNy1t2AMeRdPrvgQX4a7Xmd0au5N8Be-Gb20KdMiexAXKeZ9ngMpFHatt5AtDbKCs9oNUIS-2U10sGqGxYFt-Q-qhagHt5-1gqywY9fdCukNh8je/s1184/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-7__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="801" data-original-width="1184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyvsPxdpT54MvsneNgXfoUFmFidYzctNy1t2AMeRdPrvgQX4a7Xmd0au5N8Be-Gb20KdMiexAXKeZ9ngMpFHatt5AtDbKCs9oNUIS-2U10sGqGxYFt-Q-qhagHt5-1gqywY9fdCukNh8je/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-7__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi87SHfb-ia_Fg4MAmqr3fGDsMFv3PWgxfMxl0HhxB1_JTMm1P2tptffEXpaZ9xSI7jRBL6pELSMdBYkX1FJfG8SNeOKOBAhZHx9h-eP1X-eO-Ll5jcUdoCqLU2lJklACQebZ2qX69KnAO_/s1166/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-6__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1166" data-original-width="1089" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi87SHfb-ia_Fg4MAmqr3fGDsMFv3PWgxfMxl0HhxB1_JTMm1P2tptffEXpaZ9xSI7jRBL6pELSMdBYkX1FJfG8SNeOKOBAhZHx9h-eP1X-eO-Ll5jcUdoCqLU2lJklACQebZ2qX69KnAO_/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-6__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAMoFLqz8c56LSnKgsRWSSy8ZLoYIF6Ym0LoLyAsIAJEU0VO48DvSaI1x0O-VaChWJ_U6e9wfOTgUUR03EB9DXRVPgBGBzi2zkbV74GfIOnR4schtG5D1-xdBUDCTd9dYTWJgQbXs5XJa/s1380/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-5__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="825" data-original-width="1380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAMoFLqz8c56LSnKgsRWSSy8ZLoYIF6Ym0LoLyAsIAJEU0VO48DvSaI1x0O-VaChWJ_U6e9wfOTgUUR03EB9DXRVPgBGBzi2zkbV74GfIOnR4schtG5D1-xdBUDCTd9dYTWJgQbXs5XJa/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-5__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeg8GDuXJ5UnRZ-WnBwUYGOi9pXuFwaIBk3OLAkMVEEY4bUlw02qMrjyAlyhKJst0kF3UkobooyBmMksSoNhfMt6eloJo8Mvj_8trDq97UIZM6tfwQuz08atpnlSZJakpORAjFgB_haWGp/s1623/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-4__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="1623" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeg8GDuXJ5UnRZ-WnBwUYGOi9pXuFwaIBk3OLAkMVEEY4bUlw02qMrjyAlyhKJst0kF3UkobooyBmMksSoNhfMt6eloJo8Mvj_8trDq97UIZM6tfwQuz08atpnlSZJakpORAjFgB_haWGp/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-4__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwREXs5cXRjmePduFL0BxnWrDLz3l-OBbIrQDHnM1yxVnLrekcs9q6RskAhvtGqP19iOOxCJkLs3SggqAxovkYnd7LHtVmwEGMxkI0nM5RKpUfnOfkTusehSc050qombIzu7TJZ0Lu8Ixy/s1541/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-3__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1541" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwREXs5cXRjmePduFL0BxnWrDLz3l-OBbIrQDHnM1yxVnLrekcs9q6RskAhvtGqP19iOOxCJkLs3SggqAxovkYnd7LHtVmwEGMxkI0nM5RKpUfnOfkTusehSc050qombIzu7TJZ0Lu8Ixy/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="1214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOwlehSkQUc8d12aZd-MGjGmzMKc_2ZZ-ILCzzeirg1qCAg-hf5YMkBxHeyUkHawwC0Wou4nLV6tUYz_WCwZzhVs1ugXISB5WSQ1G1nDF7G5oOufbuLiwS_yN0NX29MUrKdiIsbunA9JNc/s320/MIVAR_25M1_TVD__CHASSIS-TV3796.JPG-1__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;">
The
MIVAR CHASSIS TV3796 was introducing the use of the TDA8390A IN Video
section and was the first and last using this kind of ASIC only in
chassis TV3796 for 110° degree tube.<br />
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Is the last MIVAR CHASSIS featuring the TEA2029C AND TEA2164 CONTROL + SUPPLY DESIGN.<br />
<br />After chassis models are designed differently.
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbg10fpAiK5V69Ls3u5JQPFOXtp7AqjkFyiQ7NBR2xiBXK3vCFkEc9YuoJ5x13XCfGrm6-nVIUC0R0e9QJ4TYmrJdPHo-u-Pa8nI4tfMapLxyqW5Hx4hNeQ-lB6E-PVHOa1-NynlG3KEs/s1600/img_1285.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533939480410585474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbg10fpAiK5V69Ls3u5JQPFOXtp7AqjkFyiQ7NBR2xiBXK3vCFkEc9YuoJ5x13XCfGrm6-nVIUC0R0e9QJ4TYmrJdPHo-u-Pa8nI4tfMapLxyqW5Hx4hNeQ-lB6E-PVHOa1-NynlG3KEs/s320/img_1285.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSYUfuGVojP8gN4wE5DefHsKTcEIpy_Kjy5gX5Ywl4LK7Qx9FiD27nOIRgmv0DcN1R_drnQMixpSu1FSBdL6B84pTyrM-cgj_NFgUv2Fwg-m32_3ly1k2_tBw0Jy6n7SmIUvyjo7IbY/s1600/IMG_4011.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576271232622702914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSYUfuGVojP8gN4wE5DefHsKTcEIpy_Kjy5gX5Ywl4LK7Qx9FiD27nOIRgmv0DcN1R_drnQMixpSu1FSBdL6B84pTyrM-cgj_NFgUv2Fwg-m32_3ly1k2_tBw0Jy6n7SmIUvyjo7IbY/s320/IMG_4011.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBRueRoGKWENQAhh9-M97WUKUBNNOsfTSjh-rFooSt5a8VUFOaHwa3Svmvt4aldX3YW9sSE2IrRLvKp8mFzwcYx-uQ32ecor72asdTvTJW86oFu65hfU0CAHeYSD1L7rWuK3I0jwkhuB4/s1600/IMG_4012.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576271216582726146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBRueRoGKWENQAhh9-M97WUKUBNNOsfTSjh-rFooSt5a8VUFOaHwa3Svmvt4aldX3YW9sSE2IrRLvKp8mFzwcYx-uQ32ecor72asdTvTJW86oFu65hfU0CAHeYSD1L7rWuK3I0jwkhuB4/s320/IMG_4012.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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Tuner MIVAR TV3701 and Frequency synthesizer + prescaler and Video IF and Sound 1 IF In One module.<br />
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Frequency synthesizer + prescaler with SDA3302 (SIEMENS)<br />
Video IF with TDA8341 (PHILIPS)<br />
Mixer + osc with TDA5330T (PHILIPS)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA5330T VHF, UHF and Hyperband mixer/oscillator for TV and VCR 3-band tuners</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSYUfuGVojP8gN4wE5DefHsKTcEIpy_Kjy5gX5Ywl4LK7Qx9FiD27nOIRgmv0DcN1R_drnQMixpSu1FSBdL6B84pTyrM-cgj_NFgUv2Fwg-m32_3ly1k2_tBw0Jy6n7SmIUvyjo7IbY/s1600/IMG_4011.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576271232622702914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSYUfuGVojP8gN4wE5DefHsKTcEIpy_Kjy5gX5Ywl4LK7Qx9FiD27nOIRgmv0DcN1R_drnQMixpSu1FSBdL6B84pTyrM-cgj_NFgUv2Fwg-m32_3ly1k2_tBw0Jy6n7SmIUvyjo7IbY/s320/IMG_4011.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA5330T is a monolithic integrated circuit that performs the band A, band B and band C mixer/oscillator functions<br />
in TV and VCR tuners. This device gives the designer the capability to design an economical and physically small 3-band<br />
tuner which will be capable of meeting the most stringent requirements e.g. FTZ or FCC. The tuner development time<br />
can be drastically reduced by using this device.<br />
Features<br />
· Balanced mixer with a common emitter input for band A<br />
· Amplitude-controlled oscillator for band A<br />
· Balanced mixer with common base input for band B and C<br />
· Balanced oscillator for band B and C<br />
· Local oscillator buffer output for external prescaler<br />
· SAW filter preamplifier with an output impedance of 100 W<br />
· Bandgap voltage stabilizer for oscillator stability<br />
· Electronic bandswitch<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">TSA5511 1.3 GHz Bidirectional I2C-bus</span><br />
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FEATURES<br />
· Complete 1.3 GHz single chip system<br />
· Low power 5 V, 35 mA<br />
· I2C-bus programming<br />
· In-lock flag<br />
· Varicap drive disable<br />
· Low radiation<br />
· Address selection for Picture-In-Picture (PIP), DBS<br />
tuner (3 addresses)<br />
· Analog-to-digital converter<br />
· 8 bus controlled ports (5 for TSA5511T), 4 current<br />
limited outputs (1 for TSA5511T), 4 open collector<br />
outputs (bi-directional)<br />
· Power-down flag<br />
APPLICATIONS<br />
· TV tuners<br />
· VCR Tuners<br />
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
The TSA5511 is a single chip PLL frequency synthesizer<br />
designed for TV tuning systems. Control data is entered<br />
via the I2C-bus; five serial bytes are required to address<br />
the device, select the oscillator frequency, programme the<br />
eight output ports and set the charge-pump current. Four<br />
of these ports can also be used as input ports (three<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSYUfuGVojP8gN4wE5DefHsKTcEIpy_Kjy5gX5Ywl4LK7Qx9FiD27nOIRgmv0DcN1R_drnQMixpSu1FSBdL6B84pTyrM-cgj_NFgUv2Fwg-m32_3ly1k2_tBw0Jy6n7SmIUvyjo7IbY/s1600/IMG_4011.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5576271232622702914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBkSYUfuGVojP8gN4wE5DefHsKTcEIpy_Kjy5gX5Ywl4LK7Qx9FiD27nOIRgmv0DcN1R_drnQMixpSu1FSBdL6B84pTyrM-cgj_NFgUv2Fwg-m32_3ly1k2_tBw0Jy6n7SmIUvyjo7IbY/s320/IMG_4011.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>general purpose I/O ports, one ADC). Digital information<br />
concerning those ports can be read out of the TSA5511 on<br />
the SDA line (one status byte) during a READ operation.<br />
A flag is set when the loop is “in-lock” and is read during a<br />
READ operation. The device has one fixed I2C-bus<br />
address and 3 programmable addresses, programmed by<br />
applying a specific voltage on Port 3. The phase<br />
comparator operates at 7.8125 kHz when a 4 MHz crystal<br />
is used.<br />
controlled synthesizer<br />
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<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS TDA8390 PAL DECODER AND RGB MATRIX</span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA8390 is a one-chi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZLJwFs0pRkna_bvYWULmUJCxH9XEm6XkNmxF5t2cbdsheLiOsc54tp0llPjrS5CO3xcxXHTfl2qv1BNDnMhZnYdq79JNg_xxlH61jrvGBp_fHb5fw26PJjImxGaw4IZQBYFj8GWX8_y97cr3oaQD-AVlrS-IQXSVs31_w-VYRUqFkwdKeG56DCgnZJYN/s1026/IMGH_13546b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZLJwFs0pRkna_bvYWULmUJCxH9XEm6XkNmxF5t2cbdsheLiOsc54tp0llPjrS5CO3xcxXHTfl2qv1BNDnMhZnYdq79JNg_xxlH61jrvGBp_fHb5fw26PJjImxGaw4IZQBYFj8GWX8_y97cr3oaQD-AVlrS-IQXSVs31_w-VYRUqFkwdKeG56DCgnZJYN/s320/IMGH_13546b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKZLJwFs0pRkna_bvYWULmUJCxH9XEm6XkNmxF5t2cbdsheLiOsc54tp0llPjrS5CO3xcxXHTfl2qv1BNDnMhZnYdq79JNg_xxlH61jrvGBp_fHb5fw26PJjImxGaw4IZQBYFj8GWX8_y97cr3oaQD-AVlrS-IQXSVs31_w-VYRUqFkwdKeG56DCgnZJYN/s1026/IMGH_13546b__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>p PAL colour decoder which is designed to be used in combination with<br />
the P’ CCD Delay Line (TDA8451) and the Filter Combination (TDA8452). The IC combines the<br />
circuits that are required for the identification and demodulation of PAL signals, RGB matrixing and<br />
amplification. SECAM signals can be handled when the IC is used in combination with the SECAM<br />
decoder TDA8490.<br />
Inductive components are not required due to the integration of the filters and the delay lines.<br />
The TDA8390 provides a crystal precise reference signal for the clock generator circuits in TDA8451<br />
and TDA8452. Therefore, no adjustments are required to the filters and delay times. The decoder<br />
contains separate inputs for RGB signal insertion (analogue or digital) which can, for example, be used<br />
for text display systems (e.g. channel number display, Teletext, Antiope etc.).<br />
Features:<br />
<br />
I A blackcurrent stabilizer which controls the black currents of the three electron guns<br />
I Contrast and brightness control of inserted RGB signals<br />
0 Self aligned oscillator<br />
0 Capacitive coupling with black level clamping of the luminance, colour difference and RGB inputs<br />
0 Equal black levels for internal TV and external signals<br />
0 12 MHz bandwidth<br />
O Emitter follower outputs for driving the RGB output stages.<br />
<br />
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION<br />
Colour decoder<br />
The input chroma signal is amplified and applied to the burst phase detector (reference signal R-Y<br />
phase), the ACC and identification detector (reference signal i R-Y phase) and the two demodulators.<br />
The burst phase detector controls the oscillator which operates at a frequency of 4.43 MHz. By<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDXQ20DagZJJ_G8-zJt9uh1rliNhIv1BZjpFhKbi3c8sgPgpKnetjOHaPERmQfaQI0L7eMFC-hm34TYLVwbUBwiPMEyZYbz1E8wCvE3b3nTrZt14S42Zv83pdbUD051ZGUxIeiRnRw3dRBbTAW4vpzAm1iuyrsWuCi2aQOJ98KZve01jIyHR7pSg1BGMuR/s1282/IMGH_13545__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDXQ20DagZJJ_G8-zJt9uh1rliNhIv1BZjpFhKbi3c8sgPgpKnetjOHaPERmQfaQI0L7eMFC-hm34TYLVwbUBwiPMEyZYbz1E8wCvE3b3nTrZt14S42Zv83pdbUD051ZGUxIeiRnRw3dRBbTAW4vpzAm1iuyrsWuCi2aQOJ98KZve01jIyHR7pSg1BGMuR/s320/IMGH_13545__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUF5S9obKqBJ5-OHqmkZdmIYR_PiliDJJUeCyNnE4-JBXCrf2-3BeVLT6PlCggUn9MfZmLfdwAwo6Qa9UCo3ZHdKIOaPn6JL4b5Ndqmra5I_zXX8NZQI6OijP6bNjjMJN9EQk1a1W2gFHymbWuProa9Tjuu_9tGtAll9Zaap5HiOq70sgZwZ4tGh1EsA/s1282/IMGH_12819__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>connecting pin 6 to 12 V, the free~running frequency of the oscillator can be adjusted (phase detector<br />
and colour killer switched off). The gain control stage of the oscillator is biased in such a way that<br />
sinewave signals are generated. The output from the oscillator is fed to a Miller integrator in order to<br />
obtain the required 90° phase shift. The reference signals obtained from the oscillator and 90° phase<br />
shift network are applied to the various demodulators.<br />
The output signal from the ACC and identification detector is peak detected to generate the ACC<br />
voltage and detected in a sample and hold circuit to obtain the identification and killer information.<br />
Because the P’ CCD delay line (TDA8451) and the PZCCD filter combination (TDA8452) both require<br />
a reference signal (2 x fsc) the oscillator frequency is doubled, internally, and is made available at pin 28.<br />
The demodulated signals, with the correct amplitude ratio, are applied to the TDA8451.<br />
The TDA8390 can be combined with the SECAM decoder TDA8490 (Fig.3) by direct connection<br />
of their outputs. The output DC levels have been chosen so that the PAL decoder has priority<br />
(output level during PAL is higher than output level during SECAM).<br />
Control circuit<br />
The luminance and colour difference signals together with the RGB inputs and fast switching pulse<br />
form the inputs to the control circuit. The required luminance input signal (from TDA8452) has a<br />
peak-to»peak value of 0.45 V (including sync). The colour difference input signals (from TDA8451)<br />
have a negative phase with a 0.62 V (R-Y) and 0.8 V (B-Y) peak-to-peak value. After amplification,<br />
the luminance signal is applied to the RGB matrix.<br />
The colour difference signals are fed to the saturation control circuit before being applied to the RGB<br />
matrix (the G-Y signal is generated after the saturation control circuit).<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHgA8to4XHn2IgBxmXvzu4l13062EyE6x83WMexNLcRB7qcgtvjxl2pDMJgWpC4w4UxME78-ZzIQkoMXC_RqKuKltJas4T5myINFru49QCWEUiUDh4vjOZVqeN8vQcyRSPJsKSXapc2nOSQk3z3pkunhWMkz2vPXtmflMHzkD2fXlD30VJaLY4pxY3C9c/s1282/IMGH_13550__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHgA8to4XHn2IgBxmXvzu4l13062EyE6x83WMexNLcRB7qcgtvjxl2pDMJgWpC4w4UxME78-ZzIQkoMXC_RqKuKltJas4T5myINFru49QCWEUiUDh4vjOZVqeN8vQcyRSPJsKSXapc2nOSQk3z3pkunhWMkz2vPXtmflMHzkD2fXlD30VJaLY4pxY3C9c/s320/IMGH_13550__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD81P6lTG7aZHhegVbxlL7NUhwecuUWTkO0-hrvOg2SF03egAZ2Q2atyViHQBUbl5fhKYbRmNEa9CTLucXmaT-14nHcZouEApQd0mmgYJ6K8WjGV0qOKtqXjhVopEbqzOWrKqDO4j9rYQ1zpfl5Yg_nhvExTmbWjepIjIO2NEuVTtN2P-1EoQ28pAI_w/s1282/IMGH_12827__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>The normal matrix for PAL is: (G-Y) = -0.51 (Fl-Y)—0.19 (B-Y).<br />
The signals from the RGB matrix are applied to a fast switching circuit from where external RGB<br />
signals can be selected. The fast switching circuit is controlled by the video switching input. After<br />
amplification the RGB signals (internal or external video) are controlled on the contrast and<br />
brightness before being fed to the outputs. A typical output signal amplitude is 4 V black-to-white<br />
(nominal controls).<br />
The black level of the RGB output signals is detemiined by the black current stabilization circuit. The<br />
information regarding the black current level of the picture tube is obtained in the same manner as<br />
the TDA3562A. The beam current limiter input is used to reduce the output signal amplitude via the<br />
contrast and brightness control circuits.<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGjDrir9TBeso81abaYNI08je95WChkX-JyGjqB4ez2pHEO8hy_cQP_jjrIo_hTKeHngkOY5YWVu0Xq3AOh_HE2koliZM-QBvMbXKM8JLeZDDcSm-rzfEAe57_vYgjglwhCGSj_d-v-y8UocVO_xpakILx52OaLKECpXabhSFmOnszxrUD4nVTN-UM1zNV/s1982/PHILIPS_TDA8390-1__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1562" data-original-width="1982" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGjDrir9TBeso81abaYNI08je95WChkX-JyGjqB4ez2pHEO8hy_cQP_jjrIo_hTKeHngkOY5YWVu0Xq3AOh_HE2koliZM-QBvMbXKM8JLeZDDcSm-rzfEAe57_vYgjglwhCGSj_d-v-y8UocVO_xpakILx52OaLKECpXabhSFmOnszxrUD4nVTN-UM1zNV/s320/PHILIPS_TDA8390-1__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRghM9kuUlxv0FV2f7SgKoZpOcPtNKcafZjO3DV5jIdZ5w0LACu2I0EY55Tm0Hhkd8OwvI7AMn70U0l2eujxtZNk1XMCwPSrhmpVrWLCwsnfVZDTyQ08-0n_OCrcl2d8LDhx_ShmeXhKucPKbBcjIgeJ7QCrn6n4F9K4l4H_YCOiZ0YyRudkanTlxBlwWU/s1982/PHILIPS_TDA8390-2__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; 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<br />
<br />MIVAR 21V2E TVD / THOMSON <span style="font-weight: bold;">TEA2164 SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY PRIMARY CIRCUIT</span><br />
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.POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OUTPUT CURRENT<br />
UP TO 1.2AAND – 1.7A .A TWO LEVEL COLLECTOR CURRENT LIMITATION<br />
.COMPLETE TURN OFF AFTER LONG DURATION<br />
OVERLOADS .UNDER AND OVER VOLTAGELOCK-OUT .SOFT START BY PROGRESSIVE CURRENT<br />
LIMITATION .DOUBLE PULSE SUPPRESSION .BURST MODE OPERATION UNDER STANDBY<br />
CONDITIONS<br />
DESCRIPTION<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgzaKr6FfUKNUtpZjLe2U1gW9zpEpVdp3LcnhiXVgcHmIfJRsJiULx9Yk3qns86f5lc8SCkK9bBw2WAVCzL_xZD4L5XfFVSbBfmNeFas1UdRWZX8Day8UDBfcv5Y8DwDQZCSyv8hAu3_zm/s1600/tea2164-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568437048780174066" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgzaKr6FfUKNUtpZjLe2U1gW9zpEpVdp3LcnhiXVgcHmIfJRsJiULx9Yk3qns86f5lc8SCkK9bBw2WAVCzL_xZD4L5XfFVSbBfmNeFas1UdRWZX8Day8UDBfcv5Y8DwDQZCSyv8hAu3_zm/s320/tea2164-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 227px;" /></a><br />
In amaster slave architecture, the TEA2164control<br />
IC achieves the slave function. Primarily designed<br />
for TV receivers and monitors applications, this<br />
circuit provides an easy synchronizationand smart<br />
solution for low power stand by operation.<br />
Located at the primary side the TEA2164 Control<br />
IC ensures :<br />
- the power supply start-up<br />
- the power supply control under stand-by conditions<br />
- the process of the regulation signals sent by the<br />
master circuit located at the secondary side<br />
- directbasedrive of the bipolarswitching transistor<br />
- the protection of the transistor and the power<br />
supply under abnormal conditions.<br />
<br />
II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
In a master slave architecture, the TEA2164 Control<br />
IC, located at the primary side of an off line<br />
power supply achievesthe slave function ;whereas<br />
the master circuit is located at the secondary side.<br />
The link between both circuits is realized by a small<br />
pulse transformer<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWcAZ5q6WLHyXt5ItecXct7G2xu8wNA-ceF_Sl-DV3Y2EpTHRYP8XKjl7bZy7wSGNHKoY3-0rOHs8y9y7bdXIBKwrTRq33frdRsesfjK3yqJB9rwV-vM-qjt0uEpNbJc5hYvROXVBYcWhN/s1600/tea2164-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5568436596738735458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWcAZ5q6WLHyXt5ItecXct7G2xu8wNA-ceF_Sl-DV3Y2EpTHRYP8XKjl7bZy7wSGNHKoY3-0rOHs8y9y7bdXIBKwrTRq33frdRsesfjK3yqJB9rwV-vM-qjt0uEpNbJc5hYvROXVBYcWhN/s320/tea2164-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 227px;" /></a><br />
<br />
In the operation of the master-slave architecture,<br />
four majors cases must be considered :<br />
- normal operating<br />
- stand-bymode<br />
- power supply start-up<br />
- abnormal conditions : off load, short circuit, ...<br />
II.1. Normal Operating (master slave mode)<br />
In this configuration, the master circuit generatesa<br />
pulse widthmodulatedsignal issued from themonitoring<br />
of the output voltage which needs the best<br />
accuracy (in TV applications : the horizontal deflection<br />
stagesupplyvoltage).Themaster circuit power<br />
supply can be supplied by another output.<br />
The PWM signal are sent towards the primary side<br />
through small differentiating transformer. For the<br />
TEA2164 positive pulses are transistor switchingon<br />
commands ; and negative pulses are transistor<br />
switching-offcommands (Figure 4). In this configuration,<br />
only by synchronizing the master oscillator,<br />
the switching transistor may be synchronized with<br />
an external signal.<br />
II.2. Stand-by Mode<br />
In this configuration the master circuit no longer<br />
sends PWM signals, the structure is not synchronized<br />
; and the TEA2164 operates in burst mode.<br />
The average power consumption at the secondary<br />
side may be very low 1W 3 P 3 6W (as it is<br />
consumed in TV set during stand by).<br />
By action on the maximum duty cycle control, a<br />
primary loop maintains a semi-regulation of the<br />
output voltages.Voltage on feed-back is applied on<br />
Pin 9.<br />
Burst period is externally programmedby capacitor<br />
C1.<br />
II.3. Power Supply Start-up<br />
After the mains have been switched-on, the VCC<br />
storage capacitor of the TEA2164 is charged<br />
through a high value resistor connected to the<br />
rectified high voltage.When Vcc reaches VCC start<br />
threshold (9V typ), the TEA2164 starts operatingin<br />
burst mode. Since available output power is low in<br />
burst mode the output power consumption must<br />
remain low before complete setting-up of output<br />
voltage. In TV application it can be achieved by<br />
maintaining the TV in stand-by mode during startup.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho_YApXfjyD0dE9uAagMM1JC-dFjl6F4grpfwb8GwZLjloSz5frzVCJnb8Ru3V-WTUJntUtL1YeYAisIJVFmLIf-6TM1lwYHkGslNx4Ld0lENwniVme4cD0gQaxwJXd5kpHiQH19lIMTtcTiiayy8tIAMgaR59znUODIbZp6aK1YRsZVUJkwaAabJUCWVR/s1282/IMGH_13556__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho_YApXfjyD0dE9uAagMM1JC-dFjl6F4grpfwb8GwZLjloSz5frzVCJnb8Ru3V-WTUJntUtL1YeYAisIJVFmLIf-6TM1lwYHkGslNx4Ld0lENwniVme4cD0gQaxwJXd5kpHiQH19lIMTtcTiiayy8tIAMgaR59znUODIbZp6aK1YRsZVUJkwaAabJUCWVR/s320/IMGH_13556__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKxdWbnKH3dzFmfsSGLLlmFYywCiT36iOwXRyiRK6kKVvB73izoAEtMW0GG2-Utki2vW39Go5gGxYrbxSwsWCuqfADTAwwvlF-XZKJeTb-dsDfZdxUP1LELUlWBsQ1NVX1cwJVPDh0CJe-rbuM63zDBTBd4Z8raPDsMgkBgdkiPux7wo5AKP-f4JyWXMPH/s1026/IMGH_13556b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKxdWbnKH3dzFmfsSGLLlmFYywCiT36iOwXRyiRK6kKVvB73izoAEtMW0GG2-Utki2vW39Go5gGxYrbxSwsWCuqfADTAwwvlF-XZKJeTb-dsDfZdxUP1LELUlWBsQ1NVX1cwJVPDh0CJe-rbuM63zDBTBd4Z8raPDsMgkBgdkiPux7wo5AKP-f4JyWXMPH/s320/IMGH_13556b__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><p>
<br />
Overvoltage Protection<br />
When VCC exceeds VCC max, an internal flip-flop<br />
stops output conduction signals. The circuit will<br />
start again after the capacitor C1 discharge ; it<br />
means : after loss of synchronization or after Vcc<br />
stop crossing (Figure 7).<br />
In flyback converters, this function protects the<br />
power supply against output voltage runaway.</p><p></p><p></p><p><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">CHASSIS TV3796 Synchronized switch-mode power supply:</span><br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPndyUIX48_Ug46Ztyx3Ts_37XKdnYkYFsTG_qMAxbE5kJfXW6cRtY2zilX_Xd0WjFXpKLcRmS0ubjS92OaZwwvfTqseNPDRIcUBhWgWXnNsm64t78qZJBfdYtco8cpO4xb3h4oTVV7rnU68cvXMVi0MUxzN2pjSJxYa5zZMyPUPNL-9YG7_bykhterea/s1282/IMGH_13543__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPndyUIX48_Ug46Ztyx3Ts_37XKdnYkYFsTG_qMAxbE5kJfXW6cRtY2zilX_Xd0WjFXpKLcRmS0ubjS92OaZwwvfTqseNPDRIcUBhWgWXnNsm64t78qZJBfdYtco8cpO4xb3h4oTVV7rnU68cvXMVi0MUxzN2pjSJxYa5zZMyPUPNL-9YG7_bykhterea/s320/IMGH_13543__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUF5S9obKqBJ5-OHqmkZdmIYR_PiliDJJUeCyNnE4-JBXCrf2-3BeVLT6PlCggUn9MfZmLfdwAwo6Qa9UCo3ZHdKIOaPn6JL4b5Ndqmra5I_zXX8NZQI6OijP6bNjjMJN9EQk1a1W2gFHymbWuProa9Tjuu_9tGtAll9Zaap5HiOq70sgZwZ4tGh1EsA/s1282/IMGH_12819__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
In
a switch mode power supply, a first switching transistor is coupled
to a primary winding of an isolation transformer. A second switching
transistor periodically applies a low impedance across a second winding
of the transformer that is coupled to an oscillator for synchronizing
the oscillator to the horizontal frequency. A third winding of the
transformer is coupled via a switching diode to a capacitor of a control
circuit for developing a DC control voltage in the capacitor that
varies in accordance with a supply voltage B+. The control voltage is
applied via the transformer to a pulse width modulator that is
responsive to the oscillator output signal for producing a pulse-width
modulated control signal. The control signal is applied to a mains
coupled chopper transistor for generating and regulating the supply
voltage B+ in accordance with the pulse width modulation of the control
signal.<br />
<br />
Description:<br />
<br />
The invention relates to switch-mode power supplies.<br />
<br />
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Some
television receivers have signal terminals for receiving, for
example, external video input signals such as R, G and B input
signals, that are to be developed relative to the common conductor of
the receiver. Such signal terminals and the receiver common conductor
may be coupled to corresponding signal terminals and common conductors
of external devices, such as, for example, a VCR or a teletext
decoder.<br />
<br />
To simplify the coupling of signals between
the external devices and the television receiver, the common
conductors of the receiver and of the external devices are connected
together so that all are at the same potential. The signal lines of
each external device are coupled to the corresponding signal terminals
of the receiver. In such an arrangement, the common conductor of each
device, such as of the television receiver, may be held "floating",
or conductively isolated, relative to the corresponding AC mains
supply source that energizes the device. When the common conductor is
held floating, a user touching a terminal that is at the potential of
the common conductor will not suffer an electrical shock.<br />
<br />
Therefore,
it may be desirable to isolate the common conductor, or ground, of,
for example, the television receiver from the potentials of the
terminals of the AC mains supply source that provide power to the
television receiver. Such isolation is typically achieved by a
transformer. The isolated common conductor is sometimes referred to as
a "cold" ground conductor.<br />
<br />
In a typical switch mode
power supply (SMPS) of a television receiver the AC mains supply
voltage is coupled, for example, directly, and without using
transformer coupling, to a bridge rectifier. An unregulated direct
current (DC) input supply voltage is produced that is, for example,
referenced to a common conductor, referred to as "hot" ground, and that
is conductively isolated from the cold ground conductor.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-ElZ5eEcSQqdfGG5-d4AGEESFWEf-8NpXSOgeC9PcVkhCDhzfIvXUIwEHYnJ9n5hejgEN00uKqbLNmR1ulJdyJf2nGM51ZK6WEq3GdVo1-bBD50S5I5OGoU8mcuOhMFGTX6e14NnmTTWIvKclFD2BgsPo6C-IiWpSJe7oa31oSMdXSwXnR7HHS49d546/s1282/IMGH_13547__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-ElZ5eEcSQqdfGG5-d4AGEESFWEf-8NpXSOgeC9PcVkhCDhzfIvXUIwEHYnJ9n5hejgEN00uKqbLNmR1ulJdyJf2nGM51ZK6WEq3GdVo1-bBD50S5I5OGoU8mcuOhMFGTX6e14NnmTTWIvKclFD2BgsPo6C-IiWpSJe7oa31oSMdXSwXnR7HHS49d546/s320/IMGH_13547__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcoTxmgap428-d8VC9x07d72CUJ6dj0tnirYBvNDv4_U9ie2Kw6vozlWxidsCnzRXncuCyfFuBsxz8fG68G6ZyJLGV55GICzD9eU_BoS7CmvrR4utvgrR7l5njNl_UzzkhqXtm-P2FsKUnuazOX1Dx5ilftqHwue2UmeQ1q4n_p7wSoIDMN-5kzeRUw/s1282/IMGH_12822__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
A
pulse width modulator controls the duty cycle of a chopper transistor
switch that applies the unregulated supply voltage across a primary
winding of an isolating flyback transformer. A flyback voltage at a
frequency that is determined by the modulator is developed at a
secondary winding of the transformer and is rectified to produce a DC
output supply voltage such as a voltage B+ that energizes a horizontal
deflection circuit of the television receiver. The primary winding of
the flyback transformer is, for example, conductively coupled to the
hot ground conductor. The secondary winding of the flyback transformer
and voltage B+ may be conductively isolated from the hot ground
conductor by the hot-cold barrier formed by the transformer.<br />
<br />
It
may be desirable to synchronize the operation of the chopper
transistor to horizontal scanning frequency for preventing the
occurrence of an objectionable visual pattern in an image displayed in
a display of the television receiver.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho_YApXfjyD0dE9uAagMM1JC-dFjl6F4grpfwb8GwZLjloSz5frzVCJnb8Ru3V-WTUJntUtL1YeYAisIJVFmLIf-6TM1lwYHkGslNx4Ld0lENwniVme4cD0gQaxwJXd5kpHiQH19lIMTtcTiiayy8tIAMgaR59znUODIbZp6aK1YRsZVUJkwaAabJUCWVR/s1282/IMGH_13556__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho_YApXfjyD0dE9uAagMM1JC-dFjl6F4grpfwb8GwZLjloSz5frzVCJnb8Ru3V-WTUJntUtL1YeYAisIJVFmLIf-6TM1lwYHkGslNx4Ld0lENwniVme4cD0gQaxwJXd5kpHiQH19lIMTtcTiiayy8tIAMgaR59znUODIbZp6aK1YRsZVUJkwaAabJUCWVR/s320/IMGH_13556__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKxdWbnKH3dzFmfsSGLLlmFYywCiT36iOwXRyiRK6kKVvB73izoAEtMW0GG2-Utki2vW39Go5gGxYrbxSwsWCuqfADTAwwvlF-XZKJeTb-dsDfZdxUP1LELUlWBsQ1NVX1cwJVPDh0CJe-rbuM63zDBTBd4Z8raPDsMgkBgdkiPux7wo5AKP-f4JyWXMPH/s1026/IMGH_13556b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKxdWbnKH3dzFmfsSGLLlmFYywCiT36iOwXRyiRK6kKVvB73izoAEtMW0GG2-Utki2vW39Go5gGxYrbxSwsWCuqfADTAwwvlF-XZKJeTb-dsDfZdxUP1LELUlWBsQ1NVX1cwJVPDh0CJe-rbuM63zDBTBd4Z8raPDsMgkBgdkiPux7wo5AKP-f4JyWXMPH/s320/IMGH_13556b__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<br />
It
may be further desirable to couple a horizontal synchronizing signal
that is referenced to the cold ground to the pulse-width modulator
that is referenced to the hot ground such that isolation is
maintained.<br />
<br />
A synchronized switch mode power supply,
embodying an aspect of the invention, includes a transfromer having
first and second windings. A first switching arrangement is coupled to
the first winding for generating a first switching current in the
first winding to periodically energize the second winding. A source of
a synchronizing input signal at a frequency that is related to a
deflection frequency is provided. A second switching arrangement
responsive to the input signal and coupled to the second winding
periodically applies a low impedance across the energized second
winding that by transformer action produces a substantial increase in
the first switching current. A periodic first control signal is
generated. The increase in the first switching current is sensed to
synchronize the first control signal to the input signal. An output
supply voltage is generated from an input supply voltage in accordance
with the first control signal.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"><b>THOMSON TEA2162 / </b><b><b>TEA2164 /</b> TEA2165 WORKING OF A CHOPPED POWER SUPPLY CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH AUTOMATIC START-UP:</b></div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> <div class="disp_elm_title">I<i>nventors: De Sartre, Jean (Meylan, FR) ; Thomson-csf (Paris, FR) </i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><div class="disp_elm_title"> </div></div><div class="disp_elm_text"> The invention provides an integrated chopped power supply
control circuit intended to receive regulation control signals and to
produce square waves for enabling a switch. It comprises automatic start
up means producing, in the absence of regulation signals, bursts of
start up attempts with a very low recurrence period. Each burst lasts
about 10% of this period and is followed by a rest time. </div><p><br />
<br />
1. A chopped power supply control circuit intended to receive periodic
regulation control signals and to produce periodic square waves enabling
a main switch of the power supply, the square waves having a variable
width as a function of their regulation control signals, which circuit
comprises:<br /><br />means for detecting the presence of regulation control signals,<br /><br />a
very low frequency oscillator controlled by the detection means, this
oscillator producing, in the absence of regulation signals, a succession
of very low frequency periodic cycles, the oscillator being inhibited
by the regulation control signal detection means,<br /><br />a high
frequency oscillator producing chopping signals palliating the absence
of regulation signals for producing enabling square waves,<br /><br />an
inhibition means for allowing transmission of the chopping siganls to
the switch only during a first phase of each very low frequency periodic
cycle and for preventing such transmission during the rest of the
cycle, the first phase of each cycle having a duration which is long
compared with the period of the high frequency oscillator and short
compared with the period of the very low frequency oscillator.<br /><br /><br />2.
The control circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said high frequency
oscillator has a free oscillation period slightly greater than the
period of the regulation control signals and it is synchronized by these
signals when they are present.<br /><br />3. The control circuit as claimed
in claim 1, wherein the regulation control signals comprise a positive
pulse followed by a negative pulse, one of them being used for
synchronizing the high frequency oscillator, the positive pulse being
transmitted through the inhibition means to a set input of a flip flop
for triggering off the beginning of conduction of the main switch, and
the negative pulse being transmitted to a reset input of the flip flop
for causing stopping of the conduction of the switch.<br /><br />4. The control circuit according to claim 1 further comprising:<br /><br />a
threshold comparator for receiving a signal measuring the current in
said switch and for outputting a signal stopping the conduction of said
switch when a threshold is exceeded;<br /><br />means for varying the
threshold of said comparator including a means for producing a first
threshold value during normal operation of said circuit, a means for
producing a second threshold value at the beginning of said first phase
of said very low frequency cycle, said second threshold corresponding to
a current in said switch which is lower than during said normal
operation, and a means for producing a gradually decreasing threshold
during said first phase of said very low frequency cycle.<br /><br /><br />5.
The control circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein said very low
frequency oscillator is a relaxation oscillator delivering a saw tooth
signal and the means for varying the threshold is driven by the output
of the very low frequency oscillator.<br /><br />6. The control circuit as
claimed in one of claims 4 and 5, wherein another threshold converter is
provided receiving a signal of measurement of the current in the main
switch and delivering a signal for complete inhibition of enabling of
the switch when the current in the switch exceeds a third threshold
value higher than the first value.<br /><br />7. The control circuit as
claimed in claim 6, wherein said inhibition signal delivered by the
other comparator is cancelled out when the circuit, after having
partially or totally ceased to be supplied with power, is again normally
supplied.<br /><br />Description:<br /><br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />1. Field of the Invention<br /><br />The present invention relates to stabilized power supplies called chopped power supplies.<br /><br />A
chopped power supply operates in the following way: a transformer
primary winding receives a current which comes for example from a
rectifier bridge receiving the power from the AC mains. The current in
the transformer is chopped by a switch (for example a power transistor)
placed in series with the primary winding.<br /><br />A circuit controlling
the transistor establishes periodic square waves for enabling the
transistor. For the duration of the square wave the current is allowed
to pass; outside the square wave, the passage of the current is
prevented.<br /><br />On one (or more) secondary windings of the transformer
an AC voltage is then collected. This voltage is rectified and filtered
so as to obtain a DC voltage which is the DC output voltage of the
chopped power supply.<br /><br />To stabilize the value of this DC voltage,
the cyclic periodic conduction ratio of the switch is adjusted, that is
to say the ratio between the conduction time and the disablement time in
a chopping period.<br /><br />2. Discussion of Background<br /><br />In a
chopped power supply architecture proposed by the applicant and shown in
FIG. 1, two integrated circuits are used. One of the circuits, CI1,
serves for controlling the base of a power transistor Tp for applying
thereto periodic enabling and disabling control signals. The space
control circuit CI1 is placed on the primary winding side (EP) of the
transformer (TA) for reasons which will be better understood further on
in the description. The integrated circuit, regulation circuit CI2, is
on the contary placed on the secondary side (winding ES1) and its serves
for examining the output voltage Vs of the power supply for elaborating
regulation signals which it transmits to the first integrated circuit
through a small transformer TX. The first integrated circuit CI1 uses
these regulation signals for modifying the cyclic conduction ratio of
the switching transistor TP and thus for regulating the output voltage
Vs of the power supply.<br /><br />We will come back in more detail hereafter to the circuit shown in FIG. 1.<br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2OkKKUmC1HYz6eO5WvBGmH4RpLFLY7EoT49THVy5hLu7LXnDc_Pa2gFwWls9CNOCwfrLB4UdOtpJyI6uCfwUfw4DOj-aJJgj1xZXPsloiUIARLFhXLhkEsH2dp4r4ADQM2H80U4NsgyTi/s1706/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2OkKKUmC1HYz6eO5WvBGmH4RpLFLY7EoT49THVy5hLu7LXnDc_Pa2gFwWls9CNOCwfrLB4UdOtpJyI6uCfwUfw4DOj-aJJgj1xZXPsloiUIARLFhXLhkEsH2dp4r4ADQM2H80U4NsgyTi/s320/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Numerous
problems arise during designing of a chopped power supply, and the
problems with which we will be particulary concerned here are problems
of starting up the power supply and problems of safety should over
voltages or over currents occur at different points in the circuit. The
first problem which is met with is that of starting up the power supply :
on switching on, the regulation circuit CI2 will tend to cause the base
control circuit CI1 to generate square waves of maximum cyclic ratio
until the power supply has reached its nominal output voltage. This is
all the more harmful since there is then a heavy current drain on the
side of the secondary windings which are connected to initially
discharged filtering capacitors. There is a risk of destruction of the
power transistor through over-currents during the start-up phase.<br /><br />Progressive
start-up circuits have already been proposed which limit the duration
of the enabling square waves during a start-up phase, on switching on
the device; the U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,714 describes such a circuit in
which charging of a capacitor from switch-on defines initially short
square waves which gradually increase in duration until these square
waves reach the duration which the regulation circuit normally assigns
thereto. The short square waves have priority; but, since they become
gradually longer during the start-up phase, after a certain time they
cease to have priority; this time is defined by the charging time
constant of the capacitor.<br /><br />Another problem which arises is the
risk of accidental overcurrents, or sometimes overvoltages which may
occur in the circuit. These over-currents and over-voltages may cause
damage and often result in the destruction of the power transistor if
nothing is done to eliminate them. In particular, a short circuit at the
output of the stabilized power supply rapidly destroys the power
transistor. If the short circuit occurs on start-up of the power supply,
it is not the gradual start-up system with short square waves which
gradually increase which will allow the over-currents resulting from
this short circuit to be efficiently accomodated.<br /><br />Finally,
another problem, particularly important in an architecture such as the
one shown in FIG. 1, is the risk of disappearance of the regulation
signals which should be emitted by the regulation circuit CI2 and
received by the base control circuit CI1: these signals determine not
only the width of the square waves for enabling the power transistor but
also their periodicity; in other words, they serve for establishing the
chopping frequency, possibly synchronized from a signal produced on the
secondary side of the transformer. The disappearance of these signals
causes a particular disturbance which must be taken into account.<br /><br />Furthermore,
the architecture of FIG. 1, in which the secondary circuits have been
voluntarily separated galvanically from the primary circuits, is such
that the base control circuit may function rapidly after switch on, as
will be explained further on, whereas the regulation circuit CI2 can
only function if the chopped power supply is in operation; consequently,
at the beginning, the base control circuit CI1 does not receive any
regulation signals and this difficulty must be taken into account.<br /><br />SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />In
an attempt to resolve as well as possible the whole of these different
problems which relate to safety against accidental disturbances in the
operation of the power supply (initial start-up being able to be
considered moreover as transitory disturbed operating phase), the
present invention proposes an improved chopped power supply control
circuit which accomplishes a function of gradual start-up of the power
supply on switch-on and a function of passing to the safety mode should a
malfunction occur such as a disappearance of appropriate regulation
signals: the safety mode consists of a succession of very low frequency
periodic cycles, each cycle consisting in a gradual start-up attempt
during a first phase which is short compared with the period of the
cycle and long compared with the chopping period of the chopped power
supply, the first phase being followed by a pause at the end of the
cycle, and periodic cycles succeeding each other until normal operation
of the power supply is established or re-established; a very low
frequency oscillator establishes these cycles when the power supply is
not normal operating conditions (start up or malfunction); this
oscillation is disabled when normal operation is ascertained; a high
frequency oscillator generates a burst of chopping signals palliating
the absence of regulation signals; these signals are transmitted solely
during the first phase of each cycle; they are inhibited during the
second phase.<br /><br />According to a very important characteristic of the
invention; gradual start-up operates not by limiting the duration of
the square waves from the charging of a capacitor with a fixed time
constant, but by limiting the current in the power transistor to a
maximum value, this maximum value increasing gradually during the
start-up phase, overshooting of this current value causing interruption
of the power transistor.<br /><br />Thus, even in the case of a quasi short
circuit, the value of a current in the transistor is limited, which was
not the case in gradual start-up circuits of the prior art.<br /><br />More
precisely, the chopped power supply control circuit, intended to receive
periodic regulation control signals and to produce periodic square
waves for enabling a main switch of the power supply, the square waves
having a variable width depending on the regulation control signals;
comprises:<br /><br />a means for detecting the presence of regulation control signals,<br /><br />a
very low frequency oscillator controlled by the detection means, this
oscillator establishing, in the case of absence of regulation signals, a
succession of very low frequency periodic cycles, the oscillator being
inhibited by the detection means when regulation control signals are
present,<br /><br />a high frequency oscillator producing chopping signals
palliating the absence of regulation signals for producing enabling
square waves,<br /><br />an inhibition means only allowing chopping signals
to be transmitted to the switch during a first phase of each very low
frequency periodic cycle and for preventing such transmission during the
rest of the cycle, the first phase of each cycle having a duration
which is long compared with the period of the high frequency oscillator
and short compared with the period of the very low frequency oscillator.<br /><br />Preferably,
the high frequency oscillator has a free oscillation period slightly
greater than the period of the regulation control signals and it is
synchronized by these signals when they are present.<br /><br />The
regulation control signals may comprise a positive pulse followed by a
negative pulse, one of them serving for synchronizing the high frequency
oscillator, the positive pulse being transmitted through the inhibition
means to a set input of a flip flop for enabling the switch, whereas
the negative pulse is transmitted to the reset input of this flip flop
for disabling.<br /><br />In so far as limiting the current to a gradually
increasing value during the start-up cycles is concerned, a threshold
comparator (92) is preferably provided receiving a signal for measuring
the current in the switch in order to generate a signal for disabling
the switch should the threshold be exceeded and a means (90) for causing
the threshold of the comparator to vary in the following way:<br /><br />under normal operating conditions the threshold is fixed at a first value;<br /><br />at
the beginning of the first phase of each very low frequency periodic
cycle, the threshold passes suddenly from the first value to a second
value corresponding to a lower current in the switch;<br /><br />during the first phase of each cycle the threshold passes gradually back from the second value to the first one.<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br /><br />Other
features and advantages of the invention will be clear from the
following detailed description made with reference to the accompanying
drawings in which:<br /><br />FIG. 1 shows a general chopped power supply
diagram using two integrated circuits placed respectively on the primary
side and on the secondary side of a transformer,<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows a diagram of an integrated circuit for controlling the power transistor placed on the primary side,<br /><br />FIGS. 3 to 6 show timing diagrams of signals at different points of the circuit, and<br /><br />FIG. 7 shows a circuit detail for producing a variable threshold.<br /><br />DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2OkKKUmC1HYz6eO5WvBGmH4RpLFLY7EoT49THVy5hLu7LXnDc_Pa2gFwWls9CNOCwfrLB4UdOtpJyI6uCfwUfw4DOj-aJJgj1xZXPsloiUIARLFhXLhkEsH2dp4r4ADQM2H80U4NsgyTi/s1706/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2OkKKUmC1HYz6eO5WvBGmH4RpLFLY7EoT49THVy5hLu7LXnDc_Pa2gFwWls9CNOCwfrLB4UdOtpJyI6uCfwUfw4DOj-aJJgj1xZXPsloiUIARLFhXLhkEsH2dp4r4ADQM2H80U4NsgyTi/s320/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>Referring
again to FIG. 1, which represents a chopped power supply architecture
given by way of example illustrating the utility of the invention, the
line of the public electric mains has been designated by the reference
10 (mains at 100 or 220 volts, 50 or 60 hertz). This line is connected
through a filter 12 to the input of a rectifier bridge 14 whose output
is connected on the one hand to a primary electric ground, shown
throughout by a black triangle pointing downward and, on the other hand,
to one end of the primary winding EP of the power transformer TA.<br /><br />A
filtering capacitor 16 is placed in parallel across the outputs of the
rectifier bridge 14. The other end of the primary winding is connected
to the collector of a switching transistor TP whose emitter is connected
to the primary ground through a small current measuring resistor 18.<br /><br />The
transformer has several secondary windings which are preferably
isolated galvanically from the mains and connected for exmaple to a
secondary electric ground isolated galvanically from the primary ground.<br /><br />Here,
each of the secondary windings has one end connected to the secondary
ground. The other end feeds a respective low pass filtering capacitor
through a respective rectifier diode.<br /><br />The description hereafter
will refer to a single secondary winding ES1, connected by a diode 20 to
a capacitor 22. The DC output voltage of the chopped power supply is
the voltage Vs at the terminals of the capacitor 22; but of course other
DC output voltages may be obtained at the terminals of the other
filtering capacitors connected to secondary windings. These output
voltages forms stabilized power supply voltages for user circuits not
shown. By way of example, a secondary winding ES2 supplies a stabilized
voltage of a few volts for the integrated regulation circuit CI2, which
has already been discussed. It can be verified therefore in this
connection that this circuit is not fed with power and cannot therefore
deliver signals as long as the chopped power supply is not operating.<br /><br />The
same goes a priori for the integrated circuit CI1 controlling the base
of the power transistor TP, which circuit is supplied with a stabilized
voltage delivered from a secondary winding ES3, a diode 24 and a
capacitor 26 (it will be noted in passing that this winding, although a
secondary winding, is connected to the primary ground and not to the
secondary ground, for the very simple reason that the integrated circuit
CI1 is necessarily coupled galvanically to the primary).<br /><br />However,
since start-up of the chopped power supply must be ensured, it is
provided for the power supply terminal 28 of the integrated circuit CI1
to be also connected directly to the mains through a high resistor 30
and a diode 32; this is possible since the integrated circuit CI1 is
connected to the primary gorund; this is not possible for the integrated
circuit CI2 which must remain galvanically isolated from the mains. As
soon as the chopped power supply is operating normally, the stabilized
DC voltage delivered by winding ES3 and diode 24 take precedence over
the voltage from the mains and diode 32; this diode 32 is disabled and
the direct supply from the mains no longer occurs after the initial
start-up phase.<br /><br />The role of integrated circuits CI1 and CI2 will now be described.<br /><br />The
regulation circuit CI2 receives, from a divider bridge 34 placed at the
terminals of the capacitor 22 that is to say at the output of the
stabilized power supply, information concerning the value of the voltage
to be stabilized Vs.<br /><br />This information is compared with a
reference value and applied to a pulse width modulator which produces
periodic square waves of variable width depending on the value of the
output voltage Vs; the lower Vs the wider the square waves.<br /><br />The
square waves are produced at the chopping frequency of the chopped power
supply. This frequency is therefore established on the secondary side
of the circuit; it is generated either inside circuit CI2, or outside in
a circuit not shown, in the form of a saw tooth voltage at the chosen
chopping frequency. This saw tooth voltage is used in a way known per se
for obtaining width modulation.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />The
variable width square waves, at the chopping frequency, are applied to a
primary winding 36 of a small transformer TX whose secondary winding
38, isolated galvanically from the primary, delivers positive and
negative pulses at the rising and falling fronts respectively of the
variable width square waves.<br /><br />It is these pulses, whose position
and frequency are determined by the regulation circuit CI2, which form
regulation signals applied to an input 40 of the base control circuit
CI1.<br /><br />Transformer TX is formed by a few turns wound on a ferrite
rod, the turns of the primary and the turns of the secondary being
sufficiently spaced apart from each other for complying with the
standards of galvanic isolation between primary circuits and secondary
circuits in the chopped power supply.<br /><br />The integrated base control
circuit CI1 comprises different inputs among which have already been
mentioned a power supply input 28 and a regulation signal input 40; a
current measuring input 44 is connected to the current measuring
resistor 18; an inhibition input monitors the magnetization condition of
a transformer. Finally, inputs may be provided for connecting elements
(resistors, capacitors) which should form part of the integrated circuit
itself but which, for technological reasons (space) or for practical
reasons (possiblities of adjustment by the user) are mounted on the
outside.<br /><br />The integrated circuit CI1 finally comprises an output
46 which is intended to be coupled by direct galvanic coupling to the
base of the power transistor Tp. This output delivers square waves for
enabling and disabling the transistor Tp.<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows the
general architecture of the integrated circuit CI1, limited to the
elements which relate more particularly to the invention.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqul2eU1aiBXWCdQ8ys1ITIUrNWVEhgLfLpKk0p1JIidiUAWInYyMvpjLn5gCViBxAVmztLclM_8zhNYlHs72WGB3EbUlIz5gVcFVaj2xxM6ABUeRhxq7PZzsRkZmC4m2oN3WTz9JfEzaQ/s1706/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-03__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqul2eU1aiBXWCdQ8ys1ITIUrNWVEhgLfLpKk0p1JIidiUAWInYyMvpjLn5gCViBxAVmztLclM_8zhNYlHs72WGB3EbUlIz5gVcFVaj2xxM6ABUeRhxq7PZzsRkZmC4m2oN3WTz9JfEzaQ/s320/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-03__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />The
output 46 of the circuit is the output of a push-pull amplification
stage designated as a whole by the reference 48, this stage comprising
preferably two separate amplifiers one of which receives enabling square
waves and the other of which receives disabling signals formed by
enabling square waves inverted and delayed by a few microseconds. Such
amplifiers are now well known.<br /><br />The enabling signals are delivered
by a logic flip flop 50 having a set input 52 and a reset input 54. The
set input causes the power transistor to be enabled. The reset input
causes it to be disabled.<br /><br />The set input 52 receives the pulses
which pass through a logic AND gate 58, so that enabling only occurs if
several conditions are simultaneously satisfied; one unsatisfied
condition will be sufficient to inhibit enabling.<br /><br />The reset input
54 receives the pulses which pass through a logic OR gate 60, so that
disabling (after enabling) will occur as soon as a disabling signal is
present at one of the inputs of this gate.<br /><br />In the diagram of FIG.
2, the AND gate 58 has three inputs. One of these inputs receives
periodic pulses from an output 62 of a high frequency oscillator 64; the
other inputs serve for inhibiting the transmission of these pulses.<br /><br />The
oscillator defines the periodicity of the chopping of the power supply
(20 kilohertz for example). Under normal operating conditions, the
oscillator is synchronized by the regulation signals; under start-up
conditions, it is self oscillating at a free frequency defined by the
values of a resistor Ro and a capacitor Co external to the integrated
circuit CI1 and connected respectively to an access terminal 66 and an
access terminal 68. The free frequency fo is in theory slightly lower
than the normal chopping frequency.<br /><br />Oscillator 64 is a relaxation
oscillator which produces at an output 70 a saw tooth whose zero return
is caused by the appearance of a positive pulse arriving at terminal
40. This is why oscillator 64 is shown with one input connected to an
output 72 of a separation and shaping circuit 74 which receives the
regulation signals from terminal 40 and shapes them while separating the
positive pulses from the negative pulses. The shaping circuit 74 has
two outputs; 72 for the positive pulses, 76 for the negative pulses (the
notation of positive pulses, negative pulse will be kept for
distinguishing the enabling pulses and the disabling pulses even if the
shaping circuit produces pulses of the same sign at both its outputs 72
and 76).<br /><br />Oscillator 64 has two outputs: one output 70 delivering a
saw tooth and one output 62 delivering a short pulse at the time of the
zero return of the saw tooth.<br /><br />A pulse width modulator 78 is
connected on the one hand to the output 70 of the oscillator and on the
other to a reference voltage adjustable by means of a resistor R1
external to the integrated circuit and connected to a terminal 80 giving
access to the circuit. Modulator 78 delivers periodic square waves
synchronized with the signals of the oscillator, these square waves
defining a maximum conduction duration Tmax beyond which the power
transistor must be disabled in any case for safety reasons. These square
waves and modulator 78 are applied to an input of the OR gate 60. The
duration Tmax is adjustable by means of the external resistor R1.<br /><br />The
elements which have just been described ensure the essential part of
the operation under normal conditions of the integrated circuit CI1. The
following elements are more specifically provided for controlling
abnormal operation or start-up of the power supply.<br /><br />A very low
frequency oscillator 82 is connected to an external capacitor C2 through
an access terminal 86. This external capacitor allows the very low
frequency oscillation to be adjusted. The frequency may be 1 hertz for
example.<br /><br />Oscillator 82 is a relaxation oscillator delivering a
saw tooth. This saw tooth is applied on the one hand to a threshold
comparator 88 which causes periodic square waves to be produced
synchronized with the very low frequency saw tooth of the oscillator.
These square waves have a brief duration compared with the period of a
saw tooth; this duration is fixed by the threshold of comparator 88; it
may be for example be 10% of the period; it must be long compared with
the free oscillation period of the high frequency oscillator 64 so that a
burst of numerous pulses from the high frequency oscillator may be
emitted and used during this 10% of the very low frequency period; this
burst defines at start-up attempt during the first part of a start-up
cycle; it is followed by a pause during the rest of the period, i.e.
during the remaining 90%.<br /><br />The oscillator only serves at start up;
it is inhibited when regulation signals appear at terminal 40 and
indicate that the chopped power supply is operating. This is why a
control has been shown for inhibiting this oscillator, connected to the
output 72 of the shaping circuit 74 through a flip flop 89. This flip
flop switches under the action of the pulses appearing at the output 72.
It is brought back to its initial state by the output 62 of oscillator
64 when there are no longer any pulses at output 71.<br /><br />The saw
teeth of the very low frequency oscillator are further transmitted to a
circuit 90 producing a variable threshold whose purpose is to produce a
threshold signal (current or voltage) having a first value Vs1 under
normal operating conditions, and a threshold cyclically variable between
a first value and a second value under start-up conditions. The method
of varying this threshold will be described further on, but it may
already be noted that the variation is driven by the very low frequency
saw tooth.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /><br />The
threshold signal produced by circuit 90 is applied to an input of a
comparator 92 another input of which is connected to the terminal 44
already mentioned, for receiving at this input a signal representative
of the amplitude of the current flowing through the power switch. The
output of comparator 92 is applied to an input of the OR gate 60. It
therefore acts for disabling the power transistor Tp, after it has been
enabled, disabling occurring as soon as overshooting of the threshold
(fixed or variable) defined by circuit 90 has been detected.<br /><br />Another
threshold comparator 94 has one input connected to the current
measuring terminal 44 whereas another input receives a signal
representing a third threshold value Vs3. The third value Vs3
corresponds to a current in the switch higher than the first value Vs1
defined by the circuit 90. The output of comparator 94 is connected
through a storage flip flop 96 to an input of the AND gate 58 so that,
if the current in the power switch exceeds the third threshold value
Vs3, disabling of transistor Tp is not caused (such disabling being
caused by the comparator 92) but any new enabling of the transistor is
inhibited. Such inhibition lasts until the flip flop 96 is switched back
to its initial state corresponding to normal operation.<br /><br />In
theory, this resetting will only take place when the integrated circuit
CI1 has ceased to be supplied normally with power and is again switched
on. For example, resetting of flip flop 96 is caused through a
hysteresis threshold comparator 98 which compares a fraction of the
power supply voltage Vcc of the circuit (taken from terminal 28) with a
reference value and which resets the flip flop when Vcc first passes
above this reference after dropping below another reference value lower
than the first one (hysteresis).<br /><br />Finally, it may be stated that
the output of the flip flop 89 (which detects the presence of regulation
signals at terminal 40 therefore normal operation of the power supply),
is connected to an input of an OR gate 100 which receives at another
input the output of comparator 88 so that the output of comparator 88
ceases to inhibit enabling of transistor Tp (inhibition during 90% of
the very low frequency cycles) as soon as operation of the power supply
has become normal.<br /><br />OPERATION OF THE BASE CONTROL CIRCUIT<br /><br />This
operation will be described by illustrating it with voltage wave forms
inside the chopped power supply and inside the integrated circuit CI1.<br /><br />(a) Start-up on switching on<br /><br />At the outset, the integrated circuit is not supplied with power at all.<br /><br />The
voltage at the power supply terminal 28 increases from 0 to a value Vaa
which is not the nominal value Vcc but which is a lower value supplied
by diode 32 and resistor 30 (cf. FIG. 1) as long as the chopped power
supply does not deliver its nominal output voltage Vcc at terminal 28.
Vaa is a voltage sufficient for ensuring practically normal operation of
all the elements of the circuit CI1. Vaa is also sufficient for
reinitializing the flip flop 96 which, as soon as that happens, no
longer inhibits enabling of the power transistor Tp.<br /><br />There are no
regulation signals at the input 40. Consequently, the high frequency
oscillator oscillates with its free frequency and the very low frequency
oscillator also oscillates (it is not inhibited by the flip flop 89
since this latter does not receive any regulation signals from the
output 72 of the shaper circuit 74).<br /><br />The very low frequency
oscillator 82 and comparator 88 define periodic cycles of start-up
attempts repeated at a very low frequency.<br /><br />Each cycle comprises a
first part defined by the square waves of short duration at the output
of comparator 88, and a second part formed by the end of the very low
frequency period; the first part is an effective attempt at start-up.
The second part is a pause if the effective attempt has failed. The
pause lasts much longer than the effective attempt so as to limit power
consumption.<br /><br />During the first part of the cycle, the enabling
signals delivered by the high frequency oscillator 64 are allowed to
pass through the AND gate 58. They are then prevented from passing. Each
pulse from the output 62 of the oscillator 64 enables the transistor
Tp. There is therefore a burst of enabling pulses which is emitted for
about 10% of the very low frequency period.<br /><br />During start-up, the
current intensities in the transistor tend to be very high. It is
essentially comparator 92 which causes interruption of the conduction,
after each enabling pulse delivered by oscillator 64, as soon as the
current exceeds the threshold imposed by the variable threshold
elaboration circuit 90. If comparator 92 does not cause enabling,
modulator 78 will do so in any case at the end of the time Tmax.<br /><br />The
threshold elaboration circuit, which delivers to the comparator 90 a
first fixed threshold value Vs1 under normal operating conditions (i.e.
when the very low frequency oscillator 82 is disabled by the flip flop
89), delivers a variable threshold as a function of the saw tooth of the
very low frequency oscillator in in the following way:<br /><br />at the
initial outset of a start-up attempt cycle (beginning of the saw tooth
or zero return of the preceding saw tooth), the threshold passes
suddenly from the first value Vs1 to a second value Vs2 corresponding to
a lower current than the first value, then this threshold increases
gradually (because driven by the very low frequency saw tooth) from the
second value to the first. The growth time coincides preferably with the
duration of a start-up attempt square wave (i.e. about 10% of the very
low frequency period).<br /><br />Then the threshold is stabilized at the
first value Vs1 until the end of the period, but in any case if the
circuit has not started up at that time, comparator 88 closes gate 58,
through the OR gate 100 and inhibits any further enabling of the power
transistor during the rest of the very low frequency period (90%). It is
then the second part of the start-up attempt cycle which takes place: a
pause during which the pulses of oscillator 64 are not transmitted
through the AND gate 58.<br /><br />Thus, the start-up cycles act from two
points of view: on the one hand, a burst of enabling pulses is emitted
(10% of the time) then stopped (90% of the time) until the next cycle;
on the other hand, during this burst, the current limitation threshold
passes gradually from its second relatively low value to its normal
higher value.<br /><br />Consequently, if the peak amplitude of the current
in transistor Tp is observed during the start-up bursts, it can be seen
that in practice it increases linearly from the second value to the
first. Thus gradual start-up is obtained by a much more efficient action
than that which consists simply for example in causing the duration
Tmax to increase from a low value to a nominal value.<br /><br />If start-up
is not successful, a new burst of enabling pulses is transmitted during
the first part of the next cycle (it will be recalled that this cycle
is repeated about once per second and that the burst may last 100
milliseconds).<br /><br />If start-up is successful, regulation signals
appear at terminal 40. These signals are shaped by circuit 74. They
cause the very low frequency oscillator 82 to be stopped by the flip
flop 89 which prevents the zero return of the saw tooth. Furthermore,
flip flop 89 sends through the OR gate 100 a signal for cancelling out
the inhibition effect imposed by the comparator 88. Finally, as soon as
start-up is successful, the regulation signals cause the high frequency
oscillator 64 to be synchronized.<br /><br />FIG. 3 illustrates the high frequency signals during the start-up period:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLIWS6a429T_lpO869YQH60nUR7yxzElRLBcDZQfG2yaqZRxnxORJi92_wDVrbNyyrkxzpYYRUvcJX7u0xMQznfVjayNsPcgGAbfkXIqespC_SCk0BHJKE0QrQfpv9uiuKyJ5eu4yPvAf5/s1202/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-04__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLIWS6a429T_lpO869YQH60nUR7yxzElRLBcDZQfG2yaqZRxnxORJi92_wDVrbNyyrkxzpYYRUvcJX7u0xMQznfVjayNsPcgGAbfkXIqespC_SCk0BHJKE0QrQfpv9uiuKyJ5eu4yPvAf5/s320/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-04__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br />line a: saw tooth at the output 70 of the oscillator 64 (free oscillation at frequency fo, period To),<br /><br />line
b: pulses for enabling the transistor Tp : these pulses coincide with
the zero return of the saw tooth signal (output 62 of oscillator 64);<br /><br />line c: output square waves from modulator 78 defining the maximum cyclic conduction time of the transistor,<br /><br />line
d: pulses delivered comparator 92 when the current in the switch
exceeds the threshold (gradually increasing during start up) defined by
the circuit 90.<br /><br />The conduction of transistor Tp, after being
enabled by a pulse from line b, is stopped either by the square waves of
line c if the current threshold is not exceeded, or by an output pulse
from comparator 92.<br /><br />FIG. 4 shows the very lwo frequency signals
during the start-up cycles. The diagrams are not to the same time scale
as in FIG. 3 since it will be recalled that an example of the frequency
of the high frequency oscillator 64 is 20 kilohertz whereas an example
of the very low frequency of oscillator 82 is 1 hertz. The high
frequency pulses have however been shown symbolically in FIG. 4, in
number more limited than in reality for facilitating the representation.<br /><br />line e: saw tooth output of the very low frequency oscillator (frequency f2, period T2),<br /><br />line
f: output of comparator 88 showing the first phase (start-up attempt by
allowing conduction of transistor Tp) and the second phase (pause by
inhibiting the conduction of each very low frequency start up cycle,<br /><br />line g: pulses delivered by the freely oscillating high frequency oscillator,<br /><br />line h: bursts of enabling pulses at the output of the AND gate 58,<br /><br />line
i: diagram of the cyclic variation of the threshold produced by circuit
90 during the start-up cycles: fixed value Vs1 in theory, sudden drop
to Vs2 at the beginning of the very low frequency saw tooth, and gradual
rise from Vs2 to Vs1, driven by the linear growth of the saw tooth,
during the start-up burst.<br /><br />(b) Operation of the power supply under normal established operating<br />conditions<br /><br />The very low frequency oscillator is not operating.<br /><br />The high frequency oscillator is synchronized by the regulation signals.<br /><br />The
zero return of the high frequency saw tooth, coinciding with the
positive pulses of the regulation signals, causes enabling of transistor
Tp (no inhbition by the AND gate 58 during normal operating
conditions). The negative pulses cause disabling, through the OR gate
64, except if such disabling has been caused:<br /><br />either by overshooting of the first current threshold value, detected by the comparator 92,<br /><br />or
by the modulator 78 if the time interval between the positive pulse and
the negative pulse which immediately follows it is greater than the
maximum duration Tmax which is allowed.<br /><br />FIG. 5 shows the high frequency signals under normal operating conditions,<br /><br />line
j: alternate positive and negative pulses received at the input 40 of
the circuit (these are the regulation signals defining the times at the
beginning and end of conduction of the power transistor Tp),<br /><br />line
k: shaped pulses at the output 72 of the separation and shaping circuit
74: they correspond to the positive pulses only of the regulation
signals,<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />line
l: saw tooth at the output 70 of oscillator 62; the saw tooth is
synchronized with the regulation signals in that its zero return
coincides with the pulses of line k,<br /><br />line m: pulses at output 62 of oscillator 64; these pulses are emitted during zero returns of the saw tooth of line l,<br /><br />line n: output square waves of modulator 78 further defining the maximum conduction time of the power transistor;<br /><br />line
o: pulses from the output 76 of the separation and shaping circuit 74:
these pulses correspond to the negative pulses of the regulation
signals,<br /><br />line p: as a reminder, pulses have been shown at the
output of comparator 92 in the case where the current in the power
transistor exceeds the threshold corresponding to Vs1.<br /><br />The
conduction of transistor Tp, after being enabled by a pulse of line k,
is normally stopped by the pulse from line o which immediately follows
it, or, more exceptionally by the pulses from line p if the threshold
Vs1 is exceeded before the apearance of the pulse of line o, or else, by
the square waves of line n if the threshold is not exceeded and if the
pulse of line o appears after the beginning of a square wave of line n.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwuYypveB35ihOKoP91vsqwTETHcWkTQQP6VReIqumleWUOXBoN3CG37fkIl_UpYj951AR8eJ3H5FnIIn6ihhiqrFcXGZiHaMez645MwAPVG4KXpBf4IGRKmqCEvq8iMZL27bYxJTS8nDE/s1202/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-05__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwuYypveB35ihOKoP91vsqwTETHcWkTQQP6VReIqumleWUOXBoN3CG37fkIl_UpYj951AR8eJ3H5FnIIn6ihhiqrFcXGZiHaMez645MwAPVG4KXpBf4IGRKmqCEvq8iMZL27bYxJTS8nDE/s320/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-05__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br />FIG.
6 shows the very low frequency signals at the time of passing over from
start-up conditions to normal operating conditions (same scale as FIG.
4).<br /><br />line q: regulation signals at the input 40; these signals are initially absent and appear at a certain moment,<br /><br />line r: output of the flip flop 89 indicating the absence then the presence of regulation signals,<br /><br />line
s: very low frequency saw tooth which rises to its high level and does
not drop again if the output o the flip flop 89 is at the high level
(indicating the presence of regulation signals)<br /><br />line t: output of
the OR gate 100 showing initially a square wave of short duration,
delivered by comparator 88 and causing a start-up burst (cf. FIG. 4),
then blocking at the high level which prevents subsequent inhibition of
the AND gate 58 by the comparator 88.<br /><br />(c) Safety mode in the case of a malfunction<br /><br />The safety mode consists in fact in establishing start-up cycles as during switch on.<br /><br />These
cycles are triggered by start up of the very low frequency oscillator
82 when the regulation signals disappear at input 40.<br /><br />Flip flop
89 returns to an intial state when it no longer receives pulses from the
output 72 of the separation and shaping circuit 74. Thus, oscillator 82
will be able to oscillate again and the above described cycles are
established.<br /><br />(d) Serious incident: very high over current<br /><br />Whatever
the operating conditions, normal or start-up, over-currents in
transistor Tp are detected by the comparator 92 and cause interruption
of the conduction. But if there is for example a short circuit at the
output of the power supply, an over-current may occur such that the
current continues to increase before the conduction has time to be
completely interrupted. In this case, it is provided for the threshold
comparator 94 to deliver an order inhibiting the enabling when the
current in transistor Tp exceeds a third threshold value which is for
example greater by 30% than the first value. This inhibition order is
stored by flip flop 96 which switches under the action of the comparator
and disables the AND gate 58; flip flop 96 can only come back to its
initial state when the integrated circuit, after having partially or
totally ceased to be supplied with power, is again normally supplied.
For example, the power supply must be switched off and switched on again
to allow pulses to pass again for enabling the transistor Tp.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOP6BmnFuEPqkd1tSWC7KqE4HmA_FUnRZ0MLnenxYX_Pt_-OCwdKIRh40hxvEdWHrjEP-YW4wN019chacjo_7ufj3oLXp7YUVVBfPjqRiS_ZrcnrkhLGabGKtf2aLNwAqlBqnGs8iCqtD/s1202/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-06__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOP6BmnFuEPqkd1tSWC7KqE4HmA_FUnRZ0MLnenxYX_Pt_-OCwdKIRh40hxvEdWHrjEP-YW4wN019chacjo_7ufj3oLXp7YUVVBfPjqRiS_ZrcnrkhLGabGKtf2aLNwAqlBqnGs8iCqtD/s320/TEA2029___TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___1--.JPG-06__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><p><br />To
finish this description, there has been shown in FIG. 7 one example of
the circuit 90 which produces a variable threshold for the comparator
92: the very low frequency saw tooth deliveredy by the oscillator is
applied to a voltage/current converter 102 which produces a saw tooth
current increasing from 0 to a maximum value.<br /><br />This current is
applied to a series assembly of a voltage source 104 (value Vs2) and a
resistor 106. A voltage clipper, represented by a Zener diode 108 (value
of the conduction threshold: Vs1) is connected in parallel across the
assembly 104, 106. The junction point between the output of the
converter 102, resistor 106 and the voltage clipper 108 forms the output
of circuit 90 and is connected to the input of comparator 92. Thus,
when the saw tooth returns to zero, the output voltage of circuit 90 is
Vs2. Then it increases as the current in the resistor 106 increases
(linearly). When the voltage at the terminals of resistor 106 reaches
and exceeds the value Vs1-Vs2, the voltage clipper conducts and diverts
the current surplus so that the output voltage remains limited to Vs1.</p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><p> </p><p><b> THOMSON TEA2162 / TEA2164 / TEA2165 WORKING OF CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR A CHOPPED POWER SUPPLY WITH PROGRESSIVE START UP :</b></p><p>A chopped power supply control circuit is provided i<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>ntended
to receive regulation control signals and to produce square waves for
enabling a switch. A current comparator measures the current in the
switch and opens the switch when the threshold is exceeded. Under normal
operating conditions the threshold is fixed. Under start-up conditions
of should a malfunction occur a threshold variation circuit causes the
threshold to vary gradually from a low value to its normal value. Thus
the risk of over-current at start-up is reduced.<b> </b></p><div class="disp_elm_title"><i>Inventors:
De Sartre, Jean (Meylan, FR) ; Maige, Philippe (Syssinet Pariset, FR)
Thomson-csf (Paris, FR) </i></div><p> 1.
A chopped power supply control circuit intended to receive regulation
control signals and to produce square waves for enabling a mains switch
of the power supply, wherein said square waves having a variable width
depending on the signals received, said circuit comprising:<br /><br />a
current limiting circuit including a threshold comparator receiving at
one input a signal and at another input a threshold signal;<br /><br />a
means for said comparator to generate a signal for disabling the switch
when the threshold is exceeded, in order to ensure gradual start-up of
the chopped power supply at the beginning of its operation and in the
case of a disturbance of operation;<br /><br />a means for establishing a variable threshold signals in response to circuit means which<br /><br />establish a first fixed threshold value under normal established operating conditions,<br /><br />establish periodically a threshold variation cycle in the opposite case, this cycle comprising<br /><br />means
to cause the threshold to pass to a second value at a time representing
the beginning of a periodic threshold variation cycle, the second
threshold value corresponding to a lower current in the switch,<br /><br />means to bring the threshold gradually back from the second value to the first in a first part of the threshold variation cycle,<br /><br />means for maintaining the threshold at the first value until the end of the current cycle,<br /><br />means
to begin a second start-up cycle again at the end of the current cycle
if regulation control signals are still not received at the end of the
first cycle,<br /><br />means for stopping the establishment of threshold variation cycles when regulation control signals are received.<br /><br /><br />2.
The control circuit as claimed in claim 1 wherein the first part of
each periodic cycle corresponds to a short time compared with the period
of the cycle and a long time compared with the switching period of the
chopped power supply.<br /><br />3. The control circuit as claimed in claim
1, wherein a very low frequency oscillator is provided for defining the
periodic two phase threshold variation cycles, said oscillator being
inhibited by the reception of appropriate regulation control signals.<br /><br />4.
The control circuit as claimed in claim 3, wherein said very low
frequency oscillator is a relaxation oscillator delivering a saw tooth
signal driving the threshold establishment means for establishing:<br /><br />a sudden variation of the threshold at the time of the zero return of the saw tooth,<br /><br />a slow linear increase of the threshold at the beginning of the saw tooth.<br /><br /><br />5.
The control circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein a high frequency
oscillator is provided producing chopping signals palliating the absence
of regulation signals for the production of square waves enabling the
switch and an inhibition means for allowing transmission of these
signals only during the first phase of each periodic cycle.<br /><br />6.
The control circuit as claimed in claim 5, wherein said high frequency
oscillator has a free oscillation period slightly greater than the
period of the regulation control signals and it is synchronized by these
signals when they are received.<br /><br />7. The control circuit as
claimed in claim 1, wherein a second threshold comparator is provided
for receiving a signal representative of the current in the switch and
delivering a signal completely inhibiting enabling of the switch in the
case where the current in the switch exceeds a third threshold value
greater than the first value, the signal only ceasing when the circuit,
after having partially or totally ceased to be supplied with power, is
again normally supplied.<br /><br />Description:<br /><br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />The present invention relates to stabilized power supplies called chopped supplies.<br /><br />A
chopped power supply operates in the following way: a primary transfer
winding receives a current which is for example delivered by a rectifier
bridge receiving the power of the AC mains. The current in the
transformer is chopped by a switch (for example a power transistor)
placed in series with the primary winding.<br /><br />A circuit for
controlling the transistor produces periodic square waves for enabling
the transistor. A current is allowed to pass for the duration of the
square waves; outside the square wave, the current cannot pass.<br /><br />On
one (or more) secondary windings of the transformer, an AC voltage is
collected. This is rectified and filtered so as to obtain a DC voltage
which is the output DC voltage of the chopped power supply.<br /><br />For
stabilizing the value of this DC voltage, the cyclic period conduction
ratio of the switch is adjusted, that is to say the ratio between the
duration of conduction and the duration of non conduction in a chopping
period.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /><br />In
chopped power supply architecture proposed by the applicant and shown
in FIG. 1, two integrated circuits are used. One of the circuits CI1,
serves for controlling the base of a power transistor Tp for applying
thereto periodic enabling and disabling control signals. The base
control circuit CI1 is placed on the primary winding side (EP) of the
transformer (TA) for reasons which will be better understood in the rest
of the description. The other integrated circuit, regulation circuit
CI2, is on the contrary placed on the secondary side (winding ES1) and
it serves for examining the output voltage Vs of the power supply for
forming regulation signals which it transmits to the first integrated
circuit through a small transformer TX. The first integrated circuit CI1
uses these regulation signals for modifying the cyclic conduction ratio
of the switching transistor Tp and thus regulating the output voltage
Vs of the power supply.<br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhTUPMIk2-oJsjvtOWUurvwNSM35cF2hhkIW7vsKVqcEmI4YuxFWucRupd-_3iMT4zhHeHLEln5WxhSfibiMUl8mj9c6U4HGC4ejrP8gdr3gm0rU_a22gGEZxDtNavTWmeDRJKdA41gxn/s1706/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhTUPMIk2-oJsjvtOWUurvwNSM35cF2hhkIW7vsKVqcEmI4YuxFWucRupd-_3iMT4zhHeHLEln5WxhSfibiMUl8mj9c6U4HGC4ejrP8gdr3gm0rU_a22gGEZxDtNavTWmeDRJKdA41gxn/s320/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />We will come back further on in more detail to the circuit of FIG. 1.<br /><br />Numerous
problems arise during the design of a chopped power supply, and here we
will consider more particularly the problems of starting up the supply
and the problems of safety in the case of over voltages or over currents
at different points in the circuit.<br /><br />The first problem which is
met with is that of starting up the power supply: at switch on, the
regulation circuit CI2 will tend to cause the base control circuit CI1
to generate maximum cyclic ratio square waves until the power supply has
reached its nominal output voltage. This is all the more harmful since
there is a high current drain on the side of the secondary windings
which are connected to initially discharged filtering capacitors. There
is a risk of destruction of the power transistor through an overcurrent
during the start up phase.<br /><br />Circuits for gradual start up have
already been proposed which limit the duration of the enabling square
waves during a start up phase, on switching on the device; the U.S. Pat.
No. 3,959,714 describes such a circuit in which charging of a capacitor
from switch-on defines initially short square waves of gradually
increasing duration until these square waves reach the duration which
the regulation circuit normally assigns to them. The short square waves
have priority; but, since they become gradually longer during the start
up phase, they cease to have priority after a certain time; this time is
defined by the charging time constant of the capacitor.<br /><br />Another
problem to be reckoned with is the risk of accidental over-currents, or
sometimes over-voltages which may occur in the circuit. These
overcurrents and over-voltages may be very detrimental and often result
in the destruction of a power transistor if nothing is done to eliminate
them. In particular, a short circuit at the output of the stabilized
power supply rapidly destroys the power transistor. If this short
circuit occurs on switching-on of the supply, it is not the gradual
start up system with short and progressively increasing square waves
which can efficiently accomodate the over-currents which result from
this short circuit.<br /><br />Finally, another problem particularly
important in an architecture such as the one shown in FIG. 1, is the
risk of disappearance of the regulation signal which should be emitted
by the regulation circuit CI2 and received by the base control circuit
CI1: these signals determine not only the width of the square waves
enabling the power transistor but also their periodicity; in other
words, they serve for establishing the chopping frequency, possibly
synchronized from a signal produced on the secondary side of the
transformer. The appearance of these signals causes a particular
disturbance which must be taken into account.<br /><br />Furthermore, the
architecture shown in FIG. 1, in which the secondary circuits have been
voluntarily separated galvanically from the primary circuits, is such
that the base control circuit may operate rapidly after switch-on, as
will be explained further on, whereas the regulation circuit CI2 can
only operate if the chopped power supply is operating; consequently, at
the beginning, the base control circuit CI1 does not receive any
regulation signals and this difficulty must be taken into account.<br /><br />SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />To
try and overcome as well as possible all these different problems which
relate to security against accidental disturbances in the operation of
the power supply (the initial start up being more-over considered as a
transitory disturbed operating phase), the present invention provides an
improved chopped power supply control circuit which provides a function
of gradual start-up power supply on switch on and a function of passing
to a safety mode in the case of an operating defect such as a
disappearance of appropriate regulation signals; the safety mode
consists of a succession of periodic cycles at a very low frequency,
each cycle consisting of a gradual start-up attempt during a first phase
which is short in comparison with the period of the cycle and long
compared with the chopping period of the chopped power supply, the first
phase being followed by a pause until the end of the cycle, and
periodic cycles succeeding each other until normal operation of the
power supply is established or re-established; a very low frequency
oscillator establishes these cycles when the power supply is not
operating under normal conditions (start-up or operating defect); this
oscillator is disabled should normal operation be ascertained; a high
frequency oscillator generates a burst of chopping signals palliating
the absence of regulation signals; these signals are transmitted solely
during the first phase of each cycle; they are inhibited during a second
phase.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />According
to a very important characteristic of the invention, the gradual start
up operates not by limiting the duration of the square waves from the
charging of a capacitor with a fixed time constant, but by limiting the
current in the power transistor to a maximum value, this maximum value
increasing progressively during the start up phase, over-shooting of
this current value causing interruption in the conduction of the power
transistor.<br /><br />Thus, even in the case of a quasi short circuit, the
value of the current in the transistor is limited, which was not the
case in the gradual start up circuits of the prior art.<br /><br />More
precisely, the chopped power supply control circuit of the invention is
intended to receive regulation control signals and to produce square
waves for enabling a main switch of the power supply, the square waves
having a variable width depending on the signals received, and this
circuit comprises a current limiting circuit including a threshold
comparator receiving at one input a signal representative of the current
flowing through the switch and at another input a threshold signal, the
comparator generating a signal for stopping the switch from conducting
should over shooting of the threshold occur; furthermore, in order to
ensure gradual start-up of the chopped power supply at the beginning of
its operation and should this operation be disturbed, the control
circuit comprises a means for producing a variable threshold signal for
the comparator, this means being adapted for:<br /><br />establishing a first fixed threshold value under normal operating conditions,<br /><br />establishing a periodic threshold variation cycle outside normal operating conditions, this cycle consisting in:<br /><br />causing
the threshold to pass suddenly from the first value to a second value,
at a time representing the beginning of the cycle, the second value
corresponding to a lower current in the switch,<br /><br />bringing the threshold gradually back from the second value to the first in a first part of the threshold variation cycle,<br /><br />holding the threshold at the first value until the end of the current cycle,<br /><br />beginning again a second threshold variation cycle at the end of the current cycle,<br /><br />stopping the production of threshold variation cycles when normal operating conditions have again been established.<br /><br />Normal
operating conditions will in general be defined by the presence of
appropriate regulation signals and by the absence of an over-current in
the switch.<br /><br />The periodic cycle is at very low frequency (for
example 1 hz), and the duration of a first part of the cycle is
preferably small with respect to the period of the cycle (for example a
tenth of this period, followed by a pause during the nine remaining
tenths); it is long with respect to the chopping period of the power
supply.<br /><br />In order to provide even more complete safety, a second
threshold comparator is preferably provided receiving at one input a
signal respresentative of the measurement of the current in the switch
and at another input a third threshold value corresponding to a current
greater than that of the first threshold value, the comparator
delivering a signal for complete inhibition of the switching of the
power switch should over-shooting of this third value occur, the
inhibition only ceasing when the circuit, after having partially or
completely ceased to be supplied with power, is again normally supplied.<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br /><br />Other
features and advantages of the invention will be clear from reading the
following detailed description made with reference to the accompanying
drawings in which:<br /><br />FIG. 1 shows a general chopped power supply
diagram using two integrated circuits placed respectively on the primary
side and on the secondary side of a transformer,<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the integrated control circuit of the power transistor placed on the primary side,<br /><br />FIGS. 3 to 6 show timing diagrams of signals at different points on the circuit, and<br /><br />FIG. 7 shows a detail of a circuit for elaborating a variable threshold.<br /><br />DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br /><br />Referri<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhTUPMIk2-oJsjvtOWUurvwNSM35cF2hhkIW7vsKVqcEmI4YuxFWucRupd-_3iMT4zhHeHLEln5WxhSfibiMUl8mj9c6U4HGC4ejrP8gdr3gm0rU_a22gGEZxDtNavTWmeDRJKdA41gxn/s1706/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhTUPMIk2-oJsjvtOWUurvwNSM35cF2hhkIW7vsKVqcEmI4YuxFWucRupd-_3iMT4zhHeHLEln5WxhSfibiMUl8mj9c6U4HGC4ejrP8gdr3gm0rU_a22gGEZxDtNavTWmeDRJKdA41gxn/s320/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-02__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>ng
to FIG. 1 which shows a chopped power supply architecture given by way
of example and well illustrating the utility of the invention, the
electric mains line has been designated by the reference 10 (mains at
110 to 220 volts, 50 or 60 hertz). This line is connected through a
filter 12 to the input of a rectifier bridge 40 whose output is
connected on the one hand to a primary electric ground, represented
everywhere by a downward pointing black triangle, and on the other hand
to one end of the primary winding EP of the power supply transformer TA.<br /><br />A
filtering capacitor 16 is placed in parallel across the outputs of the
rectifier bridge 14. The other end of the primary winding is connected
to the collector of a switching transistor TP whose emitter is connected
to the primary ground through a small current measuring resistor 18.<br /><br />The
transformer has several secondary windings which are preferably
isolated galvanically from the mains and connected for example to a
secondary electric ground isolated galvanically from the primary ground.<br /><br />Here,
each of the secondary windings has one end connected to the secondary
ground. The other end feeds a respective low-pass filtering capacitor
through a respective rectifier diode.<br /><br />We will be concerned in
what follows with a single secondary winding ES1, connected by a diode
20 to a capacitor 22. The DC output voltage of the chopped power supply
is the voltage Vs at the terminals of the capacitor 22; but of course,
other DC output voltages may be obtained at the terminals of the other
filtering capacitors connected to the secondary windings. These output
voltages form stabilized power supply voltages for user circuits not
shown. By way of example, a secondary winding ES2 supplies a stabilized
power supply voltage of a few volts for the integrated regulation
circuit CI2 already mentioned. It can therefore be seen in this
connection that this circuit is not supplied with power and cannot
therefore supply signals as long as the chopped power supply is not
operating.<br /><br />The same goes a priori for the integrated circuit CI1
controlling the base of the power transistor TP, which circuit is
supplied with a stabilized voltage delivered by a secondary winding ES3,
a diode 24 and a capacitor 26 (it will be noted in passing that this
winding, although being a secondary winding, is connected to the primary
ground and not to the secondary ground, for the very simple reason that
the integrated circuit CI1 is necessarily coupled galvanically to the
primary).<br /><br />However, since start up of the chopped power supply
must be provided, the power supply terminal 28 of the integrated circuit
CI1 is also connected directly to the mains through a high resistor 30
and a diode 32; this is possible since the integrated circuit CI1 is
connected to the primary ground; it is not possible for the integrated
circuit CI2 which must remain galvanically isolated from the mains. As
soon as the chopped power supply is operating normally, the stabilized
DC voltage from winding ES3 and diode 24 takes precedence over the
voltage coming from the mains and from diode 32; this diode 32 is
disabled and the direct supply by the mains only takes place after the
initial start up phase.<br /><br />The role of the integrated circuits CI1 and CI2 will now be described.<br /><br />The
regulation circuit CI2 receives from a divider bridge 34, placed at the
terminals of capacitor 22, i.e. at the output of the stabilized power
supply, information concerning the value of the voltage to be stabilized
Vs.<br /><br />This information is compared with a reference value and
applied to a pulse width modulator which forms periodic square waves of
variable width depending on the value of the output voltage Vs: the
lower Vs the wider the square waves will be.<br /><br />The square waves are
established at the chopping frequency of the chopped power supply. This
frequency is therefore established on the secondary side of the
circuit; it is generated either inside the circuit CI2, or outside in a
circuit not shown, in the form of a saw tooth voltage at the chosen
chopping frequency. This saw tooth voltage is used in a way known per se
for providing width modulation.<br /><br />The variable width square waves,
at the chopping frequency, are applied to a primary winding 36 of a
small transformer TX whose secondary winding 38, isolated galvanically
from the primary, delivers positive and negative pulses at the rising
and falling fronts respectively of the variable width square waves.<br /><br />It
is these pulses, whose position and frequency are determined by the
regulation circuits CI2, which form regulation signals applied to an
input 40 of the base control circuit CI1.<br /><br />The transformer TX is
formed by a few turns wound on a ferrite rod, the turns of the primary
and the turns of the secondary being sufficiently spaced apart from each
other for complying with standards of galvanic isolation between
primary circuits and secondary circuits of the chopped power supply.<br /><br />The
integrated base control circuit CI1 comprises different inputs among
which have already been mentioned a power supply input 28 and a
regulation signal input 40; a current measuring input 44 is connected to
the current measuring resistor 18; an inhibition input for monitoring
the magnetization condition of a transformer. Finally, inputs may be
provided for connecting elements (resistors, capacities) which should
form part of the integrated circuit itself but which for technological
reasons (space limitation) or for practical reasons (possibilities of
adjustment by the user) are mounted outside.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /><br />The
integrated circuit CI1 finally comprises an output 46 which is intended
to be connected by direct galvanic coupling to the base of the power
transistor Tp. This output delivers square waves for enabling and
disabling the transistor Tp.<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows the general
architecture of the integrated circuit CI1, limited to the elements
which more especially concern the invention.<br /><br />The output 46 of the
circuit is the output of a push-pull amplification stage designated as a
whole by the reference 48, this stage comprising preferably two
separate amplifiers one of which receives enabling square waves and the
other receives disabling signals formed by the inverted enabling signals
delayed by a few microseconds. Such amplifiers are now well known.<br /><br />The
enabling signals are provided by a logic flip flop 50 having a set
input 52 and a reset input 54. The set input causes enabling of the
power transistor. The reset input causes disabling.<br /><br />The set input
52 receives the pulses which pass through a logic AND gate 58, so that
conduction only occurs if several conditions are satisfied
simultaneously; one unsatisfied condition, will be sufficient to inhibit
enabling of the conduction.<br /><br />The reset input 54 receives the
pulses which pass through a logic OR gate 60, so that stopping of the
conduction (after enabling) will occur as soon as a stop signal is
present at one of the inputs of this gate.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Nt5AUSbK3NAKMvxWo0VGurcXQPSqz6fWswACL8Yu4kOx4QeC9wjOiKNTnsV6etZeRtLYquo0w2Ov14IHpggseEAax9hgoJl8tgVOSdWh55nbwn_AVBieECQvxUFFd02Txrr_DC8hHZWU/s1706/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-03__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Nt5AUSbK3NAKMvxWo0VGurcXQPSqz6fWswACL8Yu4kOx4QeC9wjOiKNTnsV6etZeRtLYquo0w2Ov14IHpggseEAax9hgoJl8tgVOSdWh55nbwn_AVBieECQvxUFFd02Txrr_DC8hHZWU/s320/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-03__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />In
the diagram of FIG. 2, the AND gate 58 has three inputs. One of these
inputs receives periodic pulses from an output 62 of a high frequency
oscillator 64; the other inputs serve for inhibiting the transmission of
these pulses.<br /><br />The oscillator defines the periodicity of the
chopping of the power supply (20 kilohertz for example). Under normal
operating conditions, the oscillator is synchronized by the regulation
signals; under start-up conditions it is self-oscillating at a free
frequency defined by the values of a resistor Ro and a capacitor Co
external to the integrated circuit CI1 and connected respectively to an
access terminal 66 and an access terminal 68. The free frequency fo is
generally slightly lower than the normal chopping frequency.<br /><br />Oscillator
64 is a relaxation oscillator which produces at an output 70 a saw
tooth whose return to zero is caused by the appearance of a positive
pulse at terminal 40. This is why oscillator 64 is shown with one input
connected to an output 72 of a shaping and separation circuit 74 which
receives the regulation signals from terminal 40 and shapes them while
separating the positive pulses from the negative pulses. The shaping
circuit. 74 has two outputs: 72 for the positive pulses, 76 for the
negative pulses (the notation positive pulse and negative pulse will be
kept for distinguishing the pulses causing conduction and the pulses
stopping conduction even if the shaping circuit establishes pulses of
the same sign at both its outputs 72 and 76).<br /><br />The oscillator 64
has two outputs: one output 70 delivering a saw tooth and one output 62
delivering a short pulse during the zero return of the saw tooth.<br /><br />A
pulse width modulator 78 is connected on the one hand to the output 70
of the oscillator and on the other to a reference voltage adjustable by
means of a resistor R1 external to the integrated circuit and connected
to a terminal 80 giving access to the circuit. Modulator 78 supplies
periodic square waves synchronized with the signals of the oscillator,
these square waves defining a maximum conduction time Tmax beyond which
the power transistor must be disabled in any case for safety's sake.
These square waves of modulator 78 are applied to one input of the OR
gate 60. The time Tmax is adjustable by means of the external resistor
R1.<br /><br />The elements which have just been described ensure the
essential part of the operation under normal conditions of the
integrated circuit CI1. The following elements are more specifically
provided for controlling the abnormal operation or start-up of the power
supply.<br /><br />A very low frequency oscillator 82 is connected to an
external capacitor C2 through an access terminal 86. This external
capacitor allows the very low oscillation frequency to be adjusted. The
frequency may be 1 hertz for example.<br /><br />Oscillator 82 is a
relaxation oscillator delivering a saw tooth. This saw tooth is <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>applied
on the one hand to a threshold comparator 88 which allows periodic
square waves to be established synchronized with the very low frequency
saw tooth of the oscillator. These square waves have a very short
duration compared with the period of the saw tooth; this duration is set
by the threshold of the comparator 88; it may for example be 10% of the
period; it must be long compared with the free oscillation period of
the high frequency oscillator 64 so that a burst of numerous pulses from
the high frequency oscillator may be emitted and used during this 10%
of this very low frequency period; this burst defines a start-up attempt
during the first part of a start-up cycle; it is followed by a pause
for the rest of the period, i.e. during the remaining 90%.<br /><br />The
oscillator only serves at start-up; it is inhibited when regulation
signals appear at terminal 40 and indicate that the chopped power supply
is operating. This is why an inhibition control of this oscillator has
been shown connected to the output 72 of the shaping circuit 74 through a
flip flop 89. This flip flop changes state under the action of the
pulses appearing at output 72. It is brought back to its initial state
by the output 62 of oscillator 64 when there are no longer any pulses at
output 72.<br /><br />The saw teeth of the very low frequency oscillator
are further fed to a variable threshold elaboration circuit 90 whose
purpose is to establish a threshold signal (current or voltage) having a
first value Vsl under normal operating conditions, and a cyclically
variable threshold between the first value and a second value under
start-up conditions. The mode of variation of this threshold will be
described further on, but it may already be noted that the variation is
driven by the very low frequency saw tooth.<br /><br />The threshold signal
produced by circuit 90 is applied to one input of a comparator 92,
another input of which is connected to the terminal 44 already
mentioned, for receiving at this input a signal representative of the
amplitude of the current flowing through the power switch. The output of
comparator 92 is applied to an input of the OR gate 60. It operates
then for causing the power transistor Tp to be disabled, after being
enabled, disablement occurring as soon as overshooting of the threshold
(fixed or variable) defined by circuit 9 has been detected.<br /><br />Another
threshold comparator 94 has one input connected to the current
measuring terminal 44 whereas another input receives a signal
representing a third threshold value Vs3. The third value Vs3
corresponds to a current in the switch higher than the first value Vsl
defined by circuit 90. The output of comparator 94 is connected through a
storage flip flop 96 to one input of the AND gate 58 so that, if the
current in the power switch exceeds the third threshold value Vs3,
transistor Tp is not disabled (such disablement is caused by comparator
92) but the transistor is inhibited from being enabled again. This
inhibition lasts until the flip flop 96 is brought back to its initial
state corresponding to normal operation.<br /><br />In theory, such
re-setting will only take place when the integrated circuit CI1 has
ceased to be normally supplied with power and has again power applied
thereto.<br /><br />For example, re-setting of flip flop 96 takes place
through a hysteresis threshold comparator 98 which compares a fraction
of the supply voltage Vcc of the circuit (taken from terminal 28) with a
reference value and which re-sets the flip flop the first time that Vcc
passes above this reference after a drop of Vcc below another reference
value lower than the first one (hysteresis). Finally, it should be
mentioned that the output of the flip flop 89 (which detects the
presence of regulation signals at terminal 40 so normal operation of the
power supply), is connected to one input of an OR gate 100 which
receives at another input the output of the comparator 88 so that the
output of comparator 88 ceases to inhibit the re-enabling of transistor
Tp (inhibition during 90% of the very low frequency cycles) as soon as
the operation of the power supply has become normal.<br /><br />OPERATION OF THE BASE CONTROL CIRCUIT<br /><br />This
operation will be described by illustrating it with voltage wave forms
within the chopped power supply and within the integrated circuit CI1.<br /><br />(a) Start-up on switching on<br /><br />At the beginning the integrated circuit is not at all supplied with power.<br /><br />The
voltage at the power supply terminal 28 increases from 0 to a value Vaa
which is not the nominal value Vcc but which is a lower value supplied
by diode 32 and resistor 30 (compare FIG. 1) as long as the chopped
power supply does not deliver its nominal output voltage Vcc at terminal
28. Vaa is a sufficient voltage for ensuring practically normal
operation of all the elements of the circuit CI1. Vaa is also sufficient
for reinitializing the flip flop 96 which, from then on, no longer
inhibits the enabling of the power transistor Tp.<br /><br />There are no
regulation signals at the input 40. Consequently, the high frequency
oscillator oscillates at its free frequency and the very low frequency
oscillator also oscillates (it is not inhibited by the flip flop 89
since this latter does not receive any regulation signals from the
output 72 of the shaping circuit 74).<br /><br />The very low frequency
oscillator 82 and the comparator 88 define periodic cycles of start-up
attempts repeated at very low frequency.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s1282/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdoOwzyVCmZ14V3lefq2DZP-aN9yiesb3ePROCMZKcfPDHYmINF2uVFYCpKdKsSsqFPvhUZk4FiL9VmO-t91PtduVCKW9E7K7aNJYaBcVgT_lpgajX8MTrkwceQYFhB84OymGLCuFmHsc4MxD9g5Vi0sE856JJtn7Vy3aYScLd8YWyC6dxKO_HtL7853O/s320/IMGH_13555__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWLWZnm_-KuYUTuYiCa52hgR392ys-F8NmxBafwMI_syyT2CSXo8cdkbBkFu2qhQyjhw1ziJThiWV0Za5Bho6Saij29YwxXFE8auFwu8O1ljDhq0c7RZE-U4e1oGOUiAVGu4NykFJE79QR/s1600/IMGH_02951.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br /><br />Each
cycle comprises a first part defined by the square waves of short
duration at the output of the comparator 88, and a second part formed by
the end of the very low frequency period; the first part is an
effective attempt at start-up. The second part is a pause if the
effective attempt has failed. The pause lasts much longer than the
effective attempt so as to limit power consumption. During the first
part of the cycle, passage of the enabling signals from the high
frequency oscillator 64 is allowed through the AND gate 48. Then it is
prohibited. Each pulse from the output 62 of the oscillator 64 triggers
off the enabling of transistor Tp. There is then a burst of triggering
pulses which is emitted for about 10% of the verylow frequency period.<br /><br />During
start up, the current intensities in the transistor tend to be high. It
is essentially the comparator 92 which causes interruption of the
conduction, after each enabling pulse supplied by oscillator 64, as soon
as the current exceeds the threshold imposed by the variable threshold
elaboration circuit 90. If the comparator 92 does not trigger off
interruption of the conduction, the modulator 78 will do it in any case
at the end of the duration Tmax.<br /><br />The threshold elaboration
circuit which supplies the comparator 90 with a first fixed threshold
value Vs1 under normal operating conditions (i.e. when the very low
frequency oscillator 82 is disabled by the flip flop 89), delivers a
variable threshold as a function of the saw tooth of the very low
frequency oscillator in the following way:<br /><br />at the initial time of
a start-up attempt cycle (start of the saw tooth or return to zero of
the preceding saw tooth), the threshold passes suddenly from the first
value Vs1 to a second value Vs2 corresponding to a smaller current than
for the first value, then this threshold increases progressively
(because driven by the very low frequency saw tooth) from the second
value to the first one. The duration of the increase coincides
preferably with the duration of a start-up attempt square wave (namely
about 10% of the very low frequency period).<br /><br />Then the threshold
stabilizes at the first value Vs1 until the end of the period but, in
any case, if the circuit has not started up at that time, the comparator
88 closes gate 58 through the OR gate 100 and inhibits any subsequent
enabling of the power transistor for the rest of the very low frequency
period (90%). It is in this case the second part of the start up attempt
cycle which takes place: a pause during which the pulses of the
oscillator 64 are not transmitted through the AND gate 58.<br /><br />Thus
the start up cycles act on two levels: on the one hand a burst of
enabling pulses is emitted (10% of the time) then stopped (90% of the
time) until the next cycle; on the other hand, during this burst, the
current limitation threshold passes progressively from its second
relatively low value to its normal higher value.<br /><br />Consequently, if
we observe the peak amplitude of the current in transistor Tp during
the start-up bursts, it can be seen that it increases practically
linearly from the second value to the first value. Therefore gradual
start-up is obtained by a much more efficient action than that which
consists simply for example in causing the time Tmax to increase from a
low value to a nominal value. If start up is not successful, a new burst
of enabling pulses is transmitted during the first part of the next
cycle (it will be recalled that this cycle is repeated about once per
second and that the burst may last 100 milliseconds).<br /><br />If start-up
is successful, regulation signals appear at terminal 40. These signals
are shaped by circuit 74. They cause the very low frequency oscillator
82 to stop through the flip flop 89 which prevents the zero return of
the saw tooth. Moreover, flip flop 89 sends through the OR gate 100 a
signal for cancelling out the inhibition effect imposed by the
comparator 88. Finally, as soon as start-up is successful, the
regulation signals synchronize the high frequency oscillator 64.<br /><br />FIG. 3 illustrates the high frequency signals during the start-up period:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Zvpf7MJqM2t8108egCQ93R9EHdz8LCGBCX47I1vYXzPSS8su2FP1RmqRs088F1CAZBsJJdb6AFMS2yHykMw4_UBNhYRAHRRXN-5v6IxDgWLKIPttphlRU95NEmzlXKtYFrcfBnuQ0TDK/s1202/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-04__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Zvpf7MJqM2t8108egCQ93R9EHdz8LCGBCX47I1vYXzPSS8su2FP1RmqRs088F1CAZBsJJdb6AFMS2yHykMw4_UBNhYRAHRRXN-5v6IxDgWLKIPttphlRU95NEmzlXKtYFrcfBnuQ0TDK/s320/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-04__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /><br />line a: saw tooth at the output 70 of the oscillator 64 (free oscillation at frequency fo, period To),<br /><br />line
b: pulses for enabling the transistor Tp : these pulses coincide with
the zero return of the saw tooth signal (output 62 of oscillator 64),<br /><br />line c: output square waves from modulator 78 defining the maximum cyclic conduction time of the transistor,<br /><br />line
d: pulses delivered by the comparator 92 when the current in the switch
exceeds the threshold (gradually increasing during start-up) defined by
circuit 90.<br /><br />Conduction of transistor Tp, after being triggered
by a pulse from line b, is stopped either by square waves of line c if
the current threshold is not exceeded, or by an output pulse from
comparator 92.<br /><br />FIG. 4 shows the very low frequency signals during
the start up cycles. The diagrams are not to the same time scale as in
FIG. 3 since it will be recalled that an example of the frequency of the
high frequency oscillator 64 is 20 kilohertz whereas an example of the
very low frequency of oscillator 82 is 1 hertz. The high frequency
pulses have however been shown symbolically in FIG. 4, in a more limited
number than in reality for facilitating the representation.<br /><br />line e: saw tooth output of the very low frequency oscillator (frequency f2, period T2),<br /><br />line
f: output of the comparator 88 representing the first phase (start-up
attempt by causing transistor Tp to be enabled) and the second phase
(pause through inhibiting such enabling) during each very low frequency
start-up cycle,<br /><br />line g: pulses from the freely oscillating high frequency oscillator,<br /><br />line h: bursts of enabling pulses at the output of the AND gate 58,<br /><br />line
i: diagram of the cyclic variation of the threshold elaborated by
circuit 90 during the start up cycles: fixed value Vs1 in theory, sudden
drop to Vs2 at the beginning of the very low frequency saw tooth, and
gradual rise of Vs2 to Vs1, driven by the linear growth of the saw
tooth, during the start-up burst.<br /><br />(b) Operation of the power supply under normal established operating conditions<br /><br />The very low frequency oscillator is not operating.<br /><br />The high frequency oscillator is synchronized by the regulation signals.<br /><br />The
zero return of the high frequency saw tooth, coinciding with the
positive pulse of the regulation signals, causes transistor Tp to be
enabled (no inhibition by the AND gate under normal operating
conditions). The negative pulses cause disablement, through the OR gate
64, unless such disablement has been caused:<br /><br />either by an overshoot of the first current threshold value, detected by comparator 92,<br /><br />or
by the modulator 78 if the time interval between the positive pulse and
the negative pulse which immediately follows it is greater than the
maximum duration Tmax which is permitted.<br /><br />FIG. 5 shows the high frequency signals under normal operating conditions.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinD0DWCPwXrhq90xJPO63_Qr0pp7rEj_Z23gMqfi3BQ56vLck75czqM5Pr2EQoI3sXNk4MESguabYFb0_N2w98jd4xPTqVJg-EUL82Sqx2uWFbBLWK2_5IqzfBfOAMQCnhziYLKgrK9Hsb/s1202/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-05__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinD0DWCPwXrhq90xJPO63_Qr0pp7rEj_Z23gMqfi3BQ56vLck75czqM5Pr2EQoI3sXNk4MESguabYFb0_N2w98jd4xPTqVJg-EUL82Sqx2uWFbBLWK2_5IqzfBfOAMQCnhziYLKgrK9Hsb/s320/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-05__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /><br />line
j: alternate positive and negative pulses received at the input 40 of
the circuit (these are the regulation signals defining the times at
which the power transistor Tp is enabled and disabled),<br /><br />line k:
shaped pulses at the output 72 of the separation and shaping circuit 74:
they correspond to the positive pulses only of the regulation signals,<br /><br />line
l: saw tooth at the output 70 of oscillator 64; the saw tooth is
synchronized with the regulation signals n so that its zero return
coincides with the pulses of line k,<br /><br />line m: pulses at the output 62 of oscillator 64; these pulses are emitted during zero returns of the saw tooth of line 1,<br /><br />line n: output square waves of modulator 78, again defining the maximum duration of conduction of the power transistor,<br /><br />line
o: pulses coming from the output 70 of the separation and shaping
circuit 74: these pulses correspond to the negative pulses of the
regulation signals,<br /><br />line p: as a reminder, pulses have been shown
at the output of comparator 92 in the case where the current in the
power transistor overshoots the threshold corresponding to Vs1.<br /><br />Transistor
Tp after being enabled by a pulse from line k is normally disabled by
the pulse from line o which immediately follows it, or, more
exceptionally by the pulses from line p if the threshold Vs1 has been
exceeded before the appearance of the pulse from line o, or else, by the
square waves of line n if the threshold has not been exceeded and if
the pulse from line o appears after the beginning of a square wave of
line n.<br /><br />FIG. 6 shows the very low frequency signals at the time
of going over from start-up conditions to normal operating conditions
(same scale as in FIG. 4).<br /><br />line q: regulation signals at the input 40; these signals are initially absent and appear at a certain moment,<br /><br />line r: output of the flip flop 89 indicating the absence or the presence of regulation signals,<br /><br />line
s: very low frequency saw tooth which rises to its high level and does
not drop again if the output of the flip flop 89 is at the high level
(indicating the presence of regulation signals),<br /><br />line t: output
of the OR gate 100 showing initially a square wave of short duration,
coming from comparator 88 and allowing a start-up burst (cf. FIG. 4),
then blocking at the high level which prevents subsequent inhibition of
the AND gate 58 by the comparator 88.<br /><br />(c) Safety mode in the case of a malfunction<br /><br />The safety mode consists in fact in establishing start-up cycles as for switching on.<br /><br />These
cycles are triggered off by starting up the very low frequency
oscillator 82 when the regulation signals disappear at input 40.<br /><br />The
flip flop 89 goes back to an initial state when it no longer receives
pulses from the output 72 of the separation and shaping circuits 74.
Thus oscillator 82 will be able to oscillate again and the above
described cycles are established.<br /><br />(d) Serious malfunction: very high over current.<br /><br />Whatever
the operating conditions, normal or start-up, the over-currents in the
transistor Tp are detected by the comparator 92 and cause interruption
of the conduction.<br /><br />But if there is for example a short circuit at
the output of the power supply, an over-current may occur such that the
current continues to increase before the conduction can be completely
interrupted. In this case, it is provided for the threshold comparator
94 to supply an enabling inhibition order when the current in transistor
Tp exceeds a third threshold value which is for example higher by 30%
than the first value. This inhibition order is stored by the flip flop
96 which switches under the action of the comparator and disables the
AND gate 58; the flip flop 96 can only come back to its initial state
when the integrated circuit, after having partially or totally ceased to
be supplied with power, is again normally supplied with power. For
example, the power supply must be switched off and switched on again to
again allow the passage of pulses for enabling the transistor Tp.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWrvOf2x6akAkNrGwoteEDH0IxKOMhfpi7iWoEDJT9uaGl1VrmVOZuCeZuS1C9Ci05YQqaCdhdleLBWt6YU38mTaQhSn1_jcjMX7JZcgRtF_MIPXmlMORZzQrGrMPw_6QnA0vl9uhcxFlt/s1202/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-06__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1202" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWrvOf2x6akAkNrGwoteEDH0IxKOMhfpi7iWoEDJT9uaGl1VrmVOZuCeZuS1C9Ci05YQqaCdhdleLBWt6YU38mTaQhSn1_jcjMX7JZcgRtF_MIPXmlMORZzQrGrMPw_6QnA0vl9uhcxFlt/s320/TEA2165-TEA2164-smps-desc___2--.JPG-06__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br />To
finish this description, there has been shown in FIG. 7 an example of
circuit 90 which elaborates a variable threshold for the comparator 92:
the very low frequency saw tooth delivered by the oscillator is applied
to a voltage/current converter 102 which produces a current increasing
in saw tooth fashion from zero to a maximum value.<br /><br />This current
is applied to a series assembly of a voltage source 104 (value Vs2) and a
resistor 106. A voltage clipper, shown by a Zener diode 108 (value of
the conduction threshold: Vs1) is placed in parallel across the assembly
104, 106. The junction point between the output of the converter 102,
the resistor 106 and the voltage clipper 108 forms the output of circuit
90 and is connected to the input of comparator 92. Thus, at zero return
of the saw tooth, the output voltage of circuit 90 is Vs2. Then it
increases as the current in resistor 106 increases (linearly). When the
voltage at the terminals of resistor 106 reaches and exceeds the value
Vs1-Vs2, the voltage clipper conducts and diverts the current surplus so
that the output voltage remains limited to Vs1.<p> </p><p> </p><p><br /></p><br /><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1v_KSWnbzCl97v1SAi3_05c1fHT1a74hfvy2xKcUxuVfkXk1y4kuDgC_IhJqm22iQxmIhLzhfyXtuicYPHXgljNNIzqmKW8PvFvE0BF-rtzpElEczZY04EYrdYG2kijjvsg7OvOpeVse3cQJ35LUpn9ZT_yOlXuV8fH_8m_GSoTEUHNWZX5JCPougKjh4/s1282/IMGH_13542__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1v_KSWnbzCl97v1SAi3_05c1fHT1a74hfvy2xKcUxuVfkXk1y4kuDgC_IhJqm22iQxmIhLzhfyXtuicYPHXgljNNIzqmKW8PvFvE0BF-rtzpElEczZY04EYrdYG2kijjvsg7OvOpeVse3cQJ35LUpn9ZT_yOlXuV8fH_8m_GSoTEUHNWZX5JCPougKjh4/s320/IMGH_13542__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>MIVAR 28M1 TVD CHASSIS TV3796 Switch-mode power supply with burst mode standby operation:</span><br />
<br />
In
a switch mode power supply, a first switching transistor is coupled
to a primary winding of a transformer for generating pulses of a
switching current. A secondary winding of the transformer is coupled
via a switching diode to a capacitor of a control circuit for
developing a control signal in the capacitor. The control signal is
applied to a mains coupled chopper second transistor for generating and
regulating supply voltages in accordance with pulse width modulation
of the control signal. During standby operation, the first and second
transistors operate in a burst mode that is repetitive at a frequency
of the AC mains supply voltage such as 50 Hz. In the burst mode
operation, during intervals in which pulses of the switching current
occur, the pulse width and peak amplitude of the switching current
pulses progressively increase in accordance with the waveform of the
mains supply voltage to provide a soft start operation in the standby
mode of operation within each burst group.<br />
<br />
Description:<br />
<br />
The invention relates to switch-mode power supplies.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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In
a typical switch mode power supply (SMPS) of a television receiver
the AC mains supply voltage is coupled to a bridge rectifier. An
unregulated direct current (DC) input supply voltage is produced. A
pulse width modulator controls the duty cycle of a chopper transistor
switch that applies the unregulated supply voltage across a primary
winding of a flyback transformer. A flyback voltage at a frequency that
is determined by the modulator is developed at a secondary winding of
the transformer and is rectified to produce DC output supply voltages
such as a voltage B+ that energizes a horizontal deflection circuit
of the television receiver and a voltage that energizes a remote
control unit.<br />
<br />
During normal operation, the DC output
supply voltages are regulated by the pulse width modulator in a
negative feedback manner. During standby operation, the SMPS is
required to generate the DC output supply voltage that energizes the
remote control unit. However, most other stages of the television
receiver are inoperative and do not draw supply currents.
Consequently, the average value of the duty cycle of the chopper
transistor may have to be substantially lower during standby than
during normal operation.<br />
<br />
Because of, for example,
storage time limitation in the chopper transistor, it may not be
possible to reduce the length of the conduction interval in a given
cycle below a minimum level. Thus, in order to maintain the average
value of the duty cycle low, it may be desirable to operate the chopper
transistor in an intermittent or burst mode, during standby. During
standby, a long dead time interval occurs between consecutively
occurring burst mode operation intervals. Only during the burst mode
operation interval switching operation occurs in the chopper
transistor. The result is that each of the conduction intervals is of a
sufficient length.<br />
<br />
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In
accordance with an aspect of the invention, burst mode operation
intervals are initiated and occur at a rate that is determined by a
repetitive signal at the frequency of the AC mains supply voltage. For
example, when the mains supply voltage is at 50 Hz, each burst mode
operation interval, when switching cycles occur, may last 5
milliseconds and the dead time interval when no switching cycles
occur, may last during the remainder portion or 15 milliseconds. Such
arrangement that is triggered by a signal at the frequency of the
mains supply voltage simplifies the design of the SMPS.<br />
<br />
The
burst mode operation intervals that occur in standby operation are
synchronized to the 50 Hz signal. During each such interval, pulses of
current are produced in transformers and inductances of the SMPS. The
pulses of current occur in clusters that are repetitive at 50 Hz. The
pulses of current occur at a frequency that is equal to the switching
frequency of the chopper transistor within each burst mode operation
interval. Such qurrent pulses might produce an objectionable sound
during power-off or standby operation. The objectionable sound might
be produced due to possible parasitic mechanical vibrations as a
result of the pulse currents in, for example, the inductances and
transformers of the SMPS.<br />
<br />
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In
accordance with another aspect of the invention, the change in the AC
mains supply voltage during each period causes the length of the
conduction interval in consecutively occurring switching cycle during
the burst mode operation interval to increase progressively. Such
operation that occurs during each burst mode operation interval may be
referred to as soft start operation. The soft start operation causes,
for example, gradual charging of capacitors in the SMPS. Consequently,
the parasitic mechanical vibrations are substantially reduced. Also,
the frequency of the switching cycles within each burst mode operation
interval is maintained above the audible range for further reducing
the level of such audible noise during standby operation.<br />
<br />
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A
switch mode power supply, embodying an aspect of the invention, for
generating an output supply voltage during both a standby-mode of
operation and during a run-mode of operation includes a source of AC
mains input supply voltage. A control signal at a given frequency is
generated. A switching arrangement energized by the input supply
voltage and responsive to the first control signal produces a
switching current during both the standby-mode of operation and the
run-mode operation. The output supply voltage is generated from the
switching current. An arrangement coupled to the switching arrangement
and responsive to a standby-mode/run-mode control signal and to a
signal at a frequency that is determined by a frequency of the AC
mains input supply voltage controls the switching arrangement in a
burst mode manner during the standby-mode of operation. During a burst
interval, a plurality of switching cycles are performed and during an
alternating dead time interval no switching cycles are performed. The
two intervals alternate at a frequency that is determined by the
frequency of the AC mains input supply voltage.<p> </p><p> <span style="font-weight: bold;">MIVAR 28M1 TVD CHASSIS TV3796 - Deflection power processing with TEA</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUp3Bd_6YQNoOAvEtAXhEU7vhfVqXJCWrsnhd3gzhlr99Xh2UyQqfnfHyi4n4ke8DCJSIRfLuaBS-wN-5_dXCQP9RvLs9wGjtSyN2d6pKbDglWBQoPwiQ1H9okL6KK7ppyLbT9jlSCEhwkiIwOP2DVmF0F_Gkd1woPsyTmcxYiq-MV91EkMnamyVQV-kRK/s1026/IMGH_13547b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUp3Bd_6YQNoOAvEtAXhEU7vhfVqXJCWrsnhd3gzhlr99Xh2UyQqfnfHyi4n4ke8DCJSIRfLuaBS-wN-5_dXCQP9RvLs9wGjtSyN2d6pKbDglWBQoPwiQ1H9okL6KK7ppyLbT9jlSCEhwkiIwOP2DVmF0F_Gkd1woPsyTmcxYiq-MV91EkMnamyVQV-kRK/s320/IMGH_13547b__TVM.jpg" /></a>2029C</span><br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
The TEA2029C is a complete (horizontal and vertical)<br />
deflection processor with secondary to primary<br />
SMPS control for color TV sets.<br />
<br />
DEFLECTION .CERAMIC 500kHz RESONATOR FREQUENCY<br />
REFERENCE .NO LINE AND FRAME OSCILLATOR ADJUSTMENT<br />
.DUAL
PLL FOR LINE DEFLECTION .HIGH PERFORMANCE SYNCHRONIZATION .SUPER
SANDCASTLE OUTPUT .VIDEO IDENTIFICATION CIRCUIT .AUTOMATIC 50/60Hz
STANDARD IDENTIFICATION<br />
.EXCELLENT INTERLACING CONTROL .SPECIALPATENTED FRAME SYNCHRO DEVICE<br />
FOR VCR OPERATION .FRAME SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR .FRAME PHASE MODULATOR FOR THYRISTOR<br />
SMPS CONTROL .ERROR AMPLIFIER AND PHASE MODULATOR<br />
.SYNCHRONIZATION WITH HORIZONTAL<br />
DEFLECTION .SECURITY CIRCUIT AND START UP PROCESSOR<br />
.OUTPUT PULSES ARE SENT TO THE PRIMARY<br />
SMPS IC (TEA2261) THROUGH A<br />
LOW COST TRANSFORMER<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
This integrated circuit uses I2L bipolar technology<br />
and combines analog signal processing with digital<br />
processing.<br />
Timing signals are obtainedfrom a voltage-controlled<br />
oscillator (VCO) operatingat 500KHzby means<br />
of a cheap ceramic resonator. This avoids the<br />
frequency adjustment normally required with line<br />
and frame oscillators.<br />
A chain of dividers and appropriate logic circuitry<br />
produce very accurately defined sampling pulses<br />
and the necessary timing signals.<br />
The principal functions implemented are :<br />
- Horizontal scanning processor.<br />
- Frame scanning processor. Two applications are<br />
possible :<br />
- D Class : Power stage using an external<br />
thyristor.<br />
- B Class : Powerstageusing an externalpower<br />
amplifier with fly-back generator<br />
such as the TDA8170.<br />
- Secondary switch mode power regulation.<br />
The SMPS output synchronize a primary I.C.<br />
(TEA2260/61)at the mains part.<br />
This concept allows ACTIVE STANDBY facilities.<br />
- Dual phase-locked loop horizontal scanning.<br />
- High performance frameand line synchronization<br />
with interlacing control.<br />
- Video identification circuit.<br />
- Super sandcastle.<br />
- AGC key pulse output.<br />
- Automatic 50-60Hz standard identification.<br />
- VCR input for PLL time constant and frame synchro<br />
switching.<br />
- Frame saw-tooth generator and phase modulator.<br />
- Switchingmode regulated power supplycomprising<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1v_KSWnbzCl97v1SAi3_05c1fHT1a74hfvy2xKcUxuVfkXk1y4kuDgC_IhJqm22iQxmIhLzhfyXtuicYPHXgljNNIzqmKW8PvFvE0BF-rtzpElEczZY04EYrdYG2kijjvsg7OvOpeVse3cQJ35LUpn9ZT_yOlXuV8fH_8m_GSoTEUHNWZX5JCPougKjh4/s1282/IMGH_13542__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1v_KSWnbzCl97v1SAi3_05c1fHT1a74hfvy2xKcUxuVfkXk1y4kuDgC_IhJqm22iQxmIhLzhfyXtuicYPHXgljNNIzqmKW8PvFvE0BF-rtzpElEczZY04EYrdYG2kijjvsg7OvOpeVse3cQJ35LUpn9ZT_yOlXuV8fH_8m_GSoTEUHNWZX5JCPougKjh4/s320/IMGH_13542__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil86m7KzssC8f--5enDytEcgYX7bul52yspvi4x-17TFjFYrNtG6KpN73H5mU_xuuqqO37D9-Tvq-AomRYp1_QzZq9qht3ae95S20VO2smNClKLwsm64avrEGKRkpgL76GzcV5ygmIuPqC3wkC2ApyUKnIEnxawcCcM3Jb0BzBBOWM0wV3m5JK3nflJQ/s1282/IMGH_12818__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
error amplifier and phase modulator.<br />
- Security circuit and start-up processor.<br />
- 500kHzVCO<br />
The circuit is supplied in a 28 pin DIP case.<br />
VCC = 12V.<br />
Synchronization Separator<br />
Line synchronization separator is clamped to<br />
black level of input video signal with synchronization<br />
pulse bottom level measurement.<br />
The synchronization pulses are divided centrally<br />
between the black level and the synchronization<br />
pulse bottom level, to improve performance on<br />
video signals in noise conditions.<br />
Frame Synchronization<br />
Frame synchronization is fully integrated (no external<br />
capacitor required).<br />
The frame timing identification logic permits automatic<br />
adaptation to 50 - 60Hz standards or non-interlaced<br />
video.<br />
An automatic synchronization window width system<br />
provides :<br />
- fast frame capture (6.7ms wide window),<br />
- good noise immunity (0.4ms narrow window).<br />
The internal generator starts the discharge of the<br />
saw-tooth generator capacitor so that it is not disturbed<br />
by line fly back effects.<br />
Thanks to the logic control, the beginning of the<br />
charge phase does not depend on any disturbing<br />
effect of the line fly-back.<br />
A 32ms timing is automatically applied on standardized<br />
transmissions, for perfect interlacing.<br />
In VCR mode, the discharge time is controlled by<br />
an internal monostable independent of the line<br />
frequency and gives a direct frame synchronization.<br />
Horizontal Scanning<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPndyUIX48_Ug46Ztyx3Ts_37XKdnYkYFsTG_qMAxbE5kJfXW6cRtY2zilX_Xd0WjFXpKLcRmS0ubjS92OaZwwvfTqseNPDRIcUBhWgWXnNsm64t78qZJBfdYtco8cpO4xb3h4oTVV7rnU68cvXMVi0MUxzN2pjSJxYa5zZMyPUPNL-9YG7_bykhterea/s1282/IMGH_13543__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPndyUIX48_Ug46Ztyx3Ts_37XKdnYkYFsTG_qMAxbE5kJfXW6cRtY2zilX_Xd0WjFXpKLcRmS0ubjS92OaZwwvfTqseNPDRIcUBhWgWXnNsm64t78qZJBfdYtco8cpO4xb3h4oTVV7rnU68cvXMVi0MUxzN2pjSJxYa5zZMyPUPNL-9YG7_bykhterea/s320/IMGH_13543__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUF5S9obKqBJ5-OHqmkZdmIYR_PiliDJJUeCyNnE4-JBXCrf2-3BeVLT6PlCggUn9MfZmLfdwAwo6Qa9UCo3ZHdKIOaPn6JL4b5Ndqmra5I_zXX8NZQI6OijP6bNjjMJN9EQk1a1W2gFHymbWuProa9Tjuu_9tGtAll9Zaap5HiOq70sgZwZ4tGh1EsA/s1282/IMGH_12819__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
The horizontalscanningfrequencyis obtainedfrom<br />
the 500kHz VCO.<br />
The circuit uses two phase-locked loops (PLL) :<br />
the first one controls the frequency, the second one<br />
controls the relative phase of the synchronization<br />
and line fly-back signals.<br />
The frequency PLL has two switched time constants<br />
to provide :<br />
- capture with a short time constant,<br />
- good noise immunity after capture with a long<br />
time constant.<br />
The output pulse has a constant duration of 26ms,<br />
independent of VCC and any delay in switching off<br />
the scanning transistor.<br />
Video Identification<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The horizontal synchronization signal is sampled<br />
by a 2ms pulse within the synchronization pulse.<br />
The signal is integrated by an external capacitor.<br />
The identification function provides three different<br />
levels :<br />
- 0V : no video identification<br />
- 6V : 60Hz video identification<br />
- 12V : 50Hz video identification<br />
This information may be used for timing research<br />
in the case of frequency or voltage synthetizer type<br />
receivers, and for audio muting.<br />
Super Sandcastle with 3 levels : burst, line flyback,<br />
frame blanking<br />
In the event of vertical scanning failure, the frame<br />
blanking level goes high to protect the tube.<br />
Frame blanking time (start with reset of Frame<br />
divider) is 24 lines.<br />
VCR Input<br />
This provides for continuous use of the short time<br />
constant of the first phase-locked loop (frequency).<br />
In VCR mode, the frame synchronization window<br />
widens out to a search window and there is no<br />
delay of frame fly-back (direct synchronization).<br />
Frame Scanning<br />
FRAME SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR. The current<br />
to charge the capacitoris automatically switched to<br />
60Hz operation to maintain constant amplitude.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHFTDhfY6rv-ujZ7Z7p05MgthrD3-O_A5xRdf2OEJq-pB5Hpy8vyVDX7IWVbULHfnf1Bvkb6BC0MCmJoCdkKEt3wOuFHN6nzR105AM0UIYCc-gvjnVV9lHlaNXmzluo59_7zaaQ9iXClnKNHHCSW6F-0mHYRBV4t62Z05d6x_CyNefG8O-un_gocnwWFI/s1282/IMGH_13541__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHFTDhfY6rv-ujZ7Z7p05MgthrD3-O_A5xRdf2OEJq-pB5Hpy8vyVDX7IWVbULHfnf1Bvkb6BC0MCmJoCdkKEt3wOuFHN6nzR105AM0UIYCc-gvjnVV9lHlaNXmzluo59_7zaaQ9iXClnKNHHCSW6F-0mHYRBV4t62Z05d6x_CyNefG8O-un_gocnwWFI/s320/IMGH_13541__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUXg2e1BFtYn_Rjp3mhb6IcV_UW6P8IMIsfv8oMnUoc2HnyIlqwav78wfkODz2cRTjyeE8R59De5Lm_8TIWBiI86pxIaBd_Y1EigqV02bi2gxRykKxpEaQQok-0CbW5cBrx7CrBya9CdSEs837D3rOXaYlNweX7NL5CUfy_3iB6h9VNLLWv7RKyHwx7w/s1282/IMGH_12817__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>FRAME PHASE MODULATOR (WITH TWO DIFFERENTIAL<br />
INPUTS). The output signal is a pulse<br />
at the line frequency, pulse width modulatedby the<br />
voltage at the differential pre-amplifier input.<br />
This signal is used to control a thyristor which<br />
provides the scanning current to the yoke. The<br />
saw-tooth output is a low impedance,however, and<br />
can therefore be used in class B operation with a<br />
power amplifier circuit.<br />
Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Secondary<br />
to Primary Regulation<br />
This power supply uses a differential error amplifier<br />
with an internal reference voltage of 1.26V and a<br />
phase modulator operating at the line frequency.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcoTxmgap428-d8VC9x07d72CUJ6dj0tnirYBvNDv4_U9ie2Kw6vozlWxidsCnzRXncuCyfFuBsxz8fG68G6ZyJLGV55GICzD9eU_BoS7CmvrR4utvgrR7l5njNl_UzzkhqXtm-P2FsKUnuazOX1Dx5ilftqHwue2UmeQ1q4n_p7wSoIDMN-5kzeRUw/s1282/IMGH_12822__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcoTxmgap428-d8VC9x07d72CUJ6dj0tnirYBvNDv4_U9ie2Kw6vozlWxidsCnzRXncuCyfFuBsxz8fG68G6ZyJLGV55GICzD9eU_BoS7CmvrR4utvgrR7l5njNl_UzzkhqXtm-P2FsKUnuazOX1Dx5ilftqHwue2UmeQ1q4n_p7wSoIDMN-5kzeRUw/s320/IMGH_12822__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The powertransistor is turnedoff bythe falling edge<br />
of the horizontal saw-tooth.<br />
The ”soft start” device imposes a very small conduction<br />
angle on starting up, this angle progressively<br />
increases to its nominal regulation value.<br />
The maximum conductionangle may be monitored<br />
by forcing a voltage on pin 15. This pin may also<br />
be used for current limitation.<br />
The outputpulse is sent to the primaryS.M.P.S. I.C.<br />
(TEA2261) via a low cost synchro transformer.<br />
Security Circuit and Start Up Processor<br />
When the security input (pin 28) is at a voltage<br />
exceeding 1.26V the three outputs are simultaneously<br />
cut off until this voltagedrops below the 1.26V<br />
threshold again. In this case the switch mode<br />
power supply is restarted by the ”soft start” system.<br />
If this cycle is repeated three times, the three<br />
outputs are cut off definitively. To reset the safety<br />
logic circuits, VCC must be zero volt.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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This circuit eliminates the risk to switch off the TV<br />
receiver in the event of a flash affecting the tube.<br />
On starting up, the horizontal and vertical scanning<br />
functions come into operation at VCC = 6V. The<br />
power supply then comes into operation progressively.<br />
On shutting down, the three functions are interrupted<br />
simultaneously after the first line fly-back.<br />
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<div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i6_0sH9uv1M5ff66eOvJMhGo_dOHV4fR2ioZjE4M-_XJdDEWRe3uF_28ML_CqCzKhsSqT02DHp4FU60SKFWz1C2Lf1ToT4hYGe6TlNfJD3Sc_0vNSYI7UFsaj5AzXSlJbJtve3bTug5h/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG4-FIG5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i6_0sH9uv1M5ff66eOvJMhGo_dOHV4fR2ioZjE4M-_XJdDEWRe3uF_28ML_CqCzKhsSqT02DHp4FU60SKFWz1C2Lf1ToT4hYGe6TlNfJD3Sc_0vNSYI7UFsaj5AzXSlJbJtve3bTug5h/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG4-FIG5__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a><i><b><u> CRT Line Output Stage Operation Principle: </u></b></i><br /><br />I'll
examine the operation of the line output stage, whose basic job is to
generate a sawtooth current in the line scan coils so that the beams are
deflected horizontally across the picture tube's screen. The beams are
deflected from the left-hand side to the right-hand side to give the
forward line scan: this is followed by a rapid, blanked flyback to the
left-hand side ready to trace out the next viewed line. Because of the
way in which the flyback is achieved, the line output transformer
generates various pulse voltages which are rectified to produce the
e.h.t. required by the tube and other supplies. The line output stage is
not just any sort of amplifier. The active device, almost always a
transistor though valves, thyristors and gate -controlled switches have
been used in the past, operates as a switch, the inductive components in
the stage being mainly responsible for generating the sawtooth current
waveform. Tuning is used to generate and control the flyback. The line
drive waveform controls the output transistor's on/off switching and
thus determines the timing of the cycle of operations, keeping them
phase synchronised with the transmitted picture signal.<br />Basic Operation<br /><br />Fig.
1 shows in most basic form the main elements in the line output stage,
the active device (transistor) being shown as a switch. When the switch
is closed, capacitor C and diode D are shorted out and the 150V supply
is connected across coil L. Now it's a basic law of inductance that when
a d.c. voltage is connected across a coil the current flowing through
the coil builds up linearly from zero. Fig. 2(a) shows this as a
positive -going ramp that starts at time t 1 , when the switch is
closed. After about 26psec (t2), roughly the time required to deflect
the beams from screen centre flows via the large -value capacitor CR,
charging the tuning capacitor C with the result that the voltage at its
'upper' plate (the one connected to the coil) rises to a relatively high
positive value. When all the energy in coil L has been transferred to
capacitor C (time t3) the latter begi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hVBTUrSsF4oVviTTNWKLLQo5G5udmVN7SPKKzxagi93jQVdOo1lt6GMgdu66OqaQz5eO_T6RTMIEnmrLvvQltYIpeRzStoaku5kzdUFz7MfmnOfEcWCr9U6n7bvyNWxBFtPbrbl-U9dN/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG1-FIG2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hVBTUrSsF4oVviTTNWKLLQo5G5udmVN7SPKKzxagi93jQVdOo1lt6GMgdu66OqaQz5eO_T6RTMIEnmrLvvQltYIpeRzStoaku5kzdUFz7MfmnOfEcWCr9U6n7bvyNWxBFtPbrbl-U9dN/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG1-FIG2__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a>ns
to discharge, passing the energy back the other way to L via CR which,
as far as the circuit's a.c. operation is concerned, can be regarded as a
short-circuit. At time t4 the capacitor has discharged, having
transferred the energy back to the coil. This to-and-fro interchange of
energy between L and C, which from the a.c. point of view are in
parallel (CR representing a short-circuit), is the normal action of a
tuned/resonant/oscillatory circuit. The resonant frequency is determined
by the values of L and C. These are selected so that when time t4 is
reached, i.e. after a half cycle of oscillation, the sawtooth current
has passed through zero to a negative point on the ramp and the beams
have been deflected to the left-hand side of the screen ready for the
next active line scan. To complete the oscillatory cycle (the normal
resonant circuit action) the voltage at the upper plate of capacitor C
would have to move negatively with respect to chassis. It can't do so
because of the presence of diode D, which is called the efficiency diode
- we'll explain that in a minute. When the voltage at the cathode of D
tries to swing negatively it conducts, i.e. switches on, providing a
discharge path for the coil. Once again because of the inductance in the
circuit there's a gradual, linear current discharge, the enegery being
returned to the supply's reservoir capacitor CR. During this discharge,
the beams are<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPndyUIX48_Ug46Ztyx3Ts_37XKdnYkYFsTG_qMAxbE5kJfXW6cRtY2zilX_Xd0WjFXpKLcRmS0ubjS92OaZwwvfTqseNPDRIcUBhWgWXnNsm64t78qZJBfdYtco8cpO4xb3h4oTVV7rnU68cvXMVi0MUxzN2pjSJxYa5zZMyPUPNL-9YG7_bykhterea/s1282/IMGH_13543__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikPndyUIX48_Ug46Ztyx3Ts_37XKdnYkYFsTG_qMAxbE5kJfXW6cRtY2zilX_Xd0WjFXpKLcRmS0ubjS92OaZwwvfTqseNPDRIcUBhWgWXnNsm64t78qZJBfdYtco8cpO4xb3h4oTVV7rnU68cvXMVi0MUxzN2pjSJxYa5zZMyPUPNL-9YG7_bykhterea/s320/IMGH_13543__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> deflected back towards the centre of the screen (times t4
to t5). At this point the magnetic flux (energy) in L has been
dissipated. C is still in its discharged state, being shorted out by
diode D. So at time t5, with the beams at screen centre (zero
deflection), the switch has to be closed so that the cycle of operation
can be repeated. The action of diode D has, with the inductance in the
circuit, provided half the scan power while in the process returning the
energy (minus inevitable circuit losses) to the reservoir capacitor. No
wonder it's called the efficiency diode. It's important to note that
the beam flyback period t2 to t4 is governed by the time -constant of L
and C, consisting of one half cycle of oscillation. To achieve a flyback
time of 12μsec the duration of one cycle needs to be 24μsec: so the
resonant frequency of L and C works out at 41.67kHz. Fig. 3 illustrates
the four phases in the operation of the line output stage. Now the
voltage developed across an inductor is propor- tional to the rate of
change of the current flowing through it. Thus the voltage across L is
relatively low during the forward scan period but correspondingly high
during the flyback, when the current flow is faster because of the
circuit resonance. The voltage developed at the positive plate of
capacitor C is shown in Fig. 2(b), typically peaking at 1,200V. Both the
line output transistor and the efficiency diode must be capable of
withstanding this high reverse voltage. As we've seen, the circuit
action is highly efficient as the energy stored in L is returned to the
supply during the first half of the forward scan: indeed with 'perfect'
components there would be no net demand on the power supply at all! In
practice because of the resistance of the inductor and the losses in the
diode, switch and capacitor the circuit takes out a little more than it
puts back, while the practice of loading the transformer with rectifier
circuits to provide power for other sections of the set increases the
stage's current demand. To make up for these losses, the line output
transistor is switched on slightly before instead of at the centre of
the forward scan. In a practical circuit L is the primary winding of the
line output transformer and the deflection coils are connected across
it via a d.c. blocking capacitor, CB, as shown in Fig. 4. This coupling
capacitor also provides scan -correction (often referred to as S
-correction). Why is this required? If a linear deflection current was
used to control the scanning with a relatively flat -faced picture tube
the sides of the picture would be stretched out in comparison with the
centre section. Hence S -correction: the value of the coupling capacitor
is chosen so that it resonantes with the inductance of the scan coils
at about 5kHz. This has the effect of adding a sinewave component to the
sawtooth current, as shown in<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i6_0sH9uv1M5ff66eOvJMhGo_dOHV4fR2ioZjE4M-_XJdDEWRe3uF_28ML_CqCzKhsSqT02DHp4FU60SKFWz1C2Lf1ToT4hYGe6TlNfJD3Sc_0vNSYI7UFsaj5AzXSlJbJtve3bTug5h/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG4-FIG5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i6_0sH9uv1M5ff66eOvJMhGo_dOHV4fR2ioZjE4M-_XJdDEWRe3uF_28ML_CqCzKhsSqT02DHp4FU60SKFWz1C2Lf1ToT4hYGe6TlNfJD3Sc_0vNSYI7UFsaj5AzXSlJbJtve3bTug5h/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG4-FIG5__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a>
Fig. 5. Thus the deflection power is tailored to suit the length of the
beam paths as the screen is scanned, correcting the horizontal
linearity of the display. At the line scanning frequency the scan coils
behave as an almost perfect inductor, but their small d.c. resistance is
in series with the fixed voltage that should be present across the
coil. It has the effect of introducing an asymmetric sensitivity loss
during the forward scan. To counteract it a further component is added
in series with the scan coils - an inductor with a saturable magnetic
core, biased by a permanent magnet so that its inductance falls as the
scan current increases. The voltage drop across this inductor, which is
known as the linearity coil, varies in the opposite sense to that
produced by the resistance of the coils, thus providing an equal -but
-opposite cancellation effect. In some TV sets the permanent magnet can
be adjusted to trim the linearity correction, though many modern sets
use components with such tight tolerances that a sealed linearity
-correction coil can be used. With some very small -screen sets the
horizontal non -linearity effect is small enough to be ignored.<br /><br /><b>Practical Line Output Stage</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMQosCI5pQo9Bra3Lc-EX64Wz0qnWgp0CKxR2_90HM0ZtW1mAxTmxiBYSRQ22y8nJAnO5YwGDSgoWgdIz4OmF3Zu5zjiHwPj87obMlsxzyUVy4NIQDtvZQGyDaGgTQsfIYkRxIeVFjCmV/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG6__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMQosCI5pQo9Bra3Lc-EX64Wz0qnWgp0CKxR2_90HM0ZtW1mAxTmxiBYSRQ22y8nJAnO5YwGDSgoWgdIz4OmF3Zu5zjiHwPj87obMlsxzyUVy4NIQDtvZQGyDaGgTQsfIYkRxIeVFjCmV/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG6__TVMS.jpg" width="129" /></a><br />Fig.
6 shows a relatively simple line output stage circuit used with a 90°
-deflection tube. Tr5 is the line output transistor, which incorporates
the efficiency diode in the same package. The primary winding of the
line output trans- former T4 is the section between pins 2 and 10, C95
being the flyback tuning capacitor. Scan coil coupling and S -
correction are provided by C94, the line linearity coil L14 being
connected in series on the chassis side of the scan current path. L14 is
damped by R110 to prevent it ringing when the line flyback pulse occurs
- the effect of an undamped linearity coil is velocity modulation of
the beams at the beginning of their sweeps, showing up as black -and -
white vertical striations at the left-hand side of the screen. C92 is
the reservoir capacitor, the h.t. feed being via 8105. 8106 and R109
feed pulses to the second phase -locked loop (APC2) in the sync chip -
we dealt with this in last month's instalment. A second pulse feed from
the same point goes to the colour decoder chip to provide line blanking,
burst gating and PAL switch drive - this particular set doesn't use the
sandcastle pulse approach.<br /><br /><b>Secondary Supplies</b><br /><br />So
much for the generation and control of the sawtooth scanning current.
The rest of the components in this circuit are used to harness the
energy in the transformer to provide power supplies for other sections
of the receiver. The winding between pins 4 and 8 pulse energises the
picture tube's heaters at 6.3V r.m.s. The other supplies make use of the
transformer as the heart of a d.c.-to-d.c. converter system, by means
of secondary windings that provide pulse feeds to diode/capacitor
rectifier circuits. Small -value (0.680) resistors in the 25V and 200V
supplies provide surge limiting and protection (by going open -circuit)
in the event of a short-circuit in one of these supplies. The most
significant supply is obtained from the diode - split winding that
starts at pin 9. Although not shown in full detail it consists of
several 'cells', each of which consists of an electrically isolated
secondary winding, a built-in high - voltage rectifier diode and, as the
reservoir capacitor, the carefully contrived capacitance that's present
between adjacent, highly -insulated winding layers. These cells are
connected in series to form a voltage -multiplier system capable of
providing an e.h.t. supply for the tube's final anode of typically 24kV -
it may be as high as 30kV in some designs. There's a built-in surge
limiter resistor at the output end of the chain of cells. An important
part of the e.h.t. multiplier system is the final reservoir capacitor
that split chain provides about 8kV to a built-in potential -divider
chain that contains two pres<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMQosCI5pQo9Bra3Lc-EX64Wz0qnWgp0CKxR2_90HM0ZtW1mAxTmxiBYSRQ22y8nJAnO5YwGDSgoWgdIz4OmF3Zu5zjiHwPj87obMlsxzyUVy4NIQDtvZQGyDaGgTQsfIYkRxIeVFjCmV/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG6__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMQosCI5pQo9Bra3Lc-EX64Wz0qnWgp0CKxR2_90HM0ZtW1mAxTmxiBYSRQ22y8nJAnO5YwGDSgoWgdIz4OmF3Zu5zjiHwPj87obMlsxzyUVy4NIQDtvZQGyDaGgTQsfIYkRxIeVFjCmV/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG6__TVMS.jpg" width="129" /></a>ets:
the one at the top provides the supply for the tube's focus electrode
while the one near the bottom provides its first anode supply of about
800V. The bottom of the diode -split chain (pin 9) is returned to
chassis via a diode/capacitor/resistor network (not shown here). The
voltage developed across this network is proportional to the total beam
current, since this flows from the tube's cathodes via the e.h.t.
connector and the diode -split chain to chassis. Above a certain
threshold the voltage at pin 9 reduces the picture brightness and/or
contrast via the colour decoder/matrixing chip, limiting the beam
current and hence the dissipation in the tube's shadowmask to safe
levels. The winding between pins 10 and 7 of the transformer produces
50-70V pulses that sit on the h.t. voltage present at pin 10. When
rectified by D23 and C100 a 200V supply is provided for the RGB output
stages that drive the tube's cathodes. Secondary winding 4-6 feeds D24
and C99 which provide a 25V supply for the field timebase. In some
designs supplies for the audio output stage and the signal sections of
the receiver are also obtained from the line output transformer: in this
particular chassis they are obtained from the chopper transformer in
the power supply instead. Incidentally there have been one or two
designs, the Ferguson/philco TX10 chassis being a well-known example,
where the e.h.t. is also obtained from the chopper transformer, the line
output transformer then acting mainly as a load for the line output
transistor. In earlier designs a separate diode - capacitor multiplier
unit (tripler) was fed from a single line output transformer overwiding
to provide the e.h.t.<br /><br /><b>Scan Rectification</b><br /><br />The e.h.t., focus and 200V supplies d<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hVBTUrSsF4oVviTTNWKLLQo5G5udmVN7SPKKzxagi93jQVdOo1lt6GMgdu66OqaQz5eO_T6RTMIEnmrLvvQltYIpeRzStoaku5kzdUFz7MfmnOfEcWCr9U6n7bvyNWxBFtPbrbl-U9dN/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG1-FIG2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7hVBTUrSsF4oVviTTNWKLLQo5G5udmVN7SPKKzxagi93jQVdOo1lt6GMgdu66OqaQz5eO_T6RTMIEnmrLvvQltYIpeRzStoaku5kzdUFz7MfmnOfEcWCr9U6n7bvyNWxBFtPbrbl-U9dN/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG1-FIG2__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a>erived
from the transformer are relatively lightly loaded, i.e. no great
current demand is placed on them. They can therefore be obtained by
rectifying the pulses present during the flyback period (time t2 -t4 in
Fig. 2), which is about twenty per cent of the scan cycle. Where the
current demand is greater, e.g. in a supply for the field timebase or an
audio output stage, the phasing of the relevant transformer winding is
often arranged so that the rectifier diode conducts during the scan
rather than the flyback period. Although the voltage available is much
lower, it's present for a longer period (about eighty per cent of the
scan/duty cycle). As a result the output regulation is much better. The
relatively high peak reverse voltage has to be taken into account in the
rectifier diode's specification.<br /><br /><b>EHT Regulation</b><br /><br />The internal impedance of a diode -sp<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMQosCI5pQo9Bra3Lc-EX64Wz0qnWgp0CKxR2_90HM0ZtW1mAxTmxiBYSRQ22y8nJAnO5YwGDSgoWgdIz4OmF3Zu5zjiHwPj87obMlsxzyUVy4NIQDtvZQGyDaGgTQsfIYkRxIeVFjCmV/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG6__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMQosCI5pQo9Bra3Lc-EX64Wz0qnWgp0CKxR2_90HM0ZtW1mAxTmxiBYSRQ22y8nJAnO5YwGDSgoWgdIz4OmF3Zu5zjiHwPj87obMlsxzyUVy4NIQDtvZQGyDaGgTQsfIYkRxIeVFjCmV/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG6__TVMS.jpg" width="129" /></a>lit
e.h.t. supply is typically about 1MOhm. Thus with a total beam current
of lmA, present when a bright picture is being displayed on a 22in.
picture tube, the e.h.t. voltage will drop by about 1kV or five per
cent. The result of this is some ballooning, i.e. increase in picture
size. Compensation can be provided by reducing the line scanning power.
Careful choice of the value of the resistor that feeds the line output
transformer - R105 in Fig. 6 - gives automatic compensation in the
horizontal direction, while deriving the supply for the field output
stage from the line output transformer tends to cancel out the
ballooning in the vertical plane. Various 'anti -breathing' arrangements
are used in TV receiver design. Most operate via the diode -modulator
circuit we'll come to shortly. With any line output stage circuit the
picture width and e.h.t. voltage depend on the stage's h.t. supply, so
this must be well regulated and set up correctly. In the circuit shown
in Fig. 6 the h.t. voltage has to be 119V with a 20in. tube and 145V
with a 22in. tube.<br /><br /><br /><b>Pincushion Distortion</b><br /><br />The
raster produced on an almost -flat faced picture tube by constant
-amplitude scan currents has pincushion distortion at all four sides.
This is because of the disparity between the image plane and the
screen's profile - . As a general rule the deflection yokes used with
modern 90° tubes have built-in correction for both NS (vertical) and EW
(horizontal) pincushion distortion while 110° tubes (generally above
22in. screen size) have in -yoke correction for NS distortion but cannot
fully compensate for the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuT9G1ykPUPZHesKVjkhk-oVGqBtZU3t4A3d7VqPBq1N_TE93PwVi69tB4JQM_Yql8qnIH6fh1S1It1SD0hleysvcHhJTV06fn5N1Y6HZOXltl-SAPOyZduC_chFhZg0mknp6BaP4T3Nxp/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG7__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuT9G1ykPUPZHesKVjkhk-oVGqBtZU3t4A3d7VqPBq1N_TE93PwVi69tB4JQM_Yql8qnIH6fh1S1It1SD0hleysvcHhJTV06fn5N1Y6HZOXltl-SAPOyZduC_chFhZg0mknp6BaP4T3Nxp/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG7__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a>pincushion
effect at the sides of the screen. Thus with these the line scan
current has to be amplitude -modulated by a parabolic waveform at field
frequency as shown in Fig. 7. With present-day tube designs a modulation
depth of about seven per cent is required. the peak -to -peak scan
current being typically 4.1A at the top and bottom of the screen and
4.4A towards the centre of the screen, where the deflection power is
greatest. Amplitude modulation of the line scan current can be achieved
by including a saturable -reactance transformer in series with the scan
coils, but this is expensive. You could put a suitably -shaped ripple on
the supply to the line output stage, but the parabola would be
superimposed on any secondary supplies derived from the line output
transformer. The most widely used solution is to employ a diode -modu-
lator circuit, since this gives full control of the raster shape and
scan amplitude while providing a constant load current and flyback time.<br /><br /><b>The Diode Modulator</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8o8yc_RmypTm7xST24zhTu5KsvoK8bDT73-gsTM7m3APDW25oAN3Y7CThD9J5gJ_yOdut0u6DPUTbUr39Up0v-5Sp63mfsnsMq59vnG6WOvWMnkhgbL3p5rZG2aegEJYzQtsJanQYqyDG/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG8__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8o8yc_RmypTm7xST24zhTu5KsvoK8bDT73-gsTM7m3APDW25oAN3Y7CThD9J5gJ_yOdut0u6DPUTbUr39Up0v-5Sp63mfsnsMq59vnG6WOvWMnkhgbL3p5rZG2aegEJYzQtsJanQYqyDG/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG8__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />Fig. 8 shows the
essence of a diode -modulator arrange- ment. The efficiency diode is
split in two, DI and D2, which perform the same clamping action as
before. The flyback tuning capacitor is also split in two, Cl and C2:
the upper one tunes the transformer and scan coils (L1) as before while
the lower one tunes a bridge coil, L2, via C4 to the same flyback
frequency of about 42kHz. C3 is the scan coupling capacitor, which
corresponds with CB in Fig. 4. Modulation is achieved by using
transistor Tr2, whose conduction governs the scan width, to vary the
load across C4. When Tr2 is off, the scan energy is shared between the
the two series LC combinations C3/L1 and L2/C4. The charge on C3 and C4
is in the ratio of about 7:1, the scan current being reduced in
proportion. When Tr2 is fully conductive, C4 is effectively shorted out
and acquires no charge. Thus a greater proportion of the energy is
present in C3/L1 and the scan current and picture width are increased.
By varying the conduction of Tr2 during the forward scan in a parabolic
manner, EW pincushion correction is achieved. The basic picture width
can be controlled by varying Tr2's standing bias. Choke L3 and the large
-value capacitor <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i6_0sH9uv1M5ff66eOvJMhGo_dOHV4fR2ioZjE4M-_XJdDEWRe3uF_28ML_CqCzKhsSqT02DHp4FU60SKFWz1C2Lf1ToT4hYGe6TlNfJD3Sc_0vNSYI7UFsaj5AzXSlJbJtve3bTug5h/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG4-FIG5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i6_0sH9uv1M5ff66eOvJMhGo_dOHV4fR2ioZjE4M-_XJdDEWRe3uF_28ML_CqCzKhsSqT02DHp4FU60SKFWz1C2Lf1ToT4hYGe6TlNfJD3Sc_0vNSYI7UFsaj5AzXSlJbJtve3bTug5h/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG4-FIG5__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a>C5
filter the line -frequency energy so that it doesn't reach Tr2. And
because both sections of the load (L 1/C1 and L2/C2) are individually
tuned to the flyback frequency the flyback time, and hence the e.h.t.
and the other line output transformer -derived supplies, remain constant
over the field period despite the line scan current variation. There
are several different versions of the diode -modu- lator arrangement.
Some tube/yoke combinations have a scan -geometry characteristic such
that when the line scan current is modulated by a simple parabolic
waveform as described above the raster has inner pincushion distortion
as shown in Fig. 9.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPvs4AUc8lT1nYF0MiG7k68XSydfaNY-R8n6DTE9hhGqPorVV79UkDHB89B0-U0XxCJtxGHhe497sh8XoxM0RNlXXFE2PUWBy-HmS5eBGwTpaDiFXOPFSL7TpD6VYCiNY1BsZxi9DkQfQi/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG9-FIG10__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPvs4AUc8lT1nYF0MiG7k68XSydfaNY-R8n6DTE9hhGqPorVV79UkDHB89B0-U0XxCJtxGHhe497sh8XoxM0RNlXXFE2PUWBy-HmS5eBGwTpaDiFXOPFSL7TpD6VYCiNY1BsZxi9DkQfQi/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG9-FIG10__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a> Because
of this. the EW-correction system also has to modulate the S
-correction. Fig. 10 shows, in skeleton circuit form. how this can be
done. There are two coupling/S-correction capacitors. C3 and C3A. C3 is
the usual S -correction capacitor, but C3A has an increasing influence
as the diode modulator begins to have maximum effect towards the centre
of the screen. Critical choice of the value of C3A ensures that the
inner curved verticals shown in Fig. 9 are straightened out to give a
raster completely free from geometric distortion. Although all diode
modulators work on the same basic principle, in some designs a
transformer is used in place of the bridge coil to give better impedance
matching and balance. Fig. 11 shows such an arrangement, used by Bang
and Olufsen. The EW correction waveform is applied to transformer T6.
whose winding 1-2 takes the place of L2 in Figs. 8 and 10. This circuit
also provides inner -pincushion distortion correction as just described,
the supplementary S - correction capacitor being C36.<br /><br /><b>Diode Modulator Drive</b><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8n2nz_qo4Nbvamb-SyztlxIxTTdsQ1bZEalDZJr4TSUm2Iq6xVYjrbwqzD9Tw9zcqKrda_WOJ01YIazg3-g73SgApT3aJBIzywrMmcBNK1SDv4AHgZr8thrhePp8EFEDc1YT8NlaTpZhV/s1600/LINE-DEFL__FIG11__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8n2nz_qo4Nbvamb-SyztlxIxTTdsQ1bZEalDZJr4TSUm2Iq6xVYjrbwqzD9Tw9zcqKrda_WOJ01YIazg3-g73SgApT3aJBIzywrMmcBNK1SDv4AHgZr8thrhePp8EFEDc1YT8NlaTpZhV/s200/LINE-DEFL__FIG11__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />The
parabolic EW drive waveform required is easily obtained by feeding the
field -scan sawtooth waveform to a double integrator. By adding a
sawtooth component the shape of the parabolic waveform can be tilted in
either direction to give keystone -distortion correction if required -
this is not generally necessary with modern tube/yoke designs. These EW
correction characteristics are adjustable by preset resistors or, in the
case of bus -programmable sets, remote control commands to the
deflection processor. Very often the EW modulator is used to correct the
previously mentioned picture breathing effect: this is done by feeding
to the EW modulator's control circuit a voltage that's proportional to
beam current.<br />
<p> </p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">THOMSON TDA8170 TV VERTICAL DEFLECTION OUTPUT CIRCUIT:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-ElZ5eEcSQqdfGG5-d4AGEESFWEf-8NpXSOgeC9PcVkhCDhzfIvXUIwEHYnJ9n5hejgEN00uKqbLNmR1ulJdyJf2nGM51ZK6WEq3GdVo1-bBD50S5I5OGoU8mcuOhMFGTX6e14NnmTTWIvKclFD2BgsPo6C-IiWpSJe7oa31oSMdXSwXnR7HHS49d546/s1282/IMGH_13547__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-ElZ5eEcSQqdfGG5-d4AGEESFWEf-8NpXSOgeC9PcVkhCDhzfIvXUIwEHYnJ9n5hejgEN00uKqbLNmR1ulJdyJf2nGM51ZK6WEq3GdVo1-bBD50S5I5OGoU8mcuOhMFGTX6e14NnmTTWIvKclFD2BgsPo6C-IiWpSJe7oa31oSMdXSwXnR7HHS49d546/s320/IMGH_13547__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcoTxmgap428-d8VC9x07d72CUJ6dj0tnirYBvNDv4_U9ie2Kw6vozlWxidsCnzRXncuCyfFuBsxz8fG68G6ZyJLGV55GICzD9eU_BoS7CmvrR4utvgrR7l5njNl_UzzkhqXtm-P2FsKUnuazOX1Dx5ilftqHwue2UmeQ1q4n_p7wSoIDMN-5kzeRUw/s1282/IMGH_12822__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA8170 is a monolithic integrated circuit in<br />
HEPTAWATTTM package. It is a high efficiency<br />
power booster for direct driving of verticalwindings<br />
of TV yokes. It is intended for use in Colour and B<br />
&Wtelevision receivers as well as in monitorsand<br />
displays.<br />
<br />
The functions incorporated are :<br />
.POWERAMPLIFIER<br />
.FLYBACKGENERATOR<br />
.REFERENCE VOLTAGE<br />
.THERMAL PROTECTION<br />
<br />
The power dissipated in the circuit must be removed<br />
by adding an external heatsink.<br />
Thanks to the HEPTAWATTTM package attaching<br />
the heatsink is very simple, a screwa compression<br />
spring (clip) being sufficient. Betweenthe heatsink<br />
andthe packageit isbetter to insert a layerof silicon<br />
grease, to optimizethe thermal contact ; no electrical<br />
isolation is needed between the two surfaces.<br />
<br />
<br />
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS<br />
Symbol Parameter Value Unit<br />
VS Supply Voltage (pin 2) 35 V<br />
V5, V6 Flyback Peak Voltage 60 V<br />
V3 Voltage at Pin 3 + Vs<br />
V1, V7 Amplifier Input Voltage + Vs, – 0.5 V<br />
Io Output Peak Current (non repetitive, t = 2 msec) 2.5 A<br />
Io Output Peak Current at f = 50 or 60 Hz, t 3 10 msec 3 A<br />
Io Output Peak Current at f = 50 or 60 Hz, t > 10 msec 2 A<br />
I3 Pin 3 DC Current at V5 < V2 100 mA<br />
I3 Pin 3 Peak to Peak Flyback Current at f= 50 or 60 Hz, tfly 31.5msec 3 A<br />
Ptot Total Power Dissipation at Tcase = 90 °C 20 W<br />
Tstg, Tj Storage and Junction Temperature – 40, +150 °C.</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH-ET9LMSaKtuGlvYKOwg0Lm4gMg7Jjha9n6aV1gSVbFqHUd02sjIRkE3MYhp_pA1YB7fU8fbPXnklAVmxtvkiSrrFR-mDPLFIPJyhNJHRY6adaLSKWWXFMT54mDRDGmJJ63l35k8CxfXoPxXPAXo6mSyYmTukyohoZwvnHR1T7blYwm-sMuXis2qMvgEq/s2632/THOMSON_TDA8170-1__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH-ET9LMSaKtuGlvYKOwg0Lm4gMg7Jjha9n6aV1gSVbFqHUd02sjIRkE3MYhp_pA1YB7fU8fbPXnklAVmxtvkiSrrFR-mDPLFIPJyhNJHRY6adaLSKWWXFMT54mDRDGmJJ63l35k8CxfXoPxXPAXo6mSyYmTukyohoZwvnHR1T7blYwm-sMuXis2qMvgEq/s320/THOMSON_TDA8170-1__TVMS.jpg" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxgkpqN_XlVeu7w0aaoAuNSfgLC_jsyPCgQVO3bgHNY4VkKwXlGb0VddbhabQGwFhgWhL8X8t5wJ_FDNbfsZd8mZZj16q2Zd3MfCP_q2v_7hg36f1-5nCo2FvK6iD9ZaYKb89BpXYtfsRssYjDqtB3P0qKha9YT7d0Uhbk8MBYXg3kbGyf-DGar9chTN2L/s2632/THOMSON_TDA8170-2__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxgkpqN_XlVeu7w0aaoAuNSfgLC_jsyPCgQVO3bgHNY4VkKwXlGb0VddbhabQGwFhgWhL8X8t5wJ_FDNbfsZd8mZZj16q2Zd3MfCP_q2v_7hg36f1-5nCo2FvK6iD9ZaYKb89BpXYtfsRssYjDqtB3P0qKha9YT7d0Uhbk8MBYXg3kbGyf-DGar9chTN2L/s320/THOMSON_TDA8170-2__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUBmUF-D5K8rPmZP46-fSCdFWc6ly6gtZW_dLPoRuRRXGhjvo7U-SZZfl2ZFm_gs5KR9BWNWPvGZs2W1swfhWRdcXhAgrgpAQAsxuXBaWJmvHq73iYgpXguB8hn9LZBYtLR992CQ69ZN2QfTn8J0fitstQYWhJW0y-njCdLP4ifJEerwTagZ4AjFSx1rR/s2632/THOMSON_TDA8170-3__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjUBmUF-D5K8rPmZP46-fSCdFWc6ly6gtZW_dLPoRuRRXGhjvo7U-SZZfl2ZFm_gs5KR9BWNWPvGZs2W1swfhWRdcXhAgrgpAQAsxuXBaWJmvHq73iYgpXguB8hn9LZBYtLR992CQ69ZN2QfTn8J0fitstQYWhJW0y-njCdLP4ifJEerwTagZ4AjFSx1rR/s320/THOMSON_TDA8170-3__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsMCRTvi2KvxQ4E9wkx-eWtkpOwDR_Sg3eY0AZQlN1gxOixMV4hJmlu1yOivBCKZSCRNpYu6ZdUnj2lZIMcvkj2WbEjLLKRa4R4nYdqjeRhYUrHJBgJIfYufdR2NmRUNslqI0c44TVpBGXbk-Ff61hf1vyFU8-p77dECHKrst4yeFQ0oj0ndxApbvXrkzz/s2632/THOMSON_TDA8170-4__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsMCRTvi2KvxQ4E9wkx-eWtkpOwDR_Sg3eY0AZQlN1gxOixMV4hJmlu1yOivBCKZSCRNpYu6ZdUnj2lZIMcvkj2WbEjLLKRa4R4nYdqjeRhYUrHJBgJIfYufdR2NmRUNslqI0c44TVpBGXbk-Ff61hf1vyFU8-p77dECHKrst4yeFQ0oj0ndxApbvXrkzz/s320/THOMSON_TDA8170-4__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikt-pLoYO8pXOzPpBJNxFVhUpcJaCzYxX1pvhldRouE90jJouSVj11_NYwVeVZe_vMw-MUIUWICw57xiMxTCOOBqH_wlm_uVwaY7DIYXE8WWH20EXff0xxxQV34Xph9zhZRWalXRdQ4U408m1I-M0qecwBX4BQiIlPzti13Hzf2atg4qDhNnJ8wAihuPP/s2632/THOMSON_TDA8170-5__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikt-pLoYO8pXOzPpBJNxFVhUpcJaCzYxX1pvhldRouE90jJouSVj11_NYwVeVZe_vMw-MUIUWICw57xiMxTCOOBqH_wlm_uVwaY7DIYXE8WWH20EXff0xxxQV34Xph9zhZRWalXRdQ4U408m1I-M0qecwBX4BQiIlPzti13Hzf2atg4qDhNnJ8wAihuPP/s320/THOMSON_TDA8170-5__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJuGNS7phAOkGkFpdViQ0Zf1xRgnW6XXdL7LYzNJZMVEYbTqeQUyvBdJ_2tvTZZBC-jJpqm13VTVtyPqR0hTXjSwM16J0aP3Bq2IfcqCrk6B5ej_-ImvvSBZ3yGuBoFCL_xqrdMBAaDlyxEI6AsJj7aTIyK6ntvCK8hJ_4bnUX9gOxWf39tnXwBWBdpjVh/s2632/THOMSON_TDA8170-6__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJuGNS7phAOkGkFpdViQ0Zf1xRgnW6XXdL7LYzNJZMVEYbTqeQUyvBdJ_2tvTZZBC-jJpqm13VTVtyPqR0hTXjSwM16J0aP3Bq2IfcqCrk6B5ej_-ImvvSBZ3yGuBoFCL_xqrdMBAaDlyxEI6AsJj7aTIyK6ntvCK8hJ_4bnUX9gOxWf39tnXwBWBdpjVh/s320/THOMSON_TDA8170-6__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA8145 TV EAST/WEST CORRECTION CIRCUIT FOR SQUARE TUBES</span><br />
<br />
FEATURES SUMMARY<br />
■ LOW DISSIPATION<br />
■ SQUARE GENERATOR FOR PARABOLIC<br />
CURRENT SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR<br />
SQUARE C.R.T. CORRECTION<br />
■ EXTERNAL KEYSTONE ADJUSTMENT<br />
(symmetry of the parabola)<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-ElZ5eEcSQqdfGG5-d4AGEESFWEf-8NpXSOgeC9PcVkhCDhzfIvXUIwEHYnJ9n5hejgEN00uKqbLNmR1ulJdyJf2nGM51ZK6WEq3GdVo1-bBD50S5I5OGoU8mcuOhMFGTX6e14NnmTTWIvKclFD2BgsPo6C-IiWpSJe7oa31oSMdXSwXnR7HHS49d546/s1282/IMGH_13547__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy-ElZ5eEcSQqdfGG5-d4AGEESFWEf-8NpXSOgeC9PcVkhCDhzfIvXUIwEHYnJ9n5hejgEN00uKqbLNmR1ulJdyJf2nGM51ZK6WEq3GdVo1-bBD50S5I5OGoU8mcuOhMFGTX6e14NnmTTWIvKclFD2BgsPo6C-IiWpSJe7oa31oSMdXSwXnR7HHS49d546/s320/IMGH_13547__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcoTxmgap428-d8VC9x07d72CUJ6dj0tnirYBvNDv4_U9ie2Kw6vozlWxidsCnzRXncuCyfFuBsxz8fG68G6ZyJLGV55GICzD9eU_BoS7CmvrR4utvgrR7l5njNl_UzzkhqXtm-P2FsKUnuazOX1Dx5ilftqHwue2UmeQ1q4n_p7wSoIDMN-5kzeRUw/s1282/IMGH_12822__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>■ INPUT FOR DYNAMIC FIELD CORRECTION<br />
(beam current change)<br />
■ STATIC PICTURE WIDTH ADJUSTMENT<br />
■ PULSE-WIDTH MODULATOR<br />
■ FINAL STAGE D-CLASS WITH ENERGY<br />
REDELIVERY<br />
■ PARASITIC PARABOLA SUPPRESSION,<br />
DURING FLYBACK TIME OF THE VERTICAL<br />
SAWTOOTH<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA8145 is a monolithic integrated circuit in a<br />
8 pin minidip plastic package designed for use in<br />
the square C.R.T. east-west pin-cushion correction<br />
by driving a diode modulator in TV and monitor<br />
applications.<br />
<br />
CIRCUIT OPERATION<br />
(see the shematic diagram)<br />
A differential amplifier OP1 is driven by a vertical<br />
frequency sawtooth current of ± 33µA which is<br />
produced via an external resistor fromthe sawtooth<br />
voltage. The non–inverting input of this amplifier<br />
is connected with a reference voltage<br />
corresponding to the DC level of the sawtooth voltage.<br />
This DC voltage should be adjustable for the<br />
keystone correction. The rectified output current of<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHFTDhfY6rv-ujZ7Z7p05MgthrD3-O_A5xRdf2OEJq-pB5Hpy8vyVDX7IWVbULHfnf1Bvkb6BC0MCmJoCdkKEt3wOuFHN6nzR105AM0UIYCc-gvjnVV9lHlaNXmzluo59_7zaaQ9iXClnKNHHCSW6F-0mHYRBV4t62Z05d6x_CyNefG8O-un_gocnwWFI/s1282/IMGH_13541__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNHFTDhfY6rv-ujZ7Z7p05MgthrD3-O_A5xRdf2OEJq-pB5Hpy8vyVDX7IWVbULHfnf1Bvkb6BC0MCmJoCdkKEt3wOuFHN6nzR105AM0UIYCc-gvjnVV9lHlaNXmzluo59_7zaaQ9iXClnKNHHCSW6F-0mHYRBV4t62Z05d6x_CyNefG8O-un_gocnwWFI/s320/IMGH_13541__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUXg2e1BFtYn_Rjp3mhb6IcV_UW6P8IMIsfv8oMnUoc2HnyIlqwav78wfkODz2cRTjyeE8R59De5Lm_8TIWBiI86pxIaBd_Y1EigqV02bi2gxRykKxpEaQQok-0CbW5cBrx7CrBya9CdSEs837D3rOXaYlNweX7NL5CUfy_3iB6h9VNLLWv7RKyHwx7w/s1282/IMGH_12817__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>this amplifier drives the parabola networkwhich<br />
provides a parabolic output current.<br />
This output current produces the corresponding<br />
voltage due to the voltage drop across the external<br />
resistor at pin 7.<br />
If the input is overmodulated (> 40µA) the internal<br />
current is limited to 40µA. This limitation can be<br />
used for suppressing the parasitic parabolic current<br />
generated during the flyback time of the frame<br />
sawtooth.<br />
A comparator OP2 is driven by the parabolic current.<br />
The second input of the comparator is connected<br />
with a horizontal frequency sawtooth<br />
voltage the DC level of which can be changed by<br />
the external circuitry for the adjustment of the picture<br />
width.<br />
The horizontal frequency pulse–width modulated<br />
output signal drives the final stage. It consists of a<br />
class D push–pull output amplifier that drives, via<br />
an external inductor, the diode modulator.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
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</div><p><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">SDA2516 EAROM</span> MIVAR CM1 CONTROL UNIT.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Features</span><span style="font-style: italic;">- Word-organized reprogrammable nonvolatile memory</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">in n-channel floating-gate technology (E2PROM)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- 128 ´ 8-bit organization</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Supply voltage 5 V</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Serial 2-line bus for data input and output (I2C Bus)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Reprogramming mode, 10 ms erase/write cycle</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Reprogramming by means of on-chip control (without</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">external control)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Check for end of programming process</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Data retention > 10 years</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- More than 104 reprogramming cycles per address</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Compatible with SDA 2516. Exception:</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Conditions for total erase and current consumption.</span><br />
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<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">I2C Bus Interface</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The I2C Bus is a bidirectional 2-line bus for the transfer of data between various integrated circuits.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">It consists of a serial data line SDA and a serial clock line SCL. The data line requires an external</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">pull-up resistor to VCC (open drain output stage).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The possible operational states of the I2C Bus are shown in figure 1. In the quiescent state, both</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">lines SDA and SCL are high, i.e. the output stage of the data line is disabled. As long a SCL remains</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">"1", information changes on the data bus indicate the start or the end of data transfer between two</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">components.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The transition on SDA from "1" to "0" is a start condition, the transition from "0" to "1" a stop</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">condition. During a data transfer the information on the data bus will only change while the clock line</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">SCL is "0". The information on SDA is valid as long as SCL is "1".</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In conjunction with an I2C Bus system, the memory component can operate as a receiver and as a</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">transmitter (slave receiver or slave transmitter). Between a start and stop condition, information is</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">always
transmitted in byte-organized form. Between the trailing edge of the
eighth clock pulse and a ninth acknowledge clock pulse, the memory
component sets the SDA line to low as a confirmation</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">of reception, if the chip select conditions have been met. During the output of data, the data output</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">of the memory is high in impedance during the ninth clock pulse (acknowledge master).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The signal timing required for the operation of the I2C Bus is summarized in figure 2.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Control Functions of the I2C Bus</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The memory component is controlled by the controller (master) via the I2C Bus in two operating</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">modes: read-out cycle, and reprogramming cycle, including erase and write to a memory address.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In both operating modes, the controller, as transmitter, has to provide 3 bytes and an additional</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">acknowledge clock pulse to the bus after the start condition. During a memory read, at least nine</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">additional clock pulses are required to accept the data from the memory and the acknowledge</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">master, before the stop condition may follow. In the case of programming, the active programming</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">process is only started by the stop condition after data input (see figure 3).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The chip select word contains the 3 chip select bits CS0, CS1 and CS2, thus allowing 8 memory</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">chips to be connected in parallel. Chip select is achieved when the three control bits logically</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">correspond to the selected conditions at the select inputs.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Check for End of Programming or Abortion of Programming Process</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">If the chip is addressed during active reprogramming by entering CS/E, the programming process</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">is terminated. If, however, it is addressed by entering CS/A, the entry will be ignored. Only after</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">programming has been terminated will the chip respond to CS/A. This allows the user to check</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">whether the end of the programming process has been reached (see figure 3).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Memory Read</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">After the input of the first two control words CS/E and WA, the resetting of the start condition and the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">input of a third control word CS/A, the memory is set ready to read. During acknowledge clock</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">nine, the memory information is transferred in parallel mode to the shift register. Subsequent to the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">trailing edge of the acknowledge clock, the data output is low impedance and the first data bit can</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">be sampled, (see figure 4).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">With every shift clock, an additional bit reaches the output. After reading a byte, the internal address</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">counter is automatically incremented when the master receiver switches the data line to “low” during</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the ninth clock (acknowledge master). Any number of memory locations can thus be read one after</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the other. At address 128, an overflow to address 0 is not initiated. With the stop condition, the data</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">output returns to high-impedance mode. The internal sequence control of the memory component</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">is reset from the read to the quiescent with the stop condition.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Memory Reprogramming</span><br />
The reprogramming cycle of a memory word comprises an erase and a subsequent write process.<br />
During erase, all eight bits of the selected word are set into "1" state. During write, "0" states are<br />
generated according to the information in the internal data register, i.e. according to the third input<br />
control word.<br />
After the 27th and the last clock of the control word input, the active programming process is started<br />
by the stop condition. <br />
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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtsPMApnmaDcgbaByfIKU2SB2OYTuDcyeBwbt0wndWkoOXT-IBG6xieNs3sMJLFTqNfj1C5_eTv40tTWl7_mpkLNl6E1FZqRZRd-c8FlLS2omLSpTjjKUo8Er_fMYkpgbVickMEanAayQ6HmXnyNNZERZZJEemyfppKwHPbAngRTEa6rl0fFMzfCfz1g/s320/IMGH_12831b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IZRLiVCtMLF78rpCSmHToyX8TDTQFxy_1nOWOcbNRHGAuXknW__ZN5O92H2WKolCGzx3YLhOUuWpwk8QnhR35XYU8N7jKt46oPcy1iY3LSuuCouklCb7Yq0edaY8fVFlpPJAo6GF0fgvLn_K_PxD1gOcdFMddEeS8cG6-6IjfzIQUoSSqGZtEHJW8w/s1282/IMGH_12832__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7IZRLiVCtMLF78rpCSmHToyX8TDTQFxy_1nOWOcbNRHGAuXknW__ZN5O92H2WKolCGzx3YLhOUuWpwk8QnhR35XYU8N7jKt46oPcy1iY3LSuuCouklCb7Yq0edaY8fVFlpPJAo6GF0fgvLn_K_PxD1gOcdFMddEeS8cG6-6IjfzIQUoSSqGZtEHJW8w/s320/IMGH_12832__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSScgObFqflZJ_gNoQ-tkccuSo9v-mZK4_b2GlTtZQ6YyfJab2TfsmCKhwFVgGuaR2SpR_OEQuPpsgGS2dI4v2XlAdv92TUweRaT__sMd_LCpLrN69vTio8IgdNOEkt74F7FFVw0IKzONC/s1600/IMGH_02953.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><p>
The active reprogramming process is executed under onchip control.<br />
The time required for reprogramming depends on component deviation and data patterns.<br />
Therefore, with rated supply voltage, the erase/write process extends over max. 20 ms, or more<br />
typically, 10 ms. In the case of data word input without write request (write request is defined as data<br />
bit in data register set to “0”), the write process is suppressed and the programming time is<br />
shortened. During a subsequent programming of an already erased memory address, the erase<br />
process is suppressed again, so that the reprogramming time is also shorter.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br />THOMSON TDA8191 TV SOUND CHANNEL:</b></p><p>The TDA8191 is a monolithic integrated circuit that includes all the functions needed for a complete TV sound channel.The TDA8191 is assembled in a 20 pin dual in line power pa<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrP43HT1KKjI7AJGrVKR_lf7it4vzIwz5U9no5tXQI9bFpZMrOML52S99qc4lufYqRAd02jUrPYwf4S-xd6yPe8zT-_yJ9UKhPRksLoNy9z5uptJIW8P9DNOA55w5f_KJFXnrxkFsEomA2EVZ5usXWz9okhDZku2ArWUeqeb-iCjwjv8kpM7V70cnFtl9/s1282/IMGH_13548__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrP43HT1KKjI7AJGrVKR_lf7it4vzIwz5U9no5tXQI9bFpZMrOML52S99qc4lufYqRAd02jUrPYwf4S-xd6yPe8zT-_yJ9UKhPRksLoNy9z5uptJIW8P9DNOA55w5f_KJFXnrxkFsEomA2EVZ5usXWz9okhDZku2ArWUeqeb-iCjwjv8kpM7V70cnFtl9/s320/IMGH_13548__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ckage.</p><p>.<br /> HIGH SENSITIVITY<br />.<br /> EXCELLENT AM REJECTION<br />.<br /> DC VOLUME CONTROL<br />.<br /> PERITELEVISION FACILITY<br />.<br /> 4W OUTPUT POWER<br />.<br /> LOW DISTORTION<br />.<br /> THERMAL PROTECTION<br />.<br /> TURN-ON AND TURN-OFF MUTING.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-1fDoPA4IosG93zF6qLSppANcEL-t2KY-E55xY56RBtdXqRCYZpd5G5gOn-MjM-mqpwci26l3RuCH837xazXr-lqITVa9cFNjqxXMftoFgzPMCL6xLwFWjWf68EC1uIuum5pk8ppV2NcXvwgCc2GlVMdlyFxgh6D4lv05G9lMf6Z0SBr9LkKiNLQITUa5/s2477/THOMSON_TDA8191-1__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-1fDoPA4IosG93zF6qLSppANcEL-t2KY-E55xY56RBtdXqRCYZpd5G5gOn-MjM-mqpwci26l3RuCH837xazXr-lqITVa9cFNjqxXMftoFgzPMCL6xLwFWjWf68EC1uIuum5pk8ppV2NcXvwgCc2GlVMdlyFxgh6D4lv05G9lMf6Z0SBr9LkKiNLQITUa5/s320/THOMSON_TDA8191-1__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GNwZQTPZZPGtOfg_8Yvfx45oA4wKwajwdRHwX9_UeEhOhNmIY0_K2gPmuxlaxtGwJqwjitUkgbSVAH5QWTc3vsbdgmUl_FeKHzEbzQSaT8OWXCmADLaMbFPt4iSYbM_LeuX5cZvZDFWCbRrXqkUy9QU8E2Pu4PKUszcpIXLLPkWEUX88r_4v3v5LWLes/s2477/THOMSON_TDA8191-2__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GNwZQTPZZPGtOfg_8Yvfx45oA4wKwajwdRHwX9_UeEhOhNmIY0_K2gPmuxlaxtGwJqwjitUkgbSVAH5QWTc3vsbdgmUl_FeKHzEbzQSaT8OWXCmADLaMbFPt4iSYbM_LeuX5cZvZDFWCbRrXqkUy9QU8E2Pu4PKUszcpIXLLPkWEUX88r_4v3v5LWLes/s320/THOMSON_TDA8191-2__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Of1Ge-Yh5zYFnSclWQ7zIKbsQ-9_tBE1o_F7VmnHX8zGzpY65_lw6hboANp5ZlmFa9ia5g4qqWJce6pAkV-Rp8RRyZp2mIjXilR9e-U_OUy8VXDlhzAIPfOqvaq8rtcaBB7a2RAM-ZcbcCCce_TKI0i3jgHasgsb-VnwYXGy64eF2hBl2KNOtLyVGTmn/s2477/THOMSON_TDA8191-3__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Of1Ge-Yh5zYFnSclWQ7zIKbsQ-9_tBE1o_F7VmnHX8zGzpY65_lw6hboANp5ZlmFa9ia5g4qqWJce6pAkV-Rp8RRyZp2mIjXilR9e-U_OUy8VXDlhzAIPfOqvaq8rtcaBB7a2RAM-ZcbcCCce_TKI0i3jgHasgsb-VnwYXGy64eF2hBl2KNOtLyVGTmn/s320/THOMSON_TDA8191-3__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlIFxZ_MmYeyX3ZD1ZU0GoSFPwTTSTJE8wzml96UL5ooSTf_duT5pLsWLBHYqIjy1P-1ojEdoZntVoU5_fasgCGU-oCwVIwmBp1-ithY9X8RMzpAztUm09wH-pFQwkHjxsXnIzgEYUZACvhTQZsChVE9Rvhe2TMeUiq3B3iosOM-4nHFKTRJXjbIaXBuS5/s2477/THOMSON_TDA8191-4__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2477" data-original-width="1915" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlIFxZ_MmYeyX3ZD1ZU0GoSFPwTTSTJE8wzml96UL5ooSTf_duT5pLsWLBHYqIjy1P-1ojEdoZntVoU5_fasgCGU-oCwVIwmBp1-ithY9X8RMzpAztUm09wH-pFQwkHjxsXnIzgEYUZACvhTQZsChVE9Rvhe2TMeUiq3B3iosOM-4nHFKTRJXjbIaXBuS5/s320/THOMSON_TDA8191-4__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilKfzS_OhqwgdEkUIHBh8ghGszgRl6I7yUzdhyphenhyphenztO7dfTCpxT-vUmY-WczHoZFxPh6barxUqIeOvu0nkqd7TSx6DNGL6qzuFD2zKDD5e311t__HuMZKkb6mMy-70jd-K-eWkw2ejgtIAESW603vrTmTB6m27Gv72L_f35DBbyU9NKoX5VPaI33ewRYkbYT/s2477/THOMSON_TDA8191-5__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; 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<br /><b>
PHILIPS SAA5231</b><br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION</p><p>Teletext is a television-based communication technique in which a given horizontal video line is utilized for broadcasting textual and graphical information encoded in a digital binary representation. Such horizontal video line signal that contains teletext data is referred to herein as a Data-line. It is assumed herein, for explanation purposes, that teletext is sent by the broadcaster only during the vertical blanking interval (VBI), when no other picture information is sent. The organization of the binary information in the broadcast signal is determined by the standard employed by the broadcaster. By way of an example only, references are made herein to a teletext based on a standard referred to by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as CEEFAX.<br />Each Data-line carries data synchronizing and address information and the codes for a Row of 40 characters. The synchronizing information includes a clock run-in sequence followed by an 8-bit framing code sequence. Each Data-line contains a 3 bit code referred to as the Magazine number. A teletext Page includes 24 Rows of 40 characters, including a special top Row called the Page-Header. Each ROW is contained in a corresponding Data-line. A user selected Page is intended to be displayed in place of, or added to a corresponding television picture frame. A Magazine is defined to include Pages having Data-lines containing a corresponding Magazine number. The transmission of a selected Page begins with, and includes its Page Header and ends with and excludes the next Page Header of the selected Magazine number. All intermediate Data lines carrying the selected Magazine number relate to the selected Page.</p><p>The CCT performs data acquisition and interface function with a page memory that is included in the teletext decoder. For example, only a teletext Page requested by the user is derived by the CCT from the serial data and clock signals and stored in the page memory. The CCT also generates video display signals R,G, and B from the teletext data stored in the page memory to provide corresponding drive signals that contain picture information for display in the receiver picture tube (CRT), not shown.</p><p>A conventional teletext decoder that includes an integrated circuit (IC) referred to herein as video input processor (VIP) such as, for example, of the type SAA5231 made by Philips Corporation. The VIP receives a baseband composite video signal VIDEO that contains Data-lines. The VIP performs data slicing, clock regeneration and timing synchronization functions and generates a serial data signal DATA and an associated clock signal CLOCK Signals DATA and CLOCK represent the data contained in the horizontal video lines. Signals DATA and CLOCK are coupled to a second IC of the decoder, referred to herein as computer controlled teletext IC (CCT) that includes a data processor responsive to signals DATA and CLOCK. An example of such CCT is IC SAA5243 made by Philips Corporation.</p><p><br />The SAA5231 is a bipolar integrated circuit intended as a successor to the SAA5030. It extracts Teletext Data from the<br />video signal, regenerates Teletext Clock and synchroni<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kdF2gd270Hm6Vq_s7RqXNkT_F3KDjMQqTMOwEnY53iWSML00T2RLHF3-IeTWdxQBuxInODxXvemtN0xbLjdFac0M4Zz2dlW8NdRqQIIsT8d0JmU9b_GZ_XaauPvVb-QGguNw-Da1BZmSUMUExGsGYecE0qjXKmU6COct6ZKoPMyH1ISr41U7nM6WNX_K/s1282/IMGH_13549__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kdF2gd270Hm6Vq_s7RqXNkT_F3KDjMQqTMOwEnY53iWSML00T2RLHF3-IeTWdxQBuxInODxXvemtN0xbLjdFac0M4Zz2dlW8NdRqQIIsT8d0JmU9b_GZ_XaauPvVb-QGguNw-Da1BZmSUMUExGsGYecE0qjXKmU6COct6ZKoPMyH1ISr41U7nM6WNX_K/s320/IMGH_13549__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>zes the text display to the television syncs. The integrated circuit<br />is intended to work in conjunction with CCT (Computer Controlled Teletext), EUROM or other compatible devices.</p><p><br />Features<br />• Adaptive data slicer<br />• Data clock regenerator<br />• Adaptive sync separator, horizontal phase detector and 6 MHz VCO forming display phase locked loop (PLL).</p><p><br />Component specifications<br />Specifications of some external components in Figs 3, 4a and 4b.<br />Quartz crystal 13,875 MHz; Figs 3, 4a and 4b.<br />Load resonance frequency (f) 13,875 MHz; adjustment tolerance ± 40 × 10−6<br />Load capacitance (CL) 20 pF<br />Temperature range (T) −20 to +70 °C; frequency tolerance maximum ± 30 × 10−6<br />Resonance resistance (Rr) typical 10 Ω maximum 60 Ω<br />Motional capacitance (C1) typical 19 fF<br />Static parallel capacitance (Co) typical 5 pF<br />Fixed inductance Figs 3, 4a and 4b.<br />Inductance (L) 15 μH ± 20%<br />Quality factor (Q) minimum 20<br />Variable inductance Fig. 3<br />Inductance (L) 50 μH at 1 kHz<br />Static parallel capacitance (Co) typical 4 pF<br />Quartz crystal Fig. 4a<br />Preferred type 4322 143 04101<br />Load resonance frequency (f) 6 MHz; adjustment tolerance ± 40 × 10−6<br />Load capacitance (CL) 20 pF<br />Temperature range (T) −20 to +70 °C; frequency tolerance ± 30 × 10−6<br />Resonance resistance (Rr) 60 Ω<br />Motional capacitance (C1) typical 28 fF<br />Static parallel capacitance (Co) typical 7 pF<br />Ceramic resonator; Fig. 4b<br />Preferred type KBR 6,0 M, Kyocera<br />Load resonance frequency (f) 6 MHz; adjustment tolerance ± 0,5%<br />Load capacitance (CL) 20 pF<br />Temperature range (T) −20 to +70 °C; frequency tolerance maximum ± 0,3%<br />Resonance resistance (Rr) typical 6 Ω<br />Motional capacitance (C1) typical 9 pF<br />Static parallel capacitance (Co) typical 60 pF<br />Ageing (10 years) f maximum ± 0,3%<br /></p><p>The function is quoted against the corresponding pin number.<br />1. Synch output to TV<br />Output with dual polarity buffer, a load resistor to 0 V or + 12 V selects positive-going or negative-going syncs.<br />2. Video input level select<br />When this pin is LOW a 1 V video input level is selected. When the pin is not connected it floats HIGH selecting a<br />2,5 V video input level.<br />3. HF filter<br />The video signal for the h.f.-loss compensator is filtered by a 15 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />4. Store h.f.<br />The h.f. amplitude is stored by a 1 nF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />5. Store amplitude<br />The amplitude for the adaptive data slicer is stored by a 470 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />6. Store zero level<br />The zero level for the adaptive data slicer is stored by a 22 nF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />7. External data input<br />Current input for sliced teletext data from external device.<br />Active HIGH level (current), low impedance input.<br />8. Data timing<br />A 270 pF capacitor is connected to this pin for timing of the adaptive data slicer.<br />9. Store phase<br />The output signal from the clock phase detector is stored by a 100 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />10. Video tape recorder mode (VCR)<br />Signal input to command PLL into short time constant mode. Not used in application circuit Fig.4a or Fig.4b.<br />11. Crystal<br />A 13,875 MHz crystal, 2 x data rate, connected in series with a 15 pF capacitor is applied via this pin to the oscillator<br />and divide-by-two to provide the 6,9375 MHz clock signal.<br />12. Clock filter<br />A filter for the 6,9375 MHz clock signal is connected to this pin.<br />13. Ground (0 V)<br />14. Teletext clock output (TTC)<br />Clock output for CCT (Computer Controlled Teletext).<br />15. Teletext data output (TTD)<br />Data output for CCT.<br />16. Supply voltage VCC (+ 12 V typ.)<br />17. Clock output (F6)<br />6 MHz clock output for timing and sandcastle generation in CCT.<br />18. Oscillator output (6 MHz)<br />A series resonant circuit is connected between this pin and pin 20 to control the nominal frequency of the VCO.<br />19. Filter 2<br />A filter with a short time constant is connected to this pin for the horizontal phase detector. It is used in the video<br />recorder mode and while the loop is locking up.</p><p>20. Oscillator input (6 MHz)<br />See pin 18.<br />21. Filter 1<br />A filter with a long time constant is connected to this pin for the horizontal phase detector.<br />22. Sandcastle input pulse (PL/CBB)<br />This input accepts a sandcastle waveform, which is formed from PL and CBB from the CCT.<br />Signal timing is shown in Fig.5.<br />23. Pulse timing resistor<br />The current for the pulse generator is defined by a 68 Ω resistor connected to this pin.<br />24. Pulse timing capacitor<br />The timing of the pulse generator is determined by a 220 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />25. Video composite sync output (VCS)<br />The output signal is for CCT.<br />26. Black level<br />The black level for the adaptive sync separator is stored by a 68 nF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />27. Composite video input (CVS)<br />The composite video signal is input via a 2,2 μF clamping capacitor to the adaptive sync separator.<br />28. Text composite sync input (TCS)/Scan composite sync input (SCS)<br />TCS is input from CCT or SCS from external sync circuit. SCS is expected when there is no load resistor at pin 1.<br />If pin 28 is not connected the sync output on pin 1 will be the composite video input at pin 27, internally buffered.<br /><br />
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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1826" data-original-width="2594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTQRXDL7NIdi9NN8-zFidtGS2DOnZtdePbSmXXJ9uCSrfFBc0IkkV1U-8oRf2zJRGo24-nL3FkImCwgnASCJPSr0kDxSYWnhxtNV0rIWMqGwj9-aqqzxfv486x3EenrH5bYoo1R5zTw5gstu8LR7yy647VVq2Zr9iDVhaObXIu19kuKmjzzrpvPryHEKX8/s320/PHILIPS_SAA5243-32__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU8q3ZDxuVNWnYQE9twq0zoTW8pREJg1XBaIl0wGUAA3KcEFK3x5urX1kvNz8F5OusnQ2xvU833PZ_h-fdzE9UvQV8U7OniF3ORCW0iN4CKemMzgWc0LARWKBJKoPHFtwHbw3jmCwVgyCeJ0206FTMB9ys4sKuFA4D_-Nddtt5AFd3RPQpbXVkD5qnu3IC/s2594/PHILIPS_SAA5243-33__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2594" data-original-width="1826" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU8q3ZDxuVNWnYQE9twq0zoTW8pREJg1XBaIl0wGUAA3KcEFK3x5urX1kvNz8F5OusnQ2xvU833PZ_h-fdzE9UvQV8U7OniF3ORCW0iN4CKemMzgWc0LARWKBJKoPHFtwHbw3jmCwVgyCeJ0206FTMB9ys4sKuFA4D_-Nddtt5AFd3RPQpbXVkD5qnu3IC/s320/PHILIPS_SAA5243-33__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><p><b><br /> PHILIPS SAA5243</b> series- -0.3 to +7.5V; enhanced computer controlled teletext circuits (ECCT) in 40-pin DIP package. Operational temperature range from -20 ° C<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kdF2gd270Hm6Vq_s7RqXNkT_F3KDjMQqTMOwEnY53iWSML00T2RLHF3-IeTWdxQBuxInODxXvemtN0xbLjdFac0M4Zz2dlW8NdRqQIIsT8d0JmU9b_GZ_XaauPvVb-QGguNw-Da1BZmSUMUExGsGYecE0qjXKmU6COct6ZKoPMyH1ISr41U7nM6WNX_K/s1282/IMGH_13549__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kdF2gd270Hm6Vq_s7RqXNkT_F3KDjMQqTMOwEnY53iWSML00T2RLHF3-IeTWdxQBuxInODxXvemtN0xbLjdFac0M4Zz2dlW8NdRqQIIsT8d0JmU9b_GZ_XaauPvVb-QGguNw-Da1BZmSUMUExGsGYecE0qjXKmU6COct6ZKoPMyH1ISr41U7nM6WNX_K/s320/IMGH_13549__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> to 70 .</p><p>ENHANCED COMPUTER CONTROLLED TELETEXT CIRCUITS (E ) </p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION The SAA5243 series are MOS N—channe| integrated circuits which perform all the digital Logic functions of a 625-line World System Teletext decoder. The SAA5243 series operate in conjunction with the teletext video processor SAA5231, standard static RAMS and are controlled via the 2—wire |2C—bus. </p><p>The devices can be used to provide videotext display conforming to a serial character attribute protocol. Features Microcomputer controlled for flexibility High quality flicker free display using a 12 X10 character matrix Field flv back lines 2 to 22), or full channel (aii lines) data acquisition Up to four simultaneous page requests enabling acquisition during one magazine cycle Direct interface up to 8 K bytes static RAM Automatic language section of up to seven different languages 25th display row software generated status Cursor control for video text / tele software 7-bits parity or 8-bit data acquisition Extension packet reception option Standard l’C—bus Slave transceiver slave address 0010001) single 5 volt power supply Mask programmable character sets Slave sync mode operation E/even field output for de - interlaced displays <br /></p><p> </p><p> Other References:<br />A data sheet for teleview data acquisition chip MR9710, published by Plessey Semiconductors Ltd., pp. 59-65.<br />Data sheet for videotext data slicer and clock regenerator SL9100EXP, publ. by Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. (Attention to Fig. 4).<br />"Applications of Picture Memories in Television Receivers", Berkhoff, et al., published in IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. CE-29, No. 3, Aug. 1983.<br />Philips publication No. 9398 401 30011, dated Jan. 1985, entitled "ICS for Computer Controlled TV Memory Based Feature", pp. 27-41.<br />Development data sheet, dated 1986, entitled "SAA9030 Background Memory Controller", published by Philips Corp.<br />Development data sheet, dated 1988, entitled "SAA9040 Computer Controlled Teletext Extension (CCTE)", published by Philips Corp.<br />User's Manual, entitled "Computer Controlled Teletext User's Manual", dated 1983, by J. R. Kinghorn, published by Mullard Application Laboratory.<br />IBA Technical Review, No. ISSN 0308-423 X entitled "Specification of Standard for Broadcast Teletext Signals."<br />Design Handbook entitled "The Programmable Gate Array Design Handbook", dated 1986, published by Xilinx Co., San Jose, California, pp. 2-114 to 2-117.<br />Data Book Entitled "the Programmable Gate Array Data Book", including a note entitled Megabit FIFO in two Chips: One LCA and One Dram, by Alfke, published 1988 by Xilinx Co., pp. 6-35 and 6-36. <br /></p><p> </p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-32456416150326878222024-02-07T17:00:00.020+01:002024-02-07T17:00:00.263+01:00MIVAR 28M1 TVD CHASSIS TV 3796 CRT TUBE VIDEOCOLOR A66ECY13X31 MP <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrEiMv5VIVE5zz7b-NEMUgYAvQjG4Uj4l5zEH5BE6J-AkK7YDVrCfh0bDesn4VP-kl36MsGWc3OSED8XkdUUnQsW1NZIEMT4y67V7aQjuT5jqXPa9CNT-I2rP12VYdS8uTIW-ZEzUXSj2TLUTKtmYqRV-ab-QNDMJoxoqIpqO5vATjyc8ia9LuFosh4HMy/s1282/IMGH_13538__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrEiMv5VIVE5zz7b-NEMUgYAvQjG4Uj4l5zEH5BE6J-AkK7YDVrCfh0bDesn4VP-kl36MsGWc3OSED8XkdUUnQsW1NZIEMT4y67V7aQjuT5jqXPa9CNT-I2rP12VYdS8uTIW-ZEzUXSj2TLUTKtmYqRV-ab-QNDMJoxoqIpqO5vATjyc8ia9LuFosh4HMy/s320/IMGH_13538__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s1026/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s320/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEiVBkz9kqlls6mBKdnKnXaFrKWoF5p0z8C5j-NKqVVMeE8NXPJVscCVE6_WTOmN8aaPFLU2QxoNuHmRkmxNYqAMRtKa3nf6OMXNkMmhjkZ35iRIUv5LjNImacVrcA3Xa9ircMr4SATrdK37jMPrVlHh9cVGK_dr-7D47x62tWZd9HfAOUjWjbLY_qY8S/s1282/IMGH_13554__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVEiVBkz9kqlls6mBKdnKnXaFrKWoF5p0z8C5j-NKqVVMeE8NXPJVscCVE6_WTOmN8aaPFLU2QxoNuHmRkmxNYqAMRtKa3nf6OMXNkMmhjkZ35iRIUv5LjNImacVrcA3Xa9ircMr4SATrdK37jMPrVlHh9cVGK_dr-7D47x62tWZd9HfAOUjWjbLY_qY8S/s320/IMGH_13554__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> <br />
<span style="color: #ff6666;">
</span><span style="color: #ff6666;">
<br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">
</span></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> MIVAR 28M1 TVD CHASSIS TV 3796 CRT TUBE VIDEOCOLOR A66ECY13X31 MP In-line electron gun PRECISION IN LINE TECHNOLOGY p.i.l. :
<br />
</b></span>The three co-planar beams of an in-line gun are converged
near the screen of a cathode ray tube by means of two plate-like grids
transverse to the beam paths and having corresponding apertures for the
three beams. The three beam apertures of the first grid are aligned with
the three beam paths. The two outer beam apertures of the second grid
are offset outwardly relative to the beam paths to produce the desired
convergence. The three sets of apertures also provide separate focusing
fields for the three beams. The second plate-like grid is formed with a
barrel shape, concave toward the first grid, to minimize elliptical
distortion of beam spots on the screen due to crowding of the adjacent
focusing fields. Each of the two outer beams is partially shielded from
the magnetic flux of the deflecting yoke by means of a magnetic ring
surrounding the beam path in the deflection zone, to equalize the size
of the rasters scanned on the screen by the middle and outer beams.
Other magnetic pieces are positioned on opposite sides of the path of
the middle beam, to enhance one deflection field while reducing the
transverse deflection field for that beam.
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s1600/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s320/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s1026/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s320/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wxiYcgMigafrioq4ABJQbAjAVvwDrrHyCkAVM3NGpcgCSdosHUY2U06l1R_O0WvzWFNvGjtcv10hUGaTI-6jr8CFb3iSYVtct4p35NnUat7keFTV49l-UsGZZHVqpINQGO_jkT_rrA11/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR_A66ECY03X01.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>1. In a color picture tube including an evacuated envelope
comprising a faceplate and a neck connected by a funnel, a mosaic color
phosphor screen on the inner surface of said faceplate, a multiapertured
color selection electrode spaced from said screen, an in-line electron
gun mounted in said neck for generating and directing three electron
beams along co-planar paths through said electrode to said screen, and a
deflection zone, located in the vicinity of the junction between said
neck and said funnel, wherein said beams are subjected to vertical and
horizontal magnetic deflection fields during operation of said tube for
scanning said beams horizontally and vertically over said screen; said
electron gun comprising: 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein said
electron gun further comprises a pair of magnetic elements positioned in
said deflection zone on opposite sides of the middle beam path and in a
plane transverse to the common plane of said paths for enhancing the
magnetic deflection field in said middle beam path transverse to said
common plane and for reducing the magnetic deflection field in said
middle beam path along said common plane, thereby increasing the
dimension of the raster scanned by the middle beam in said common plane
while reducing the dimension of said raster in said transverse plane. 3.
In a color picture tube including an evacuated envelope comprising a
faceplate and a neck connected by a funnel, a mosaic color phosphor
screen on the inner surface of said faceplate, a multi-apertured color
selection electrode spaced from said screen, an in-line electron gun
mounted in said neck for generating and directing three electron beams
along co-planar paths through said electrode to said screen, and a
deflection zone, located in the vicinity of the junction between said
neck and said funnel, wherein said beams are subjected to vertical and
horizontal magnetic deflection fields during operation of said tube for
scanning said beams horizontally and vertically over said screen, and
wherein the eccentrity of the outer ones of said beams in the deflection
fields causes the sizes of the rasters scanned by the outer beams to
tend to be larger than the size of the raster scanned by a middle beam,
said electron gun comprising; 4. The tube as defined in claim 3,
including two small discs of magnetic material located at the fringe of
the deflection zone on opposite sides of the middle beam transverse to
the plane of the three beams, whereby the magnetic flux on the middle
beam transverse to the plane of the three beams is enhanced and the flux
in the plane of the three beams is decreased thereby increasing the
middle beam dimension in the plane of the three beams while reducing the
middle beam dimension in the plane of the three beams. <br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
<br />
<br />
The present invention relates to an improved in-line
electron gun for a cathode ray tube, particularly a shadow mask type
color picture tube. The new gun is primarily intended for use in a color
tube having a line type color phosphor screen, with or without light
absorbing guard bands between the color phosphor lines, and a mask
having elongated apertures or slits. However, the gun could be used in
the well known dot-type color tube having a screen of substantially
circular color phosphor dots and a mask with substantially circular
apertures.
<br />
<br />
An in-line electron gun is one designed to generate or
initiate at least two, and preferably three, electron beams in a common
plane, for example, by at least two cathodes, and direct those beams
along convergent paths in that plane to a point or small area of
convergence near the tube screen. Various ways have been proposed for
causing the beams to converge near the screen. For example, the gun may
be designed to initially aim the beams, from the cathodes, towards
convergence at the screen, as shown in FIG. 4 of Moodey U.S. Pat. No.
2,957,106, wherein the beam apertures in the gun electrodes are aligned
along convergent paths.
<br />
<br />
In order to avoid wide spacings between the cathodes,
which are undesirable in a small neck tube designed for high deflection
angles, it is preferable to initiate the beams along substantially
parallel (or even divergent) paths and provide some means, either
internally or externally of the tube, for converging the beams near the
screen. Magnet poles and/or electrostatic deflecting plates for
converging in-line beams are disclosed in Francken U.S. Pat. No.
2,849,647, Gundert et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,859,378 and Benway U.S. Pat
No. 2,887,598.
<br />
<br />
The Moodey patent referred to above also includes an
embodiment, shown in FIG. 2 and described in lines 4 to 23 of column 5,
wherein an in-line gun for two co-planar beams comprises two spaced
cathodes, a control grid plate and an accelerating grid plate each
having two apertures aligned respectively with the two cathodes (as in
FIG. 2) to initiate two parallel co-planar beam paths, and two
spaced-apart beam focusing and accelerating electrodes of cylindrical
form. The focusing electrode nearest to the first accelerating grid
plate is described as having two beam apertures that are offset toward
the axis of the gun from the corresponding apertures of the adjacent
accelerating grid plate, to provide an asymmetric electrostatic field in
the path of each beam for deflecting the beam from its initial path
into a second beam path directed toward the tube axis.
<br />
<br />
Netherlands U.S. Pat. application No. 6902025,
published Aug. 11, 1970 teaches that astigmatic aberration resulting in
elliptical distortion of the focused screen spots of the two off-axis
beams from an in-line gun, caused by the eccentricity of the in-line
beams in a common focusing field between two hollow cylindrical focusing
electrodes, can be partially corrected by forming the adjacent edges of
the cylindrical electrodes with a sinusoidal contour including four
sine waves. A similar problem is solved in a different manner in
applicant's in-line gun.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s1600/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s320/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" width="320" /></a>Another
problem that exists in a cathode ray tube having an in-line gun is a
coma distortion wherein the sizes of the rasters scanned on the screen
by a conventional external magnetic deflection yoke are different,
because of the eccentricity of the two outer beams with respect to the
center of the yoke. Messineo et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,164,737 teaches that
a similar coma distortion caused by using different beam velocities can
be corrected by use of a magnetic shield around the path of one or more
beams in a delta type gun. Barkow U.S. Pat. No. 3,196,305 teaches the
use of magnetic enhancers adjacent to the path of one or more beams in a
delta gun, for the same purpose. Krackhardt et al. U.S. Pat. No.
3,534,208 teaches the use of a magnetic shield around the middle one of
three in-line beams for coma correction.
<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
<br />
<br />
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, at
least two electron beams are generated along co-planar paths toward the
screen of a cathode ray tube, e.g., a shadow mask type color picture
tube, and the beams are converged near the screen by asymmetric electric
fields established in the paths of two beams by two plate-like grids
positioned between the beam generating means and the screen and having
corresponding apertures suitably related to the beam paths. The
apertures in the first grid (nearest the cathodes) are aligned with the
beam paths. Two apertures in the second grid (nearest the screen) are
offset outwardly with respect to the beam paths to produce the desired
asymmetric fields. In the case of three in-line beams, the two outer
apertures are offset, and the middle apert<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s1026/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s320/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wxiYcgMigafrioq4ABJQbAjAVvwDrrHyCkAVM3NGpcgCSdosHUY2U06l1R_O0WvzWFNvGjtcv10hUGaTI-6jr8CFb3iSYVtct4p35NnUat7keFTV49l-UsGZZHVqpINQGO_jkT_rrA11/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR_A66ECY03X01.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>ures of the two grids are
aligned with each other. The pairs of corresponding apertures also
provide separate focusing fields for the beams. In order to minimize
elliptical distortion of one or more of the focused beam spots on the
screen due to crowding of adjacent beam focusing fields, at least a
portion of the second grid may be substantially cylindrically curved in a
direction transverse to the common plane of the beams, and concave to
the first grid. Each of the two outer beam paths of a three beam gun may
be partially shielded from the magnetic flux of the deflection yoke by
means of a magnetic ring surrounding each beam in the deflection zone of
the tube, to minimize differences in the size of the rasters scanned on
the screen by the middle and outer beams. Further correction for coma
distortion may be made by positioning magnetic pieces on opposite sides
of the middle beam path for enhancing one field and reducing the field
transverse thereto.
<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view, partly in axial section, of a
shadow mask color picture tube in which the present invention is
incorporated;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a front end view of the tube of FIG. 1 showing the rectangular shape;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is an axial section view of the electron gun shown in dotted lines in FIG. 1, taken along the line 3--3 of that figure;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is an axial section view of the electron gun taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 5 is a rear end view of the electron gun of FIG. 4, taken in the direction of the arrows 5--5 thereof;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 6 is a transverse view, partly in section, taken along the line 6--6 of FIG. 4;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 7 is a front end view of the electron gun of FIGS. 1 and 4;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 8 is a similar end view with the final element (shield cup) removed; and
<br />
<br />
FIGS. 9 and 10 are schematic views showing the
focusing and converging electric fields associated with two pairs of
beam apertures in FIG. 4.
<br />
<br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a 17V-90° rectangular color
picture tube, for example, having a glass envelope 1 made up of a
rectangular (FIG. 2) faceplate panel or cap 3 and a tubular neck 5
connected by a rectangular funnel 7. The panel 3 comprises a viewing
faceplate 9 and a peripheral flange or side wall 11 which is sealed to
the funnel 7. A mosaic three-color phosphor screen 13 is carried by the
inner surface of the faceplate 9. The screen is preferably a line screen
with the phosphor lines extending substantially parallel to the minor
axis Y-Y of the tube (normal to the plane of FIG. 1). A multi-apertured
color selection electrode or shadow mask 15 is removably mounted, by
conventional means, in predetermined spaced relation to the screen 13.
An improved in-line electron gun 19, shown schematically by dotted lines
in FIG. 1, is centrally mounted within the neck 5 to generate and
direct three electron beams 20 along co-planar convergent paths through
the mask 15 to the screen 13.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezJ3bUDRIJg2tnmoBW_xKdDdYptq86hJC0YYuDhnLIFxnvKUNs4c3Y7UcRNtwKVNrLM8woBW7odblxe4Px8zFnZEHPxvd1fo-3UTWdIe84OfkvR1NohPLV7ndclhaH42A-blkcnqKNug/s1600/RCA-PIL-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezJ3bUDRIJg2tnmoBW_xKdDdYptq86hJC0YYuDhnLIFxnvKUNs4c3Y7UcRNtwKVNrLM8woBW7odblxe4Px8zFnZEHPxvd1fo-3UTWdIe84OfkvR1NohPLV7ndclhaH42A-blkcnqKNug/s320/RCA-PIL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
tube of FIG. 1 is designed to be used with an external magnetic
deflection yoke, such as the yoke 21 schematically shown, surrounding
the neck 5 and funnel 7, in the neighborhood of their junction, for
subjecting the three beams 20 to vertical and horizontal magnetic flux,
to scan the beams horizontally and vertically in a rectangular raster
over the screen 13. The initial plane of deflection (at zero deflection)
is shown by the line P--P in FIG. 1 at about the middle of the yoke 21.
Because of fringe fields, the zone of deflection of the tube extends
axially, from the yoke 21, into the region of the gun 19. For
simplicity, the actual curvature of the deflected beam paths 20 in the
deflection zone is not shown in FIG. 1.
<br />
<br />
The in-line gun 19 of the present invention is
designed to generate and direct three equally-spaced co-planar beams
along initially-parallel paths to a convergence plane C--C, and then
along convergent paths through the deflection plane to the screen 13. In
order to use the tube with a line-focus yoke 21 specially designed to
maintain the three in-line beams substantially converged at the screen
without the application of the usual dynamic convergence forces, which
causes degrouping misregister of the beam spots with the phosphor
elements of the screen, the gun is preferably designed with samll
spacings between the beam paths at the convergence plane C--C to produce
a still smaller spacing, usually called the S value, between the outer
beam paths and the central axis A--A of the tube, in the deflection
plane P--P. The convergence angle of the outer beams with the central
axis is arc tan e/c+d, where c is the axial distance between the
convergence plane C--C and the deflection plane P--P, d is the distance
between the deflection plane and the screen 13, and e is the spacing
between the outer beam paths and the central axis A--A in the
convergence plane C--C. The approximate dimensions in FIG. 1 are c = 2.7
inches, d = 9.8 inches, e = 0.200 inch (200 mils), and hence, the
convergence angle is 55 minutes and s = 157 mils.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRS27E1cspiNcWViu44zijHvMykg8eytEA8VjHIEyQ7wOdjOwGc4K5T3QV6eiaap7MKjvABCIP_GXsSQoU0IFsYi8L_Ek7IjqifmZFtZdmx3xzq_OTmh7ECSn0jAr1d2gHSWgrT4jeF7w/s1600/RCA-PIL-4.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRS27E1cspiNcWViu44zijHvMykg8eytEA8VjHIEyQ7wOdjOwGc4K5T3QV6eiaap7MKjvABCIP_GXsSQoU0IFsYi8L_Ek7IjqifmZFtZdmx3xzq_OTmh7ECSn0jAr1d2gHSWgrT4jeF7w/s320/RCA-PIL-4.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
details of the improved gun 19 are shown in FIGS. 3 through 8. The gun
comprises two glass support rods 23 on which the various electrodes are
mounted. These electrodes include three equally-spaced co-planar
cathodes 25, one for each beam, a control grid electrode 27, a screen
grid electrode 29, a first accelerating and focusing electrode 31, a
second accelerating and focusing electrode 33, and a shield cup 35,
spaced along the glass rods 23 in the order named.
<br />
<br />
Each cathode 25 comprises a cathode sleeve 37, closed
at the forward end by a cap 39 having an end coating 41 of electron
emissive material and a cathode support tube 43. The tubes 43 are
supported on the rods 23 by four straps 45 and 47 (FIG. 6). Each cathode
25 is indirectly heated by a heater coil 49 positioned within the
sleeve 37 and having legs 51 welded to heater straps 53 and 55 mounted
by studs 57 on the rods 23 (FIG. 5). The control and screen grid
electrodes 27 and 29 are two closely-spaced (about 9 mils) flat plates
having three pairs of small (about 25 mils) aligned apertures 59
centered with the cathode coatings 41 to initiate three equally-spaced
coplanar beam paths 20 extending toward the screen 13. Preferably, the
initial paths 20a and 20b are substantially parallel and about 200 mils
apart, with the middle path 20a coincident with the central axis A--A.
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HbMpozK4RHN6q3PYDd4w-qD7CnhYlvg3BSKoISOKrzv0FD9Tep4ipFu2wRfyjFExgzCIRJjFtoWiueTpkzsAJXfp9dLKUsoZYw-xvrKmzbeXXHtLSAxyoclRKmqWyGJlqTvJuKAqrdA/s1600/RCA-PIL-3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HbMpozK4RHN6q3PYDd4w-qD7CnhYlvg3BSKoISOKrzv0FD9Tep4ipFu2wRfyjFExgzCIRJjFtoWiueTpkzsAJXfp9dLKUsoZYw-xvrKmzbeXXHtLSAxyoclRKmqWyGJlqTvJuKAqrdA/s320/RCA-PIL-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Electrode
31 comprises first and second cup-shaped members 61 and 63,
respectively, joined together at their open ends. The first cup-shaped
member 61 has three medium-sized (about 60 mils) apertures 75 close to
grid electrode 29 and aligned respectively with the three beam paths 20,
as shown in FIG. 4. The second cup-shaped member 63 has three large
(about 160 mils) apertures 65 also aligned with the three beam paths.
Electrode 33 is also cup-shaped and comprises a base plate portion 60
positioned close (about 60 mils) to electrode 31 and a side wall or
flange 71 extending forward toward the tube screen. The base portion 69
is formed with three apertures 73, which are preferably slightly larger
(about 172 mils) than the adjacent apertures 67 of electrode 31. The
middle aperture 73a is aligned with the adjacent middle aperture 67a
(and middle beam path 20a) to provide a substantially symmetrical beam
focusing electric field between apertures 67a and 73a when electrodes 31
and 33 are energized at different voltages. The two outer apertures 73b
are slightly offset outwardly with respect to the corresponding outer
apertures 67b, to provide an asymmetrical electric field between each
pair of outer apertures when electrodes 31 and 33 are energized, to
individually focus each outer beam 20b near the screen, and also to
deflect each beam, toward the middle beam, to a common point of
convergence with the middle beam near the screen. In the example shown,
the offset of each beam aperture 73b may be about 6 mils.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGJsWI_HyfL5-rC1ZjriIvuBZtv1dgSG8cEhH0rPH2Yu1Wc3x7IIp7kY6Tl41R_DKpNtvaWDkMnZSdAdhOUcDfm2OqHgBPbAjp4zRqzc2T0ErL6fWblx9tVr2B8Zw9EDsIsHm29oZXQbE/s1600/RCA-PIL-5.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGJsWI_HyfL5-rC1ZjriIvuBZtv1dgSG8cEhH0rPH2Yu1Wc3x7IIp7kY6Tl41R_DKpNtvaWDkMnZSdAdhOUcDfm2OqHgBPbAjp4zRqzc2T0ErL6fWblx9tVr2B8Zw9EDsIsHm29oZXQbE/s320/RCA-PIL-5.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
approximate configuration of the electric fields associated with the
middle and outer apertures are shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively,
which show the equipotential lines 74 rather than the lines of force.
Assuming an accelerating field, as shown by the + signs, the left half
75 (on the left side of the central mid-plane) of each field is
converging and the right half 77 is diverging. Since the electrons are
being accelerated, they spend more time in the converging field than in
the diverging field, and hence, the beam experiences a net converging or
focusing force in each of FIGS. 9 and 10. Since the middle beam 20a
passes centrally through a symmetrical field in FIG. 9, it continues in
the same direction without deflection. In FIG. 10, the outer beam 20b
traverses the left half 75 of the field centrally, but enters the right
half 77 off-axis. Since this is the diverging part of the field, and the
electrons are subjected to field forces perpendicular to the
equipotential lines or surfaces 74, the beam 20b is deflected toward the
central axis (downward in FIG. 10) as it traverses the right half 77,
in addition to being focused. The angle of deflection, or convergence,
of the beam 20b can be determined by the choice of the offset of the
apertures 73 b and the voltages applied to the two electrodes 31 and 33.
For the example given, with an offset of 6 mils, electrode 33 would be
connected to the ultor or screen voltage, about 25 K.V., and electrode
31 would be operated at about 17 to 20 percent of the ultor voltage,
adjusted for best focus. The object distance of each focus lens, that
is, the distance between the first cross-over of the beams near the
screen grid 29 and the lens, is about 0.500 inch; and the image distance
from the lens to the screen is about 12.5. inches.
<br />
<br />
The above-described outward offset of the beam
apertures to produce beam convergence is contrary to the teaching of
FIG. 3 of the Moodey patent described above, and hence, is not suggested
by the Moodey patent.
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s1026/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBEo2TxoANlQm_uDTYmtd4zRsGHXZJj5frHAJ8-P9C_ASJxH9BBuABJWdeiRAvbvJzvGgNP6WcpvWQprD9WogBqb8vSQt-RHEJsBF_qyXdd89M7Nj5hjPI3CBDRhs2g4EfwecwPoakW0ZnG-em80yNyYooyItX3fk8xigFxbznJTaE-DcJY6P9t-eLv1V5/s320/IMGH_13553__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-wxiYcgMigafrioq4ABJQbAjAVvwDrrHyCkAVM3NGpcgCSdosHUY2U06l1R_O0WvzWFNvGjtcv10hUGaTI-6jr8CFb3iSYVtct4p35NnUat7keFTV49l-UsGZZHVqpINQGO_jkT_rrA11/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR_A66ECY03X01.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
The focusing apertures 67 and 73 are made as large as
possible, to minimize spherical aberration, and as close together as
possible, to obtain a desirable small spacing between beam paths. As a
result, the fringe portions of adjacent fields interact to produce some
astigmatic distortion of the focusing fields, which produces some
ellipticity of the normally-circular focused beam spots on the screen.
In a three-beam in-line gun, this distortion is greater for the middle
beam than for the two outer beams, because both sides of the middle beam
field are affected. In order to compensate for this effect, and
minimize the elliptical distortion of the beam spots, the wall 69, or at
least the surface thereof facing the electrode 31, is curved
substantially cylindrically, concave to electrode 31, in the direction
normal or transverse to the plane of the three beams, as shown at 79 in
FIG. 3. Preferably, this curvature is greater for the middle beam path
than for the outer beam paths, hence, the wall 69 may be made
barrel-shaped. In the example given, the barrel shape may have a stave
radius of 8 inches (FIG. 4) and a hoop radius of 2.28 inches (FIG. 3),
with the curvature 79 terminating at the outer edges of the outer
apertures 73b.
<br />
<br />
The shield cup 35 comprises a base portion 81,
attached to the open end of the flange 71 of electrode 33, and a tubular
wall 83 surrounding the three beam paths 20. The base portion 81 is
formed with a large middle beam aperture 85 (about 172 mils) and two
smaller outer beam apertures 87 (about 100 mils) aligned, respectively,
with the three initial beam paths 20a and 20b.
<br />
<br />
In order to compensate for the coma distortion wherein
the sizes of the rasters scanned on the screen by the external magnetic
deflection yoke are different for the middle and outer beams of the
three-beam gun, due to the eccentricity of the outer beams in the yoke
field, the electron gun is provided with two shield rings 89 of high
magnetic permeability, e.g., an alloy of 52 percent nickel and 48
percent iron, known as 52 metal, are attached to the base 81, with each
ring concentrically surrounding one of the outer apertures 87, as shown
in FIGS. 4 and 7. These magnetic shields 89 by-pass a small portion of
the fringe deflection fields in the path of the outer beams, thereby
making a slight reduction in the rasters scanned by the outer beams on
the screen. The shield rings 89 may have an outer diameter of 150 mils,
an inner diameter of 100 mils, and a thickness of 10 mils.
<br />
<br />
A further correction for this coma distortion is made
by mounting two small discs 91 of magnetic material, e.g., that referred
to above, on each side of the middle beam path 20a. These discs 91
enhance the magnetic flux on the middle beam transverse to the plane of
the three beams and decrease the flux in that plane, in the manner
described in the Barkow patent referred to above. The discs 91 may be
rings having an outer diameter of 80 mils, an inner diameter of 30 mils,
and a thickness of 10 mils.
<br />
<br />
Each of the electrodes 27, 29, 31 and 33 are mounted
on the two glass rods 23 by edge portions embedded in the glass. The two
rods 23 extend forwardly beyond the mounting portion of electrode 33,
as shown in FIG. 3. In order to shield the exposed ends 93 of the glass
rods 23 from the electron beams, the shield cup 35 is formed with
inwardly-extending recess portions 95 into which the rod ends 93 extend.
The electron gun 19 is mounted in the neck 5 at one end by the leads
(not shown) from the various electrodes to the stem terminals 97, and at
the other end by conventional metal bulb spacers (not shown) which also
connect the final electrode 33 to the usual conducting coating on the
inner wall of the funnel 7. </div>
</div><p>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>
</b></span><span style="color: #ff6666;">
</span>
<br />
<br /><b>
Color picture tube having improved shadow mask frame:</b></p><p><b> Assignee:Videocolor S.p.A. (Anagni, IT)</b></p><p><b> Inventors:Spina, Paolo (Ferentino, IT)</b></p><p><b> </b></p><p></p><div class="disp_elm_text">
An improved color picture tube includes an evacuated
envelope having a rectangular faceplate panel. The panel includes a
viewing screen on an inner surface thereof and a shadow maskframe
assembly mounted therein by support means located at the four corners of
the panel. The shadow mask-frame assembly includes an apertured shadow
mask and a peripheral frame to which the mask is attached. The frame has
two flanges arranged in an L-shaped cross-section. The support means
are attached to the corners of the frame. The improvement comprises the
frame being formed by four sections that are welded together at their
ends. Each section includes a side of the frame and two angled corners
of the frame at each end of each section. The sections overlap each
other at their ends, with both of the flanges of each section in
surface-to-surface contact with each other. With this construction, the
frame has a single thickness along each of its sides and a double
thickness at its corners, to provide more rigid attachment locations for
the support means. </div><p><br />1. In a color picture tube including an evacuated envelop having a rectangular faceplate panel, said panel including a viewing screen on an inner surface thereof and a shadow mask-frame assembly mounted therein by support means located at the four corners of said panel, said shadow mask-frame assembly including an apertured shadow mask and a peripheral frame to which said mask is attached, and said support means being attached to the corners of said frame, the improvement comprising<br /><br />said frame being formed by four sections that are welded together at their ends, each section of said frame including a side, a first and a second flange and two angled corners each end, and said sections overlapping each other at their ends with both first and second flanges of each section in surface-to-surface contact with each other,<br /><br />whereby said frame has a single thickness along each of its sides and a double thickness at its corners, to provide more rigid attachment locations for said support means.<br /><br /><br />2. In a color picture tube including an evacuated glass envelope having a rectangular faceplate panel with two long sides and two short sides, said panel including a major axis paralleling said long sides, a minor axis paralleling said short sides, two diagonals extending between opposing conrners of said panel and a central longitudinal axis passing perpendicularly through the intersection of said major and minor axes and said diagonals, said panel including a viewing screen on an inner surface thereof and a shadow mask-frame assembly mounted therein by support means located at the four corners of said panel, said shadow mask-frame assembly including an apertured shadow mask and a peripheral frame to which said mask is attached, said frame including two opposing long sides that substantially parallel said major axis, two opposing short sides that substantially parallel said minor axis and corner portions that are acutely angled to both the long and short sides and are approximately perpendicular to the panel diagonals, said frame having two flanges in an L-shaped cross-section, a first of said flanges extending toward said screen substantially paralleling said central longitudinal axis and a second flange extending inwardly from an intersection of said flanges toward said central longitudinal axis, and said support means being attached to said first flange at the corners of said frame, the improvement comprising<br /><br />said frame being formed by four sections that are welded together at their ends, each section including a side of the frame and two angled corners of the frame at each end of each section, and said sections overlapping each other at their ends with both first and second flanges of each section in surface-to-surface contact with each other,<br /><br />whereby said frame has a single thickness along each of its sides and a double thickness at its corners, to provide more rigid attachment locations for said support means.<br /><br /><br />Description:<br /><br />This invention relates to a color picture tube of the type having a shadow mask attached to a peripheral frame which is suspended in relation to a viewing screen of the tube, and particularly to such a tube having an improved shadow mask frame with reduced weight.<br /><br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />As the sizes of color picture tubes have increased, there has been a corresponding increase in the sizes and weights of tube components. One of these components is the shadow mask frame. Present color picture tubes use steel frames to support the shadow masks within the faceplate panels of the tubes. One type of frame is made from a continuous piece of L-shaped steel, that is bent and welded to itself at its ends. Another type of frame is formed by pressing a flat steel sheet into the shape of the frame. A third type of frame is disclosed in Canadian Patent 988,141, issued to T. M. Shrader and K. A. Long on Apr. 27, 1976. This patent shows a frame that is formed from four pieces that are welded together at the four corners of the frame. The cited purpose of using four pieces is to provide an adjustable frame to precisely fit within a particular mask. Each of the four pieces has two flanges configured in an L-shaped cross-section. A first of the flanges extends toward a screen of the tube and a second flange extends from the first flange toward a central longitudinal axis of the tube. In each piece, the first flange extends beyond the second flange at both ends of the piece. These extensions of the first flange overlap each other in the corners of the frame and are where the pieces are welded together.<br /><br />The three frame types discussed above are usually supported within a faceplate panel by either three or four springs that are attached to the sides of the frames. Recently, large tubes have been suggested that are supported within faceplates by four springs located at the corners of the mask frame. The present invention provides a frame with reduced weight that can be used in a tube having corner support springs.<br /><br />SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />An improved color picture tube includes an evacuated envelope having a rectangular faceplate panel. The panel includes a viewing screen on an inner surface thereof and a shadow mask assembly mounted therein by support means located at the four corners of the panel. The shadow mask assembly includes an apertured shadow mask and a peripheral frame to which the mask is attached. The frame has two flanges arranged in an L-shaped cross-section. The support means are attached to the corners of the frame. The improvement comprises the frame being formed by four sections that are welded together at their ends. Each section includes a side of the frame and two angled corners of the frame at the ends of the section. The sections overlap each other at their ends, with both of the flanges of each section in surface-to-surface contact with each other. With this construction, the frame has a single thickeness along each of its sides and a double thickness at its corners, to provide more rigid attachment locations for the support means.<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br /><br />FIG. 1 is an axially sectioned side view of a color picture tube embodying the present invention.<br /><br />FIG. 2 is a plan view of a quadrant of the tube faceplate, taken at line 2--2 of FIG. 1.<br /><br />FIGS. 3 and 4 are plan views of a long section and a short section, respectively, of a shadow mask frame.<br /><br />FIG. 5 is a plan view of a complete shadow mask frame.<br /><br />FIGS. 6 and 7 are side views of the frame taken at lines 6--6 and 7--7 of FIG. 5, respectively.<br /><br />FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a corner of the faceplate panel of the tube of FIG. 1.<br /><br />FIG. 9 is an enlarged plan view of a corner of the frame of the tube of FIG. 1.<br /><br />DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br /><br />FIG. 1 shows a rectangular color picture tube 8 having a glass envelope 10, comprisi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhkrvTYjeKDwc3DQTmFwFWHs860_ezCHJ46SFxUfZ5114DVhPgF0LYM9Vu9vRF9ASsAalJhWhzXKYdxlFSfgLiHGP8cMqc6kB9AMO95nz_fUVs9o99GyPEk2R-zNAtz2IV_rvQV34fBWrn2Z1zWzlWj4_7EaEHH8Ac_7Lc7xIpDtyH46AmvgxhPSsM_yXJ/s2558/US5072151-1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhkrvTYjeKDwc3DQTmFwFWHs860_ezCHJ46SFxUfZ5114DVhPgF0LYM9Vu9vRF9ASsAalJhWhzXKYdxlFSfgLiHGP8cMqc6kB9AMO95nz_fUVs9o99GyPEk2R-zNAtz2IV_rvQV34fBWrn2Z1zWzlWj4_7EaEHH8Ac_7Lc7xIpDtyH46AmvgxhPSsM_yXJ/s320/US5072151-1__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a>ng a rectangular faceplate panel 12 and a tubular neck 14 connected by a rectangular funnel 16. The panel 12 comprises a viewing faceplate 18 and a peripheral flange or sidewall 20 which is sealed to the funnel 16. The faceplate panel 12 includes two orhtogonal axes: a major axis X, parallel to its wider dimension (usually horizontal), and a minor axis Y, parallel to its narrower dimension (usually vertical). The major and minor axes are perpendicular to a central longitudinal axis Z of the tube, which passes through both the center of the neck 14 and the center of the panel 12. A mosaic three-color phosphor screen 22 is located on the inner surface of the faceplate 18. The screen preferably is a line screen, with the phosphor lines extending substantially parallel to the minor axis Y. Alternatively, the screen may be a dot screen. A multiapertured color selection or shadow mask 24 is removably mounted in predetermined spaced relation to the screen 22. An electron gun 26 is centrally mounted within the neck 14, to generate and direct three electron beams along convergent paths through the mask 24 to the screen 22.<br /><br />The tube of FIG. 1 is designed to be used with an external magnetic deflection yoke 28 located in the vicinity of the funnel-to-neck junction. When activated, the yoke 28 subjects the three electron beams to magnetic fields which cause the beams to scan horizontally and vertically in a rectangular raster over the screen 22.<br /><br />The shadow mask 24 is part of a mask-frame assembly 30 that also includes a novel peripheral frame 32. The mask-frame assembly 30 is shown positioned within the faceplate panel 12 in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, the mask-frame assembly 30 is mounted to the panel 12 by four support means 34 positioned at the four corners of the assembly.<br /><br />The novel mask frame 32 is formed from four sections; two identical long sections 36, one of<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBmFIC_aMbvzdAOSz33nPVLQp81OWVREjX-ZZkSL0FfJYSpsmTCxFAn8bfpRLulF-_2DE4YucnOx0-lpGvfRDmZveGQQCy4XkXFF5exQuuDAb7elCIrQve0NaKwVbgbuEErhu4Pxnx7erIkFu6vNgvMBl-WS0QAQ0vtUHFZLWLViVibF7eeBPKTguxR3nT/s2558/US5072151-2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBmFIC_aMbvzdAOSz33nPVLQp81OWVREjX-ZZkSL0FfJYSpsmTCxFAn8bfpRLulF-_2DE4YucnOx0-lpGvfRDmZveGQQCy4XkXFF5exQuuDAb7elCIrQve0NaKwVbgbuEErhu4Pxnx7erIkFu6vNgvMBl-WS0QAQ0vtUHFZLWLViVibF7eeBPKTguxR3nT/s320/US5072151-2__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a> which is shown in FIG. 3, and two identical short sections 38, one of which is shown in FIG. 4. Each section includes a side of the frame and two angled corners of the frame at each end of each section. When assembled, the sections overlap each other at their end and are welded together, thus forming the completed frame shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. The overlapping of the section ends provides an area of double thickness at each corner, which adds to the rigidity of the frame in the locations of the support means. For example, in a frame having a thickness of 0.7 mm, the corners will be 1.4 mm thick. To assure that the frame has enough stiffness, embossmen 40 are located at various positions on all four sections of the frame.<br /><br />The frame 32, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, includes two </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyoiGBorWF4TGBTicPRUTkTK8TEwRsppXfF1E_QUqCOoQ9z6WEjgU8rFPwzQYviUqPmWZcydRzEzm46pMzz5Q2bDR2tn5kQw5vb1VaR9WsWaslTfvrsCX8d62YIcwPCJAJARVaLExrbhbvO0fnvpd-6YB6GlVQ2meX2B3zqoAqam69yzBQmU0kzTO3DNiT/s2558/US5072151-3__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyoiGBorWF4TGBTicPRUTkTK8TEwRsppXfF1E_QUqCOoQ9z6WEjgU8rFPwzQYviUqPmWZcydRzEzm46pMzz5Q2bDR2tn5kQw5vb1VaR9WsWaslTfvrsCX8d62YIcwPCJAJARVaLExrbhbvO0fnvpd-6YB6GlVQ2meX2B3zqoAqam69yzBQmU0kzTO3DNiT/s320/US5072151-3__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br />substantially perpendicular flanges, a first flange 42 and a second flange 44, in an L-shaped cross-sectional configuration. The first flange 42 extends from the intersection of the flanges in a direction toward the screen 22. The second flange 44 extends inwardly from the intersection of the flanges in a direction toward the central longitudinal axis Z of the tube 8. The four corners of the frame 32 are truncated, being angled approximately perpendicularly to the diagonal directions of the frame.<br /><br />The shadow mask 24 includes a curved apertured portion 46, an imperforate border portion 48 surrounding the apertured portion 46, and a skirt portion 50 bent back from the border portion 48 and extending away from the screen 22. The mask 24 is telescoped within or set inside the frame 32, and the skirt portion 50 is welded to the inside surface of the first flange 42.<br /><br />The mask-frame assembly support means 34, shown in detail in FIG. 8, are included at each of the four corners of the frame and panel. Each support means 34 includes a stud 52, a spring 54 and a plate 56. Each stud 52 is a conically-shaped metal member that is attached to the panel sidewall 20. Each plate 56 is welded near one of its ends to the flange 42 at a truncated corner of the frame 32. The spring 54 is attached at one of irs ends to the other end of the plate 56. An aperture 58, near the free end of each spring 54, engages the conical portion of the stud 52.<br /><br />Although the frame 32 is shown as be of a planar type, the present invention can be applied to any frame geometry, such as barrel or bowed. A frame constructed in accordance with the present invention uses a minimum amount of material and is lighter than a one piece frame of similar strength. This results in a cost reduction, better thermal performance and reduced warpage during long-term operation. The thinner material is easier to machine, and the completed frame is stable for mechanical shocks and vibrations.<br /><br />
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<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Videocolor</b> </span>was a fabricant of Electronic components in Anagni (Italy).<br /><br /><br />Was
formed from an Italian CRT Fabricant called ERGON which was sold to
Thomson in 1971 and the technology further called PIL (Precision In
Line) was produced by a collaboration with RCA. (ERGON S.P.A., ANAGNI, FROSINONE).</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVHknoTbM5ktfudiWeO6jvFeFxXKZve_c15au36al-g99iBLOkUS3G0EIjFwUun0FTEG2YTYmJaGZSEBjaM6RYyupbX110xWrIabKWqicIowr0rZO300w24a2l4QoVT4JsCfVOsu0Lqnw/s1600/ERGON1969-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVHknoTbM5ktfudiWeO6jvFeFxXKZve_c15au36al-g99iBLOkUS3G0EIjFwUun0FTEG2YTYmJaGZSEBjaM6RYyupbX110xWrIabKWqicIowr0rZO300w24a2l4QoVT4JsCfVOsu0Lqnw/s200/ERGON1969-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">They have patented several technologyes like the </span>LICHT-KOLLIMATOR
and various methods to improve the fabrication of shadowmasks in CRT
Tubes like the invention of a process of manufacturing a cathode-ray
tube (CRT)
having an anti-glare, anti-static, dark coating on an external surface
of a faceplate panel thereof, and more particularly, to the formulation
of such a coating. <br />
Further Inventions were related to inventions
formulated for the control of electron beam for adjustment of, for
example, static convergence and/or purity in a picture tube and others
invention relates to a shadow mask or color selection electrode for a
color television picture tube, as well as the support frame making it
possible to stiffen or rigidify the mask.<br />
<br />
Videocolor CRTs were widely used by many fabricants on European scale and even around the world. <br />
<br />
<br />
Example of Videocolor CRTs were the P.I.L. (Precision In Line) the PIL S4 the PIL PLANAR the PIL MP the PIL FS10.......<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />In 2005
Videocolor was sold to Videocon An Indian monkeys conglomerate wich has
converted it to Plasma Lcd (cheapshit Crap) manufacturing, resulting in a total
FAIL !!<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6666;">Now Videocolor has Stopped the production, it's gone (Forever-dead) !!</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></span><br />
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FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-16616727476541644202024-01-24T18:00:00.072+01:002024-01-25T17:46:34.827+01:00SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR YEAR 1987<div class="separator"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hhCXaDmu6s6v8jFCX4PGi1fbtVPMRt5sIKXfKOoxPHvy_NUVjCWCPkj_tzP5yMGxEyYYkX6O47MCpcMQ6Xy00gMiGegsT1IBoU5zFcu9ZWOOTEWJqgQkHRFIIkxFw44OgzJujoG4dK6rPpbDUyJ0z571h0D8E-v5V_9MDpBUxbMg-EWzZ4vY7BmX-nNL/s1282/IMGH_13519__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hhCXaDmu6s6v8jFCX4PGi1fbtVPMRt5sIKXfKOoxPHvy_NUVjCWCPkj_tzP5yMGxEyYYkX6O47MCpcMQ6Xy00gMiGegsT1IBoU5zFcu9ZWOOTEWJqgQkHRFIIkxFw44OgzJujoG4dK6rPpbDUyJ0z571h0D8E-v5V_9MDpBUxbMg-EWzZ4vY7BmX-nNL/s320/IMGH_13519__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s1282/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s320/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqTT9FBudc6zJbJ2YriUxZzK4g4QpKxnDtsQOcuPrOkA5M15VbG0RguKemPr9jkDgHUBEwb5pcZ9zM9bWcTViXcYXxb1nz04ad_fMoEt6e4e8WZOSnmv9JdK8rBlRKoZDi9O8lbWay-ktmgyUnmuzDMpgMzLKFA2u5mgIwG0cqaoj33Yo-aHfDuSmcLX7/s1282/IMGH_13517__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqTT9FBudc6zJbJ2YriUxZzK4g4QpKxnDtsQOcuPrOkA5M15VbG0RguKemPr9jkDgHUBEwb5pcZ9zM9bWcTViXcYXxb1nz04ad_fMoEt6e4e8WZOSnmv9JdK8rBlRKoZDi9O8lbWay-ktmgyUnmuzDMpgMzLKFA2u5mgIwG0cqaoj33Yo-aHfDuSmcLX7/s320/IMGH_13517__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_C_DOl_CH23PuBmOhrwD2BGkvbQ_mfPMmDGd-ZY_eq2gluTBXVpa5Iu5EwsHR50rU1ipa9898QcR1Xxpii-pK4Z63aIcX1KFSsr6_2o5ZlP2955lrUnivR_MqsMzWLKie_Mjd86EXgr0bg6BTxRF3TXQCXTje9l8aUvA_DrnW_eLW78ICefBzt3TzTbc/s1282/IMGH_13518__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_C_DOl_CH23PuBmOhrwD2BGkvbQ_mfPMmDGd-ZY_eq2gluTBXVpa5Iu5EwsHR50rU1ipa9898QcR1Xxpii-pK4Z63aIcX1KFSsr6_2o5ZlP2955lrUnivR_MqsMzWLKie_Mjd86EXgr0bg6BTxRF3TXQCXTje9l8aUvA_DrnW_eLW78ICefBzt3TzTbc/s320/IMGH_13518__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcoi_bNzTuDPTODzMfY-euleXXEx2ggzzweg_Y82k0h-AjYPrFaLyLPmRQhgX3OOdkW9CGYWP98VffMGMsvIn0AUV0dgpaW6LkJ1RGmwyyMNm2hyphenhyphengMKg0TgPFss9ufdYT1I4ufKZh_8226rWhDOVFfdTsCew42hGntr657mexoKQeat9Bue6GknfgvAw5H/s1026/SABA%20T7280%20VT%20SUPERPLANAR__TVM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="714" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcoi_bNzTuDPTODzMfY-euleXXEx2ggzzweg_Y82k0h-AjYPrFaLyLPmRQhgX3OOdkW9CGYWP98VffMGMsvIn0AUV0dgpaW6LkJ1RGmwyyMNm2hyphenhyphengMKg0TgPFss9ufdYT1I4ufKZh_8226rWhDOVFfdTsCew42hGntr657mexoKQeat9Bue6GknfgvAw5H/s320/SABA%20T7280%20VT%20SUPERPLANAR__TVM.jpg" width="223" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>The SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR <span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> was offering a rich features needed by such class of TV in 1987.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
SABA TV <span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">First time with following features:<br /></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">A 29 (30) inches PLANAR type screen with black matrix and superb bright picture.</span></span></b></li></ul><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br /><div class="disp_elm_text">
A cathode-ray tube includes a rectangular faceplate which
has an exterior surface having curvature along both the minor and major
axes. The exterior surface of the faceplate includes a rectangular
contour near its periphery which substantially lies in a plane which is
perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of the tube. </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><blockquote><div class="disp_elm_text"> In the prior art, the aesthetic quality of television tubes is
gradually tending towards increasingly flat screens. One type of
currently used "plane" front panel is called a "planar" front panel and
is described in particular, in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,786,840 and
4,839,556. Tubes such as this work properly but require corrections to
obtain good image geometry; these corrections cannot be obtained by the
deflector alone. <p>Furthermore, the planeity of the screen has
repercussions on the geometry of the mask and induces problems of
thermomechanical behavior which take the form of doming and blister
flaws. </p><p>A first object of the present invention is a method for
the fabrication, for high-definition television, of a "wide" screen
trichromatic tube capable of having the
standard ratio 4/3, the screen of which is as flat as possible and
requires the fewest possible geometrical corrections, a method that
enables the making of a very wide range of tubes of very diverse
dimensions and planeities, with the fabrication being done in the
simplest possible way without using any cylindrical element in the
illumination light box of the front panel. </p></div></blockquote><div class="disp_elm_text"> There are two basic faceplate panel contours utilized commercially
for rectangular CRT's of screen sizes greater than about a 9-inch (22.9
cm) diagonal: spherical, and cylindrical. Although flat contours are
possible, the added thickness and weight of the faceplate panel required
to maintain the same envelope strength are undesirable. Furthermore, if
a flat faceplate CRT is a shadow mask color picture tube, the
additional weight and complexity of an appropriate shadow mask also are
undesirable. <p>The present invention provides a novel curved
faceplate panel contour that is neither spherical nor cylindrical, but
that can create an illusion to a viewer of being flat. </p></div><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The VIDEOCOLOR PLANAR features process of manufacturing a cathode-ray tube
which includes a faceplate panel with an exterior surface having
thereon an anti-glare, anti-static, dark coating is described. The
process is characterized by the steps of: (a) forming a substantially
homogeneous initial carbon dispersion containing substantially equal
parts, by weight, of carbon particles and an organic vehicle; and (b)
combining a sufficient quantity of the homogeneous initial carbon
dispersion with an aqueous solution of lithium polysilicate to form a
final dispersion suitable for application to the faceplate of the CRT.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> For
many applications it is desirable to have an effective faceplate
transmission of about 40% to enhance the contrast of an image displayed
on the tube and also to provide an anti-static coating on the tube. A
dark, or neutral density, coating on an exterior surface of a CRT
faceplate panel is a cost-effective alternative to a dark glass
faceplate to achieve such a result. The incorporation of anti-glare, or
glare-reducing, properties into a neutral density faceplate coating is
well known in the art and is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.
3,898,509, issued to Brown et al. on Aug. 5, 1975.</span></span><br />
<br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> The VIDEOCOLOR PLANAR here featured has even an improvement for increased EHT
to obtain more focussing.One aspect of the present invention is
concerned with reducing the size
of the crossover, and thus of the image thereof on the screen, compared
with the known gun. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the
voltage applied to the first anode is higher than in a corresponding
conventional gun and in particular is greater than the voltage applied
to the focussing anode. As a result, a high electric field is formed
between the grid and the first anode which tends to reduce the size of
the crossover, aspect of the invention seeks to utilise this high
voltage in controlling the beam size.</span></span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">50 programs with PLL synthesizer tuning with autosearch.</span></span></b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b><br /></span></span></li></ul><p>
The system employed in the tv permits utilization
of a frequency synthesizer tuning system which correctly tunes to a
desired television station or channel even if the transmitted
signals from that station are not precisely maintained at the
proper frequencies even in combination of a fine tuning adjustable by the user.<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
It
is an additional object of this invention to provide an improved
frequency synthesizer tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU509yQnm5IorhRj6I16a5MiG3yHKjmhdkSZfFcIlA9XdD3JGpUQULbPAX_kmXbmKPrQRA2STC09Ih13VLujF8iAPgomn9IoQ4oA2leubJnxyadvkSXtyEkCHkt0KvXNhQL0s8Y9e38YyQ/s1600/PLL-SY-BLK__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU509yQnm5IorhRj6I16a5MiG3yHKjmhdkSZfFcIlA9XdD3JGpUQULbPAX_kmXbmKPrQRA2STC09Ih13VLujF8iAPgomn9IoQ4oA2leubJnxyadvkSXtyEkCHkt0KvXNhQL0s8Y9e38YyQ/w200-h130/PLL-SY-BLK__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b>PLL SYNTHESIZED TUNING System Concepts:</b><br /><br />INTRODUCTION
Digital tuning systems are fast replacing the conventional mechanical
systems in AM FM and television receivers The desirability of the
digital approach is mainly due to the following features * Precise
tuning of station frequencies<br />
* Exact digital frequency display<br />
*
Keyboard entry of desired frequency<br />
* Virtually unlimited station memory<br />
* Up down scanning through the band<br />
* Station ‘‘search’’ (stop on next
active station)<br />
* Power on to the last station<br />
* Easy option for
time-of-day clock In addition<br />
<i>" recent</i> "developments in large scale
integrated circuit technology and new varactor diodes for the AM band
have made the cost-benefit picture for digital tuning very attractive
System partitioning is extremely important in optimizing this
cost-benefit picture as will be discussed.<br /><br />SYSTEM DESCRIPTION<br />A
simplified block diagram of a typical digitally tuned receiver is shown
in Figure 1 Notice this receiver could be one for <i>AM FM marine radio or
television <u>it makes no difference</u></i> The frequency synthesizer block
generates the local oscillator frequency for the receiver just as a
conventional mechanical tuner would However the phase-locked-loop (PLL)
acts as an integral frequency multiplier of an accurate crystal
controlled reference frequency while the mechanical type provides a
continuously variable frequency output with no reference Some method of
controlling the value of the multiplier for channel tuning must be
provided The other RF IF and audio video circuitry will be the same as
in the mechanical tuning method There are many different ways to
partition the frequency synthesizer system to perform the digital tuning
function................</div><div><p>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">It
was the first SABA TV model series introducing the IMC (Interactive Menu
control) a OSD menu system for each type of programming session:</span></span></b></li></ul><p style="text-align: left;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</p><p style="text-align: center;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Programming of channels / tuning </span></span><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Programming of picture features</span></span><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Programming of sound features.</span></span><br />
</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p>Control of modern television receivers has become increasingly
complicated in recent years, as more and more user-controllable features
have been implemented by manufacturers in television receivers of
ever-greater complexity. For example, in addition to the normal
television receiver controls, some user-controllable features which were
unheard-of just a few years ago are now commonly available to
consumers, such as, COLOR TEMPERATURE, VIDEO NOISE REDUCTION, SURROUND
SOUND, and SLEEP TIMER, just to name a few. </p><p>In an attempt to
present an orderly array of these controllable functions, manufacturers
introduced the concept of function control menus. In such well-known
schemes, a menu is called up to the screen, and a particular function to
be controlled, such as COLOR, is selected by the viewer for adjustment.
Unfortunately, the menus soon grew too long for convenient screen
display, and were expanded to include sub-menus allowing selection of
related items. For example, selecting the menu item entitled VIDEO
brings up yet another menu listing such related items as, BRIGHTNESS,
CONTRAST, COLOR, TINT, SHARPNESS, COLOR TEMPERATURE, and VIDEO NOISE
REDUCTION. While such an arrangement may seem straight-forward to a
computer programmer, it may be extremely confusing, and even
intimidating, to the average nontechnical user, who was quite happy to
adjust the brightness of his receiver by turning a knob on the front
panel, without having to wade through a mire of menus and submenus to
accomplish that simple task. In many cases, complex hierarchical menus
found on today's receivers must be searched from top to bottom in order
to locate the desired function to be executed. It is noted that the
location of commands within the hierarchy may have seemed "intuitively
obvious" to the programmer, but may be confusing to the nontechnical
user. </p><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">An on-screen User interface display, incorporates a means for generating
a display of a plurality of hierarchically ordered menus. The menus
include a current menu) and a preceding parent menu showing a selection
path from the parent menu to the current menu. Also a menu selection
item within the hierarchical menu display provides a User at least one
of, a) a display of control information for the device, and b) control
parameter data entry capability. The processing device also incorporates
a means for updating the on-screen display in response to User menu
item selection. The processing device may also include a means for
altering the device operation in response to an updated operating
parameter value. Also, the selection path may indicate menu entry and
exit points separated by at least one intervening menu item.</span></span></p><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>A control <i>window</i> for navigating and implementing menu
selections in a multiple level hierarchical menu is provided having a
first zone displaying a list of the selection levels and a second zone
displaying a list of the selection options within a selection level. The
second zone is refreshed with selections for another selection level in
the menu hierarchy in response to a user implementation or registration
of a selection option at the originally displayed selection level.
Preset default settings in all selection levels permit the user to
implement a "fast path" hierarchical menu selection. </p><p>Other tasks include operating Application programs, selecting
audio/visual characteristics, selecting communication functions and
obtaining help or User instructions from a manual, for example. A
problem is presented by the need to devise a User interface for such
devices that supports these complex User interactive tasks whilst
providing a simple command interface suitable for the general public.</p><p> </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Full multistandard for video and sound.</span></span></b></li></ul><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>The invention relates to a multi-standard television receiver in
which a picture signal, contained in a television signal and modulated
on a picture carrier, is converted to a picture signal intermediate
frequency, and a stereo sound signal, or two-tone signal, contained in
the television signal and modulated on two sound carriers, is converted
to two first sound signal intermediate frequencies. <p>A picture
signal converted to the IF position in a television receiver generally
contains picture information components which are modulated on a picture
carrier, as well as sound information components which are modulated on
one or two sound carriers. Dependent on the transmission standard of
the television signal, the frequency spacing between the picture
carrier, on the one hand and the sound carrier(s), on the other hand, is
chosen to be different. Known television receivers therefore comprise,
after forming a second sound-IF, a plurality of filters at different
central frequencies which filter the sound signals. For a multi-standard
television receiver which, for example, is suitable for processing
television signals of all known television standards, seven sound signal
filters of this type are required. Dependent on the transmitted
television standard and the frequency spacing between the sound
carriers, one or more of these several filters are used. </p></div><div>In a multi-standard television receiver in which a picture signal
contained in a television signal and modulated on a picture carrier is
converted to a picture signal intermediate frequency, and a stereo sound
signal or two-tone signal contained in the television signal and
modulated on two sound carriers is converted to two first sound signal
intermediate frequencies, it is ensured for possibly simple filtering of
the sound signals, also at different frequency spacings between the
picture carrier and the sound carriers, that two sound signal filters
(8, 9) having a fixed, predetermined filter central frequency are
provided for filtering the stereo sound signal, and that frequency shift
circuitry (6) is provided which, in dependence upon the frequency
spacing between the picture carrier of the television signal and its
sound carriers, shifts the picture carrier contained in the picture
signal converted to the IF position to such a frequency that the sound
IF signals of the first sound intermediate frequencies mixed with this
shifted picture carrier occur at two second sound signal intermediate
frequencies which are filtered by the sound IF filters.</div><br /><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR</span></span> </span></span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Features a multistandard
PAL/SECAM/NTSC 3.58 & 4.43 CCIR B/G/H/I/L/D/K/M. The different
coding processes, e.g. NTSC, PAL and SECAM, introduced into the known
colour television standards, differ in the nature of the chrominance
transmission and in particular the different systems make use of
different colour subcarrier frequencies and different line frequencies.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The
following explanations relate to the PAL and NTSC systems, but
correspondingly apply to video signals of other standards and
non-standardized signals.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The colour subcarrier frequency (fsc) of a PAL system and a NTSC system is fsc(NTSC) = 3.58 MHz or fsc(PAL) = 4.43 MHz.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In
addition, in PAL and NTSC systems the relationships of the colour
subcarrier frequency (fsc) to the line frequency (fh) are given by
fsc(NTSC) = 227.50 * fh or 4•fsc(NTSC) = 910 • fh fsc(PAL) = 283.75 * fh
or 4•fsc(PAL) = 1135 • fh so that the phase of the colour subcarrier in
the case of NTSC is changed by 180°/line and in PAL by 270°/line.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The
invention relates to a multistandard decoder for video signals
and to a method for decoding video signals. Colour video signals,
so-called composite video, blanking and sync signals (CVBS)
(chroma-video-blanking-sync) signal is a signal comprising both the
chrominance and the luminance component of the video signal. Therefore,
the CVBS video signal may be PAL video signal, a SECAM video signal, or
an NTSC video signal. are essentially composed of a brightness signal or
luminance component (Y), two colour difference signals or chrominance
components (U, V or I, Q), vertical and horizontal sync signals (VS, HS)
and a blanking signal (BL).</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hhCXaDmu6s6v8jFCX4PGi1fbtVPMRt5sIKXfKOoxPHvy_NUVjCWCPkj_tzP5yMGxEyYYkX6O47MCpcMQ6Xy00gMiGegsT1IBoU5zFcu9ZWOOTEWJqgQkHRFIIkxFw44OgzJujoG4dK6rPpbDUyJ0z571h0D8E-v5V_9MDpBUxbMg-EWzZ4vY7BmX-nNL/s1282/IMGH_13519__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1282" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2hhCXaDmu6s6v8jFCX4PGi1fbtVPMRt5sIKXfKOoxPHvy_NUVjCWCPkj_tzP5yMGxEyYYkX6O47MCpcMQ6Xy00gMiGegsT1IBoU5zFcu9ZWOOTEWJqgQkHRFIIkxFw44OgzJujoG4dK6rPpbDUyJ0z571h0D8E-v5V_9MDpBUxbMg-EWzZ4vY7BmX-nNL/w200-h146/IMGH_13519__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobym_GUSC1Xek4QRqGl1oCYKn1FzR-xf1bXD0yqAsfnKCV1Y4d_ZFZjjntz_Zh6hFcyAocSvk_NbW8zVtN8jyC9LpL_yAU44mWOg3CObd22cdgWxTpzxnT73Np0t0h3GfyTDCGAl_RwGerlWBAskzZV6CgRucb-Bqh9-PhakhjKxRX1sS4hm1MuErf0b4/s1282/IMGH_13234__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>In order to decode a video
signal and restore a color image, a color TV set has to identify the
color TV standard used at the emission. Conventional color TV sets are
equipped with a system for automatically identifying the norm or
standard of the color TV set used for the emission. The invention more
particularly relates to an automatic method for identifying a color TV
standard in a multistandard TV set.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">At the time</span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">, the most
commonly used color TV standards were PAL, NTSC and SECAM standards. For
these three standards, each line of the composite video signal
comprises a synchronization pulse, a burst of a few oscillations of the
chrominance sub-carrier signal, then the signal itself corresponding to
the image, comprising superimposed luminance and chrominance
information, the latter information being carried by the luminance
signal.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The characteristics of the chrominance
sub-carrier in the various PAL, NTSC and SECAM standards are defined in
the published documents concerning these standards and will not be
described in detail here. However, the main characteristics of these
various standards will be briefly reminded because these indications are
useful for a better understanding of the invention.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the PAL standard, the frequency of the chrominance sub-carrier is equal
for all the lines, but the phase of one of the modulation vectors
varies + or -90° from one line to another. The frequency of the
chrominance sub-carrier is standardized at 4.43 Mhz. In this system, the
burst signal is also shifted by + or -90° from one line to the next.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In the NTSC standard, the chrominance sub-carrier is equal for all the lines.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In
the SECAM standard, one uses two chrominance sub-carrier frequencies
which alternate from one line to another, at 4.25 Mhz and 4.40 Mhz,
respectively. These two chrominance sub-carriers are frequency
modulated.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The multistandard color TV sets must have
distinct internal systems designed to decode the luminance and
chrominance signals for each standard used.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Therefore, these TV sets have to previously identify the received standard.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Systems
for automatically identifying the standard used already exist.
Generally, for such an automatic standard identification, the systems
known use the bursts of the chrominance sub-carrier signal that are
present at the beginning of each line. In fact, these bursts are
standardized and calibrated samples of the chrominance sub-carrier
transmitted on the video signal and comprise all the characteristic
information concerning the transmitted color standard. The information
contained in these bursts represents the frequency, the phase of one of
the modulation vectors and the frequency or phase variation of one line
with repect to the next one.</span></span><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><b><br /></b></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Stereo HIFI sound with high power output. (4 Speakers internal system) and external connectorrs too.<br /></span></span></b></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> First implementation of The TDA8421 </span></span></b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">as a monolithic bipolar integrated stereo sound circuit with a loudspeaker channel (CH1) and a headphone</span></span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">channel (CH2), digital controlled via the I2C bus, for application in hi-fi audio and television sound.</span></span><b><br /></b></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Color transient improvement.</span></span></b></li></ul><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>TheSABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR has CTI Picture Improvements circuitry with
CTI (color transient Improvement describes the color transient
improvement (CTI) involving the detection and sharpening the edges in
chrominance.) CTI Picture Improvements circuitry in which colour signal,
e.g. the line-sequential colour difference signals (R-Y,B-Y), is
processed by an edge steepening circuit e.g. a colour transient improver
and/or a two-line delay line in which the colour signals from two lines
are added. The delay line may be part of a drop-out compensation
circuit in which the colour signal of line n is replaced by the signal
present for line n-2. A CCD-line may be used as the two-line delay line,
and an amplitude limiter included. ADVANTAGE - Increased picture
sharpness and improved signal-to-noise ratio.The present invention
relates to a circuit for enhancing chrominance transitions in real-time
video reception.<br />
<br />
<blockquote><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">In
the past analog commercial TV transmission standards, the limited
bandwidth of the transmitted chrominance (or chrominance difference)
signals causes the received images to have perceptibly blurred colour
transition edges. This is especially evident if the received image
contains geometrical patterns, e.g. test-colour bars, and results in the
loss of detail detectable in complex multicoloured fine patterns.</span></blockquote><br />
<br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">In
order to improve the quality of the received images, it is necessary to
provide the receiver end with circuits capable of restoring, as far as
possible, the frequency components in the chrominance signals which have
been filtered away by the requirements of the reduced transmission
bandwidth: in this way, the temporal duration of the chrominance
transition edges, and thus the spatial extent of the chrominance
transitions on the TV screen, can be reduced, and the edge definition
improved. Circuits of this type are called "Color Transient Improvement"
("CTI") or Chrominance Transition Enhancement circuits.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" />
<blockquote><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">An
important constraint on chrominance transition enhancement circuits is
the need to ensure that the center of the chrominance transition is
unaffected by the enhancement process, so that the center of the
chrominance transition after the enhancement process is still aligned
with the center of the associated transition in the luminance signal.
Also, it is necessary to leave gradual transitions in time unaltered;
preserve, and possibly enhance, fine patterns; prevent the introduction
in the image of additional distortions; and ensure that the existing
noise components are not accentuated.</span></blockquote><br />
<p>The picture resolution in contemporary television transmission
systems is limited by the prescribed transmission bandwidth. The color
difference signals are transmitted with a bandwidth which amounts to
only approximately one fifth of the bandwidth of the luminance signal.
The color resolution in the television picture is correspondingly low.
This is more specifically noticeable at contours. The color transitions
are even approximately five times longer than the associated luminance
transitions corresponding to the smaller transmission bandwidth of the
color difference signals. </p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Video teletext with preferred pages off line storage programming feature.</span></span></b></li></ul><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span>A television receiver which is suitable for displaying teletext pages
comprises a control system including a microcomputer. The
microcomputer is coupled to a volatile memory which comprises a
plurality of page number registers. A page number can be temporarily
stored in each of these registers. With the aid of a keyboard the
user makes known which page numbers he wants to have stored in the
different registers and the stored page numbers represent a first
series of pages. One single read key (RCL) is provided for the
display of such a page. Each time this key is depressed once, a
different page belonging to the first series appears on the picture
screen. The sequence in which the pages appear is the same as the
sequence in which the user has keyed-in the relevant page numbers.
This sequence can be interrupted by the occurrence of a preselected
operating instruction in response to which a number of teletext pages
not associated with said first series can be displayed on the
picture screen. Thereafter, the display of the teletext pages of the
first series can be continued.<br />
<p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Teletext is a television-based communication technique in which a given
horizontal video line is utilized for broadcasting textual and
graphical information encoded in a digital binary representation. Such
horizontal video line signal that contains teletext data is referred to
herein as a Data-line. It is assumed herein, for explanation purposes,
that teletext is sent by the broadcaster only during the vertical
blanking interval (VBI), when no other picture information is sent. The
organization of the binary information in the broadcast signal is
determined by the standard employed by the broadcaster. By way of an
example only, references are made herein to a teletext based on a
standard referred to by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as
CEEFAX.<br />
<br />
Each Data-line carries data synchronizing and address information and
the codes for a Row of 40 characters. The synchronizing information
includes a clock run-in sequence followed by an 8-bit framing code
sequence. Each Data-line contains a 3 bit code referred to as the
Magazine number. A teletext Page includes 24 Rows of 40 characters,
including a special top Row called the Page-Header. Each ROW is
contained in a corresponding Data-line. A user selected Page is intended
to be displayed in place of, or added to a corresponding television
picture frame. A Magazine is defined to include Pages having Data-lines
containing a corresponding Magazine number. The transmission of a
selected Page begins with, and includes its Page Header and ends with
and excludes the next Page Header of the selected Magazine number. All
intermediate Data lines carrying the selected Magazine number relate to
the selected Page. </span></span></p><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1 AV SCART SOCKETS fully selectable , even RGB. </span></span></b></li></ul><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_C_DOl_CH23PuBmOhrwD2BGkvbQ_mfPMmDGd-ZY_eq2gluTBXVpa5Iu5EwsHR50rU1ipa9898QcR1Xxpii-pK4Z63aIcX1KFSsr6_2o5ZlP2955lrUnivR_MqsMzWLKie_Mjd86EXgr0bg6BTxRF3TXQCXTje9l8aUvA_DrnW_eLW78ICefBzt3TzTbc/s1282/IMGH_13518__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_C_DOl_CH23PuBmOhrwD2BGkvbQ_mfPMmDGd-ZY_eq2gluTBXVpa5Iu5EwsHR50rU1ipa9898QcR1Xxpii-pK4Z63aIcX1KFSsr6_2o5ZlP2955lrUnivR_MqsMzWLKie_Mjd86EXgr0bg6BTxRF3TXQCXTje9l8aUvA_DrnW_eLW78ICefBzt3TzTbc/w200-h150/IMGH_13518__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnI_c4oJ6cFaCnM-dAORhMCVBLZubf-W9_nvwW64guevtUOlPb4uGxncEwFwThq-JmsOHDb6utKD4KVHTW4gY1grLdCafDROkJh11QfTz8y5lI7FfsTD7YOqhGeEtVQPURknnl7eAcilw/s1600/TV-SCART3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span>A SCART Connector (which stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils
Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a standard for connecting
audio-visual equipment together. The official standard for SCART is
CENELEC document number EN 50049-1. SCART is also known as Péritel
(especially in France) and Euroconnector but the name SCART will be used
exclusively herein. The standard defines a 21-pin connector (herein
after a SCART connector) for carrying analog television signals. Various
pieces of equipment may be connected by cables having a plug fitting
the SCART connectors. Television apparatuses commonly include one or
more SCART connectors.</span></span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Although a SCART connector is
bidirectional, the present invention is concerned with the use of a
SCART connector as an input connector for receiving signals into a
television apparatus. A SCART connector can receive input television
signals either in an RGB format in which the red, green and blue signals
are received on Pins 15, 11 and 7, respectively, or alternatively in an
S-Video format in which the luminance (Y) and chroma (C) signals are
received on Pins 20 and 15. As a result of the common usage of Pin 15 in
accordance with the SCART standard, a SCART connector cannot receive
input television signals in an RGB format and in an S-Video format at
the same time.</span></span></div>
<div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s1600/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s320/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><span> Consequently many commercially available
television apparatuses include a separate SCART connectors each
dedicated to receive input television signals in one of an RGB format
and an S-Video format. This limits the functionality of the SCART
connectors. In practical terms, the number of SCART connectors which can
be provided on a television apparatus is limited by cost and space
considerations. However, different users wish the input a wide range of
different combinations of formats of television signals, depending on
the equipment they personally own and use. However, the provision of
SCART connectors dedicated to input television signals in one of an RGB
format and an S-Video format limits the overall connectivity of the
television apparatus. Furthermore, for many users the different RGB
format and S-Video format are confusing. Some users may not understand
or may mistake the format of a television signal being supplied on a
given cable from a given piece of equipment. This can result in the
supply of input television signals of an inappropriate format for the
SCART connector concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: small;">This kind of connector is todays obsoleted ! </span></span></blockquote>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Headphone jack under a lid accessible </b><br /></span></span></li></ul><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><u>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR Features the THOMSON ICC5 chassis with many enhancements.</u></b><br /></span></span></li></ul><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="Mu SP" data-tooltip="21 gennaio 2019 20:16:30 UTC+1" id=":jm.ma" style="text-align: left;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The
</span></span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">THOMSON </span></span> ICC5 got a bad press but they were an <b>advanced design</b> and unusual for
the time for a European chassis in that they didn't make widespread use
of Philips techniques or components.B&O sets have used it like the
MX3000, MX4500 and MX5000. B&O had also used the previous ICC3 in
the MX2000 and the M20, so they weren't much of a culture shock - the
removal of the big mains transformer that the ICC3 had was clearly the
key design goal.I found the chassis to be reasonably reliable after
reworking and well laid out in general maybe a <b>bit too compact</b>, there
were a few quirks without a doubt , the E-W stage once sorted with
modified coil etc. <u>wasn't so unreliable after all</u>. The PCB layout was
one of the <b>most complex design almost like a computer board</b>. It was only
when they aged you started to get some real weird faults. The ICC7/8
were a lot more conventional circuitry wise, and posed few real
problems. The ICC9 and IDC2 were not very reliable at all, possibly the
least reliable of the lot, the IKC2 was a close second! Personally i
disliked the IKC2.This models series are the last featuring the THOMSON
CHASSIS ICC5, replaced with THOMSON ICC7, ICC8 SERIES.</span></span></div>
</blockquote><p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloz4i5e2rZV-UVo_SqPgKXCEJvaEtrf5vjR5LrAzG7cPIM7DPoz3mbBut1s4l7MQujW8VCsk3SSO46r8o50QdLoHVyG4EFIo6TJKIbGNFCavWulRPMebZfXCKzkGuUTCMUM9YrCMZ8cs/s1600/img_2219.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloz4i5e2rZV-UVo_SqPgKXCEJvaEtrf5vjR5LrAzG7cPIM7DPoz3mbBut1s4l7MQujW8VCsk3SSO46r8o50QdLoHVyG4EFIo6TJKIbGNFCavWulRPMebZfXCKzkGuUTCMUM9YrCMZ8cs/s320/img_2219.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The set is build with a <b>semi Modular</b> chassis design because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver. <br />
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required. <br />
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman. <br />
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors. <br />
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will
require more highly qualified servicemen. <br />
The primary symptoms
of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of
the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are
located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver
require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must
use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis
from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components
are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they
are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components
in the receiver. <br />
Repairing a modern color television receiver
often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to
a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive
undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require
at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to
the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these
reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in
operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and
is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be
purchased. <br />
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized
color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a
plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and
maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the
cabinet so
that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner
as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance
and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another
aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the
owner.<p><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)</span></span></span></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">The Schwarzwälder Apparate-Bau-Anstalt (SABA)<span style="font-size: small;">
was a German manufacturer for electronic equipment founded in 1923
at Triberg im Schwarzwald (Black Forest), present-day
Baden-Württemberg.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfOBLvM24f8TelyMEr-XKBo5872Hnxvxwm8cvIwTI9A1GyIT6RFquI8PPx4VordU-5DsP7Qa0kXG4LwEDJWIJmDJfsup5w61629b7MblFzWCJa5DZLVZNZmqa1G0Y4rmrPne7XUN2XmE/s1600/saba-t6787-adv-3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5581462168237611106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfOBLvM24f8TelyMEr-XKBo5872Hnxvxwm8cvIwTI9A1GyIT6RFquI8PPx4VordU-5DsP7Qa0kXG4LwEDJWIJmDJfsup5w61629b7MblFzWCJa5DZLVZNZmqa1G0Y4rmrPne7XUN2XmE/s320/saba-t6787-adv-3.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 222px;" /></a></span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The
former clock maker began producing component parts for broadcast
receivers until it acquired a manufacturing license for complete radio
sets in 1927. SABA quickly expanded, moved to a larger factory
building at Villingen in 1932 and over the years became a long-time
rival of the leading Telefunken company. After World War II the firm
entered into the production of tape recorders, television sets and
even established a record label, the later MPS Records company.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">When
faced with increasing competitive pressure, the shareholders sold
the majority of the company to the GTE Corporation in order to
generate synergy effects with GTE's Sylvania brand. Nevertheless in
1980 the remaining tv set production was finally purchased by Thomson
SA.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">HISTORY OF Schwarzwälder Apparate-Bau-Anstalt (SABA) IN GERMAN:<br />
</span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Von
Wolfgang Menzel gibt es seit 1995 das Buch «SABA, die Produktion von
1924-1949» [506]. Es enthält mehr als 100 Gerätefotos und Details zu den
Selbstbaugeräten. Die Firmengeschichte ist durch Hermann Brunner-Schwer
eindrücklich im Buch «SABA, Bilanz einer Aufgabe» [481] festgehalten.
Er ist einer der beiden Söhne der einzigen Tochter von Familie Hermann
Schwer. Peter Zudeick hat wegen vorzeitigem Tod des Unternehmers vor
allem das wirtschaftliche Umfeld dieser Geschichte beleuchtet. Das Buch
ist jedem an der Radiogeschichte Deutschlands interessierten Leser zu
empfehlen. Es liest sich wie ein Wirtschaftskrimi.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Zudem hat 1973 Sissi Hörzinger an der Universität Regensburg eine
Diplomarbeit über die Produktpolitik von SABA geschrieben [497].
Allerdings verschweigen beide Werke Millionenverluste mit Fehlplanungen
in den USA und die Diplomarbeit beschreibt weitere Fehlinvestitionen nur
am Rande.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Die ersten Schritte des Familienunternehmens SABA gehen auf die Gründung
einer Uhrenfabrik in Triberg durch Joseph Benedikt Schwer für sog.
«Jockele-Uhren» im Jahre 1835 zurück.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1864 tritt der Sohn, August Schwer als gelernter Uhrmacher ein und 1865
nennen sie den Betrieb August Schwer Söhne Metallwaren-Fabrik. In den
80er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts erweitert Sohn August die Produktion
mit verwandten Artikeln wie Briefwaagen und kleineren Metallfabrikaten.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Hermann Schwer (gel. Uhrmacher), der Enkel des Firmengründers, leitet
den Betrieb von 20 Mitarbeitern ab 1905 im Alter von 27 Jahren. Er
gliedert eine Herstellung von Rasierapparaten, Türklingeln und
Fahrradglocken an.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Auf einer Reise nach Zürich im Frühjahr 1923 erhält Hermann Schwer den
entscheidenden Impuls: Er hört im Studio von Telefunken über ein
Detektorgerät eine vom Sender des Pariser Eiffelturms ausgestrahlte
Musiksendung. Darauf beginnt er mit der Herstellung von Einzelteilen wie
Stiel- [186] und Doppelkopfhörern, später auch von NF-Trafos (NT1, 2
und 3), Drehkondensatoren, Spulen und Widerständen etc. für den Verkauf
an Radiobastler.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Für die Produkte wirbt die Firma mit den vier ersten Anfangsbuchstaben
des Firmennamens: SABA. Das Werk beschäftigt 1923 ca. 200 Mitarbeiter.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Ab 1926 bietet SABA fertige Selbstbausätze mit Aufbau nach Browing-Drake aus den USA. 1927 erhält die Firma die Ba<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P4LNXTmTZP4/TbCCwU7wXxI/AAAAAAAAH_Y/y_pc8zuBp8s/s1600/SABA-T5668-AD-CHASSIS2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5598118103586201362" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P4LNXTmTZP4/TbCCwU7wXxI/AAAAAAAAH_Y/y_pc8zuBp8s/s320/SABA-T5668-AD-CHASSIS2.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 228px;" /></a>uerlaubnis
und bietet nun auch fertige Radios an - mit dabei auch ein KW-Audion.
Eine Werbung von 1927 in Japan bezeugt, dass SABA frühzeitig an
weltweiten Export dachte.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1929 verpflichtet SABA «einen hochbegabten Dipl.-Ing.» [481-21] aus der
Schweiz, Eugen Leuthold. Er entwickelt unter der Typenbezeichnung (S)35
einen Apparat, der auf der Leipziger Frühjahrsmesse 1931 wegen seines
überaus grossen Erfolges den Beinamen «Sieger» erhält. Bis Ende Jahr
verkauft die Firma mehr als 100'000 dieser Geräte mit für Deutschland
neuartigem Schaltungskonzept eines rückgekoppelten Anodengleichrichters
mit Kathodengegenkopplung. SABA verwendet ein dynamisches
Lautsprechersystem nach den Patenten von Rice-Kellog, USA [1-61+103].</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1931 zeigt die Modellreihe S41 (31W, 44, T44) von Leuthold den ersten
automatisch geregelten Schwundausgleich (AGC, aut. gain control) auf dem
deutschen Markt. Ab diesem Jahr stellt SABA für jede neue Modellreihe
eine Kundendienstschrift mit Reparaturanleitung bereit. Dies zieht sich
bis in die Nachkriegsjahre. Allerdings sind Exportgeräte, wie z.B.
450WLK von 1938, nicht enthalten.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1932 kann SABA aus Gewinnen mit S35 und Nachfolgetypen die Investitionen
für ein Hauptfabrikgebäude und diverse Nebengebäude planen und 1932/33
sowie 1934/35 realisieren. Der Umsatz beträgt nun 11,4 Mio. RM; SABA
betont die «Schwarzwälder Präzision» und beschäftigt gegen 500
Mitarbeiter. Leider baut die Firma in den Jahren 1933-38/39
Drehkondensatoren aus Zinkguss. Diese sind heute unbrauchbar, wenn sie
Feuchtigkeit ausgesetzt waren/sind.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">SABA kommt in den entscheidenen Rundfunkjahren 1932 bis 1935 auf einen
Marktanteil von rund 10% (1932 12,3%) und liegt damit knapp vor Mende an
zweiter Stelle hinter Telefunken mit 12 bis 17%. 1935 entsteht eine
Festschrift [498] zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum. Daraus geht hervor, dass in
13 Ländern SABA-Vertretungen bestehen.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1936 stirbt Hermann Schwer und seine Frau Johanna wird Universalerbin,
jedoch mit verschiedenen Bestimmungen, u.a. dass die beiden Enkel,
Hansjörg (1927) und Hermann Brunner-Schwer (1929) am 3.10.54 die
Erbfolge antreten. Margarethe Brunner-Schwer, die einzige Tochter, lässt
der Erblasser aus. Ihr geschiedener Mann, Fritz Brunner, war
Musikdirektor. Johanna Schwer ernennt den techn. Leiter, Josef Fricker,
zum Geschäftsleiter.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1936 gibt es gemäss Kundendienstschrift den bei «LSf» erwähnten 241GW
nicht (sondern GWL), ebenfalls keinen 441WLK (nur WL). Der Zusatz T
steht für Truhe, TS für Truhe mit Schallplatten-Laufwerk (2 Saisons).
Der Zweikreiser 340WL verfügt über einen Empfindlichkeits- und
Bandbreitenregler. Die Kundendienstschrift erwähnt, dass Mod. 242WL in
den Ersatzteillisten vorkommt, jedoch nicht auf den Markt kam.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1938 entsteht der millionste SABA-Apparat. Die Firma verwendet nun statt
Differential-Kondensatoren ein regelbares Dreifachbandfilter sowie
NF-Gegenkopplung und bringt ihren letzten Geradeaus-Empfänger.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1939 erweitert SABA den Betrieb im Auftrag der Wehrmacht und 1940
beträgt die Kriegsproduktion 88%. Es entstehen Funkgeräte, UKW-Empfänger
und -Sender für Panzer, Feldtelefone, Bordsprechanlagen, Suchgeräte
etc.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1943 entfallen vom Gesamtumsatz von 22 Mio. RM lediglich 332'000 auf
zivile Rundfunkproduktion. Johanna Schwer stirbt am 10.10.43. 1944 liegt
der Umsatz mit 19 Mio. RM noch über dem Vorkriegsergebnis; Fricker
ersetzt man durch Ernst Scherb. Ein wichtiges Zivilgerät bildet von
1941-44 das von Philips übernommene «Auslagerungs-Modell» 208U mit der
SABA-Bezeichnung 500ZGW (aber gemäss [506] keine Eigenproduktion).</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Am 19.4.45 vernichten zwei Volltreffer vor allem die kürzlich erstellten
Werksbauten; dem Verwaltungsgebäude fehlt das Dach. Erst gegen Ende
1945 kann SABA einen Spielzeugkran, Tablettenröhrchen und andere
Kleinigkeiten herstellen, dann bekommt die Firma ein Kontingent zur
Herstellung von Fernsprechapparaten. Der im Krieg in die Schweiz
zurückgekehrte Eugen Leuthold ist einverstanden, wieder zu SABA zu
gehen, wenn diese die Erlaubnis zur Herstellung von Rundfunkgeräten
erhält.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In [FT4601+02] sind die Vorkriegsgeräte 582WK, WKRO und S461GWK-AM
erwähnt, die jedoch gemäss [481] SABA erst Ende 1947 fabrizieren kann,
was auch [506] übernimmt.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Im April 1947 gründen die Eigner die SABA-Vertriebs GmbH, um während
eines langwierigen Entnazifizierungsverfahrens einige frei verfügbare
Mittel ansammeln zu können. Gegen Ende 1947 erhält SABA von der
französischen Militärbehörde den Auft<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rdK6Awo6xVw/TbCCwGp6ILI/AAAAAAAAH_Q/RnNOGz178VQ/s1600/SABA-T5668-AD-CHASSIS1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5598118099753246898" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rdK6Awo6xVw/TbCCwGp6ILI/AAAAAAAAH_Q/RnNOGz178VQ/s320/SABA-T5668-AD-CHASSIS1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 224px;" /></a>rag,
ausschliesslich für Angehörige der französischen Besatzungsarmee Radios
zu produzieren. Die Franzosen lassen jedoch stillschweigend zu, dass
SABA Geräte für Kompensationsgeschäfte abzweigt. Die Geräte sind
praktisch identisch mit der Vorkriegsserie [481-190]. 1948 gibt es neue,
rundliche Formen. Zudem ist die Produktion nun von Einschränkungen
frei.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1949 wandelt sich die unter der Obhut des Testamentvollstreckers
stehende Einzelfirma in eine GmbH um. SABA-Geräte erleben einen
reissenden Absatz; der Umsatz beträgt mehr als 21 Mio. DM und der
Betrieb beschäftigt wie vor dem Krieg etwa 1000 Personen.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Wegen Verfall der Absorber-Patente von Elektrolux (Schweden) zieht SABA
1950 ein Kühlschrankprogramm auf, doch gibt es erhebliche Probleme und
wenig Synergieeffekte, sondern Verluste.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">SABA belegt nach Anteilen der auf den Markt gelangten Rundfunkgeräte
gemäss [497] hinter Grundig (27%), Nord-Mende (12) und evtl. Loewe-Opta
(11) den dritten/vierten Platz (11). Hermann Brunner-Schwer tritt in die
Firma ein. Sein (späterer) Stiefvater, Ernst Scherb, lässt sich das
schlechte Geschäft mit den Kühlschränken jedoch nicht ausreden. Damit
gibt es viele Spannungen.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Ab Saison 1954/55 (Typen Freiburg und Bodensee) bringt SABA wieder
Geräte mit Sendersuchlauf und automatischer Scharfabstimmung, wobei die
meisten mit Fernbedienung ausrüstbar sind [638754]. 1966-70 baut die
Firma den vollstransistorisierten Stereoempfänger «HiFi-Studio Freiburg
Stereo» als letzten dieser Reihe. In [638754] sind die Modelle
beschrieben und in einer Tabelle zusammengefasst.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1956 beginnt das «Werk 3», ein neu erstellter Betrieb in
Friedrichshafen, mit der Produktion von selbst entwickelten
Tonbandgeräten (sabafon). Erst 1957 gibt SABA das «Kühlschrankgeschäft»
mit grossen Verlusten auf und beginnt in den frei werdenden
Räumlichkeiten SABA-TV herzustellen. SABA stösst jedoch auf einen
Verdrängungswettbewerb und kann die fetten Jahre der grossen Nachfrage
nicht nutzen.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Erst 1960 kom<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9kvp4s7fm-E/TxtA3qRQWeI/AAAAAAAAJkk/7miajSS8Zdw/s1600/SABA-1975-AD2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700221078351141346" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9kvp4s7fm-E/TxtA3qRQWeI/AAAAAAAAJkk/7miajSS8Zdw/s320/SABA-1975-AD2.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>mt
das Unternehmen mit einem Koffergerät auf den Markt. Nach dem
125jährigen Firmenjubiläum vom Oktober 1960, d.h. am 1.1.61 kann Hermann
Brunner-Schwer die Geschäftsleitung übernehmen. Gemäss [497] treten die
Brüder Brunner-Schwer allerdings 1955 in die Geschäftsleitung ein. Nun
beginnen aber gerade die Warenhäuser billige Fernsehgeräte anzubieten,
da Körting an Neckermann liefert und damit das Kartell aufbricht. Die
erfolgreiche Antwort ist eine starke Bindung der Grosshändler an SABA
und das Aufkaufen von SABA-Geräten aus Warenhäusern mit gleichzeitigem
Lieferstopp an Händler, die sich nicht an die Abmachungen halten.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1961 kann SABA einen per Zufall entdeckten Effekt nutzen, indem sie ein
speziell gerilltes Plastik verwendet, um unter dem Schlagwort
«Sabavision» ein «zeilenfreies Fernsehen» anzubieten, das vorerst durch
Patentschutz ohne Nachahmung bleibt. Die Belegschaft beträgt nun 4500
Personen; SABA zählt zu den wichtigsten TV-Anbietern. Trotzdem steht es
schlecht; die Eigenmittel sind zu gering.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Am 18.5.62 versucht die Firma ihr Wohl mit einer engeren Bindung an 130
Grossisten und 9000 Einzelhändler (von 500 bzw. 20'000), da Ende der
50er Jahre allgemein die Preisbindung aufhört. Damit kann SABA
tatsächlich den Umsatz von 118 Mio. DM auf 155 im Jahre 1965 steigern,
doch sind Schwarz-Weiss-TV immer schwieriger abzusetzen, obwohl die
Firma dafür hinter Nordmende als Nummer zwei gilt.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1964 kommt das Unternehmen mit «SABAmobil», einem Tonband-Radiokombi für
Autos auf den Markt, doch löst die auch dann neu eingeführte
Philips-Kassette das Gerät innerhalb drei Jahren ab.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Der Exportanteil von SABA beträgt Mitte der 60er Jahre etwa 15%. Die
Firma versucht sich zusammen mit ADDO an einem elektronischen
Tischrechner mit Druckwerk «ADDO-SABAtronic».</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1967 ist der Einstieg ins Farbfernsehgeschäft für die ganze Branche
problematisch, denn Neckermann bietet ein von Körting hergestelltes
Gerät unter 2000 DM an. SABA bekommt technische Probleme aufgrund falsch
dimensionierter Baugruppen. Zudem stocken Verhandlungen mit Telefunken
betreffend direkter Beteiligung.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1967 platzt wegen einer heimlichen Intervention durch Max Grundig ein
unterschriftsreifes, gutes Abkommen mit Philips. Grundig will einen 50
%-Anteil an SABA und darum Telefunken im Spiel halten!</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Am 20.1.68 erzielt SABA ein Beteiligungs-Abkommen mit GTE (85 %) in den
USA (mit Sylvania-Bildröhrenwerk in Belgien), das die Firmeneigner unter
Verschwiegenheit aushandeln konnten. Die Qualität der TV-Geräte ist nun
gut, die Umsätze steigern sich bis 1973 dank dem «Onkel aus Amerika»
auf eine halbe Milliarde DM.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">6000 Personen sind in den Werken Villingen, Friedrichshafen, Leutkirch,
Tienen (Belgien), Kölliken und Aarau (je Schweiz) beschäftigt. 1972
belegt SABA im Bereich Rundfunk-Fernsehen-Tonband für das Inland hinter
Grundig (14,7%), Telefunken (13,3%) und Philips (12,5%) zusammen mit
Nordmende (je 9,3%) den vierten Platz. Japanische Unternehmen drängen
mit Billiggeräten auf den deutschen Markt.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1974 ordern die Händler wegen dem bevorstehenden Fussballspektakel
soviele Farb-TV-Geräte wie noch nie, doch weisen nun die
Sylvania-Bildröhren eine grosse Anzahl von Ausfällen auf. SABA verliert
viel Zeit mit der Beweisführung, dass es an den Bildröhren und nicht an
den Geräten liegt. Dazu kommt ein persönliches Intriegenspiel und
Hermann Mössner - von H. Brunner-Schwer ursprünglich an GTE empfohlen -
übernimmt die Leitung von SABA. Unter seiner Regie entstehen grosse
Verluste.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1980 trennt sich GTE von der Unterhaltungselektronik und verkauft diesen
Teil samt SABA an den französischen Konzern Thomson-Brandt. Nachdem
Thomson auch Telefunken übernimmt, lässt sie dort produzieren; SABA gibt
es danach nur noch als Vertriebsgesellschaft und -Marke. </span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfOBLvM24f8TelyMEr-XKBo5872Hnxvxwm8cvIwTI9A1GyIT6RFquI8PPx4VordU-5DsP7Qa0kXG4LwEDJWIJmDJfsup5w61629b7MblFzWCJa5DZLVZNZmqa1G0Y4rmrPne7XUN2XmE/s1600/saba-t6787-adv-3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5581462168237611106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmfOBLvM24f8TelyMEr-XKBo5872Hnxvxwm8cvIwTI9A1GyIT6RFquI8PPx4VordU-5DsP7Qa0kXG4LwEDJWIJmDJfsup5w61629b7MblFzWCJa5DZLVZNZmqa1G0Y4rmrPne7XUN2XmE/s320/saba-t6787-adv-3.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 222px;" /></a></span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">" Dank guter Qualitätsarbeit und innovativen Schaltungen sowie einem guten
Marketing erreicht SABA 1932 bis 1935 hinter Telefunken den grössten
Marktanteil in Deutschland. Auch in den 50er Jahren arbeitet SABA sehr
erfolgreich, doch die 60er Jahre sind von finanziellen Schwierigkeiten
geprägt.
1835: Ursprung in Triberg;</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1865: August Schwer Söhne Metallwaren-Fabrik.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1918: Firmierung unter Schwarzwälder-Apparate-Bau-Anstalt, August Schwer & Söhne, Villingen.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1933: Schwarzwälder-Apparate-Bau-Anstalt August Schwer Söhne GmbH; Kurzform: SABA Radio Werke;</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">1950: Kurzform: SABA Werke.</span></span><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Radios: 1927 bis 1979."</span></span></span></span><b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br />
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small; text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></span>
<br /></span></span></span></b></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><p><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Thomson-CSF</b> was a major electronics and <span class="mw-redirect">defence contractor</span>. In December 2000 it was renamed <b>Thales Group</b>.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">...........1996............there
are no stranger foreigners than the first ones you come across, the
French. This is borne out by the 1996 Thomson situation. Thomson, was a
vast company by any reckoning, is a strange beast. It's state
controlled, which means that the government owns most but not quite all
of it. and consists of two distinct arms, the defence group Thomson-CFS
which is quite profitable, and the consumer electronics group Thomson
Multimedia which loses a packet. The government wanted rid of it, but
won't sell the bits separately. It doesn't want to be left with the
problem of what to do with Thomson Multimedia. You might think that no
one would be interested in helping the French government. But in fact
there are two contenders to take over Thomson, the telecommunications
and power group Alcatel Alsthom and the defence and media group
Lagardere. They have been engaging in quite a battle over the ownership,
and as we go to press the French government is due to decide whose bid
to accept. Whoever wins will end up with the profitable defence company
and the problem of Thomson Multimedia (TMM).</span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lagardere
has stated that it would sell TMM to Daewoo of Korea. Alcatel Alsthom
has not been quite so specific, but has announced that it would take
immediate action to reduce TMM's losses and seek an "Asian partner" that
"specialises in consumer electronics". The partner would be expected to
take over management of TMM, but Alcatel would like to remain a
"minority partner" - it sees prospects in the move to digital TV
technology that will occur during the next decade. All this gives one a
strange feeling of déjà vu. At the time when Thomson took over Ferguson,
in June 1987, it was noticed that Thomson is "now on the government's
privatisation list". It's taken almost a decade to happen.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> It's
also said that "Thomson may be big, but has not been all that
successful in the past in the consumer electronics field". Right on!
What has happened to Ferguson in the UK illustrates the dismal Thomson
effect. From being the local brand leader, with over ten per cent of the
market, Ferguson has ended up being an also ran. It's only fair however
to mention that Ferguson was making substantial losses when Thorn EMI
was glad to get £90m for it from Thomson. Thomson has been able to
survive in the consumer electronics field because it is part of a larger
organisation, with those defence profits. It has nevertheless over the
years attempted to play a a major role in the international consumer
electronics field, keeping up with Philips and the Japanese
corporations. From its French origins, it first expanded by picking up
various German companies such as NordMende an SABA. It added Telefunken,
a venerable name if ever there was one in this industry, in the early
eighties, then took what was to be a big move into the UK market when it
bought Ferguson. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">It
used six brand names in Europe. The largest step however occurred when
TMM became a major force in the North American market by taking over
General Electric's consumer electronics interests. This also gave it the
RCA operation. The idea behind all this seems to have been to achieve
success simply by getting bigger. There was always government finance to
back the policy, which in the event has not been a success. The TMM
debacle is a sad one, since Thomson's research and engineering has had
many successes.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> It
has not stinted on R and D work, with laboratories in Los Angeles,
Indianapolis, Strasbourg, Hanover, Villingen, Tokyo and Singapore. Much
work has been done on HD -TV, digital signal processing and other
developments that have kept it in the forefront of the technology. Now,
it seems, TMM is likely to be swallowed up by one of the Oriental
corporate giants. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">If
there are any lessons to be drawn, they would seem to be that expansion
by itself is no guarantee of success, that to spread ones activities
and their control across the globe makes management extremely difficult,
and that costs are very hard to control in such a context. Alcatel
Alsthom's plans to reduce TMM's losses bear this out. It would close
down TMM's US factories, transferring production to the company's modern
facilities in Mexico, where wages are much lower.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> It
would rationalise the large collection of brands, possibly adopting RCA
as the main one worldwide. And there is a suggestion that the company
should be run from the USA, since this is its largest market. But all
this would be just initial steps towards ceding majority control.
Venerable brand names such as Telefunken, GE and RCA would pass to
oriental ownership. This will happen whoever wins, Alcatel Alsthom or
Lagardere, which would leave just Philips to carry on Europe's
traditions in the consumer electronics field............. but we all
know how it ended.................</span></span></span></span><br />
</p><h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Thomson-CSF_independence" style="font-size: x-small;">Thomson-CSF independence</span></span></span></h2>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Following
the privatisation of the Thomson Group Thomson-CSF explored the
possibility of merging with Marconi Electronic Systems, however British
Aerospace was successful in that aim, forming BAE Systems.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">In 2000 Thomson-CSF went through a series of transactions, including with <span class="mw-redirect">Marconi plc</span>.
The major acquisition at this time was the £1.3 billion purchase of the
British defence electronics firm, Racal. This made Thomson-CSF the
second largest participant in the UK defence industry after BAE. Racal
was renamed Thomson-CSF Racal plc.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">On December 6, 2000 the group was renamed Thales.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</b></span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></span></span></h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div></div></li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HikuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50" rel="nofollow"><i>Global Market Survey Electronics Components</i></a>. Vol. 57. Washington: US Dept of Commerce. October 1974. p. 50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Market+Survey+Electronics+Components&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=US+Dept+of+Commerce&rft.date=1974-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHikuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASABA+%28electronics+manufacturer%29"></span></span></span></span>
</li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><br /><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><li id="cite_note-2"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMiddletonRodgerMacCullochGalloway2009">Middleton, Kirsty; Rodger, Barry; MacCulloch, Angus; Galloway, Jonathan (27 August 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUmcAQAAQBAJ&q=Quality+Dealer+Distribution+System+saba&pg=PA299" rel="nofollow"><i>Cases and Materials on UK and EC Competition Law</i></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_%28identifier%29" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929039-0"><bdi>978-0-19-929039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cases+and+Materials+on+UK+and+EC+Competition+Law&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929039-0&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Kirsty&rft.au=Rodger%2C+Barry&rft.au=MacCulloch%2C+Angus&rft.au=Galloway%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUmcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DQuality%2BDealer%2BDistribution%2BSystem%2Bsaba%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASABA+%28electronics+manufacturer%29"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-New_Grove-3"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></li><div class="reflist"><div class="mw-references-wrap" style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRye2002">Rye, Howard (2002). Kernfeld, Barry (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz</i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 172. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_%28identifier%29" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-284-6"><bdi>1-56159-284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Grove%27s+Dictionaries+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56159-284-6&rft.aulast=Rye&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASABA+%28electronics+manufacturer%29"></span></span></span></span>
</div></div>
<h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://www.mysaba.eu/" rel="nofollow">"SABA Website, gathering all the information about the brand and current products commercialized under SABA brand"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SABA+Website%2C+gathering+all+the+information+about+the+brand+and+current+products+commercialized+under+SABA+brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysaba.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASABA+%28electronics+manufacturer%29"></span></span></span></li></ul></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></span></span></h2>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</li><li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Jean-Pierre" title="Thierry Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre, Thierry</a> (16 October 2003). <i>Taïwan Connection : Scandales et meurtres au cœur de la République</i> [<i>Taiwan Connection – Scandals and Murders at the Heart of the Republic</i>] (in French). Robert Laffont. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2221100820" title="Special:BookSources/978-2221100820"><bdi>978-2221100820</bdi></a>.</cite></span></span></li><li><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>L'entreprise partagée ? Une pratique différente des relations sociales : l'expérience Thomson-CSF</i>, Robert Thomas (pseudonym for a team-work with Pierre Beretti and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet" title="Jean-Pierre Thiollet">Jean-Pierre Thiollet</a>), Paris, Maxima-Laurent du Mesnil Ed., 1999</span></span></li></ul><a class="external text" href="http://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/artikel/0,2828,148974,00.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Tote Marke NORDMENDE – Verblasster Stolz.</i></a> Artikel im <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager-Magazin" title="Manager-Magazin">Manager-Magazin</a></i><ul style="text-align: left;"><li id="cite_note-5" value="5"><a class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1987/31/ein-neues-programm" rel="nofollow"><i>Ein neues Programm.</i></a> Artikel in der <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Zeit</a></i><br /><a class="external text" href="http://www.itespresso.de/2007/07/09/fernseher-inder-produzieren-neue-nordmende/" rel="nofollow"><i>Fernseher: Inder produzieren neue Nordmende.</i></a> Artikel bei itespresso.de<br /><a class="external text" href="http://www.pressetext.de/pte.mc?pte=070707009" rel="nofollow">Videocon produziert <i>Plasmaschirme für Nordmende.</i></a> Artikel im pressetext.de<br /><a class="external text" href="http://www.hifi-archiv.info/nordmende.html" rel="nofollow">Mende/Nordmende-Prospekte von 1938 bis 1985</a>, auf hifi-archiv.info<br /><a class="external text" href="https://www.nordmende.eu/de/die-marke/kultprodukte/" rel="nofollow">Nordmende | Ikonische Produkte</a><br />
<h2><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</span>:</span><br /></h2></li><li> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.radiomuseum.org/r/nordmende_spectra_color_studio.html" rel="nofollow">Spectra Color Studio</a> und <a class="external text" href="http://www.radiomuseum.org/r/nordmende_spectra_sk2_color_de_lux.html" rel="nofollow">Spectra SK2 Color de Luxe Studio</a> auf radiomuseum.org</span>
</li><li>
<span class="reference-text">Michael Gassmann: <cite style="font-style: italic;">Die Marke Nordmende kommt zurück</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style: italic;">DIE WELT</cite>. 28. August 2017 (<a class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article168087758/Kriegt-Nordmende-die-Kurve-so-wie-Leica.html" rel="nofollow">welt.de</a> [abgerufen am 4. April 2020]).</span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306063124/http://www.phillar.org/cm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=28" rel="nofollow"><i>Company profile.</i></a> Phillar, archiviert vom <span class="external text"><a class="external text" href="https://giftbot.toolforge.org/deref.fcgi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillar.org%2Fcm%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D15%26Itemid%3D28">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space: nowrap;">6. März 2008</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. April 2013</span> (englisch).</span></span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sprachmanager24.de/broschuere.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Broschüre – Sprachmanager24.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 5. Januar 2015</span>.</span></span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.teltarif.de/technisat-nordmende-digitalradio-ifa/news/69883.html" rel="nofollow">Marke Nordmende mit Digital- und Internetradios zurück</a>, teltarif.de, Artikel vom 2. September 2017.</span>
</li></ul><br /> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NDE3MTAzfENoaWxkSUQ9NDI5NjExfFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1" rel="nofollow">«Annual Report 2010»</a>. STMicroelectronics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 17 de noviembre de 2011</span>.</span></span>
<br />
<span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.st.com/web/en/about_st/careers/castelletto.html" rel="nofollow">Castelletto en ST</a></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/contact-us.html#EUROPE" rel="nofollow">http://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/contact-us.html#EUROPE</a></span>
<br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1187298" rel="nofollow">«SGS-Thomson Microelectronics Becomes STMicroelectronics | EE Times»</a>. <i>EETimes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 6 de julio de 2017</span>.</span></span>
<br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation libro" id="CITAREFPeter_Robin_Morris1990">Peter Robin Morris (1990). <i>A History of the World Semiconductor Industry</i>. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780863412271" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780863412271">9780863412271</a></small>.</span></span>
<br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation libro" id="CITAREFOkada2006">Okada, Yoshitaka (2006). <i>Struggles for Survival. Institutional and Organizational Changes in Japan's High-Tech Industries</i>. Springer. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9784431288749" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9784431288749">9784431288749</a></small>.</span></span>
<br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation libro" id="CITAREFFranco_Malerba1985">Franco Malerba (1985). <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semiconductorbus0000male" rel="nofollow"><i>The Semiconductor Business: The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline (Economics of Technological Change)</i></a>. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780299104603" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780299104603">9780299104603</a></small>.</span></span>
<br /><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation libro" id="CITAREFA.1992">A., Hart, Jeffrey (1992). <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25915223" rel="nofollow"><i>Rival capitalists : international competitiveness in the United States, Japan, and Western Europe</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780801499494" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9780801499494">9780801499494</a></small>. <small><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25915223" rel="nofollow">25915223</a></small></span></span>
<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ge.ch/hrcintapp/externalCompanyReport.action?companyOfrcId13=CH-660-0248982-3&ofrcLanguage=1" rel="nofollow">Eintrag im Handelsregister des Kantons Genf</a></span>
</li><li>
<span class="reference-text">Volker Briegleb: <a class="external text" href="https://heise.de/-3086564" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Chiphersteller STMicroelectronics baut 1400 Jobs ab.</span></a> In: <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heise_online" title="Heise online">Heise online</a>.</i> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">28. Januar 2016</span>. Abgerufen am 28. Januar 2016.</span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><ul><li> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.st.com/web/en/about_st/st_company_information.html" rel="nofollow">st.com: Company Information</a>, abgerufen 24. Januar 2020 (englisch)</span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="http://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/about/st_company_information/who-we-are.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Who We Are.</i></a> STMicroelectronics, Januar 2017,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2017</span> (englisch).</span></span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713103639/http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/year2007/c2542c.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>STMicroelectronics Outlines Next Steps to Improve Cost Structure.</i></a> (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) 10. Juli 2007, archiviert vom <span class="external text"><a class="external text" href="https://giftbot.toolforge.org/deref.fcgi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st.com%2Fstonline%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fyear2007%2Fc2542c.htm">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space: nowrap;">13. Juli 2007</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2015</span> (Pressemitteilung).</span></span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306130850/http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/year2007/c2541c.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>Intel, STMicroelectronics, and Francisco Partners Establish a new leader in Flash memories.</i></a> (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) 22. Mai 2007, archiviert vom <span class="external text"><a class="external text" href="https://giftbot.toolforge.org/deref.fcgi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st.com%2Fstonline%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fyear2007%2Fc2541c.htm">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space: nowrap;">6. März 2008</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 22. Mai 2007</span> (Pressemitteilung).</span></span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310062517/http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/year2008/c2563c.htm" rel="nofollow"><i>STMicroelectronics Completes Acquisition of Genesis Microchip.</i></a> (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) 25. Januar 2008, archiviert vom <span class="external text"><a class="external text" href="https://giftbot.toolforge.org/deref.fcgi?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st.com%2Fstonline%2Fpress%2Fnews%2Fyear2008%2Fc2563c.htm">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space: nowrap;">10. März 2008</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 9. Juni 2010</span> (englisch, Pressemitteilung).</span></span>
</li><li> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/it-medien/gescheiterte-kooperation-ericsson-und-stmicro-loesen-joint-venture-auf/7943884.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Gescheiterte Kooperation: Ericsson und STMicro lösen Joint Venture auf.</i></a> In: <i>www.handelsblatt.com.</i> 18. März 2013,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24. Januar 2020</span>.</span></span></li></ul><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"> </span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.linux.com/news/china-puts-hopes-loongson-cpu" rel="nofollow">«China puts hopes in Loongson CPU»</a>. <i>Linux.com | The source for Linux information</i> <span style="color: #555555;">(en inglés)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate"> </span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate"> </span></span></span></div><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjyhREiFIKNaSUt_2L2tPMhy6poPsYjBiZKuP4FqWOXVOf1RnxUg4-03UkNSJkomsTLPHq_CYpn_Zigjh5b9pG3-fF2yXI6nxgNxFd7uU5uvc2WadgtTYr__Pyseh2n3qZQlYxER21Ci6zJ7KeuHePY21Gi3GFDi_XBAiZr2QUZN_BYkOuq-vYcIOwcGDT/s568/fc3f40b38684cd01.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="568" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjyhREiFIKNaSUt_2L2tPMhy6poPsYjBiZKuP4FqWOXVOf1RnxUg4-03UkNSJkomsTLPHq_CYpn_Zigjh5b9pG3-fF2yXI6nxgNxFd7uU5uvc2WadgtTYr__Pyseh2n3qZQlYxER21Ci6zJ7KeuHePY21Gi3GFDi_XBAiZr2QUZN_BYkOuq-vYcIOwcGDT/s320/fc3f40b38684cd01.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0eMi5sOIqLkRFDZM9LEknxGkTOMQmWkOXIEde0MfuT1NSrafhE-LKIhH2lj0sNvFoPdLgaFb8KJXfRq9H-Rk0j4rvjPP6YuY69atVeANIXncg_wPi52DRqxcPLhNYGMhRJuIeoHnLft7Aqe53Bs2fwLza9ncczOCbxMR_wALdQut9apeCxDJBxq1ZetHO/s768/FyJvLLDakAEAehM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="Mu SP" data-tooltip="21 gennaio 2019 20:16:30 UTC+1" id=":jm.ma" style="text-align: left;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s1282/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s320/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcakd8QBFkag9_aaT08c85HscsP6TZXTqLVzO1eiFUlucvYTqFNTwus-WyKZ5rlGlS4G2bx4gXSgKKNKUN00t5CyFzWoxe8oq1tsc3gsxGHwzZS2fifZSL-optuuW9s-TBrQXEjner6BG4MFgJdE0kLLSyk8hm72qFDv5O1hrz9iZoZ-24eY4Cnwis4P2m/s1282/IMGH_13247__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) The
ICC5 got a bad press but they were an <b>advanced design</b> and unusual for
the time for a European chassis in that they didn't make widespread use
of Philips techniques or components.B&O sets have used it like the
MX3000, MX4500 and MX5000. B&O had also used the previous ICC3 in
the MX2000 and the M20, so they weren't much of a culture shock - the
removal of the big mains transformer that the ICC3 had was clearly the
key design goal.I found the chassis to be reasonably reliable after
reworking and well laid out in general maybe a <b>bit too compact</b>, there
were a few quirks without a doubt , the E-W stage once sorted with
modified coil etc. <u>wasn't so unreliable after all</u>. The PCB layout was
one of the <b>most complex design almost like a computer board</b>. It was only
when they aged you started to get some real weird faults. The ICC7/8
were a lot more conventional circuitry wise, and posed few real
problems. The ICC9 and IDC2 were not very reliable at all, possibly the
least reliable of the lot, the IKC2 was a close second! Personally i
disliked the IKC2.This models series are the last featuring the THOMSON
CHASSIS ICC5, replaced with THOMSON ICC7, ICC8 SERIES.</span></span></div></blockquote><p> </p><p>
As any ICC5 it have had a high rate of failure due to dry joints all around the chassis.<br />
<br />
When they're fully reworked they give almost never a problem after.<br />
<br />
SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5)
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS:</p><p> </p><p><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1NrXkSHxd02s86PhH-zQEyXhEdQzKQYS_LtoLkjP2bMSdA2qtzqFAyq_MAKzJ9iDX3q-Nhz15I-PXu64MnE_jJvPT7XQJgGxUbjOT-bVS79KT6RFCYMVCgH64F0slmK43WEmsq8a5WMU/s1600/icc5-block.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579935134175705698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1NrXkSHxd02s86PhH-zQEyXhEdQzKQYS_LtoLkjP2bMSdA2qtzqFAyq_MAKzJ9iDX3q-Nhz15I-PXu64MnE_jJvPT7XQJgGxUbjOT-bVS79KT6RFCYMVCgH64F0slmK43WEmsq8a5WMU/s320/icc5-block.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 200px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_7-N6r8wZxDyfOhoekI__vAe7wka6S0YQu6QFhiC_dU_6_Pz-06EEL2WfavcQ08JuDQMJtH8NqfxmKYkrW4yEs9X4THBScHVWueN-92b31kVwMVl5wUurN7QQp10x5xE8G34ZMkvbr5k/s1600/icc5-pwr-block.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579934660509544994" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_7-N6r8wZxDyfOhoekI__vAe7wka6S0YQu6QFhiC_dU_6_Pz-06EEL2WfavcQ08JuDQMJtH8NqfxmKYkrW4yEs9X4THBScHVWueN-92b31kVwMVl5wUurN7QQp10x5xE8G34ZMkvbr5k/s320/icc5-pwr-block.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 301px;" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) COLOR TV SCANNING AND POWER SUPPLY PROCESSOR TEA2029C</span><br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
The TEA2029C is a complete (horizontal and vertical)<br />
deflection process<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>or with secondary to primary<br />
SMPS control for color TV sets.<br />
<br />
DEFLECTION .CERAMIC 500kHz RESONATOR FREQUENCY<br />
REFERENCE .NO LINE AND FRAME OSCILLATOR ADJUSTMENT<br />
.DUAL PLL FOR LINE DEFLECTION .HIGH PERFORMANCE SYNCHRONIZATION .SUPER
SANDCASTLE OUTPUT .VIDEO IDENTIFICATION CIRCUIT .AUTOMATIC 50/60Hz
STANDARD IDENTIFICATION<br />
.EXCELLENT INTERLACING CONTROL .SPECIALPATENTED FRAME SYNCHRO DEVICE<br />
FOR VCR OPERATION .FRAME SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR .FRAME PHASE MODULATOR FOR THYRISTOR<br />
SMPS CONTROL .ERROR AMPLIFIER AND PHASE MODULATOR<br />
.SYNCHRONIZATION WITH HORIZONTAL<br />
DEFLECTION .SECURITY CIRCUIT AND START UP PROCESSOR.<br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
This integrated circuit uses I2L bipolar technology<br />
and combines analog signal processing with digital<br />
processing.<br />
Timing signals are obtainedfrom a voltage-controlled<br />
oscillator (VCO) operatingat 500KHzby means<br />
of a cheap ceramic resonator. This avoids the<br />
frequency adjustment normally required with line<br />
and frame oscillators.<br />
A chain of dividers and appropriate logic circuitry<br />
produce very accurately defined sampling pulses<br />
and the necessary timing signals.<br />
The principal functions implemented are :<br />
- Horizontal scanning processor.<br />
- Frame scanning processor. Two applications are<br />
possible :<br />
- D Class : Power stage using an external<br />
thyristor.<br />
- B Class : Powerstageusing an externalpower<br />
amplifier with fly-back generator<br />
such as the TDA8170.<br />
- Secondary switch mode power regulation.<br />
The SMPS output synchronize a primary I.C.<br />
(TEA2260/61)at the mains part.<br />
This concept allows ACTIVE STANDBY facilities.<br />
- Dual phase-locked loop horizontal scanning.<br />
- High performance frameand line synchronization<br />
with interlacing control.<br />
- Video identification circuit.<br />
- Super sandcastle.<br />
- AGC key pulse output.<br />
- Automatic 50-60Hz standard identification.<br />
- VCR input for PLL time constant and frame synchro<br />
switching.<br />
- Frame saw-tooth generator and phase modulator.<br />
- Switchingmode regulated power supplycomprising<br />
error amplifier and phase modulator.<br />
- Security circuit and start-up processor.<br />
- 500kHzVCO<br />
The circuit is supplied in a 28 pin DIP case.<br />
VCC = 12V.<br />
Synchronization Separator<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQ7WUaNrLgyoOInECIKOUnr-0PKeaPHYhOrhe_utmf76OEwMl0aUW7LH6subeGC1qZjDkaHmI1Oa3jvNGt54qtBMnrHqHRtiXfB-JI7lc6i5dmH6ht2Z8jrleNwYHWjnxDVg1zRbXVGEW_dLT7mySZegNCSkKt-6sCvVKgs1Sw3Z5JAxcZlgfoWdi2Bp2/s1026/IMGH_13505b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQ7WUaNrLgyoOInECIKOUnr-0PKeaPHYhOrhe_utmf76OEwMl0aUW7LH6subeGC1qZjDkaHmI1Oa3jvNGt54qtBMnrHqHRtiXfB-JI7lc6i5dmH6ht2Z8jrleNwYHWjnxDVg1zRbXVGEW_dLT7mySZegNCSkKt-6sCvVKgs1Sw3Z5JAxcZlgfoWdi2Bp2/s320/IMGH_13505b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKdwF93kmxtxtyWEDOXjYCd55aj1TqZomjmZ5MGs37sQg-vD4FlLX5gTPdgWpWtAn4ljln7kQn-BnI_mZJKL9m-tP_QujBvVK79tQOR6QqIG2_-Hd4fTra8mk6SSoI6982yQ13dnvKKxddmwnpokW0nFJ3BFygCAff9YbFJdaA49zgEpowauBT16D9wMo/s1282/IMGH_13262__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>Line synchronization separator is clamped to<br />
black level of input video signal with synchronization<br />
pulse bottom level measurement.<br />
The synchronization pulses are divided centrally<br />
between the black level and the synchronization<br />
pulse bottom level, to improve performance on<br />
video signals in noise conditions.<br />
Frame Synchronization<br />
Frame synchronization is fully integrated (no external<br />
capacitor required).<br />
The frame timing identification logic permits automatic<br />
adaptation to 50 - 60Hz standards or non-interlaced<br />
video.<br />
An automatic synchronization window width system<br />
provides :<br />
- fast frame capture (6.7ms wide window),<br />
- good noise immunity (0.4ms narrow window).<br />
The internal generator starts the discharge of the<br />
saw-tooth generator capacitor so that it is not disturbed<br />
by line fly back effects.<br />
Thanks to the logic control, the beginning of the<br />
charge phase does not depend on any disturbing<br />
effect of the line fly-back.<br />
A 32ms timing is automatically applied on standardized<br />
transmissions, for perfect interlacing.<br />
In VCR mode, the discharge time is controlled by<br />
an internal monostable independent of the line<br />
frequency and gives a direct frame synchronization.<br />
Horizontal Scanning<br />
The horizontalscanningfrequencyis obtainedfrom<br />
the 500kHz VCO.<br />
The circuit uses two phase-locked loops (PLL) :<br />
the first one controls the frequency, the second one<br />
controls the relative phase of the synchronization<br />
and line fly-back signals.<br />
The frequency PLL has two switched time constants<br />
to provide :<br />
- capture with a short time constant,<br />
- good noise immunity after capture with a long<br />
time constant.<br />
The output pulse has a constant duration of 26ms,<br />
indepe<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKdwF93kmxtxtyWEDOXjYCd55aj1TqZomjmZ5MGs37sQg-vD4FlLX5gTPdgWpWtAn4ljln7kQn-BnI_mZJKL9m-tP_QujBvVK79tQOR6QqIG2_-Hd4fTra8mk6SSoI6982yQ13dnvKKxddmwnpokW0nFJ3BFygCAff9YbFJdaA49zgEpowauBT16D9wMo/s1282/IMGH_13262__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKdwF93kmxtxtyWEDOXjYCd55aj1TqZomjmZ5MGs37sQg-vD4FlLX5gTPdgWpWtAn4ljln7kQn-BnI_mZJKL9m-tP_QujBvVK79tQOR6QqIG2_-Hd4fTra8mk6SSoI6982yQ13dnvKKxddmwnpokW0nFJ3BFygCAff9YbFJdaA49zgEpowauBT16D9wMo/s320/IMGH_13262__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ndent of VCC and any delay in switching off<br />
the scanning transistor.<br />
Video Identification<br />
The horizontal synchronization signal is sampled<br />
by a 2ms pulse within the synchronization pulse.<br />
The signal is integrated by an external capacitor.<br />
The identification function provides three different<br />
levels :<br />
- 0V : no video identification<br />
- 6V : 60Hz video identification<br />
- 12V : 50Hz video identification<br />
This information may be used for timing research<br />
in the case of frequency or voltage synthetizer type<br />
receivers, and for audio muting.<br />
Super Sandcastle with 3 levels : burst, line flyback,<br />
frame blanking<br />
In the event of vertical scanning failure, the frame<br />
blanking level goes high to protect the tube.<br />
Frame blanking time (start with reset of Frame<br />
divider) is 24 lines.<br />
VCR Input<br />
This provides for continuous use of the short time<br />
constant of the first phase-locked loop (frequency).<br />
In VCR mode, the frame synchronization window widens out to a search window and there is no<br />
delay of frame fly-back (direct synchronization).<br />
Frame Scanning<br />
FRAME SAW-TOOTH GENERATOR. The current<br />
to charge the capacitoris automatically switched to<br />
60Hz operation to maintain constant amplitude.<br />
FRAME PHASE MODULATOR (WITH TWO DIFFERENTIAL<br />
INPUTS). The output signal is a pulse<br />
at the line frequency, pulse width modulatedby the<br />
voltage at the differential pre-amplifier input.<br />
This signal is used to control a thyristor which<br />
provides the scanning current to the yoke. The<br />
saw-tooth output is a low impedance,however, and<br />
can therefore be used in class B operation with a<br />
power amplifier circuit.<br />
Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Secondary<br />
to Primary Regulation<br />
This power supply uses a differential error amplifier<br />
with an internal reference voltage of 1.26V and a<br />
phase modulator operating at the line frequency.<br />
The powertransistor is turnedoff bythe falling edge<br />
of the horizontal saw-tooth.<br />
The ”soft start” device imposes a very small conduction<br />
angle on starting up, this angle progressively<br />
increases to its nominal regulation value.<br />
The maximum conductionangle may be monitored<br />
by forcing a voltage on pin 15. This pin may also<br />
be used for current limitation.<br />
The outputpulse is sent to the primaryS.M.P.S. I.C.<br />
(TEA2261) via a low cost synchro transformer.<br />
Security Circuit and Start Up Processor<br />
When the security input (pin 28) is at a voltage<br />
exceeding 1.26V the three outputs are simultaneously<br />
cut off until this voltagedrops below the 1.26V<br />
threshold again. In this case the switch mode<br />
power supply is restarted by the ”soft start” system.<br />
If this cycle is repeated three times, the three<br />
outputs are cut off definitively. To reset the safety<br />
logic circuits, VCC must be zero volt.<br />
This circuit eliminates the risk to switch off the TV<br />
receiver in the event of a flash affecting the tube.<br />
On starting up, the horizontal and vertical scanning<br />
functions come into operation at VCC = 6V. The<br />
power supply then comes into operation progressively.<br />
On shutting down, the three functions are interrupted<br />
simultaneously after the first line fly-back.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) <span style="font-weight: bold;">APPLICATION INFORMATION ON FRAME</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">SCANNING IN SWITCHED MODE:</span><br />
<br />
<br />
Fundamentals (see Figure 80)<br />
The secondary winding of EHT transformer provides<br />
the energy required by frame yoke.<br />
The frame current modulation is achieved by<br />
modulating the horizontal saw-tooth current and<br />
subsequent integration by a ”L.C” network to reject<br />
the horizontal frequency component.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVuQga6ldwtLgXm-p-nSYjvxsg9KibB2IGvOxY7YN00wQeSkhHMHElaD49Grfqcf-B9MyUyHKsFx2kkX5TWl92lBCPWAaBeu7BwH6eZqxulh7kiYm_zYIM3a6LJ2tU_l3i8Rvt9vio_xA/s1600/icc4-ssvd.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579611069836689346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVuQga6ldwtLgXm-p-nSYjvxsg9KibB2IGvOxY7YN00wQeSkhHMHElaD49Grfqcf-B9MyUyHKsFx2kkX5TWl92lBCPWAaBeu7BwH6eZqxulh7kiYm_zYIM3a6LJ2tU_l3i8Rvt9vio_xA/s320/icc4-ssvd.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
General Description<br />
The basic circuit is the phase comparator ”C1”<br />
which compares the horizontal saw-tooth and the<br />
output voltage of Error Amplifier ”A”.<br />
The comparator output will go ”high” when the<br />
horizontal saw-tooth voltage is higher than the ”A”<br />
output voltage. Thus, the Pin 4 output signal is<br />
switched in synchronization with the horizontal frequency<br />
and the duty cycle is modulated at frame<br />
frequency.<br />
A driver stage delivers the current required by the<br />
external power switch.<br />
The external thyristor provides for energy transfer<br />
between transformer and frame yoke.<br />
The thyristor will conduct during the last portion of<br />
horizontal trace phase and for half of the horizontal<br />
retrace.<br />
The inverse parallel-connected diode ”D” conducts<br />
during the second portion of horizontal retrace and<br />
at the beginning of horizontal trace phase.<br />
Main advantages of this system are :<br />
- Power th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKdwF93kmxtxtyWEDOXjYCd55aj1TqZomjmZ5MGs37sQg-vD4FlLX5gTPdgWpWtAn4ljln7kQn-BnI_mZJKL9m-tP_QujBvVK79tQOR6QqIG2_-Hd4fTra8mk6SSoI6982yQ13dnvKKxddmwnpokW0nFJ3BFygCAff9YbFJdaA49zgEpowauBT16D9wMo/s1282/IMGH_13262__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKdwF93kmxtxtyWEDOXjYCd55aj1TqZomjmZ5MGs37sQg-vD4FlLX5gTPdgWpWtAn4ljln7kQn-BnI_mZJKL9m-tP_QujBvVK79tQOR6QqIG2_-Hd4fTra8mk6SSoI6982yQ13dnvKKxddmwnpokW0nFJ3BFygCAff9YbFJdaA49zgEpowauBT16D9wMo/s320/IMGH_13262__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>yristor soft ”turn-on”<br />
Once the thyristor has been triggered, the current<br />
gradually rises from 0 to IP, where IP will reach<br />
the maximumvalue at the end of horizontal trace.<br />
The slope current is determined by, the current<br />
available through the secondary winding, the<br />
yoke impedance and the ”L.C.” filter characteristics.<br />
- Power thyristor soft ”turn-off”<br />
The secondary output current begins decreasing<br />
and falls to 0 at the middle of retrace. The thyristor<br />
is thus automatically ”turned-off”.<br />
- Excellent efficiency of power stage dueto very<br />
low ”turn-on” and ”turn-off” switching losses.<br />
<br />
Frame Flyback<br />
During flyback, due to the loop time constant, the<br />
frame yoke current cannot be locked onto the<br />
reference saw-tooth. Thus the output of amplifier<br />
”A” will remain high and the thyristor is blocked.<br />
The scanning current will begin flowing through<br />
diode ”D”. As a consequence, the capacitor ”C”<br />
starts charging upto the flyback voltage.The thyristor<br />
is triggeredas soon as the yoke current reaches<br />
the maximum positive value.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA4443 MULTISTANDARD VIDEO IF AMP</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVG8ipQazBPneGdMaYuFLmbZX0zrft51UqJ1zYaYQDaVjbeUkcca3NA73Z0CwbJOIjBeZ33cC0N5BzBt0HdEy3PS8HF6n90yvHsQ_qRes9NA8DPcR4x8v7x0Nx1uJ2HMor8c1PJDqzbtXoNDnQwHU17O52buFj7q0K6MDITvYA-AcbuAoTgcQGCXZ1jhnb/s1026/IMGH_13504b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVG8ipQazBPneGdMaYuFLmbZX0zrft51UqJ1zYaYQDaVjbeUkcca3NA73Z0CwbJOIjBeZ33cC0N5BzBt0HdEy3PS8HF6n90yvHsQ_qRes9NA8DPcR4x8v7x0Nx1uJ2HMor8c1PJDqzbtXoNDnQwHU17O52buFj7q0K6MDITvYA-AcbuAoTgcQGCXZ1jhnb/s320/IMGH_13504b__TVM.jpg" /></a>LIFIER</span> DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA4443 is a Video IF amplifier with standard<br />
switch for multistandard colour or monochromeTV<br />
sets, and VTR’s.<br />
<br />
SWITCHING OFF THE IF AMPLIFIER WHEN<br />
OPERATING IN VTR MODE .DEMODULATION OF NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE<br />
IF SIGNALS. THE OUTPUT REMAINS<br />
ON THE SAME POLARITY IN EVERY CASE .IF AGC AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTED TO<br />
THE ACTUALSTANDARD .TWO AGC POSSIBILITIES FOR B/G MODE :<br />
1. GATED AGC<br />
2. UNGATED AGC ON SYNC. LEVEL AND<br />
CONTROLLED DISCHARGE DEPENDENT<br />
ON THE AVERAGE SIGNAL LEVEL FOR VTR<br />
AND PERI TV APPLICATIONS<br />
FOR STANDARD L : FAST AGC ON PEAK<br />
WHITE BY CONTROLLED DISCHARGE .POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE GATING PULSE
.EXTREMELY HIGH INPUT SENSITIVITY .LOW DIFFERENTIAL DISTORTION .CONSTANT
INPUT IMPEDANCE .VERY HIGH SUPPLY VOLTAGE REJECTION .FEW EXTERNAL
COMPONENTS .LOW IMPEDANCE VIDEO OUTPUT .SMALL TOLERANCES OF THE FIXED
VIDEO<br />
SIGNALAMPLITUDE .ADJUSTABLE, DELAYED AGC FOR PNP<br />
TUNERS.<br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
This video IF processing circuit integrates the following<br />
functional blocks : .Three symmetrical, very stable, gain controlled<br />
wideband amplifier stages - without feedback<br />
by a quasi-galvanic coupling. .Demodulator controlled by the picture carrier .Video output amplifier with high supply voltage<br />
rejection .Polarity switch for the video output signal .AGC on peak
white level .GatedAGC .Discharge control .Delayed tuner AGC .At VTR
Reading mode the video output signal<br />
is at ultra white level.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA4445A SOUND IF AMPLI</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVG8ipQazBPneGdMaYuFLmbZX0zrft51UqJ1zYaYQDaVjbeUkcca3NA73Z0CwbJOIjBeZ33cC0N5BzBt0HdEy3PS8HF6n90yvHsQ_qRes9NA8DPcR4x8v7x0Nx1uJ2HMor8c1PJDqzbtXoNDnQwHU17O52buFj7q0K6MDITvYA-AcbuAoTgcQGCXZ1jhnb/s1026/IMGH_13504b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVG8ipQazBPneGdMaYuFLmbZX0zrft51UqJ1zYaYQDaVjbeUkcca3NA73Z0CwbJOIjBeZ33cC0N5BzBt0HdEy3PS8HF6n90yvHsQ_qRes9NA8DPcR4x8v7x0Nx1uJ2HMor8c1PJDqzbtXoNDnQwHU17O52buFj7q0K6MDITvYA-AcbuAoTgcQGCXZ1jhnb/s320/IMGH_13504b__TVM.jpg" /></a>FIER</span><br />
<br />
<br />
.QUADRATURE INTERCARRIER DEMODULATOR<br />
.VERY HIGH INPUT SENSITIVITY .GOODSIGNALTO NOISE RATIO .FAST AVERAGINGAGC .IF AMPLIFIER CAN BE SWITCHED OFF FOR<br />
VTR MODE .GOODAM SUPPRESSION .OUTPUT SIGNAL STABILIZED AGAINST<br />
SUPPLY VOLTAGE VARIATIONS .VERY FEW EXTERNAL COMPONENTS<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
TDA4445A:<br />
Sound IF amplifier, with FM processing for quasi<br />
parallel sound system.<br />
TDA4445B:<br />
Sound IF amplifier, with FM processing and AM<br />
demodulator, for multi-standard sound TV appliances.<br />
TDA4445Badditionnal :<br />
Bistandard applications (B/G and L)<br />
No adjustment of the AM demodulator<br />
Low AMdistortion.<br />
<br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
This circuit includes the following functions : .Three symmetrical and gain controlled wide<br />
band amplifier stages, which are extremely stable<br />
by quasiDC coupling without feedback. .Averaging AGC with discharge control circuit .AGC voltage generator<br />
Quasi parallel sound operation : .High phase accuracy of the carrier signal processing,<br />
independentfrom AM .Linear quadrature demodulator .Sound-IF-amplifier stage with impedance converter<br />
AM-Demodulation (only TDA4445B) : .Carrier controlled demodulator .Audio frequency stage with impedance converter<br />
.Averaging low passAGC.</p><p><b>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) </b>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>CHASSIS ICC5 Switched mode power supply transformer</b></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NW8RzH43JEo/Tw3z3On8JPI/AAAAAAAAIuo/S2LXAc-6xdU/s1600/TFK-OREGA-SMPS-TRAFO.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696477233837516018" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NW8RzH43JEo/Tw3z3On8JPI/AAAAAAAAIuo/S2LXAc-6xdU/s320/TFK-OREGA-SMPS-TRAFO.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
A switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television
receiver, including a primary winding and a secondary winding with the
primary winding and the secondary winding each being subdivided into a
plurality of respective partial windings. The partial windings of the
primary lie in a first group of chambers and the partial windings of the
secondary lie in a second group of chambers of a chamber coil body,
and the chambers of both groups are nested or interleaved with one
another. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver, comprising in combination: <br />
a primary winding and a secondary winding, with said primary winding
being subdivided into three partial windings and said secondary winding
being subdivided into two partial windings; <br />
a chamber coil body having a plurality of chambers; <br />
said partial windings of said primary winding being disposed only in a
first group of said chambers, and said partial windings of said
secondary winding being disposed only in a second group of said
chambers, with each of said partial windings being disposed in a
respective one of said chambers; <br />
said chambers of said first group being interleaved with said chambers of said second group such th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQ7WUaNrLgyoOInECIKOUnr-0PKeaPHYhOrhe_utmf76OEwMl0aUW7LH6subeGC1qZjDkaHmI1Oa3jvNGt54qtBMnrHqHRtiXfB-JI7lc6i5dmH6ht2Z8jrleNwYHWjnxDVg1zRbXVGEW_dLT7mySZegNCSkKt-6sCvVKgs1Sw3Z5JAxcZlgfoWdi2Bp2/s1026/IMGH_13505b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQ7WUaNrLgyoOInECIKOUnr-0PKeaPHYhOrhe_utmf76OEwMl0aUW7LH6subeGC1qZjDkaHmI1Oa3jvNGt54qtBMnrHqHRtiXfB-JI7lc6i5dmH6ht2Z8jrleNwYHWjnxDVg1zRbXVGEW_dLT7mySZegNCSkKt-6sCvVKgs1Sw3Z5JAxcZlgfoWdi2Bp2/s320/IMGH_13505b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-V_L_JzeC8Dku4OVX2wVBFKFnkObNtm5DtYeNWovDqyJp-M9HHmkxJuQkGkscfg-eSHKy_bWrRx2cnoUpz2AEyql2nqkE4bBFwtlT6VDUF5ua04fG-hKzIm6Ry2vNefbf7J9B-KPW9VM/s1600/IMG_4088.jpg"></a>at
they alternate in sequence with said primary partial windings and said
secondary partial windings being alternatingly disposed in five
successive said chambers, so as to generate the major operating voltage
at said secondary winding; <br />
an additional secondary winding for generating a further operating
voltage, said additional secondary winding likewise being subdivided
into a plurality of partial windings; and, <br />
said partial windings of said additional secondary winding are disposed
only in respective said chambers of said second group below any of
said partial windings of said secondary winding.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein the total number of said chambers is six. <br />
<br />
3. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein the width of the
narrowest of said chambers is approximately 1 mm.
<br />
<br />
4. A transformer as defined in claim 1 or 2 wherein the widths of said chambers are different. <br />
<br />
5. A transformer as defined in claim 1 or 2 wherein the total width of
all of said chambers is only approximately 20 mm, whereby a flat and
optimally coupled transformer is realized. <br />
<br />
6. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein said additional
secondary winding provides an operating voltage for a load which has a
fluctuating current input. <br />
<br />
7. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein said partial windings of
said additional secondary winding are connected in parallel.
<br />
<br />
8. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein said partial windings of
said primary winding are connected in series.
<br />
<br />
9. A transformer as defined in claim 1 or 8 wherein said partial
windings of said secondary winding are connected in series.
<br />
<br />
10. A transformer as defined<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>
in claim 1 further comprising a plurality of auxiliary primary
windings disposed in one chamber of said first group which is disposed
in approximately the center of said first group and above the said
partial winding of said primary winding disposed in said one chamber of
said first group. <br />
<br />
11. A transformer as defined in claim 1 wherein all of said partial
winding disposed in said chambers of both said groups are wound with
wire having the same diameter. <br />
<br />
12. A switched mode power supply transformer as defined in claim 1 or
10 wherein: said coil body has six of of said chambers; said additional
secondary winding is subdivided into three said partial windings; and
two of said partial windings of said additional secondary winding are
disposed below respective ones of said partial windings of said
secondary winding and the third said partial winding of said additional
secondary winding is disposed in the sixth said chamber.
<br />
<br />
13. A switched mode power supply transformer as defined in claim 10
further comprising at least one further secondary winding disposed in
one of said chambers of said second group above any partial secondary
winding present in said one of said chambers.
<br />
<br />
14. A switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver, comprising in combination: <br />
a primary winding and a secondary winding, with said primary winding
and said secondary winding each being subdivided into a plurality of
partial windings; <br />
a chamber coil body having a plurality of chambers; <br />
said partial windings of said primary winding being disposed only in a
first group of said chambers, and said partial windings of said
secondary winding being disposed only in a second group of said chambers
with each of said partial windings being disposed in a respective one
of said chambers; <br />
said chambers of said first group being interleaved with said chambers
of said second group such that said primary partial windings and said
secondary partial windings are alternatingly disposed in successive
said chambers, so as to generate the major operating voltage at said
secondary winding; <br />
an additional secondary winding for generating a further operating
voltage, said additional secondary winding likewise being subdivided
into a plurality of partial windings, and said partial windings of said
additional secondary winding are disposed only in respective said
chambers of said second group below any of said partial windings of said
secondary winding.<br />
<br />
<br />
15. A switched mode powe<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>r
supply transformer as defined in claim 1 or 14 wherein each of said
partial windings of said primary winding contains the same number of
turns and each of said partial windings of said secondary winding
contains the same number of turns. <br />
<br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <br />
The present invention relates to a switched mode power supply transformer, particularly for a television receiver. <br />
In communications transmissions devices, particularly in television
receivers, it is known to effect the desired dc decoupling from the
mains by means of so-called switched mode power supply transformers.
Such switched mode power supply transformers are substantially smaller
and lighter in weight than a mains transformer for the same power
operating at 50 Hz, because they operate at a significantly higher
frequency of about 20-30 kHz. Such a switched mode power supply
transformer (hereinafter calle<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQ7WUaNrLgyoOInECIKOUnr-0PKeaPHYhOrhe_utmf76OEwMl0aUW7LH6subeGC1qZjDkaHmI1Oa3jvNGt54qtBMnrHqHRtiXfB-JI7lc6i5dmH6ht2Z8jrleNwYHWjnxDVg1zRbXVGEW_dLT7mySZegNCSkKt-6sCvVKgs1Sw3Z5JAxcZlgfoWdi2Bp2/s1026/IMGH_13505b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKQ7WUaNrLgyoOInECIKOUnr-0PKeaPHYhOrhe_utmf76OEwMl0aUW7LH6subeGC1qZjDkaHmI1Oa3jvNGt54qtBMnrHqHRtiXfB-JI7lc6i5dmH6ht2Z8jrleNwYHWjnxDVg1zRbXVGEW_dLT7mySZegNCSkKt-6sCvVKgs1Sw3Z5JAxcZlgfoWdi2Bp2/s320/IMGH_13505b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-V_L_JzeC8Dku4OVX2wVBFKFnkObNtm5DtYeNWovDqyJp-M9HHmkxJuQkGkscfg-eSHKy_bWrRx2cnoUpz2AEyql2nqkE4bBFwtlT6VDUF5ua04fG-hKzIm6Ry2vNefbf7J9B-KPW9VM/s1600/IMG_4088.jpg"></a>d
SMPS transformer) generally includes a primary side with a primary
winding serving as the operating winding for the switch and further
additional auxiliary windings, as well as a secondary side with a
secondary winding for generating the essential operating voltage and
possibly further additional windings for generating further operating
voltages of different magnitude and polarity. The secondary and primary
are insulated from one another as prescribed by VDE and have the
necessary dielectric strength so that there is no danger of contact
between voltage carrying parts on the secondary. A switched mode power
supply (SMPS) circuit for a tv-receiver is described in U.S. Pat. No.
3,967,182, issued June 29, 1976. <br />
A further requirement placed on such an SMPS transformer is that the
stray inductance at least of the primary winding and of the secondary
winding should be as small as possible. With too high a stray
inductance, a transient behavior may develop during the switching
operation which would not assure optimum switch operation of the
switching transistor connected to the primary winding and would endanger
this transistor by taking on too much power. Moreover, an increased
stray inductance undesirably increases the internal resistance of the
voltage sources for the individual operating voltages. <br />
It is known to design the windings for such transformers as layered
windings. Such layered windings, however, contain feathered
intermediate foil layers and, after manufacture, generally require that
the coil or the complete transformer be encased in order to insure VDE
safety. Use as a chamber winding in television receivers presently
does not take place because of the problems to be discussed below. A
chamber winding would have the particular advantage that it could be
wound more easily and economically by automatic machines. when using a
chamber winding for a switched mode power supply, the detailed
insulation between the primary and the secondary would be realized
initially by two chambers with one of these chambers being filled only
with the windings of the primary and the other of these chambers being
filled only with the windings of the secondary. However, with such an
arrangement there would exist only slight coupling between the primary
and the secondary and thus an undesirably high stray inductance. If, on
the other hand, the number of chambers were selected to be
substantially larger,<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>
the transformer becomes more expensive and unnecessarily large.
Moreover, a larger core would be required. Consequently, in the past,
no television receiver has been introduced that included an SMPS
transformer. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <br />
It is the object of the present invention to provide an SMPS
transformer designed in the chamber wound technique which permits
economical automatic winding, i.e. can be wound with but a single type
of wire, has a structure which is spatially narrow and as flat as
possible, provides the required insulation between the primary and
secondary windings, and has a low stray inductance. The transformer
should not be encased or saturated and nevertheless should produce no
interfering noise during operation. The transformer should be able to
be held in a circuit board without mechanical aids merely by its
connecting terminals which are soldered to the circuit board. <br />
The above object is basically achieved according to the present
invention in that the transformer for a switched mode power supply,
particularly for a television receiver, comprises: a primary winding
and a secondary winding with the primary and secondary windings each
being subdivided into a plurality of partial windings; and a chamber
coil body with a plurality of chambers; and wherein the partial
windings of the primary winding are disposed in a first group of
chambers of the coil body, the partial windings of the secondary
winding are disposed in a second group of chambers of the coil body,
and the chambers of the first and second groups are interleaved. <br />
Due to the fact that the individual windings or partial windings of the
primary are disposed only in chambers of the first group and the
windings or partial windings of the secondary are disposed only in
chambers of the second group, i.e. primary and secondary are
distributed to separate chambers, the necessary dielectric strength
between primary and secondary is assured. By dividing each of the
primary and secondary windings to a respective plurality or group of
chambers and, due to the interleaved or nested arrangement of the
chambers of the primary and the secondary, the desired fixed coupling
between primary and secondary, and thus the desired low stray inductance
at the primary and secondary, are realized. It has been found that a
total number of chambers in the order of magnitude of six constitutes an
economically favorable solution. With a smaller number of chambers,
the coupling between primary and secondary is reduced. With a larger
number of chambers, however, either the individual chambers become too
small or the entire transformer, and particularly the core, become too
large. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <br />
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram for a preferred embodiment of a switched mode power supply transformer according to the invention. <br />
FIG. 2 is a schematic partial sectional view showing the distribution
of the individual windings of FIG. 1 to different chambers according to
the invention. <br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT <br />
FIG. 1 shows a transformer intended for a switched mode power supply
for a television receiver with a power output between 40 and 150 watts.
The transformer includes a primary side P and a secondary side S
which, while maintaining the required dielectric strength of, for
example, 10,00<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NW8RzH43JEo/Tw3z3On8JPI/AAAAAAAAIuo/S2LXAc-6xdU/s1600/TFK-OREGA-SMPS-TRAFO.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696477233837516018" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NW8RzH43JEo/Tw3z3On8JPI/AAAAAAAAIuo/S2LXAc-6xdU/s320/TFK-OREGA-SMPS-TRAFO.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>0
V, are galvanically decoupled or separated from one another. The
primary side P includes a primary winding 1 which, as the operating
winding, will lie in the collector circuit of a switching transistor
switched at about 20-30 kHz. The primary winding 1 is divided into three
partial windings 1a, 1b and 1c which are connected in series. When
utilized in a television receiver, the beginning of partial winding 1a
and the end of partial winding 1c are connected into the collector
circuit of the switching transistor, while the taps between the partial
windings 1a-1b and 1b-1c are not utilized, but rather form supporting
points for the connection of the terminals of the partial windings. The
primary side P also includes an additional winding 3 which feeds the
feedback path with which the primary winding 1a-1c is designed as a
self-resonant circuit. Moreover, the primary side P includes an
additional winding 4 for regulating the moment of current flow in the
switching transistor in the sense of stabilizing the amplitude of the
output voltages on the secondary side S. <br />
The secondary side S initially includes the secondary winding 2 from
which is obtained, via a rectifier circuit (not shown), the main
operating voltage U1. The secondary winding 2 is divided into two
series connected partial windings 2a and 2b. Additionally, the
secondary winding S includes a winding 5 for generating an operating
voltage for the video amplifier and a further winding 6 for generating
the operating voltage for the vertical deflection stage of a television
receiver. Moreover, an additional secondary winding 7 is provided from
which, after rectification, the operating voltage or the audio output
stage of the receiver is obtained. Winding 7 comprises three partial
windings 7a, 7b, 7c which are connected in parallel. The audio output
stage of a television receiver has a greatly fluctuating current input
between 50 mA and 1000 mA so that the load of the secondary side S
varies considerably. This variation in load may effect an undesirable
change in the operating voltage U1 which also influences the horizontal
deflection amplitude. This undesirable dependency can be reduced in
that the coupling between winding 7 and winding 4 is dimensioned
greater, for regulating purposes, than the coupling between winding 2
and winding 4. This solution is described in greater detail in Federal
Republic of Germany Offenlegungsschrift (laid open application) DE-OS
No. 2,749,847 of May 10, 1979. This increased coupling between windings
7 and 4 is realized in the present case by the three parallel
connected windings 7a, 7b, 7c. Finally, the secondary S includes a
further winding 8 which serves to generate, after rectification, a
negative operating voltage of -30 V. <br />
FIG. 2 show<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>s
one half of the chamber coil body 9 for the individual windings of
FIG. 1, with the body 9 including a total of six chambers 10. The size
and particularly the widths of the individual chambers 10 can vary with
respect to one another and the widths may all be different.
Preferably, the width of the narrowest chamber 10 is about 1 mm and the
total width of all six chambers is only approximately 20 mm so as to
realize a flat and optimally coupled transformer. <br />
As shown, one third of the primary winding 1, in the form of respective
partial windings 1a, 1b and 1c, is distributed to each of the first,
third and fifth chambers 10 of the coil body 9. The additional primary
windings 3 and 4 are disposed in the third chamber 10 above the partial
winding 1b. One half of the secondary winding 2, in the form of
respective partial windings 2a, 2b, is dis<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NW8RzH43JEo/Tw3z3On8JPI/AAAAAAAAIuo/S2LXAc-6xdU/s1600/TFK-OREGA-SMPS-TRAFO.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696477233837516018" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NW8RzH43JEo/Tw3z3On8JPI/AAAAAAAAIuo/S2LXAc-6xdU/s320/TFK-OREGA-SMPS-TRAFO.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>tributed
to each of the second and fourth chambers 10 of the coil body 9. The
three partial windings 7a, 7b and 7c of the additional secondary
winding 7 for the audio output stage are distributed to the second,
fourth and sixth chambers 10, respectively, with the partial windings
7a-7c being disposed closest to the longitudinal axis of the coil body 9
and thus below any partial secondary winding 2a, 2b or other secondary
winding which may be located in the same chamber. That is, the partial
windings 7a and 7b are disposed below the partial windings 2a and 2b,
respectively, in the respective second and fourth chambers 10, and
below the additional secondary windings 5 and 8 in the sixth chamber
10. Further winding 6 is disposed above partial secondary winding 2b. <br />
As can be seen in FIG. 2, the chambers 10 contain alternatingly only
windings or partial windings of the primary side P or of the secondary
side S. The illustrated nesting or interleaving of the windings, i.e.
the alternating arrangement of windings of the primary side P and of
the secondary side S in successive chambers 10, assures the desired
close coupling between the primary side P and the secondary side S. The
arrangement of the windings 3, 4 in approximately the center of the
coil body 9 above partial winding 1b assures the desired close coupling
between the windings 3, 4 with the other windings. <br />
In an embodiment of the transformer shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 which was
successfully tested in practice, the individual windings were all wound
with the same diameter wire and contained the following numbers of
turns: <br />
<table> <tbody>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>Winding No. Number of Turns </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
<br />
1a 22<br />
<br />
1b 22<br />
<br />
1c 22<br />
<br />
2a 30<br />
<br />
2b 30<br />
<br />
3 3<br />
<br />
4 10<br />
<br />
5 25<br />
<br />
6 1<br />
<br />
7a 11<br />
<br />
7b 11<br />
<br />
7c 11<br />
<br />
8 16<br />
<br /></td></tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
The diameter of the wire of the windings 1-8 may be about 0.40 or 0.45
mm. Also, each winding may exist of two parallel shunted wires each of
0.3 mm diameter. The width of the six chambers 10--seen from the left
to the right in FIG. 2--may be 0.95/1.95/1.75/1.95/0.95/2.75 mm and the
thickness of the walls forming the chambers 0.65 mm. <br />
It will be understood that the above description of the present
invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and
adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within the
meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.<br />
<p> <b>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) </b>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-size: 100%;"><b>NS5000 Raster distortion correction circuitry Unit for a video display
apparatus that includes a square-planar picture tube</b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT5vs6t6Yn4sB56NG45NgcjPH-HmakNE3u85J3USabw8t3b2cJ5LTvlFZ0OKnOlvTkGYBXRXsk2JA94pybH4vctDAxxbKDe1n_3h1LcvokKTMzQpsL06bIKFgr6vF3OkLI3sxQ352qaSLy/s1600/IMG_5772.jpg"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><br /></b></span></a><br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_text"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s1282/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s320/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> A video display apparatus incorporates a picture tube, such as a
square-planar picture tube, that includes a phosphor screen located on a
faceplate having an aspherically curved geometry that produces a
relatively flat surface contour. Deflection circuitry generates line and
field scanning currents in respective line and field deflection
windings to enable the electron beams of the picture tube to scan a
raster on the phosphor screen. The electron beams are subject to a
scanning error that results in raster distortion, such as side
pincushion distortion. A parabola generator produces a parabolic
modulation of the scanning of the electron beams to generally correct
the raster distortion while retaining a residual error due to the
aspherically curved geometry of the faceplate. A nonlinear waveshaping
circuit modifies the parabolic modulation of the scanning current in
accordance with the aspherically curved geometry to provide additional
modulation of the electron beam scanning for correcting the residual
error. The nonlinear waveshaping circuit includes a current source
and a switched current divider that is responsive to a threshold
level of the parabolic voltage developed by the parabola generator.
</div>
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s1282/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s320/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidi5be-MOZxZP5nNsdWaSfimAhLVoaf-c0ErEUEJydrmTfOrrmRO-AAePbL1ZCCMMoz4F0e_MKZcYG9Mioeho_mTS-bwfdb_E-xvhOgM4yUPEhSkvK8NDmjd-99guLR2Wri4hzpNNZiGtM/s1600/IMG_5784.jpg"></a><br />
<br />
1. Video display apparatus with correction of raster distortion, comprising: <br />
a picture tube having a phosphor screen located on a faceplate having
an aspherically curved surface contour, with at least one of a minor
and major axis exhibiting a curvature that changes from an edge of the
faceplate to the center; <br />
deflection means including horizontal and vertical deflection
windings for generating respectively therein horizontal and vertical
deflection currents to enable an electron beam of said picture tube
to scan a raster on said phosphor screen; <br />
a parabola generator coupled to said deflection means for generating a
generally parabolically shaped signal that produces a parabolic
modulation of the scanning of said electron beam to generally provide
correction of a first raster distortion while leaving uncorrected a
residual raster distortion due to the change in curvature of said
faceplate from said edge to the center; and <br />
means for nonlinearly modifying said (parabolic modulation)
parabolically shaped signal as a function of said change in curvature
of said faceplate to provide additional modulation of the scanning
of said electron beam for correcting said residual raster distortion.<br />
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first raster
distortion results in side pincushion raster distortion and wherein
said faceplate has an aspherically curved geometry that results in
areas of said faceplate near the top and bottom being of increased
curvature relative to the curvature in areas near the center.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2
wherein said residual raster distortion comprises a barrel-like
distortion of a raster display of a vertical line pattern in said
areas near the top and bottom of said faceplate.
4. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said
nonlinearly modifying means comprises a current source coupled to
said parabola generator and a switched current divider that switches
from a first conductive state to a second conductive state during
that portion of a vertical trace interval when a raster is being
scanned on said faceplate in said areas of increased curvature.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4
wherein said parabolically shaped signal is a generally parabolically
shaped input voltage repeating at a vertical deflection rate and
having both a DC component voltage and an AC parabolic component
voltage and wherein said switched current divider comprises an
impedance receiving a constant current from said current source for
establishing a bias voltage level and switching means responsive to
said bias voltage level and direct current coupled to said parabola
generator for shunting a portion of said constant current when said
input voltage goes beyond a threshold voltage level established in
accordance with said bias voltage level to modify the waveshape of
said input voltage in a manner that corrects said residual raster
distortion. 6. A circuit for
correcting a given error of electron beam positioning in a video
display apparatus, comprising: <br />
a deflection winding; <br />
an output stage for generating current in said deflection winding to control said electron beam positioning; <br />
a parabolic voltage generator for developing a generally parabolically
shaped input voltage repeating at a deflection rate and having both a
DC component voltage and an AC parabolic component voltage; <br />
an amplifier for driving said output stage in accordance with said
parabolically shaped input voltage to generally correct said given
error while retaining a residual error of said electron beam
positioning; <br />
a current source; <br />
an impedance receiving current from said current source for establishing a bias voltage level; and <br />
switching means responsive to said bias voltage level and direct
current coupled to said parabolically shaped input voltage for shunting a
portion of the current from said current source when said input
voltage goes beyond a threshold voltage level established in accordance
with said bias voltage level to modify the waveshape of said input
voltage in a manner that corrects said residual error.<br />
7. A circuit according to claim 6 wherein said switching means is
direct current coupled to an output terminal of said parabolic voltage
generator, at which terminal said input voltage is developed, and
which is direct current coupled to a terminal of said impedance, at
which impedance terminal said bias voltage level is developed.
8. A circuit according to claim 7
wherein said switching means comprises a diode in which there flows
the shunted portion of current from said current source.
9. A circuit according to claim 7 wherein
the shunted portion of current from said current source establishes a
modified parabola voltage at an output te<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s1282/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s320/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>rminal of said switching
means that is direct current coupled to the output terminal of said
parabolic voltage generator, said modified parabola voltage having a
waveform that generally follows the waveform of said input voltage
when said switching means is in one conductive state and having a
waveform of waveshape that is substantially different than that of
said input voltage when said switching means is in another conductive
state. 10. A circuit according
to claim 9 including means for AC coupling said modified parabola
voltage to said amplifier. 11. A
circuit according to claim 10 including means for adjusting said
bias voltage level to adjust the switching instants of said switching
means and wherein a peak amplitude of said modified parabola voltage
remains substantially unchanged for different adjustments of said
bias voltage level. 12. A
circuit according to claim 11 including an adjustable voltage divider
coupled to said AC coupling means and direct current coupled to said
amplifier for adjusting the amplitude of the AC coupled modified
parabola voltage, and wherein the peak amplitude of the modified
parabola voltage that is established at the output terminal of said
switching means remains substantially unchanged for different
adjustments of said voltage divider.
13. A circuit according to claim 9 wherein said input voltage
includes an AC sawtooth component voltage repeating at said deflection
rate and further including means for applying said sawtooth component
voltage to said impedance to provide common-mode rejection of said
sawtooth component voltage with respect to the shunted portion of
current from said current source.
14. A circuit according to claim 9 wherein said switching means
applies an additional voltage to said terminal of said impedance that
is representative of the difference between said bias voltage level
and said input voltage to control the amplitude of the shunted portion
of current in accordance with said additional voltage.
15. A circuit according to claim 9 wherein
said current source comprises a source of DC voltage coupled to a
second impedance, and wherein said switching means applies an
additional voltage to said terminal of the first mentioned impedance
that is representative of a difference between said bias voltage level
and said input voltage. 16. A
circuit according to claim 15 wherein said DC voltage of said DC
voltage source is substantially greater in magnitude than that of said
additional voltage to prevent significant changes from occurring in
the magnitude of said current source when said switching means
changes conductive states. 17. A
circuit according to claim 6 wherein said video display apparatus
includes a picture tube having a phosphor screen located on a
faceplate having an aspherically curved geometry that produces a
relatively flat surface contour and wherein said residual error of
electron beam positioning is produced in accordance with said
aspherically curved geometry. 18.
A circuit according to claim 17 wherein said given error is produced
by side pincushion distortion and wherein said residual error
produces a barrel-like distortion of a raster display of a vertical
line pattern in regions near the top and bottom of said faceplate
where the curvature of said faceplate is increased relative to the
curvature in the center region.
19. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said nonlinearly
modifying means produces a parabolic modulation when scanning raster
lines near top and bottom of said raster that is different than when
scanning raster lines near raster center for correcting said residual
raster distortion due to the aspherically curved geometry of said
faceplate. <br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
This invention relates to electron beam positioning error correction circuitry in a video display apparatus. <br />
New, flatter faceplate picture tubes, such as the RCA Corporation
square-planar picture tubes, have aspherically curved faceplate
contours. A tube of this type, having a complex curvature faceplate, is
described in the following U.S. patent applications, herein
incorporated by reference. <br />
1. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 469,772, filed Feb. 25, 1983, by
F. R. Ragland, Jr. entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING AN IMPROVED
SHADOW MASK CONTOUR. <br />
2. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 469,774, filed Feb. 25, 1983 by
F. R. Ragland, Jr. entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING A FACEPLATE PANEL
WITH A SUBSTANTIALLY PLANAR PERIPHARY. <br />
3. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 469,775, filed Feb. 25, 1983, by
R. J. D'Amato et al., entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING DIFFERENT
CURVATURE ALONG MAJOR AND MINOR AXES. <br />
4. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 529,644, filed Sept. 6, 1983, by
R. J. D'Amato et al., entitled CATHODE-RAY TUBE HAVING A FACEPLATE
PANEL WITH AN ESSENTIALLY PLANAR SCREEN PERIPHERY. <br />
In one form of flatter faceplate picture tube, as typified by the RCA
110° COTY-SP, square-planar, 27 V, color television picture tube,
A68ACC10X, the formula for the tube faceplate sagittal height, z, in
millimeters, with reference to the center of the faceplate is given by:
Z=A <sub>1 </sub> X <sup>2 </sup> +A <sub>2 </sub> X <sup>4 </sup> +A <sub>3 </sub> Y <sup>2 </sup> +A <sub>4 </sub> X <sup>2 </sup> Y <sup>2 </sup> +A <sub>5 </sub> X <sup>4 </sup> Y <sup>2 </sup> +A <sub>6 </sub> Y <sup>4 </sup> +A <sub>7 </sub> X <sup>2 </sup> Y <sup>4 </sup> +A <sub>8 </sub> X <sup>4 </sup> Y <sup>4 </sup>, <br />
where X and Y are the distance coordinates, in millimeters, from the
faceplate center along the major and minor axes, respectively, and
where: A <sub>1 </sub> =-0.236424229×10 <sup>-4 </sup> A <sub>2 </sub> =-0.363538575×10 <sup>-8 </sup> A <sub>3 </sub> =-0.422441063×10 <sup>-3 </sup> A <sub>4 </sub> =-0.213537355×10 <sup>-8 </sup> A <sub>5 </sub> =+0.883912220×10 <sup>-13 </sup> A <sub>6 </sub> =-0.100020398×10 <sup>-9 </sup> A <sub>7 </sub> =+0.117915353×10 <sup>-14 </sup> A <sub>8 </sub> =+0.527722295×10 <sup>-21 </sup> <br />
The picture tube faceplate defined by this formula has a relatively
shallow curvature near the center of the faceplate, which increases
near the edg<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>es
along paths parallel to both the major and minor axes of the tube.
The overall result is a faceplate of relatively flat appearance and
with planar edges, namely, with points along the top, bottom, right
and left edges located substantially in a common plane. <br />
In general, the raster scanned on the phosphor screen of a picture
tube may exhibit an east-west or side pincushion raster distortion.
This distortion may be substantially corrected by a side pincushion
correction circuit that produces a parabolic amplitude modulation of
the horizontal deflection current. The required vertical rate parabola
voltage may be obtained from the vertical deflection circuit by
integration of the vertical sawtooth current. <br />
When using such a conventional circuit for raster correction in a
picture tube, such as a square-planar picture tube that has an
aspherically curved faceplate, a small but often objectionable raster
distortion may remain at the top and bottom of the display, as
illustrated by the solid vertical lines of a raster R display R in
FIG. 1. Due to the aspherically curved geometry of the faceplate, the
vertical line bend away from the vertical direction near the top and
bottom of the raster display, where the curvature of the faceplate
increases. The overall appearance of the vertical lines in FIG. 1 is
slightly barrel-shaped. <br />
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, a video display apparatus includes a picture tube having a phos<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s1282/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s320/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidi5be-MOZxZP5nNsdWaSfimAhLVoaf-c0ErEUEJydrmTfOrrmRO-AAePbL1ZCCMMoz4F0e_MKZcYG9Mioeho_mTS-bwfdb_E-xvhOgM4yUPEhSkvK8NDmjd-99guLR2Wri4hzpNNZiGtM/s1600/IMG_5784.jpg"></a>phor
screen located on a faceplate having an aspherically curved
geometry. Correction circuitry is provided that compensates for
raster distortion or electron beam positioning errors, such as
pincushion or convergence distortions. The correction circuitry
includes a parabola generator coupled to deflection circuitry for
producing a parabolic modulation of the scanning of the electron
beam. The modulation generally provides correction of the raster
distortion or electron beam positioning error, while retaining a
residual error due to the aspherically curved geometry of the
faceplate. The modulation is nonlinearly modified in accordance with
the aspherically curved geometry to provide additional modulation of
the scanning of the electron beam for correcting the residual error.
<br />
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a particularly
advantageous arrangement of correction circuitry smoothly straightens
the bent vertical lines near the top and bottom of the raster display
illustrated in FIG. 1. <br />
The parabola generator of the correction circuit arrangement produces
a generally parabolically shaped input voltage repeating at a
deflection rate. An amplifier drives an output stage that generates
current in a deflection winding to control the electron beam landing
position. The amplifier is responsive to the output of the parabola
generator for driving the output stage in accordance with the
parabolically shaped input voltage to generally correct electron beam
landing error, while retaining a residual error. A current source
with a switched current dividing network is responsive to a threshold
level of the parabolically shaped input voltage for supplying to the
amplifier a portion of the current from the current source when the
input voltage exceeds the threshold level to correct the residual
error. <br />
FIG. 1 illustrates vertical lines of a raster display scanned on the screen of a square-planar picture tube; <br />
FIG. 2 illustrates in block diagram form raster scanning circuitry
used in conjunction with raster scanning on the aspherically curved
faceplate of a square-planar picture tube, shown schematically in
FIG. 2 from a side elevation view, in partial breakaway; <br />
FIG. 3 illustrates detailed embodiments of the horizontal and
vertical deflection circuits of FIG. 2, including circuitry embodying
the invention that corrects for the residual side pincushion
distortion illustrated in FIG. 1; <br />
FIG. 4 illustrates a detailed embodiment of a portion of the circuit of FIG. 3; and <br />
FIG. 5 illustrates waveforms useful in explaining operation of the circuits of FIGS. 3 and 4. <br />
In FIG. 1, there is illustrated vertical lines of a raster display R
that is generated on the phosphor screen of a faceplate 30 of a <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dQKlhyPmsCL9gqYVpLdfWP-ACQqzECxW9J0hogjMxm5P6JmeK9HqTgm_E9eSpZ-rSoA5tzT-z4yyFPZPjpQUQTOboKovjOS7l1zbBkyaPYc-ByJc5s5_ia0eB11rwJg_xlbmzLMHx1g/s1600/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667781342932993778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4dQKlhyPmsCL9gqYVpLdfWP-ACQqzECxW9J0hogjMxm5P6JmeK9HqTgm_E9eSpZ-rSoA5tzT-z4yyFPZPjpQUQTOboKovjOS7l1zbBkyaPYc-ByJc5s5_ia0eB11rwJg_xlbmzLMHx1g/s320/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>square-planar
picture tube SP of FIG. 2. Horizontal and vertical deflection
circuits 20 and 40 of FIG. 2 generate horizontal and vertical
deflection currents in horizontal and vertical deflection windings L <sub>H </sub> and L <sub>V </sub>,
respectively. The horizontal and vertical deflection currents
deflect electron beams 18 in square-planar picture tube SP to produce
raster display R on faceplate 30. <br />
Square-planar picture tube SP incorporates a glass envelope 11
comprising a generally rectangular faceplate panel 19 and a tubular
neck 14 connected by a funnel 16. Panel 19 comprises viewing
faceplate 30 and a peripheral flange or side wall 12, which is sealed
to funnel 16 by a glass frit 17. A generally rectangular 3-color
cathodoluminescent phosphor screen 15 is carried by the inner surface
of faceplate 30. The screen may be a line screen, with the phosphor
lines extending substantially parallel to the minor or vertical axis
Y--Y of the tube. Alternatively, the screen may be a dot screen. A
multi-aperture color selection electrode or shadow mask 13 is
removably mounted within panel 19 in predetermined spaced relation to
screen 15. An electron gun 10, shown schematically by dashed lines in
FIG. 2, is centrally mounted within neck 14 to generate and
accelerate the three electron beams 18 along convergent paths through
mask 13 to screen 15. <br />
The line and field deflection currents in line and field deflection windings L <sub>H </sub> and L <sub>V </sub>,
respectively, subject the three electron beams 18 to vertical and
horizontal magnetic flux that scans the beams horizontally in the
direction of the major or horizontal axis X--X and vertically in the
direction of the minor axis Y--Y, in a rectangular raster pattern over
screen 15. The longitudinal axis of picture tube SP is labeled Z--Z in
FIG. 2. <br />
Faceplate 30 of square-planar color picture tube SP is relatively
flat. The curvature of the faceplate is complex and may be
approximated in accordance with the polynominal expression given above.
In the field scanning direction, or as the electron beams are
scanned from top edge to bottom edge, vertically, the curvature of the
faceplate decreases from top edge to center and then increases again
to the bottom edge. A similar situation holds in the line scanning
direction. <br />
Assume that horizontal and vertical deflection circuits 20 and 40 of
FIG. 2 correct for distortions such as S-distortion, north-south and
gullwing distortion. Furthermore, assume that horizontal deflection
circuit 20 generally corrects for side pincushion distortion by
parabolically modulating the amplitude of the horizontal deflection
current. The display of a vertical line pattern on faceplate 30 by
means of raster line scanning produces a raster display such as
illustrated in solid-line in FIG. 1. The generally vertical lines
exhibit a residual distortion at the top and bottom of the raster
which, due to the aspherically curved geometry of faceplate 30,
causes the vertical raster lines to be bent inward toward the center
in a barrel-like manner. <br />
In accordance with a feature of the invention, horizontal deflection
circuit 20 nonlinearly modifies the parabolic modulation of the
horizontal deflection current to straighten the vertical lines at the
top and bottom of the raster, as illustrated by the dashed-line,
straight line segments of FIG. 1. <br />
FIG. 3 illustrates<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcYS6lE9VzprV5ecXTbbtFixQjUJezFRbxpqY5pvlF7KoT-e5a3zruSrUEnwqt_bItbDbX__GEhgqGo39lmtUdhyphenhyphenqn-OFQyFcaBw_VGNUWZlpeY9UJRftlhIv1D_Hb-J61KXYdEuBGSg8/s1600/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667781331694772354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcYS6lE9VzprV5ecXTbbtFixQjUJezFRbxpqY5pvlF7KoT-e5a3zruSrUEnwqt_bItbDbX__GEhgqGo39lmtUdhyphenhyphenqn-OFQyFcaBw_VGNUWZlpeY9UJRftlhIv1D_Hb-J61KXYdEuBGSg8/s320/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
detailed embodiments of vertical deflection circuit 40 and
horizontal deflection circuit 20 of FIG. 2 that include nonlinear
waveshaping circuitry in accordance with an aspect of the invention.
In horizontal deflection circuit 20 of FIG. 3, a B+ voltage is
applied to the primary winding W <sub>p </sub> of a flyback transformer T1 via a small valued resistor 21. A capacitor 22 provides filtering. Primary winding W <sub>p </sub>
is coupled to a horizontal output stage 70 of horizontal deflection
circuit 20. Horizontal output stage 70 includes a horizontal
oscillator and driver 25, a horizontal output transistor Q1, a first
retrace capacitor C <sub>R1 </sub> coupled across transistor Q1, a damper diode D2, a second retrace capacitor C <sub>R2 </sub> coupled across diode D2 and the series arrangement of a linearity inductor 26, and S-shaping capacitor C <sub>s </sub>, deflection winding L <sub>H </sub>
of FIG. 2, and a resonant circuit 27, comprising a capacitor C1 in
parallel with the inductance of a tapped winding W1 of a transformer
T2. Deflection winding L <sub>H </sub> is coupled to the tap terminal of winding W1. <br />
Resonant circuit 27 is tuned to produce approximately two cycles of
oscillation during the horizontal trace interval for introducing an
oscillatory current component into horizontal deflection current i <sub>H </sub>
that provides dynamic S-correction of the raster scanned on
faceplate 30 of square-planar picture tube SP of FIG. 1. The function
of dynamic S-correction, resonant circuit 27 is more fully described
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,618, by P. E. Haferl, issued Jan. 7, 1986,
entitled S-CORRECTED DEFLECTION CIRCUIT. <br />
To provide side pincushion correction, the amplitude of horizontal deflection current i <sub>H </sub>
is modulated at a vertical rate by a side pincushion correction
modulator circuit 30 that drives horizontal output circuit 70. Side
pincushion correction circuit 30 includes a damper diode D3 with a
grounded anode and a cathode coupled to the anode of damper diode D2, a
retrace capacitor C <sub>R3 </sub> coupled across diode D3, a modulator choke inductor L <sub>m </sub> coupled to the junction of retrace capacitors C <sub>R2 </sub> and C <sub>R3 </sub>, and a modulator control circuit 60 coupled to choke L <sub>m </sub>. <br />
Modulator control circuit 60 modulates at a vertical rate the modulator current i <sub>m </sub> in choke L <sub>m </sub>, to concurrently modulate the retrace pulse voltage V <sub>Rm </sub> developed across modulator retrace capacitor C <sub>R3 </sub>. The modulation of retrace pulse voltage V <sub>Rm </sub> produces a concurrent but opposite sense modulation of deflection retrace pulse voltage V <sub>Rd </sub> across deflection retrace capacitor C <sub>R2 </sub>. The vertical rate modulation of deflection retrace pulse voltage V <sub>Rd </sub> produces the required vertical rate modulation of horizontal deflection current i <sub>H </sub> that provides side pincushion correction. <br />
The opposing sense modulation of retrace pulse voltages V <sub>Rd </sub> and V <sub>Rm </sub> produces a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s1282/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s320/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>n unmodulated retrace pulse voltage V <sub>R </sub> at the collector of horizontal output transistor Q1. Retrace pulse voltage V <sub>R </sub> is applied to the primary winding W <sub>p </sub> of flyback transformer T1 for generating an unmodulated retrace pulse voltage V <sub>RH </sub> at a terminal A of a secondary winding W <sub>s </sub>. An unmodulated retrace pulse voltage is also generated in a high voltage winding W <sub>HV </sub> for developing an ultor accelerating potential at a terminal U of a high voltage generating circuit 23. <br />
FIG. 3 also illustrates a detailed embodiment of vertical deflection
circuit 40 of FIG. 2. Vertical deflection circuit 40 includes a
vertical deflection amplifier U1 coupled to vertical deflection winding
L <sub>V </sub> of FIG. 2 for generating a vertical deflection current i <sub>V </sub> that deflects the electron beams in picture tube SP of FIG. 2 in the vertical direction. Vertical deflection winding L <sub>V </sub> is coupled to a north-south and gullwing distortion correction circuit 34 for modulating vertical deflection current i <sub>V </sub>
in a manner that corrects both north-south pincushion distortion and
gullwing distortion of the raster when scanning raster lines on
square-planar picture tube SP of FIG. 2. A description of the operation
of north-south pincushion and gullwing correction circuit 34 may be
found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 719,227, filed Apr. 2, 1985,
by P. E. Haferl entitled NORTH-SOUTH PINCUSHION CORRECTED DEFLECTION
CIRCUIT, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,897 and in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 733,661, filed May 10, 1985, by P. E. Haferl et al, entitled
GULLWING DISTORTION CORRECTED DEFLECTION CIRCUITRY FOR A
SQUARE-PLANAR PICTURE TUBE, both herein incorporated by reference. <br />
Vertical deflection current i <sub>V </sub>, after passing through correction circuit 34, flows through a coupling or vertical S-shaping capacitor C <sub>V </sub> and a current sampling resi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67uWzzfund0kX6QeVga5mseL5LvUqz2BapGVw5giL81W5h0H7ZefZXVhlDSmLCBFtyc_CHBKxo-Yg_dCVjPuSEF81BUeM5cJNz4LxPugL0GDPAr0pRUTI_CWAUtFgJD9XRFYviPftHU4/s1600/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667781331521914162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67uWzzfund0kX6QeVga5mseL5LvUqz2BapGVw5giL81W5h0H7ZefZXVhlDSmLCBFtyc_CHBKxo-Yg_dCVjPuSEF81BUeM5cJNz4LxPugL0GDPAr0pRUTI_CWAUtFgJD9XRFYviPftHU4/s320/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>stor R <sub>s </sub>. Coupling capacitor C <sub>V </sub> intergrates vertical deflection current i <sub>V </sub>
to develop across the capacitor between terminals 35 and 36 an AC
parabola voltage, of almost ideal waveshape, that repeats at the
vertical deflection rate. The voltage across capacitor C <sub>V </sub> comprises the AC parabola voltage superimposed upon a DC level established by vertical deflection amplifier U1. The voltage V <sub>sV </sub> developed across current sampling resistor R <sub>s </sub>
is illustrated in FIG. 5a and comprises an AC, S-shaped, sawtooth
voltage repeating at the vertical deflection rate. The voltage V1
developed at terminal 35 is illustrated in FIG. 5b and equals the sum of
the voltages developed across capacitor C <sub>V </sub> and resistor R <sub>s </sub>. Thus, the AC component of voltage V1 during the vertical trace interval t <sub>3 </sub> -t <sub>7 </sub>
of FIG. 5b is a generally parabolically shaped voltage that is
skewed downward by the relatively small sawtooth voltage component
derived from sampling resistor R <sub>s </sub>. <br />
The voltages at terminals 35 and 36 are applied to vertical
deflection amplifier U1 to provide DC and AC feeback, respectively,
to the amplifier. The vertical rate voltages V1 and V <sub>sV </sub>, the horizontal rate retrace pulse voltage V <sub>RH </sub> and a voltage V <sub>ds </sub>
developed across winding W2 of transformer T2 are coupled to
correction circuit 34 to provide deflection synchronization information
and to provide waveform information that produces the required
waveshaping and modulation of vertical deflection current i <sub>v </sub>, as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent applications. <br />
Vertical deflection circuit 40 may be considered as a low impedance
voltage source 48 that generates parabola voltage V1 at output
terminal 35 of the source. <br />
Vertical parabola voltage V1 is nonlinearly waveshaped by a nonlinear
network 50 and is then applied via a DC blocking capacitor C2 and a
parabola amplitude adjusting potentiometer R <sub>a </sub> to the noninverting input terminal of an amplifier U2 of side pincushion control circuit 60. Vertical sawtooth voltage V <sub>sV </sub> is applied to the inverting input terminal of amplifier U2 via the wiper arm of a trapeze adjusting potentiometer R <sub>t </sub> and a resistor 31. The DC level at the inverting input terminal is controlled by a width adjus<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>ting
potentiometer 33 that couples a +25 V source to the inverting input
terminal via a resistor 32 and the wiper arm of potentiometer 33. The
output of amplifier U2 is coupled to an inverting driver stage U3
that applies a modulation voltage V <sub>m </sub> to modulator choke inductor L <sub>m </sub>. <br />
Side pincushion control circuit 60 is operated in the switched mode
at the horizontal rate. A horizontal sawtooth voltage generator 29,
synchronized by horizontal retrace pulse voltage V <sub>RH </sub>, applies a horizontal rate sawtooth voltage V <sub>sH </sub> to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 via a resistor R <sub>g </sub>. Resistor R <sub>g </sub>
represents the effective source impedance of sawtooth voltage
generator 29. The output of amplifier U2 is a pulse width modulated,
horizontal rate voltage having a duty cycle that varies at a vertical
rate. Modulation voltage V <sub>m </sub> therefore is also a pulse
width modulated, horizontal rate voltage having a duty cycle that
varies at a vertical rate. This enables the drive provided by side
pincushion modulator circuit 30 to be varied in a manner that corrects
side pincushion distortion. <br />
Side pincushion modulator circuit 30 operates in a manner similar to
that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 651,301, filed
Sept. 17, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,937 by P. E. Haferl, entitled
EAST-WEST CORRECTION CIRCUIT. Other side pincushion correction
circuits, such as switched mode diodc modulator circuits, may be used
to drive horizontal output stage 70. <br />
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, nonlinear waveshaping
network 50 is interposed between terminal 35 and the noninverting
input terminal of amplifier U2 of side pincushion control circuit 60.
Nonlinear network 50 modifies the waveshape of parabola voltage V1
at terminal 35 to generate a modified parabola voltage V2 at a
terminal 37, as illustrated by the solid-line waveform of voltage V2
in FIG. 5f. Shaped parabola voltage V2 is then applied to the
noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2 via AC coupling capacitor
C2 and potentiometer R <sub>a </sub>. The additional waveshaping
provided by nonlinear network 50 corrects the residual side
pincushion error that would otherwise exist when scanning a raster on
the phosphor screen of a square-planar picture tube. <br />
Nonlinear waveshaping network 50 comprises a constant current source
CS in series with a potentiometer R2 that is coupled to the wiper arm
of trapeze adjusting potentiometer R <sub>t </sub>. A diode D1,
functioning as a unidirectional switch, is coupled between the wiper
arm of potentiometer R2 and terminal 37, with the cathode of diode D1
being coupled to terminal 37. <br />
In operation, constant current source CS generates an almost ideal constant current i <sub>0 </sub>, illustrated in FIG. 5d, that does not significantly change in value throughout the entire vertical deflection interval t <sub>3 </sub> -t <sub>8 </sub>. Diode D1 is reverse biased by voltage V2 during the interval t <sub>b </sub> of FIG. 5. During this interval, all of current i <sub>0 </sub>
that flows into end terminal 38 of potentiometer R2 flows out of the
other end terminal 39, as illustrated in FIG. 5c by the current i <sub>3 </sub> during the interval t <sub>b </sub>. Current i <sub>3 </sub>
flows in that portion R2b of potentiometer R2 between intermediate
wiper arm terminal 41 and end terminal 39 coupled to the wiper arm of
potentiometer R <sub>t </sub>. The solid-line waveform of FIG. 5c also illustrates the voltage V3 developed by current i <sub>3 </sub> in resistance R2b. <br />
When diode D1 is nonconductive, during the interval t <sub>b </sub> of FIG. 5, constant current source CS advantageously establishes an adjustable DC bias voltage level V <sub>b </sub> at intermediate wiper arm terminal 41, as illustrated by the dotted-line waveform of FIG. 5c. Voltage V <sub>b </sub> equals the constant voltage level V <sub>0 </sub> that is established for voltage V3<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI_tGXiXF3IubtRMwK__l_GLbZxug6QQEmmOxjLfiB7s4mBK70sG79cSUQEJPppKZZY2FH2kFgt0l4lL0ySBlP9PGuDM69hRvrby7dNp1AYyBw6X6u4G0wkWLtr_qe-wYaOwxRd5qLgdg/s1600/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667781327830024306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI_tGXiXF3IubtRMwK__l_GLbZxug6QQEmmOxjLfiB7s4mBK70sG79cSUQEJPppKZZY2FH2kFgt0l4lL0ySBlP9PGuDM69hRvrby7dNp1AYyBw6X6u4G0wkWLtr_qe-wYaOwxRd5qLgdg/s320/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>
by constant current source CS, summed with the vertical sawtooth
voltage developed at the wiper arm of trapeze adjusting potentiometer R
<sub>t </sub>. Illustratively, voltage level V <sub>0 </sub> is shown in FIG. 5c at a level established by the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 when the wiper arm is in a centered position. <br />
When diode D1 is nonconductive, voltage V1 is divided by a voltage divider (R1, R <sub>a </sub>, R <sub>b </sub>, R <sub>g </sub>)
coupled between terminal 35 and the noninverting input terminal of
amplifier U2 for developing voltage V2 at terminal 37, which terminal
is an intermediate point of the voltage divider. As illustrated in
FIGS. 5b and 5f, voltages V1 and V2 exhibit substantially the same
waveshape during the interval t <sub>b </sub>. <br />
During the second half of vertical trace, after the center of trace instant t <sub>5 </sub>, voltages V1 and V2 decrease in amplitude. Near time t <sub>6 </sub>, voltage V1 has decreased to a threshold voltage level V' <sub>al </sub> and voltage V2 has decreased to a threshold voltage level V <sub>a1 </sub>. The decreased voltage V2 at terminal 37 near time t <sub>6 </sub> or time t <sub>1 </sub>, enables diode D1 of nonlinear waveshaping circuit 50 to begin conducting, thereby coupling together terminals 37 and 41. <br />
Diode D1 continues to conduct throughout the interval t <sub>a </sub> of FIG. 5. During this interval, voltages V1 and V2 are below the threshold levels V' <sub>a2 </sub> and V <sub>a2 </sub>, respectively. At the end of the interval t <sub>a </sub>, near time t <sub>9 </sub> or time t <sub>4 </sub>, voltages V1 and V2 have increased sufficiently to reestablish at terminal 41 the bias voltage level V <sub>b </sub> of FIG. 5c that forces diode D1 to become nonconductive. <br />
During the interval t <sub>a </sub>, when diode D1 is conductive, a portion of constant current i <sub>O </sub>
of FIG. 5d, that flows in the upper resistance portion R2a of
potentiometer R2, is shunted away from resistance R2b via the wiper arm
of potentiometer R2 and diode D1. The shunt current i <sub>c </sub> in diode D1 is illustrated in FIG. 5e during the interval t <sub>1 </sub> -t <sub>4 </sub> or t <sub>6 </sub> -t <sub>9 </sub>. Current i <sub>c </sub> substracts from constant current i <sub>0 </sub> when diode D1 is conductive to reduce the amplitude of current i <sub>3 </sub> in resistance R2b by the amount of current shunted. As illustrated in FIG. 5c, current i <sub>3 </sub>, during the interval t <sub>a </sub>, has the same waveshape as current i <sub>c </sub> of FIG. 5e, but inverted in phase. <br />
The waveshape of current i <sub>c </sub> is determined in accordance
with the waveshape of the parabolic component of voltage V1 that is
applied to the voltage divider (R1, R2b) formed whendiode D1 is
conductive. The amplitude of current i <sub>c </sub> is related to the difference in value between the bias voltage level V <sub>b </sub> and the parabolic voltage V1. <br />
Cor<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s1282/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWkOPCdusdMzR2QH2ExlEeMo13tNF3lKEyrYWW03qVO2-z684esnySeW5E2mT_o7VmaYmEAJ2kOIs6a25h6TuGixAro9jiXSmnUPEDi9VpuO1W-rQiplTJfDeZ7fDci0221zVfRGcpfzmOtilqnxtJnfk0cHe-z4oBiAwpxddvsrmcplRgtKlXXfnLd-nj/s320/IMGH_13513__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidi5be-MOZxZP5nNsdWaSfimAhLVoaf-c0ErEUEJydrmTfOrrmRO-AAePbL1ZCCMMoz4F0e_MKZcYG9Mioeho_mTS-bwfdb_E-xvhOgM4yUPEhSkvK8NDmjd-99guLR2Wri4hzpNNZiGtM/s1600/IMG_5784.jpg"></a>rection current i <sub>c </sub>, flowing into terminal 37, modifies the waveshape of voltage V2 during the interval t <sub>a </sub> to correct the residual side pincushion error that would otherwise exist in raster display R of FIG. 1. Correction current i <sub>c </sub>
flows mainly in resistor R1 to provide an additional voltage drop
between terminals 37 and 35 that produces a flatter slope to the sides
of parabola voltage V2 during the conduction interval t <sub>a </sub> of diode D1. <br />
The solid-line waveform of FIG. 5f during the interval t <sub>a </sub>
illustrates voltage V2 with diode D1 conducting. The dashed-line
waveform illustrates the waveshape that voltage V2 would have assumed
had diode D1 remained nonconductive during the interval t <sub>a </sub>.
Comparing the solid-line waveform with the dashed-line waveform in
FIG. 5f, one notes that the presence of nonlinear network 50
waveshapes parabola voltage V2 during the intervals t <sub>3 </sub> -t <sub>4 </sub> and t <sub>6 </sub> -t <sub>7 </sub>, when the top and bottom of the raster are being scanned. <br />
The flattening of parabola voltage V2 occurs when the raster lines
between lines L3 and L4 and between lines L6 and L7 of FIG. 1 are
being scanned. This flattening produces less modulation of the
amplitude of deflection current i <sub>H </sub> when scanning the top
and bottom raster lines. The result of the nonlinear waveshaping is
the straightening of the bent vertical line segments of raster display
R of FIG. 1 to correct the residual side pincushion error caused by
the increased curvature of the faceplate of a square-planar picture
tube in the top and bottom regions of the faceplate. <br />
FIG. 4 illustrates a more de<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67uWzzfund0kX6QeVga5mseL5LvUqz2BapGVw5giL81W5h0H7ZefZXVhlDSmLCBFtyc_CHBKxo-Yg_dCVjPuSEF81BUeM5cJNz4LxPugL0GDPAr0pRUTI_CWAUtFgJD9XRFYviPftHU4/s1600/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667781331521914162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67uWzzfund0kX6QeVga5mseL5LvUqz2BapGVw5giL81W5h0H7ZefZXVhlDSmLCBFtyc_CHBKxo-Yg_dCVjPuSEF81BUeM5cJNz4LxPugL0GDPAr0pRUTI_CWAUtFgJD9XRFYviPftHU4/s320/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>tailed
embodiment of a portion of the circuitry of FIG. 3 that includes
nonlinear network 50. Items in FIGS. 3 and 4 similarly identified
perform similar functions or represent similar quantities. <br />
Inverting driver stage U3 comprises a switching transistor Q2 driven
at its base by amplifier U2 and having its collector coupled to choke
inductor L <sub>m </sub> and its emitter coupled to ground. During
those intervals within each horizontal deflection cycle that
transistor Q2 is cutoff, modulator current i <sub>m </sub> flows to
the B+ supply via a flywheel diode D4. DC biasing for transistor Q2 is
established by voltage dividing resistors 42 and 43. To provide
stabilized operation of driver transistor Q2, negative feedback from
the collector of the transistor to the noninverting input terminal of
amplifier U2 is provided via a resistor 44. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s1282/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s320/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVrEFPEt3XK0ohh4nrpT9fIYGeLJTFvhTyMrb4uvGiIHxOxorVEcfasrvxq0WRnFajcI_qzOHxHNnJDWm2LfwzFn3TTlzMr4vf7t9IBN-9LzCEoK0O9fAPfkxrjn5wd8EoeHPxiqVS9FtWtguIYDA9otkmlICnMZM02hL3-lf-EQp5MHt1Ka7MbJYOduL/s1282/IMGH_13243__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><br />
Horizontal sawtooth generator 29 comprises an RC network including a
resistor 45 coupled to flyback transformer terminal A and a capacitor
46 coupled to the noninverting input terminal of amplifier U2. DC
biasing of the noninverting input terminal is provided by resistor R <sub>b </sub>. Horizontal retrace pulse voltage V <sub>RH </sub> is integrated by the RC network to develop the horizontal sawtooth voltage V <sub>sH </sub>
that produces the horizontal rate switching of transistor Q2. The
duty cycle of the horizontal rate switching is modulated by means of
the vertical rate modulation of the AC-zero level of voltage V <sub>sH </sub>. <br />
In FIG. 4, constant current source CS comprises a DC voltage source
of relatively large magnitude, such as the 140 volt, B+ voltage
source, coupled to a resistor R3 of relatively large value, such as
180 kilohm. The amplitude of constant current i <sub>0 </sub> is mainly determined by the value of the B+ voltage divided by the sum of the values of resistors R3 and R2. Current i <sub>0 </sub> establishes an adjustable bias voltage level V <sub>b </sub> at the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 that maintains diode D1 nonconductive during the interval t <sub>b </sub>
of FIG. 5 when parabola voltage V1 is sufficiently large in
amplitude to keep the diode reverse biased. During the remaining
interval t <sub>a </sub>, parabola voltage V1 is sufficiently small in amplitude to enable diode D1 to shunt some of current i <sub>0 </sub> away from resistance portion R2b of potentiometer R2 to provide the correction current i <sub>c </sub> that waveshapes parabola voltage V2. <br />
Advantageously, diode D1 is DC coupled to parabola voltage source 48
via resistor R1, with the cathode of diode D1 being coupled on the DC
side (with respect to parabola voltage V1) of coupling capacitor C2.
By means of the DC connection of diode D1 to parabola voltage source
48, the diode switching instants t <sub>4 </sub> and T <sub>6 </sub> may be adjusted by potentiometer R2 independently of the adjustment of east-west parabola amplitude potentiometer R <sub>a </sub>. When potentiometer R <sub>a </sub>
is adjusted for the desired parabola amplitude, the AC-zero level of
the parabola voltage applied to the noninverting input terminal of
amplifier U2 also varies. This variation of the AC-zero level has
little or no effect on the switching of diode D1. <br />
For example, assume amplitude potentiometer R <sub>a </sub> is
adjusted to provide the proper amount of side pincushion correction
when the central raster lines are being scanned between raster line L4
and raster line L6 of FIG. 1 during the interval t <sub>4 </sub> -t <sub>6 </sub> of FIG. 5. Potentiometer R2 may then be adjusted to establish a bias voltage level V <sub>b </sub> that enables diode D1 to switch conductive states near times t <sub>4 </sub> and t <sub>6 </sub>. The switching of diode D1 near times t <sub>4 </sub> and t <sub>6 </sub>
provides the required additional waveshaping of voltage V2 that
corrects the residual side pincushion error in the top and bottom
regions of raster display R. <br />
The instants when diode D1 switches conductive states are controlled by the DC bias level V <sub>b </sub> established by potentiometer R2 rather than by amplitude potentiometer R <sub>a </sub>. The adjustment of potentiometer R2 has no significant effect on the previous amplitude adjustment provided by potentiometer R <sub>a </sub>. <br />
When the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 is moved towards end terminal 39, the conduction interval t <sub>a </sub> of diode D1 decreases and the cutof interval t <sub>b </sub>
increases. The location of raster lines L4 and L6 where nonlinear
waveshaping begins moves away from center raster line L5 towards top
and bottom raster lines L3 and L7, respectively. The peak downward
excursion of voltage V2, that occurs near the beginning of retrace near
times t <sub>2 </sub> and t <sub>7 </sub>, also moves downward
toward the dashed-line level that represents the peak downward
excursion when diode D1 is cutoff for the entire vertical deflection
interval t <sub>2 </sub> -t <sub>7 </sub>. <br />
The amount of nonlinear waveshaping of parabola voltage V2 may be
defined as the voltage difference between the dashed and solid-line
waveforms V2 of FIG. 5f at times t <sub>3 </sub> and t <sub>7 </sub>,
the start and end of vertical trace, respectively. This voltage
difference relative to the dashed-line waveform V2 represents the
amount of correction resulting on the raster display of FIG. 1. <br />
When the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 is moved toward end terminal
38, the amount of nonlinear waveshaping increases until the
conduction interval t <sub>a </sub> of diode D1 equals the nonconduction interval t <sub>b </sub>.
As the wiper arm of potentiometer R2 is moved further toward end
terminal 38, the amount of waveshaping begins to decrease and reaches
zero when bias voltage level V <sub>b </sub> is set at a sufficiently high level to enable diode D1 to conduct for the entire vertical deflection interval. <br />
The<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67uWzzfund0kX6QeVga5mseL5LvUqz2BapGVw5giL81W5h0H7ZefZXVhlDSmLCBFtyc_CHBKxo-Yg_dCVjPuSEF81BUeM5cJNz4LxPugL0GDPAr0pRUTI_CWAUtFgJD9XRFYviPftHU4/s1600/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667781331521914162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi67uWzzfund0kX6QeVga5mseL5LvUqz2BapGVw5giL81W5h0H7ZefZXVhlDSmLCBFtyc_CHBKxo-Yg_dCVjPuSEF81BUeM5cJNz4LxPugL0GDPAr0pRUTI_CWAUtFgJD9XRFYviPftHU4/s320/THOMSON-NS-PLANAR-CORR-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a> amplitude of current i <sub>c </sub>
changes when potentiometer R2 is adjusted. However, the peak
amplitude that parabola voltage V2 attains remains substantially the
same at all levels of adjustment because correction current i <sub>c </sub>
of FIGS. 3 and 4 flows mainly in resistor R1 and does not add any
significant charge to AC coupling capacitor C2. No significant portion
of current i <sub>c </sub> flows in capacitor C2 because of the long time constant associated with capacitor C2 and resistors R <sub>a </sub>, R <sub>b </sub>, R <sub>g </sub>. Current i <sub>c </sub>
causes a very small increase of the average DC voltage at terminal
37, not illustrated in waveform FIG. 5. This increase amounts to
approximately 75 millivolt, which is 1/4 the voltage difference between
the dashed and solid-line waveforms of voltage V2 in FIG. 5f, at
times t <sub>3 </sub> and t <sub>7 </sub>. <br />
When diode D1 becomes conductive, parabola voltage source 48 becomes
DC coupled to current source CS. At the same time an additional load
impedance becomes coupled to current source CS derived from the
voltage divider (R1, R <sub>a </sub>, R <sub>b </sub>, R <sub>g </sub>).
Because of the DC connection provided by diode D1 between the wiper
arm of potentiometer R2 and parabola voltage source 48, the
additional voltage that is coupled in-circuit with current source CS
during the interval t <sub>a </sub> of FIG. 5 is relatively small. The additional voltage, ΔV3, equals the voltage difference between the constant voltage level V <sub>0 </sub> of FIG. 5c and the voltage V3 developed across resistance R2b. <br />
The peak-to-peak am<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>plitude
of voltage ΔV3 is relatively small, approximately one volt
peak-to-peak for the values given in FIG. 4. Because the peak-to-peak
amplitude ΔV3 is much smaller than the B+ voltage of constant
current source CS, the shunt current i <sub>c </sub> that source CS supplies when diode D1 is conductive is also small relative to current i <sub>0 </sub>
and has substantially no effect on the amplitude of the constant
current. For the values given in FIG. 4, the amplitude of current i <sub>0 </sub> changes less than one percent during the conduction interval t <sub>a </sub> shown in FIG. 5. <br />
End terminal 39 of potentiometer R2 may be advantageously coupled to trapeze adjusting potentiometer R <sub>t </sub>
rather than to ground. This connection enables nonlinear network 50
to provide a common-mode rejection of the sawtooth voltage component
of parabola voltage V1. Thus, diode D1 nonlinearly waveshapes only
the parabolic component of voltage V1 and not the sawtooth component.
The common-mode rejection of the waveshaping of the sawtooth
component of voltage V1 may be noted from the waveforms of FIGS. 5c
and 5e, which are symmetrical about the center of trace instant t <sub>5 </sub>. <br />
Nonlinear waveshaping network 50 advantageously produces gradual
changes in the slope of parabola voltage V2 at the switching instants
of diode D1 that smoothly straightens the bent segments of the
vertical lines of raster display R in FIG. 1, without introducing
wiggly line excursions of the vertical line pattern near raster lines
L4 and L6. <br />
Nonlinear network 50 operates as a current divider to divide current i <sub>0 </sub> into current i <sub>3 </sub> and current i <sub>c </sub>
during conduction of diode D1. Thus, the change in the forward
voltage drop of diode D1, produced by variations in ambient
temperature, has little influence on the waveshaping of the parabola
voltage. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><br />
<br /> <b>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) </b>
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Television receiver comprising a teletext videeotext decoding circuit
and a page number memory</b></span>:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0vfDNRhuz2o/TwIYeeHtVyI/AAAAAAAAIjM/uhhUDCuf2wc/s1600/PH-TTX-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139790710265634" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0vfDNRhuz2o/TwIYeeHtVyI/AAAAAAAAIjM/uhhUDCuf2wc/s320/PH-TTX-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>A
television receiver which is suitable for displaying teletext pages
comprises a control system including a microcomputer. The
microcomputer is coupled to a volatile memory which comprises a
plurality of page number registers. A page number can be temporarily
stored in each of these registers. With the aid of a keyboard the
user makes known which page numbers he wants to have stored in the
different registers and the stored page numbers represent a first
series of pages. One single read key (RCL) is provided for the
display of such a page. Each time this key is depressed once, a
different page belonging to the first series appears on the picture
screen. The sequence in which the pages appear is the same as the
sequence in which the user has keyed-in the relevant page numbers.
This sequence can be interrupted by the occurrence of a preselected
operating instruction in response to which a number of teletext pages
not associated with said first series can be displayed on the
picture screen. Thereafter, the display of the teletext pages of the
first series can be continued.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A television receiver comprising: <br />
a control system for generating in response to external manipulations
control instructions including teletext page numbers of teletext
pages to be displayed on said television receiver; <br />
a teletext-decoder circuit having a page number input for receiving
from said control system page numbers of teletext pages to be
displayed and having a picture output applying the picture signal of
the teletext page to be displayed; <br />
a picture screen coupled to display the picture signal from the
picture signal output of the teletext decoder circuit, said picture
screen displaying a teletext page which is identified by an
associated page number; <br />
page number storage means for storing a plurality of page number; and <br />
a programmable control circuit coupled to<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s1600/IMG_6077.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610349603637313378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s320/IMG_6077.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
the page number storage means and to the control system for
receiving the control instructions, and to said page number input of
the teletext decoder circuit to apply teletext page numbers thereto,
the control circuit being programmed for carrying out the steps of: <br />
storing in the page number storage means a first series of
preselected teletext page numbers selected by a user in the order in
which the corresponding teletext pages are desired for display; <br />
successively applying the teletext page numbers of said first series
to the teletext-decoder in response to successive occurrences of a
selected first control instruction for successively displaying the
teletext pages corresponding to the teletext page numbers
successively applied to the teletext-decoder; <br />
interrupting the successive application of teletext page numbers of
said first series to the teletext-decoder in response to the
occurrence of a selected further control instruction; <br />
storing intermediate teletext page numbers in the order in which the corresponding teletext pages are desired for display; <br />
successively applying the intermediate teletext page number to the
teletext-decoder in response to successive further occurrences of the
selected control instruction; and <br />
continuing the successive application of the remainder teletext page
numbers of said first series to the teletext decoder after all the
intermediate teletext page numbers have been applied thereto.<br />
2. A television receiver as claimed in claim 1, in which the storage
means comprises N registers, each register storing a teletext page
number, whereby registers storing teletext page numbers selected by
the user are defined to be occupied registers and whereby the
remaining registers are defined to be non-occupied registers, the
control circuit is further programmed for: <br />
making a register non-occupied in response to each occurrence of the selected first control instruction, <br />
generating a sequence of further page numbers S+1, S+2, S+3, . . . in
which S represents the last teletext page number of the first
sequence; and <br />
storing the teletext page numbers S+1, S+2, . . . S+(N-M) in the
respective non-occupied registers, where M is the actual number of
occupied register.<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <br />
(1) Field of the Invention <br />
The invention relates to a television receiver of a type comprising a
teletext decoding circuit and a storage means (page number memory)
in which the page numbers associated with a plurality of teletext
pages can be stored. <br />
(2) Description of the Prior Art <br />
Such a television receiver has several operating modes, more
specifically a program-mode and a teletext mode. In the program mode
the video signal transmitted by a transmitter is applied through a
video channel to a picture screen for displaying the television
program. In the teletext mode said video signal is applied through a
teletext decoder circuit to the picture screen for displaying the
teletext associated with the program. The television itself can be
partly or wholly suppressed. <br />
The operating mode is determined by the viewer, (user). To enable the
viewer to inform<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s1282/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s320/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> the receiver about his wishes, the receiver
includes a control system comprising external components which can be
manipulated by the viewer. More specifically, this control system
has a control panel with control keys, each having a specific control
function. This function is indicated by a sign applied on, over or
under the relevant control key. Thus, there are for example a volume
control key, a luminance key, a teletext key, a mixed-mode key, a
program key and a plurality fo figure keys etc. These last-mentioned
keys are characterized in that the associated signs are numerals. If
the receiver is in the program mode, the viewer can inform the
receiver with the aid of the figure keys which program or channel is
wanted. After the teletext or the mixed-mode key has been operated
the set is in the teletext mode with a partly or wholly suppressed
television program and the viewer keys-in the page number of the
desired teletext page, using the same above mentioned keys. <br />
Operation (or manupulating) of one or more of the keys on the control
panel generally results in the generation of a control instruction
by the control system. Such control instruction may include the page
numbers of a desired teletext page. All these instructions are
received by a control circuit which interprets these instructions and
gives instructions to the different circuits to be controlled,
including the teletext decoder circuit. More specifically, the
teletext decoder receives a page number in response to which the
required teletext page is captured, stored in a page memory and
thereafther displayed on the picture screen by a character generator.
<br />
As is known a teletext index page is first displayed on the picture
screen after a teletext key or the mixed-mode key has been operated.
By selecting a desired page from this index and keying-in the
associated page number with the aid of the numeric keys this teletext
page is captured by the teletext decoder circuit and displayed
thereafter. <br />
If thereafter the display is required of a page associated with a
different subject, the index page must usually again be consulted to
find the page number of the relevant page. It should be borne in mind
that each time the page number of a desired page is keyed-in it
takes a certain period of time before the relevant page is displayed
on the screen. It is therefore <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s1600/IMG_6077.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610349603637313378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s320/IMG_6077.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>justified
to state that such a television receiver is far from user-friendly.
To improve this, it is proposed on page 527 of reference 1 to provide
the receiver with a storage means which is coupled to the control
circuit and in which a plurality of page numbers can be stored. This
storage means will be referred to as the page number memory
hereinafter. <br />
By operating the control circuit, the user can store a first series
of page numbers in a sequence in which he wants them to be displayed,
in the page number memory. To enable the display in the desired
sequence of these preselected teletext pages, the control panel has a
key which will be called the read key hereinafter. Each time this
key is operated, the control circuit receives an accurately defined
operating instruction and a subsequent page number of the first
series is read from the page number memory and applied to the
teletext decoder circuit. In this way the teletext pages of the first
series are sequentially displayed on the picture screen. <br />
Thus, for this television receiver it is possible to select all those
pages from an index page the viewer is interested in. The page
corresponding numbers can be stored in the page number memory in the
sequence in which the display of these pages is desired. Thereafter,
they can be caused to appear in the desired sequence, one after the
other, by pushing the read key once for every page. <br />
It should be noted, that, after the read key has been operated, it
also takes a certain time before the new page appears on the picture
screen. However, by constructing the teletext decoder circuit in the
way described in reference 1 or 2, a new page can be displayed
immediately after pushing the read key. It is possible to couple to
the teletext decoder circuit detailed in said reference a page memory
having a capacity that no less than four pages can be stored therein
simultaneously. All this is then organised such that this page
memory contains the page actually displayed on the picture screen and
also the three pages of the first series. <br />
It should also be noted that the page number memory may be
constituted by a non-volatile memory, so that the same series of
teletext pages are permanently available. It is alternatively
possible to use a volatile memory for this purpose, optionally in
combination with a non-volatile page number memory. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <br />
The invention has for its object to further improve the convenience
of use of a television receiver of the type defined in the foregoing,
having a volatile page number memory. According to the invention,
the control circuit performs the following additional steps: <br />
interrupting the sequential display of the teletext pages of the
series for the benefit of the sequential display of a number of
further teletext pages which do not belong to the first series, whose
associated page numbers are generated by means of the control
system; and, <br />
continuing the display of the teletext pages of the first series in
response to a further operation of the read key, after all the
further teletext pages have been displayed on the screen. <br />
The properties of the television receiver thus obtained will no doubt
be appreciated when the following is considered. The contents of the
first series of pages whose page numbers are stored in the page
number memory are not known previously. When those pages are
displayed, it may happen that a given page is itself an index page
(denoted sub-index page in the sequel) or that it contains a
reference to pages in which additional information on the same
subject is contained. The viewer can now select from such sub-index
page a further series of pages, generate the associated page numbers
with the aid of the control system and insert the display of these
pages between the sub-index page and the subsequent page of the first
series. If the control circuit were not implemented in such a way
that the above-defined steps can be performed, then these further pages
could not be displayed until all the pages of this first series have
been displayed on the picture screen. <br />
REFE<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s1600/IMG_6077.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610349603637313378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s320/IMG_6077.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>RENCES <br />
1. Enhanced UK teletext moves towards still pictures; J. P.Chambers:
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. Ce-26, Aug. 1980, pages
527-532. <br />
2. Computer controlled teletext; J. R.Kinghorn; Electronic Components and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1984, pages 15-29. <br />
3. Bipolar IC's for video equipment; Philips Data Handbook Integrated Circuits Part 2, Jan. 1983. <br />
4. IC's for digital systems in radio, audio and video equipment;
Philips Data Handbook Integrated Circuits, Part 3, Sept. 1982. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES <br />
FIG. 1 shows the general structure of a television receiver comprising a teletext decoder circuit and <br />
FIGS. 2 to 10 shows diagrams to explain the operation of this television receiver. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS <br />
General Structures of the Television Receiver <br />
FIG. 1 sh<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0vfDNRhuz2o/TwIYeeHtVyI/AAAAAAAAIjM/uhhUDCuf2wc/s1600/PH-TTX-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139790710265634" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0vfDNRhuz2o/TwIYeeHtVyI/AAAAAAAAIjM/uhhUDCuf2wc/s320/PH-TTX-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ows
schematically the general structure of a colour television receiver.
It has an antenna input 1 connected to an antenna 2, which receives a
video signal modulated on a high-frequency carrier and processed in a
plurality of processing circuits. More specifically, the video
signal is applied to a tuning circuit 3 (tuner or channel selector)
This tuning circuit receives a band selection voltage V <sub>B </sub>
to enable tuning of the receiver to a frequency within one of the
frequency bands VHF1, VHF2, UHF etc. In addition, the tuning circuit
receives a tuning voltage V <sub>T </sub> for tuning the receiver to the desired frequency within the selected frequency band. <br />
This tuning circuit 3 produces an oscillator signal having frequency f <sub>OSC </sub>
and also an intermediate-frequency signal IF. The last-mentioned
signal is applied to an intermediate-frequency amplifying and
demodulating circuit 4 which produces a base band composite video
signal CVBS. For this circuit 4 reference could be made to Philips IC
TDA 2540, described in Reference 3. <br />
The signal CVBS thus obtained is further applied to a colour decoder
circuit 5, which produces the three primary colour signals R, G and
B, which are applied by an amplifier circuit 6 to a picture tube 7
for displaying television programs on the picture screen 8. In the
colour decoding circuit 5 colour saturation, contrast and luminance
are influenced by means of control signals. In addition, the colour
decoder circuit receives an additional set of primary colour signals
R', G' and B', and also a switching signal BLK (Blanking) with which
the primary colour signals R, G and B can be suppressed. For this
circuit 5 a Philips integrated circuit of the group TDA 356 X, which
is also described in Reference 3, can be used. <br />
The video signal CVBS is also applied to a teletext decoder circuit
9, which comprises a video input processor 9 (1) receiving the video
signal CVBS, separates the teletext data therefrom and applies the
latter through a data line TTD to a circuit 9 (2) which will be
called the computer controlled teletext decoder (abbreviated to
CCT-decoder). This CCT-decoder also receives a clock signal from the
video input processor 9 (1) through a clock line TTC. The decoder is
further coupled to a memory 9 (3) in which one or more teletext pages
can be stored and which is therefore called the page memory. This
CCT-decoder produces the three previously-mentioned primary signals
R', G', B' and also the switching signal BLK. The video input
processor 9 (1) may be constituted by the Philips IC SAA 5230, the
CCT-decoder 9 (2) by the Philips IC SAA 5240 and the page memory by a
1K8 to 8K8 RAM. For an detailed description of the structure and
operation of a teletext decoder circuit reference is made, for the
sake of brevity, to Reference 2. <br />
The CCT-decoder 9 (2) is further connected to a bus system 10, to
which also a control circuit 11, in the form of a microcomputer, an
interface circuit 12, a non-volatile storage means 13 and a volatile
storage means 14 are connected. The inter<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s1600/IMG_6077.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610349603637313378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s320/IMG_6077.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>face circuit 12 produces the band selection voltage V <sub>B </sub>, the tuning voltage V <sub>T </sub>
and also the control signals for controlling the analog functions
contrast, luminance, colour saturation. It receives an oscillator
signal having frequency f' <sub>OSC </sub> which by means of a
frequency divider 15 whose dividing factor is 256, is derived from the
oscillator signal having frequency f <sub>OSC </sub> supplied by the
tuning circuit 3. Tuning circuit 3, frequency divider 15 and
interface circuit 12 together form a frequency synthesizing circuit.
The Philips IC SAB 3035, which is known by the name CITAC (Computer
Interface for Tuning and Analog Control) and is described in
Reference 4 may be used as the interface circuit. <br />
The storage means is, for example, used to store the tuning data of a
plurality of preselected transmitters, or programs. If under the
control of the microcomputer 11 such a tuning datum is applied to the
interface circuit 12, then it produces a given band selection
voltage V <sub>B </sub> and given tuning voltage V <sub>T </sub>, in response to which the receiver is tuned to the desired transmitter. <br />
For the microcomputer the microcomputer of the Philips MAB 84XX
family can be used. Although it may be assumed that the structure of a
microcomputer is generally known, it should here be briefly remarked
that it comprises a program memory (usually a ROM) in which the
manufacturer stores a plurality of control programs, and also a working
memory. <br />
The volatile storage means 14 is used as a page number memory. It
comprises a number of N page number-registers having the register
numbers R(1), R(2), . . . R(p), . . . R(N), respectively, wherein
N=10. This volatile storage means 14 which is shown in the drawing as
a separate memory, is preferably constituted by a portion of the
working memory of the microcomputer 11. <br />
To operate this television receiver a control system is provided
which in the embodiment shown is in the form of a remote control
system and is constituted by a hand set 16 and a local receiver 17.
This receiver 17 has an output which is connected to an input
(usually the "interrupt"-input) of the microcomputer. The receiver
may be the Philips IC TDB 2033 described in Reference 4 and then has
for its object to receive infrared signals transmitted by the hand
set 16. <br />
The handset 16 comprises a control panel 16 (1) which, in addition to
a number of numeric keys indicated by the numerals 0 to 9, has the
following keys; a saturation key SAT, a brightness key BRI, a volume
control key VOL, a teletext key TXT, a mixed-mode key MIX, a program
key PR, a storage key ENT and a read <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s1282/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUryeH3Pcp9k4LS4WpgMHqFBFTAz6CeMHwvfGPdYOUpIqcpw_g6SyevA4NvttoOgjz9IhWhu5dthcfzHENTLB4y6ue9HnV4Q_6B137SI29MLi4S3vuShnmvV_zaXy7wQ-ASxdZALLogtTrv5SZxMGldqEYMpxzLiQO9bhMHp6rdPLSRJtKNm6ejKAfRvrH/s320/IMGH_13501__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>key RCL. The keys of this
control panel are coupled to a transmitter circuit 16 (2) for which
the Philips IC SAA 3004 which is described in detail in Reference 4,
may, for example, be used. If a key is depressed, then the
transmitter circuit 16 (2) generates a code which is specific for
that key and which transmitted on a infrared carrier to the local
receiver 17, is demodulated there and thereafter applied to the
microcomputer 11. Thus, the microcomputer receives control
instructions and through the bus system 10 energizes one of the
circuits coupled thereto. It should be noted that a control
instruction may be single, that is to say that it is complete after
only one single key has been operated. It may alternatively be a
multiple instruction, that is to say that it is not complete until two
or more keys have been operated. This situation occurs, for example,
when the receiver is in the teletext mode. In that case operating
the numeric keys does not produce a complete operating instruction
until, for example, three numeric keys have been depressed. Such an
operating instruction, consisting of for example three figures is
called a page number. <br />
Operation of the Television Receiver <br />
The operation of the television receiver shown in FIG. 1 is wholly
determined by the various control programs stored in the internal
program memory of the microcomputer. A control program which is always
stored in such a receiver, is the switch-on program SWON which is
symbolically shown in FIG. 2. Although this program is generally known,
it should be noted for the sake of completeness that this program
immediately applies a predetermined tuning datum present in the strorage
means 13 to the circuit 12 after the receiver has been switched on,
in response to which the receiver is tuned to the relevant
transmitter. This may either be a predetermined transmitter, or it may
be the transmitter the receiver was tuned to at the moment it was
switched off. <br />
After the switc<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh84fP-AZUBbLkXsafu41KvkQeNbHnNx4IZI2P378MHCGLxIBW31CcYRgzR_NU3IYc9Nold0uWzm3JKRp2vVUZJ87oqeW6nsYOkBnF7obcYBJ0n-arwatzsXlGUiQnod28_IBPy0ytO5SaH/s1600/PH-TTX-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139789620178626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh84fP-AZUBbLkXsafu41KvkQeNbHnNx4IZI2P378MHCGLxIBW31CcYRgzR_NU3IYc9Nold0uWzm3JKRp2vVUZJ87oqeW6nsYOkBnF7obcYBJ0n-arwatzsXlGUiQnod28_IBPy0ytO5SaH/s320/PH-TTX-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>h-on
program has been performed, the initiation program INT which is
symbolically indicated in FIG. 3 is started. During this program the
content of the first page number-register R (1) is made equal to a
fixed page number; for example 100 (one hundred). This page number 100
is also applied to the CCT-decoder 9 (2) which decodes this page,
stores it in the page memory 9 and displays it on the picture screen 8
after the teletext key TXT or the mixed-mode key MIX has been
operated. To determine whether a key has been depressed, the so-called
background program BGR, which is shown symbolically in FIG. 4 is
started. <br />
After the teletext key or the mixed-mode key has been operated a
teletext program is started which is given the reference numeral 50
in FIG. 5. This program includes a step 51 in which the value 2 is
assigned to a vector p. Thereafter, in a step 52 it is checked
whether a page number is received. If so, then a storage program 53
is passed through or, if negative, a read program 54. After such a
program has ended, it is checked in step 53 whether a new page number
is received. <br />
The storage program 53 includes a step 531 in which the page number
received is stored in the register R(p). Thereafter, in a step 532 it
is checked whether the storage key (enter key) ENT has been
operated. If not, then this storage program has ended and the content
of the register R(p) can be overwritten by a different page number.
If the enter key has been operated, the vector p is first incremented
by one in a step 533. Acting thus, the registers R(1) to R(N) can be
loaded with page numbers of a first series of teletext pages. These
pages can now be sequentially displayed on the picture screen by
means of the read program and by operating the read key RCL. More
specifically, the read program 54 has a step 541 in which it is
checked whether the read key has been operated. If no, the read
program has ended, if yes the contents of the registers are shifted
in a step 542 to registers of the next lower number, that is to say
the content of register R(2) is shifted to R(1), the content of
register R(3) is shifted to R(2) etc. Thereafter the vector p is
decremented by one unit in a step 543. So now vector p indicates the
empty register having the lowest number. If now a new page number were
received and the storage key ENT were depressed, then this new page
number would be stored in the register R(p-1). Before the associated
teletext page can be displayed, the read key RCL must then first be
depressed p-2 times. Presto<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cQdx97YNP0E/TwIYVYS9gfI/AAAAAAAAIi0/_g04O_LLUek/s1600/PH-TTX-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139634528027122" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cQdx97YNP0E/TwIYVYS9gfI/AAAAAAAAIi0/_g04O_LLUek/s320/PH-TTX-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ring
the page numbers of the desired teletext pages and the fact that
only one key (namely the read key) must be operated to effect the
display of these pages, makes this television receiver very
user-friendly. However, the fact that a new page number cannot result
in the immediate display of the associated page when not all the
page number registers are empty (so that the vector p=1) is
experienced as annoying. To increase the convenience and ease of use
of this television receiver the storage program is provided, as is
shown in FIG. 6, with an auxiliary read program 534 consisting of one
step 5341 in which it is checked if after reception of a page number
the read key RCL has been operated without the storage key ENT
having been depressed. If this is indeed the case, then in a step 5342
the content of register R(p) is transferred to register R(1) and
thus the relevant page is pulled-in and displayed as soon as the
opportunity arises. <br />
With the program shown in FIG. 6 a subsequent, new page number can be
applied after the preceding new page number has been transferred
from register R(p) to register R(1). A storage and read program with
which the successive display of the teletext pages of the first
series can be interrupted to enable the storage of a second series of
pages in a sequence the user wants them to be displayed and the
sequential display of the pages of this second series in response to
the pushing of the read key RCL, followed by the display of the
original (first) series of pages, is<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eMEY4grDrgY/TwIYVTcGN9I/AAAAAAAAIik/ntYABrKxaAI/s1600/PH-TTX-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139633224169426" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eMEY4grDrgY/TwIYVTcGN9I/AAAAAAAAIik/ntYABrKxaAI/s320/PH-TTX-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>
illustrated in FIG. 7. This program differs from the program shown
in FIG. 5 in that now the read program 54, has, instead of the
program step 543 a program step 543' in which the vector p is made
equal to two after each operation of the read key RCL and the
register contents have been shifted one register in step 542, this
vector becomes equal to two. <br />
The storage program 53 further comprises a step 535 in which the
contents of the register R(p) to R(N-1) are shifted to registers of a
next higher number. <br />
If, after the read key RCL has been depressed and the read program
has been performed a new page number is applied to the microcomputer,
then in step 535 the content of the second register R(2) is shifted
to the third register R(3), the content of the third register R(3) is
shifted to the fourth register R(4) etc. Thereafter the new page
number is stored in the second register R(2) in step 531. If
thereafter the storage key ENT is operated, then the vector becomes
equal to 3. A new page number is then stored in the third register
R(3), whilst the original content of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth
etc. registers are shifted to the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh etc.
registers, respectively. So acting thus a second series of Q-1 page
numbers can be stored in the registers R(2) to R(Q) each time the
read key RCL is operated, the page numbers originally contained in
these registers being shifted to registers of Q-1 higher num<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s1600/IMG_6077.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610349603637313378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoqFu8q9dtr5IM9zHgCH9HEylSUo2FiGeen_39-3W9lwKyope29jNAdLCpKHvOvMz_BpQP7GSV9FSCFs8gv_0b9a24gn6KyD094JwyG5CynkQpMOtx3EGpnXwdvn9QoJb5stgOj2WM-c1S/s320/IMG_6077.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>bers.
When the read key is now operated, these Q-1 page numbers of the
second series are first applied to the teletext decoding circuit and
only thereafter the display of the original (first) series is
continued. <br />
The program shown in FIG. 6, which provides the possibility of
storing a new page number directly in the first register, and thus to
display the associated page on the display screen at the first
opportunity can advantageously be combined with the program shown in
FIG. 7. For the sake of completeness, FIG. 8 shows a program
comprising both the program steps shown in FIG. 6 and those shown in
FIG. 7. To have this program proceed adequately, the steps 5343, 5344
are additionally present which, in view of the foregoing need no
further explanation. <br />
The tel<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRn5FSijMu-M_2ayFxqa1UA0aVqRU_Oh61GXrUtym0SsKcRyQCIi45iIwcosNN_ULe7wHjq24I60v65RC4xbMTRvQqC_56BusQ-QBagQlhQH5HUoGbqq_C95chcEei-lxI_faTE59zF-Fk/s1600/PH-TTX-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139627265159154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRn5FSijMu-M_2ayFxqa1UA0aVqRU_Oh61GXrUtym0SsKcRyQCIi45iIwcosNN_ULe7wHjq24I60v65RC4xbMTRvQqC_56BusQ-QBagQlhQH5HUoGbqq_C95chcEei-lxI_faTE59zF-Fk/s320/PH-TTX-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>etext
programs shown in FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and 8 are structured such that
storing a series of new page numbers requires the operation of the
storage key ENT after a new page number has been applied. It is
however, alternatively possible to structure the teletext program such
that the storage key must be operated before a new page number is
applied. Such a teletext program is shown for the sake of completeness
in FIG. 9. It comprises a step 51' in which the vector p is given
the value one. To enable, a decision which the program shown in FIG.
6, also now the immediate storage of any random page number in the
register R (1), this program has a step 60 in which it is checked
whether a page number is applied. If yes, this page number is
immediately stored in the first register R(1) in step 61, whereafter
early display of the relevant page can follow. If no page number is
coming forward, then it is checked in step 62 whether the storage key
ENT has been operated. If not, the read program 54 is effected or else
the storage program 63. <br />
The read program again includes the steps 541 and 542. It now also
has a step 543" in which the vector p is again made equal to one. The
storage program 63 has a step 631 in which the actual value of the
vector is incremented by one. Thereafter, in a step 632, the arrival
of a new page number is awaited, whereafter in step 633 the contents
of the registers R(p) to R(N-1), respectively are shifted to the
registers R(p+1) to R(N). Finally, in step 634 the latest page number
is stored in the register R(p). <br />
The teletext programs mentioned in the following have the property
that those page number registers R(.) in which no page numbers
selected by the user are stored remain empty. This implies that when
the user repeatedly depresses the read key he may be confronted by
the situation that all registers are empty. To prevent this situation
from occurring, these registers may be filled automatically with
page numbers for which there are two adequate possibilities. Firstly,
they might be the page numbers of preferred pages which had
previously been stored already by the user in a non-volatile memory,
for example, the memory 13 in FIG. 1. Secondly, they might be the
page numbers S+1, S+2, . . . etc., S being the last page number of
the first series. To accomplish that the page number registers are
filled thus with page numbers, the telete<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-46sRHC6b_iQ/TwIYUqGSiEI/AAAAAAAAIiM/opg83J8jqFY/s1600/PH-TTX-6.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139622126848066" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-46sRHC6b_iQ/TwIYUqGSiEI/AAAAAAAAIiM/opg83J8jqFY/s320/PH-TTX-6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>xt
program might be of a structure as shown in FIG. 10. This program
corresponds to a considerable extent to the program shown in FIG. 8,
but differs therefrom in several respects. Step 52 is followed by a
step 70 in which a page number and also a user flag flg.(-) are stored
in the registers R(2) to R(N) (see FIG. 1). More specifically, the
page number in the register R(i) then becomes one higher than the page
number in the preceding register R(i-1), so that at the end of this
step 70 the page number registers R(1) to R(n) contain the respective
page numbers 100, 101, 102, 103, . . . 100+(N-1). The associated
user flags are all zero. <br />
If at a given value of the vector p a new pagenumber, for example S,
is applied, then in step 71 it is first checked whether the user flag
(flg(p) in the register R(p) is equal to one. If not this implies
that the register R(p) is not filled with a page number explicitly
stipulated by the user. In step 721 this newly applied page number S
is then stored in this register R(p). At the same time the associated
user flag flg (p) becomes 1 to indicate that this page number has
been selected by the user. Thereafter a step 722 is performed which
corresponds to step 70. More specifically, the page number S+1 is then
stored in the register R(p+1), the page number S+2 in the register
R(p+2) whilst the associated user flags flg(p+11), flg(p+2), <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QFOb38gA9DI/TwIYUdMbm5I/AAAAAAAAIiA/EsmV2oOeYtQ/s1600/PH-TTX-7.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693139618662947730" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QFOb38gA9DI/TwIYUdMbm5I/AAAAAAAAIiA/EsmV2oOeYtQ/s320/PH-TTX-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>etc. all become equal to zero, signifying that these page numbers were not explicitly stated by the user. <br />
If upon performing of step 71 it appears that the user flag flg(p) in
the register R(p) is indeed equal to one, then in step 535 the
contents of the registers R(p) to R(N-1) are shifted to the respective
register R(p+1) to R(N), so that in step 531' the latest page number
can be stored in the register R(p), the associated user flag flg(p)
then simultaneously becoming equal to one. <br />
This teletext program further differs from the program shown in FIG. 8
in that the auxiliary read program 534 has a further step 5345 and
the read program 54 has a further step 544 identical thereto. In
these steps, each time after the last page number register R(n) has
become empty because of the shift operation effected in the preceding
step, a page number which is one higher than the page number stored
in the last-but-one register R(N-1) is stored in this register R(N).
At the same time the associated user flag flg (N) becomes equal to
zero. <br />
It should be noted that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the control
circuit is predominantly constituted by the microcomputer 11. In
practice it has however been found advantageous to arrange between the
microcomputer 11 and the CCT-decoder 9(2) a second micro computer
which only controls this CCT-decoder 9(2) and for that purpose
comprises one of the teletext programs described in the foregoing.<p> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>THOMSON ICC5 Color television standard identification circuit:<br />
<br />
</b></span>A PAL-NTSC color television standard identification circuit,
comprising a first demodulation circuit (7) for a reference component
and a second demodulation circuit (11) for a possible color
identification component of a color synchronizing signal, can perform a
reliable identification by means of a digital decoding circuit (81)
for the output signals of the demodulation circuits if the second
demodulation circuit (11) is adapted (41, 45, 49) to demodulate along
an axis slightly differing from<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s1600/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5685329885697894306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s320/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a> the axis of the color identification component (FIG. 1). <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A color television standard identification circuit for
distinguishing at least a PAL and an NTSC color television signal, said
identification circuit comprising a first demodulation circuit for
demodulating a reference component (R) of a color synchronizing signal
occurring in both PAL and NTSC, a second demodulation circuit for
demodulating a color identification
component of the color synchronizing signal occurring only in PAL,
and a decoding circuit having an input coupled to respective outputs
of said first and second demodulation circuits for determining whether
the color synchronizing signal is a PAL or an NTSC color
synchronizing signal, wherein said identification circuit further
comprises a sign determination circuit coupled between the outputs of
said first and second demodulation circuits and the input of said
decoding circuit, said sign determination circuit comprising a
comparison circuit having a comparison level, at which the level of an
output signal of said comparison circuit changes, which is
substantially equal to a reference level of said first and second
demodulation circuits, and<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hNMbOPc6oZ7ejdzV2e02AcG_V2IsqvhZuIAv7mhi85RgYW13yhob_mjJrNyhkGB9FVDKskhI8wDxGacDGAmyAS0W-5yRnPe-zOjfxBf2QG77qSfcvWUHd6w05BKkFReLWiYfTHUsIDKJgQwdz_BDG5WlJWwKYKie_K-Bu6JxGOqa6T52tQE2SCWo72sx/s1282/IMGH_13508__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_hNMbOPc6oZ7ejdzV2e02AcG_V2IsqvhZuIAv7mhi85RgYW13yhob_mjJrNyhkGB9FVDKskhI8wDxGacDGAmyAS0W-5yRnPe-zOjfxBf2QG77qSfcvWUHd6w05BKkFReLWiYfTHUsIDKJgQwdz_BDG5WlJWwKYKie_K-Bu6JxGOqa6T52tQE2SCWo72sx/s320/IMGH_13508__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>
a sampling circuit having a input coupled to an output of said
comparison circuit, an input of said sign determination circuit being
coupled to an input of said comparison circuit and an output of said
sign determination circuit being coupled to an output of said sampling
circuit, wherein said second demodulation circuit is arranged to
demodulate the color synchronizing signal at an axis slightly
differing from the axis of the color identification component, whereby
said sign determination circuit may accurately determine the correct
sign of the output signal from said second demodulation circuit during
demodulation of an NTSC color synchronizing signal by said second
demodulation circuit. . 2. A
color television standard identification circuit as claimed in claim
1, wherein said first demodulation circuit comprises a first
synchronous demodulator having an input and an output coupled,
respectively, to an input and the output of said first demodulation
circuit; and said second demodulation circuit comprises a second
synchronous demodulator having an input coupled to an input of said
second demodulation circuit, and an adder circuit having a first input
coupled to the output of said first synchronous demodulator and a
second input coupled to an output of said second synchronous
demodulator, an output of said adder circuit being coupled to the
output of said second demodulation circuit, and wherein said
identification circuit further comprises an oscillator for supplying
reference signals to reference signal inputs of said first and second
synchronous demodulators, said oscillator having a control input
coupled to the output of said second synchronous demodulator thereby
forming a phase-locked loop for controlling the phase of said
oscillator. 3. A color television
standard identification circuit as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein a
change-over switch is coupled between the input of said sign
determination circuit and the outputs of said first and second
demodulation circuits, respectively, said change-over switch having a
switching signal input coupled to an output of said decoding circuit.
<br />
</p><div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
The invention relates to a color television stand<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s1282/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s320/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ard
identification circuit for distinguishing at least a PAL and an NTSC
color television signal, said circuit comprising a first demodulation
circuit for demodulating a reference component of a color
synchronizing signal occurring in both PAL and NTSC and a second
demodulation circuit for demodulating a color identification component
of the color synchronizing signal occurring only in PAL, and a
decoding circuit for determining by means of output signals of the
first and the second demodulation circuit whether the color
synchronizing signal is a PAL or an NTSC color synchronizing signal. <br />
A color television standard identification circuit of the type
described above is known from IEEE Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, Vol. CE 31, No. 3, August 1985, pp. 147-155. The greater
part of this circuit is incorporated in an integrated circuit to which
two capacitors performing a memory function in the decoding circuit
must be connected. <br />
It is an object of the invention to obviate as much as possible the use of capacitors to be connected externally. <br />
According to the invention, a color television standard identification
circuit of the type described in the opening paragraph is therefore
characterized in that a sign determination circuit is arranged between
an output of the demodulation circuits and an input of the decoding
circuit, said sign determination circuit comprising a comparison
circuit whose sign reversal level is substantially equal to the rest
level of the demodulation circuits and further comprising a sampling
circuit, the second demodulation circuit being adapted to demodulate
the color synchronizing signal at an axis slightly differing from the
axis of the color identification component in such a way that the sign
determination circuit cannot determine an incorrect sign during
demodulation of an NTSC color synchronizing signal. <br />
It is to be noted that the use of a sign determination circuit with a
comparison circuit and a sampling circuit for obtaining a decoding
circuit no longer requiring capacitors is known from French Patent
Application FR-A 2,575,353 for identifying a color difference signal
associated with a given line period in a SECAM receiver. <br />
It has been found that it is insufficient to incorporate a sign
determination circuit, for example, after the demodulation circuits of
a color television standard identification circuit. <br />
To obtain a reliable standard identification, it is necessary that the
second demodulation circuit supplies a signal from which the sign
determination circuit can obtain such a signal that the decoding
circuit can make a distinction between noise and the presence of an
NTSC color synchronizing signal. <br />
If
the second demodulation circuit had a demodulation axis which would
completely coincide with the phase of the PAL color identification
component, it would supply an output signal which would be equal to the
rest level of the second demodulation circuit in the case of
demodulation of an NTSC color synchronizing signal. With a slight
internal shift of its comparison level, its own noise could then cause
the sign determination circuit to supply a signal which would not
correspond to the sign desired for the rest level of the second
demodulation circuit. This is prevented by slightly modifying the
demodulation axis of the second demodulation circuit. <br />
The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing in which <br />
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a color television standard identification circuit according to the invention, <br />
FIG. 2 is a phasor diagram of the demodulation of the components of a
PAL color synchronizing signal by means of a circuit according to FIG.
1, and <br />
FIG. 3 is a phasor diagram of the demodulation of the components of an
NTSC color synchronizing signal by means of a circuit according to
FIG. 1. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s1600/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5685329885697894306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s320/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>In
FIG. 1 a chrominance signal is applied to an input 1, from which
signal a gating circuit 3 selects the color synchronizing signal and
passes it on to an input 5 of a first demodulation circuit 7 and to an
input 9 of a second demodulation circuit 11. <br />
The first demodulation circuit 7 is a first synchronous demodulator
which receives a reference signal at a reference signal input 13 from
an output 15 of a 90° phase-shifting network 17, which reference
signal has a phase which is 90° shifted with respect to the phase of a
reference signal occurring at an input 19 thereof and originating
from an output 21 of an oscillator 23. <br />
The input 9 of the second demodulation circuit 11 is also an input of a
second synchronous demodulator 25, a reference signal input 27 of
which is connected to the output 21 of the oscillator 23 and an output
29 of which applies, via a low-pass filter 31, a control signal to a
control signal input 33 of the oscillator 23. <br />
The oscillator 23, the second synchronous demodulator 25 and the
low-pass filter 31 constitute a phase-locked loop controlling the
phase of the reference signal at the reference signal input 27 of the
second synchronous demodulator 25 in such a way that it differs ninety
degrees from that of the reference component of the color
synchronizing signal. As a result, the demodulated color
identification component of the color synchronizing signal occurs at
the output 29 of the second synchronous demodulator 25 in the case of
synchronous demodulation of a PAL color synchronizing signal, whilst
the phase-locked loop will control said output 29 substantially at its
rest level in the case of synchronous demodulation of an NTSC color
synchronizing signal. <br />
The demodulation axis of the second synchronous demodulator 25 is the
ninety-degree axis in FIGS. 2 and 3, and the demodulation axis of the
first synchronous demodulator 7 is the zero axis. The reference
component of the color synchronizing signal is denoted by R in the two
Figures and has a phase of one hundred and eighty degrees. The PAL
color synchronizing signal is denoted by B and B' in FIG. 2, dependent
on the line period in which it occurs. <br />
In FIG. 1 an output 35 of the first synchronous demodulator 7 applies
the demodulated reference component R of the color synchronizing
signal, which has a negative polarity, to an input 37 of a change-over
switch 39 and via an attenuator 41 to an input 43 of an adder circuit
45, an output 47 of which is also the output of the second
demodulation circuit 11. <br />
The ou<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s1026/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s320/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>tput
29 of the second synchronous demodulator 25 applies the demodulated
color identification component via a further attenuator 49 to a
further input 51 of the adder circuit 45. The output 47 of the second
demodulation circuit 11 now applies a demodulated color synchronizing
signal to a further input 53 of the change-over switch 39, which
signal is demodulated in accordance with an axis which is denoted by D
in FIGS. 2 and 3 and which differs slightly from the ninety-degree
axis. This difference is determined by the ratio of the attenuations
of the attenuators 41 and 49. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s1600/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5685329885697894306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s320/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS.
2 and 3 show that in the case of PAL a slightly asymmetrical
demodulation of the color identification component is effected with an
amplitude A in the one line period and an amplitude A' in the next
period, whilst in the case of NTSC a small negative amplitude C is
demodulated by the second demodulation circuit 11. <br />
In FIG. 1 an output 55 of the change-over switch 39 is connected to an
input 57 of a sign determination circuit 59 via a low-pass filter 56
having an integration time of approximately half a microsecond. The
input 57 is also an input of a comparison circuit 61, a reference
level input 63 of which receives the rest level of the first and the
second demodulation circuits 7, 11, which is symbolically indicated by
a connection between this input 63 and a rest level output 65, 67 of
the first and the second synchronous demodulator 7, 25, respectively.
<br />
An output 69 of the comparison circuit 61 is connected to a D input 71
of a D flip-flop 73 operating as a sampling circuit, a clock signal
input 75 of which receives a pulse each time at the end of the
occurrence of a color synchronizing signal. As a result, a logic value
of one is obtained at an output 77 of the D flip-flop 73, which
output is also the output of the sign determination circuit 59, if the
signal at the input 57 of the sign determination circuit 59 was
positive with respect to the reference level at the reference level
input 63 of the comparison circuit 61, and a logic value of zero if
the signal at the input 57 was negative with respect to this reference
level. <br />
The output 77 of the sign determination circuit 59 applies this logic
one or logic zero signal to an input 79 of a decoding circuit 81 which
supplies at an output 83 a switching signal of half the line
frequency and the correct phase for switching the demodulation axis of
a (R-Y) demodulator when a PAL signal is received, at an output
combination 85 a signal combination which can bring a color television
receiver comprising the color identification circuit to a PAL or NTSC
receiving state, and at an output 87 a switching signal which can
cause the change-over switch 39 to successively take up its two
positions in a given receiving state of the receiver and which to this
end is applied to a switching signal input 89 of the change-over
switch 39. <br />
The decoding circuit 81 compares the pattern of logic levels at its
input 79 with a pattern to be expected in a given receiving state and a
given state of the change-over switch 39, and with reference to the
number of differences per period of time, for example, per field
period it determines whether the receiving state of the receiver is
the desired state, or whether no color information is received. This
is effected by means of a counter which may be in the form of, for
example a pseudo-random counter in order to obtain a small number of
components. <br />
The demodulation axis D, which is different from ninety degrees, of
the second demodulation circuit 11 can now give a clear distinction
between the pattern of logic levels occurring at the output 77 of the
sign determination circuit due to a noise signal or due to an NTSC
color synchronizing signal which occurs at the input 9 of the second
demodulation circuit 11 when the change-over switch 39 is in the state
not shown. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s1600/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5685329885697894306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu_1exNSX__mDHyTD1v82ckqPCRencW7mSL3RH0BTn7SXgAuL9GMUUlE-2iOBiXadEgx8W2OYWRFx2JF859fR0zTY5MHVqDC-n-cHUpx5EOTR-Sb0gAFFrFIzk9wkur7opq1X4zJLsbxUq/s320/PHILIPS-PAL_NTSC-IDENT-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>In
the presence of an NTSC color synchronizing signal the negative
amplitude C of the demodulated color synchronizing signal will cause
the input 57 to be negative during the occurrence of the signal with
respect to the rest level at the rest level input 63 so that the output
77 of the sign determination circuit always remains logic zero. In
the presence of a noise signal, thus in the absence of a color
synchronizing signal, the output 77 will, at an average, assume a logic
zero level approximately as frequently as a logic one level. <br />
If the demodulation axis of the second demodulation circuit 11 had
been at ninety degrees, no distinction could be made because the own
noise of the comparison circuit 61 could then cause the same logic
signal pattern at the input 79 of the decoding circuit 81 in the
presence of a noise signal as well as in the presence of an NTSC color
synchronizing signal at the input 9 of the second demodulation
circuit 11. <br />
As can be seen in FIG. 2, a small difference from ninety degrees will
cause a small asymmetry in a demodulated color identification
component, which does not, however, introduce any change in the logic
signal pattern at the input 79 of the decoding circuit 81. <br />
If desired, the circuit may be extended by a section for
identification of a SECAM color television signal, for example, by
applying a frequency-demodulated SECAM color synchronizing signal to a
third input of the change-over switch 39. <br />
Capacitors are no longer required for the identification function,
because this identification is now carried out in a digital signal
processing section. <br />
Instead of combining the output signals of the first and the second
synchronous demodulator by means of the adder circuit 45, a third
synchronous demodulator whose reference signal would have the desired
phase D could be used in the second demodulation circuit 11. <br />
The first and the second synchronous demodulators 7, 25 may also be
used as color difference signal demodulators if the gating circuit 3
is omitted and if the demodulated color synchronizing signals are
obtained from the output signals of the synchronous demodulators by
means of gating circuits. <br />
If desired, a sign determination circuit may be incorporated after
each demodulation circuit and the change-over switch 39 may be omitted
if the decoding circuit 81 is adapted to simultaneously process the
output signals of the sign determination circuits. <br />
Instead of using attenuators 41 and 49, the demodulators 7 and 25 may
be formed in such a manner, for example, by choosing a certain ratio
of currents supplied by current sources of multipliers in the form of
synchronous demodulators, that the adder circuit 45 receives the
correct amplitude ratio in the non-shown state of the change-over
switch 39. </div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA4556 Multistandard decoder</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s320/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA4555 and TDA4556 are monolithic integrated<br />
multistandard colour decoders for the PAL, SECAM,<br />
NTSC 3,58 MHz and NTSC 4,43 MHz standards. The<br />
difference between the TDA4555 and TDA4556 is the<br />
polarity of the colour difference output signals (B-Y)<br />
and (R-Y).<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbnCSpVmJjQp8dD8DepfoVJMOPL-HyOXi4Tu89r-FUi31M2b3yURvKL_pfLEQ75o7zcuDS-j_iOETnr_fmYyKeoVH-p7ZfSRlpHzsvqmWJY5gAUozD-pn-m7TJ_h3JUT03cPXye6vM9Eo/s1600/tda4556.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579956486603743266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbnCSpVmJjQp8dD8DepfoVJMOPL-HyOXi4Tu89r-FUi31M2b3yURvKL_pfLEQ75o7zcuDS-j_iOETnr_fmYyKeoVH-p7ZfSRlpHzsvqmWJY5gAUozD-pn-m7TJ_h3JUT03cPXye6vM9Eo/s320/tda4556.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 197px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
Features<br />
Chrominance part<br />
· Gain controlled chrominance amplifier for PAL, SECAM<br />
and NTSC<br />
· ACC rectifier circuits (PAL/NTSC, SECAM)<br />
· Burst blanking (PAL) in front of 64 ms glass delay line<br />
· Chrominance output stage for driving the 64 ms glass<br />
delay line (PAL, SECAM)<br />
· Limiter stages for direct and delayed SECAM signal<br />
· SECAM permutator<br />
Demodulator part<br />
· Flyback blanking incorporated in the two synchronous<br />
demodulators (PAL, NTSC)<br />
· PAL switch<br />
· Internal PAL matrix<br />
· Two quadrature demodulators with external reference<br />
tuned circuits (SEC<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s1282/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s320/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVrEFPEt3XK0ohh4nrpT9fIYGeLJTFvhTyMrb4uvGiIHxOxorVEcfasrvxq0WRnFajcI_qzOHxHNnJDWm2LfwzFn3TTlzMr4vf7t9IBN-9LzCEoK0O9fAPfkxrjn5wd8EoeHPxiqVS9FtWtguIYDA9otkmlICnMZM02hL3-lf-EQp5MHt1Ka7MbJYOduL/s1282/IMGH_13243__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>AM)<br />
· Internal filtering of residual carrier<br />
· De-emphasis (SECAM)<br />
· Insertion of reference voltages as achromatic value<br />
(SECAM) in the (B-Y) and (R-Y) colour difference output<br />
stages (blanking)<br />
Identification part<br />
· Automatic standard recognition by sequential inquiry<br />
· Delay for colour-on and scanning-on<br />
· Reliable SECAM identification by PAL priority circuit<br />
· Forced switch-on of a standard<br />
· Four switching voltages for chrominance filters, traps<br />
and crystals<br />
· Two identification circuits for PAL/SECAM (H/2) and<br />
NTSC<br />
· PAL/SECAM flip-flop<br />
· SECAM identification mode switch (horizontal, vertical<br />
or combined horizontal and vertical)<br />
· Crystal oscillator with divider stages and PLL circuitry<br />
(PAL, NTSC) for double colour subcarrier frequency<br />
· HUE control (NTSC)<br />
· Service switch.<br />
<br />
<br />
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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdPXaispjcwi7sG3tp5FCEextb5thPMh2-oX5PeHufblfi9w0kV6jRwBgsBJU9Ib8a60flb51eN9r3fUlspOWASAtwC3xsGL_lO7BYN7GreEiUb8_Y9jgdfUPqweIMxg2ChIFwJnqHl-pSmdpy0Mx8lblSNSFiVR_zWNB7GjDlxf0Yw0el6lAQzxLzWXnv/s2632/TDA4555-TDA4556-10__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1864" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdPXaispjcwi7sG3tp5FCEextb5thPMh2-oX5PeHufblfi9w0kV6jRwBgsBJU9Ib8a60flb51eN9r3fUlspOWASAtwC3xsGL_lO7BYN7GreEiUb8_Y9jgdfUPqweIMxg2ChIFwJnqHl-pSmdpy0Mx8lblSNSFiVR_zWNB7GjDlxf0Yw0el6lAQzxLzWXnv/s320/TDA4555-TDA4556-10__TVMS.jpg" width="227" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s320/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><b>SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5)</b>
U4646b - TEA5040 (TELEFUNKEN) WIDE BAND VIDEO PROCESSOR<br />
<br />
</span>DESCRIPTION<br />
The U4647 - TEA5040S is a serial bus-controlled videoprocessing<br />
device which integrates a complex architecture<br />
fulfilling multiple functions.<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
<br />
.</span>DIGITAL CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS,<br />
SATURATION AND CONTRAST ON TV SIGNALS<br />
AND R, G, B INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL<br />
SOURCES .BUS DRIVE OF SWITCHING FUNCTIONS .DEMATRIXING OF R, G, B SIGNALS FROM<br />
Y, R-Y, B-Y, TV MODE INPUTS .MATRIXING OF R, G, B SOURCES INTO<br />
Y, R-Y, B-Y SIGNALS .AUTOMATIC DRIVE AND CUT-OFF CONTROLS<br />
BY DIGITAL PROCESSING DURING<br />
FRAME RETRACE .PEAK ANDAVERAGE BEAM CURRENT LIMITATION<br />
.ON-CHIP SWITCHING FOR R, G, B INPUT<br />
SELECTION .ON-CHIP INSERTION OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL<br />
R, G, B SOURCES<br />
<br />
<br />
An automatic contrast control circuit in a color television receiver for
stabilizi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s1282/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s320/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ng the average DC level of the luminance information at a
desired level and preventing focus blooming. The control circuitry,
which is suitable for fabrication as a monolithic integrated circuit,
contemplates the provision of a gain-controlled luminance amplifier
stage for driving an image reproducer with luminance information having a
stabilized black level. An average detector coupled to the amplifier
stage output develops a control signal representative of the average DC
level of the luminance information and applies it to the amplifier
stage, varying its gain inversely with changes in the average luminance
level. A peak limiter circuit is also provided for modifying the
control signal to reduce the amplifier stage's gain whenever an AC
brightness component comprising the luminance information exceeds a
defined threshold level, regardless of the average DC level of the
luminance information. <br />
<br />
1. In a television receiver having a luminance processing channel for
translating instantaneous luminance signals derived from received
broadcast transmissions to an image reproducer, said luminance signals
including black level reference information, an automatic contrast
control circuit comprising in combination: <br />
<br />
2. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 1,
wherein adjustable level shifting means are interposed between said
amplifier stage and said average detector means, said adjustable level
shifting means providing a contrast control for manually varying the
average DC level of said luminance signals. <br />
<br />
3. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 1,
wherein said average detector means includes a capacitor having an
output terminal coupled to said amplifier stage and a second terminal
coupled to a plane of reference potential, said capacitor being charged
by luminance signals from said amplifier stage and developing control
signals representative of the average DC level of said luminance
signals. <br />
<br />
4. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 3,
wherein said control signals with respect to a plane of reference
potential are equal to the potential at which black level is stabilized
minus the potential drop between black level and the average DC level
of said luminance information, said control signal increasing with
respect to said plane of reference potential responsive to decreasing
average DC levels of said luminance signals and decreasing responsive
to increasing average DC levels. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s320/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPlTEwO8Ah7Vg1r_bzmDkV6IiJRewt_lXzE7o_ucgW6hBCgLgFEuoygQQsabXo31b5YaxO2pZJOAibKNi7hM9qGg3ymH4EI0rvK3hrzN-Ujr_OfDkCWB-1mSBHh7n7SsXmJ0d0ZeouxCKGgDTHpwq-Uu3CCJoLKBKLfM9jEt_QV7UOOra02knKnR9Lno1-/s1282/IMGH_13258__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>5.
An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 3,
wherein said peak detector means includes a semi-conductor arrangement
for providing said capacitor with a low impedance discharge path
whenever said brightness components exceed a predetermined threshold
level, the impedance of said discharge path being dependent on the
amplitude of said brightness components and the discharge interval of
said semiconductor arrangement being the time period during which said
brightness components exceed said threshold level, said semiconductor
arrangement further decreasing said control signals with respect to
said plane of reference potential irrespective of the average DC level
of said luminance signals. <br />
<br />
6. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 5,
wherein said semiconductor arrangement comprises first and second
transistors, said luminance signals from said amplifier stage being
coupled to the input base electrode of said first transistor, said first
transistor further having an emitter electrode coupled to said
capacitor output terminal and a collector electrode coupled to the base
electrode of said second transistor, said second transistor having a
collector electrode coupled to said capacitor output terminal and an
emitter electrode coupled to said plane of reference potential, said
semiconductor arrangement being conductive to provide said capacitor
with a low impedance discharge path whenever said brightness components
exceed the base-emitter junction breakdown voltage of said first
transistor. <br />
<br />
7. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 6,
wherein said gain-controlled luminance amplifier stage includes a pair
of transistors arranged in a differential amplifier configuration, the
gain of which is dependent on the bias applied to the base electrodes
of said transistors. <br />
<br />
8. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 7,
wherein inverter means invert and couple said control signals to said
base electrodes in said amplifier stage, the inverted control signals
increasing the gain of said amplifier stage whenever the average DC
level of said luminance signals decreases and decreasing the gain of
said amplifier stage whenever the average DC level of said luminance
information increases or whenever said brightness components exceed said
threshold level. <br />
<br />
9. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 3,
wherein said beam current limiter means provide a low impedance
discharge path for said capacitor whenever the beam current exceeds a
predetermined level. <br />
<br />
10. An automatic contrast control system in accordance with claim 9,
wherein said beam current limiter means monitors pulses from a voltage
multiplier high-voltage system, said pulses being proportional to the
beam current generated during the previous horizontal scan line.
<br />
<br />
11. An automatic contrast control circuit in accordance with claim 10,
wherein said beam current limiter means comprises a transistor having a
base electrode coupled to said voltage multiplier high-voltage system,
an emitter electrode coupled to a plane of reference potential and a
collector electrode coupled to said capacitor, said transistor
providing a low impedance discharge path whenever said pulses exceed the
base-emitter junction breakdown voltage of said transistor.
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s320/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPlTEwO8Ah7Vg1r_bzmDkV6IiJRewt_lXzE7o_ucgW6hBCgLgFEuoygQQsabXo31b5YaxO2pZJOAibKNi7hM9qGg3ymH4EI0rvK3hrzN-Ujr_OfDkCWB-1mSBHh7n7SsXmJ0d0ZeouxCKGgDTHpwq-Uu3CCJoLKBKLfM9jEt_QV7UOOra02knKnR9Lno1-/s1282/IMGH_13258__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>This
invention relates in general to control circuitry for color television
receivers and more particularly to an automatic contrast control
circuit incorporated in the luminance processing channel. In accordance
therewith, a variable DC control signal is derived from the luminance
signal information as a function of the average luminance level. The DC
control signal is applied to a gain-controlled amplifier stage in the
luminance channel, varying its gain and thereby insuring that excessive
beam currents will not be generated due to high average luminance
levels. Conversely, the circuit is effective to increase the gain of
the amplifier stage when under-modulated signals are received thereby
providing the desired contrast level. When the white content of the
instantaneous received signal exceeds a predetermined level, however,
the DC control signal is modified to reflect the excessive white
content even though the average luminance level may be low.
Accordingly, the amplifier stage's gain is reduced to prevent
defocusing.<br />
<br />
In color television receivers, the various elemental areas of differing
brightness levels, or shades, in the televised image correspond to the
amplitude levels of the instantaneous brightness components of the
luminance signals which, together with the chrominance signal,
reproduce the transmitted picture information on the image display
tube. The intensity of the electron beams developed in the receiver's
image display tube are varied, for the most part, according to the
detected amplitude levels of the instantaneous luminance signals.
Accordingly, progressively higher amplitude levels generate higher
intensity electron beams and, consequently, progressively lighter
shades. In addition, suitable viewer-adjustable controls are
customarily provided in the television receiver whereby a
particularized contrast and brightness setting may be selected
according to viewer preference.<br />
<br />
It is desirable that the level of the luminance signal component
corresponding to black in the televised image be maintained at the
cut-off of the image reproducer. But even in those instances where
there is a measure of DC coupling, the DC components of the luminance
signal coupled from the video detector to the luminance channel may be
degraded or otherwise restricted due to the nature of the processing
circuitry as well as to other factors. Moreover, the luminance
processing channel itself may well permit a degradation or undesirable
shift in the desired DC characteristics. The result is that the DC
level in the processed luminance signal is not properly maintained,
such that, upon application to the image display tube, the black level
is shifted to some undesirable reference. This leads to less than
faithful half-tone reproduction on the screen of the image display
tube. Gray tones can be lost simply because they are beyond the cut-off
of the display tube. In other instances, blacks may appear as grays on
the image display tube screen.<br />
<br />
Thus, it is desirable to make provision for the maintenance of black
level in the televised image at some stabilized reference. Various
systems are of course known in the art for accomplishing this objective
and take various forms and configurations. For example, an arrangement
commonly known as a DC restorer circuit which includes a clamping
device may be em<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s1282/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7cRtjLruqkZR4wkAYWJcVYXO8TjXfDRuMZLQbv8Kbk_5niUw5kViMDHw-3hwB7YUtkrcZWEzNMYnW_K8HtBf9JuZbbamkwy1Q2lpebz2k3gg7CQxaDOxYZJd2QMa13xX-et3xyz7EetodM8eYlHrkwsVCvkreHv6JE2KuRc05q8BKxDXJ7LTKsIaXzms/s320/IMGH_13493__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ployed.
However, when the black level is effectively stabilized at the image
reproducer's cut-off bias point, the average level of the luminance
signal information may reach the point where excessive average beam
currents capable of severely damaging the image reproducer are
generated. In addition, the high voltage power supply during instances
of high beam current may be incapable of delivering the required beam
current. Such overloading reduces the power supply output voltage and
results in undesirable "focus blooming." That is, there will be a loss
of brightness, reduction of horizontal widths and severe defocusing of
the reproduced image. The problem in this regard has been further
compounded by the "new generation" high-brightness cathode-ray tubes
which require higher beam currents in order to illuminate the tube to
its fullest capability during high-modulation (white) scenes. In view
of the added demands on the high voltage power supply and the danger of
damaging the image display tube, some method for effectively limiting
the beam current is required.<br />
<br />
Accordingly, automatic contrast control systems have been developed
which reduce the gain of the luminance amplifier stage to prevent the
generation of excessive beam currents or increase the gain when
under-modulated signals are received. Most of these prior art automatic
contrast control systems, however, measure only the average level of
the luminance signals to derive the control signal utilized to vary the
gain of the luminance amplifier. Consequently, when all or a major
portion of the luminance signal's white content is of a high amplitude
level and is concentrated on a very small portion of the image
reproducer's screen, the control signal derived from the average
luminance level is low, permitting the luminance amplifier stage to
operate at nearly maximum gain. By concentrating the high-amplitude
white content into a small area of the screen, the image display tube is
likely to be overdriven during that period <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s1026/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s320/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPlTEwO8Ah7Vg1r_bzmDkV6IiJRewt_lXzE7o_ucgW6hBCgLgFEuoygQQsabXo31b5YaxO2pZJOAibKNi7hM9qGg3ymH4EI0rvK3hrzN-Ujr_OfDkCWB-1mSBHh7n7SsXmJ0d0ZeouxCKGgDTHpwq-Uu3CCJoLKBKLfM9jEt_QV7UOOra02knKnR9Lno1-/s1282/IMGH_13258__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>of
time and "focus blooming" will result. Some automatic contrast
systems, on the other hand, derive a control signal based on the peak
amplitudes of the instantaneous luminance signals without regard to the
average luminance level. Thus, while preventing blooming on
high-amplitude white content, such systems are susceptible to luminance
signals which have a dangerously high average level, but do not have
any peak white signal content of a level where the system would take
corrective action.<br />
<br />
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
color television receiver having black level stabilization with a new
and improved automatic contrast control circuit which effectively
overcomes the aforenoted disadvantages and deficiencies of prior
circuits.<br />
<br />
A further object of the invention is to provide an improved automatic
contrast control circuit which develops control signals effectively
varying the gain of a luminance amplifier stage to maintain an optimum
contrast, while preventing the generation of excessive beam currents in
the cathode-ray tube.<br />
<br />
A more particular object of the invention is to provide an improved
automatic contrast control circuit for continuously monitoring the
average (DC) level of the luminance signal information and providing a
control signal representative thereof to vary the gain of a luminance
amplifier stage while remaining sensitive to the amplitude levels of
brightness components exceeding a threshold level and modifying the
control signal in accordance therewith.<br />
<br />
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved automatic
contrast control circuit which increases the gain of a luminance
amplifier stage during reception of undermodulated luminance signals.<br />
<br />
A further object of the present invention is to provide an automatic
contrast control circuit of the foregoing type for deriving a variable
DC control potential from applied luminance signals which, upon
application to the luminance channel, adjusts the gain of a luminance
amplifier stage in accordance with the varying luminance signal
requirements.<br />
<br />
Still another object of the invention is to provide a luminance
processing channel including automatic contrast control circuitry which
may be fabricated as a monolithic integrated circuit to provide an
output luminance signal having stabilized black level and optimum
contrast without producing excessive beam currents.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
In accordance with the present invention, an improved automatic
contrast control circuit is provided for varying the gain of an
amplifier stage in the luminance processing channel of a color<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s1282/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFW9czRu8EVmsy8JbToW3FAYqXN9yv4aEJKGPuB3xqEHG3MnC8_yckQlFjWVSQj5oCNaXarK2AzGbZpfmORqqYl4BtdpERrhBWrUrhQbZ3OQAIJD6ncsKT7UXqAsCYUtTqlO7DF_1vQcSsGMruXVIBZvYu2Et1eEVINC3CWU208Eou3bqbf8HrmX2nea0/s320/IMGH_13506__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPlTEwO8Ah7Vg1r_bzmDkV6IiJRewt_lXzE7o_ucgW6hBCgLgFEuoygQQsabXo31b5YaxO2pZJOAibKNi7hM9qGg3ymH4EI0rvK3hrzN-Ujr_OfDkCWB-1mSBHh7n7SsXmJ0d0ZeouxCKGgDTHpwq-Uu3CCJoLKBKLfM9jEt_QV7UOOra02knKnR9Lno1-/s1282/IMGH_13258__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>
television receiver whenever the average DC level of the input
luminance information varies from a desired level, or whenever the peak
amplitudes of the AC brightness components of the luminance
information exceed a predetermined threshhold level. In a preferred
embodiment, the automatic contrast control circuit includes a
gain-controlled luminance amplifier stage in a luminance processing
channel for translating instantaneous luminance signals derived from
received broadcast transmissions to an image reproducer. The amplified
luminance signals found at the output of the amplifier stage have a
stabilized black level. There are also provided detector means coupled
to the amplifier output for developing control signals that are
representative of the average DC level of the instantaneous luminance
signals. The control signals are then applied to the gain-controlled
amplifier stage to vary its gain inversely with changes in the average
luminance level. Finally, peak limiter means are coupled between the
amplifier output and the detector means to modify the control signals
whenever the instantaneous luminance signals exceed a threshhold level.
The modified control signals are similarly utilized to effect inverse
gain variations in the gain-controlled amplifier stage regardless of
the average level of the luminance signals.<br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
Brief Description<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBKJR51QyIoAHwM6LA_vGSBxoJ5GSBEVUkw77X6pH21rJwEFkGn81fJ2CB0lliUDBu2knXawSZQVRSD96anzqMwuwlIEy3NJcsC4k3iROhLj_2k_aQhS8LE4VB9gjeyWU-emMU3QhIiA/s1600/tea5040-U4647.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5579957141911856082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBKJR51QyIoAHwM6LA_vGSBxoJ5GSBEVUkw77X6pH21rJwEFkGn81fJ2CB0lliUDBu2knXawSZQVRSD96anzqMwuwlIEy3NJcsC4k3iROhLj_2k_aQhS8LE4VB9gjeyWU-emMU3QhIiA/s320/tea5040-U4647.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
This integrated circuit incorporates the following<br />
features :<br />
- a synchro and two video inputs<br />
- a fixed video output<br />
- a switchable video output<br />
- normal Y, R-Y, B-Y TV mode inputs<br />
- double set of R, G, B inputs<br />
- brightness, contrast and saturation controls as<br />
wellon aR,G, B picture ason a normalTVpicture<br />
- digital control inputs by means of serial bus<br />
- peak beam current limitation<br />
- average beam current limitation<br />
- automaticdrive and cut-off controls<br />
Block Diagram Description<br />
BUS DECODER<br />
A 3 lines bus (clock, data, enable) delivered by the<br />
microcontroller of the TV-set enters the videoprocessor<br />
integrated circuit (pins 13-14-15). A control<br />
system acts in such a way that only a 9-bit word is<br />
taken intoaccount by the videoprocessor.Six of the<br />
bits carry the data, the remaining three carry the<br />
address of the subsystem.<br />
<br />
<br />
A demultiplexer directs the data towards latches<br />
which drive the appropriate control. More detailed<br />
information about serial bus operation is given in<br />
the following chapter.<br />
Video Switch<br />
The video switch has three inputs :<br />
- an internal video input (pin 39),<br />
- an external video input (pin 37),<br />
- a synchro input (pin 41),<br />
and two outputs :<br />
- an internal video output (pin 40),<br />
- a switchable video output (pin 42)<br />
The 1Vpp composite video signal applied to the<br />
internal video input is multiplied by two and then<br />
appears as a 2Vpp low impedance composite<br />
video signal at the output. This signal is used to<br />
deliver a 1Vpp/75W composite video signal to the<br />
peri-TV plug.<br />
The switchable video output canbe any o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s1282/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s320/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdVrEFPEt3XK0ohh4nrpT9fIYGeLJTFvhTyMrb4uvGiIHxOxorVEcfasrvxq0WRnFajcI_qzOHxHNnJDWm2LfwzFn3TTlzMr4vf7t9IBN-9LzCEoK0O9fAPfkxrjn5wd8EoeHPxiqVS9FtWtguIYDA9otkmlICnMZM02hL3-lf-EQp5MHt1Ka7MbJYOduL/s1282/IMGH_13243__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>f the three<br />
inputs.When the Int/Ext one active bit word is high<br />
(address number 5), the internal video input is<br />
selected. If not, either a regeneratedsynchro pulse<br />
or the external video signal is directed towards this<br />
output depending on the level of the Sync/Async<br />
one active bit word (address number 4). As this<br />
output is to be connected to the synchro integrated<br />
circuit, RGB information derived from an external<br />
source via the Peri-TV plug canbedisplayed on the<br />
screen, the synchronization of the TV-set being<br />
then made with an external video signal.<br />
When RGB information is derived from a source<br />
integrated in the TV-set, a teletext decoder for<br />
example, the synchronization can be made either<br />
on the internal video input (in case of synchronous<br />
data) or on the synchro input (in case of asynchronous<br />
data).<br />
R, G, B Inputs<br />
There are two sets of R, G, B inputs : one is to be<br />
connected to the peri-TV plug (Ext R, G, B), the<br />
second one to receive the information derived from<br />
the TV-set itself (Int R, G, B).<br />
In order to have a saturation control on a picture<br />
coming from the R, G, B inputs too, it is necessary<br />
to getR-Y, B-Y and Y signals from R, G, B information<br />
: this is performed on the first matrix that<br />
receives the three 0.9Vp (100% white) R, G, B<br />
signals and delivers the corresponding Y, R-Y, B-Y<br />
signals. These ones are multiplied by 1.4 in order<br />
to make the R-Y and B-Y signals compatible with<br />
the R-Y and B-Y TV mode inputs. The desired R,<br />
G, B inputs are selected by means of 3 switches<br />
controlled by the two fast blanking signal inputs. A<br />
high level on FB external pin selects the external<br />
RGB sources. The three selected inputs are<br />
clamped in order to give t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s1026/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s320/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPlTEwO8Ah7Vg1r_bzmDkV6IiJRewt_lXzE7o_ucgW6hBCgLgFEuoygQQsabXo31b5YaxO2pZJOAibKNi7hM9qGg3ymH4EI0rvK3hrzN-Ujr_OfDkCWB-1mSBHh7n7SsXmJ0d0ZeouxCKGgDTHpwq-Uu3CCJoLKBKLfM9jEt_QV7UOOra02knKnR9Lno1-/s1282/IMGH_13258__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>he required DC level at<br />
the output of this firstmatrix. Thethree not selected<br />
inputs are clamped on a fixed DC level.<br />
Y, R-Y, B-Y Inputs<br />
The 2Vpp composite video signal appearing at the<br />
switchable output of the video switch (pin 42) is<br />
driven through the subcarrier trap and the luminance<br />
delay line with a 6 dB attenuation to the Y<br />
input (1Vpp ; pin 12). In order to make this 1Vpp<br />
(synchro to white) Y signal compatible with the<br />
1Vpp (black to white) Y signal delivered by the first<br />
matrix, it is necessary to multiply it by a coefficient<br />
of 1.4.<br />
<br />
Controls<br />
The four brightness, contrastand saturationcontrol<br />
functions are direct digitally controlled without using<br />
digital-to-analog converters.<br />
The contrast control of the Y channel is obtained<br />
by means of a digital potentiometer which is an<br />
attenuator including several switchable cells directly<br />
controlled by a 5 active bit word (address<br />
number 1). The brightness control is also made by<br />
a digital potentiometer (5 active bit word, address<br />
number 0). Since a + 3dB contrast capability is<br />
required, the Y signal value could be up to 0.7Vpp<br />
nominal. For both functions, the control characteristics<br />
are quasi-linear.<br />
In each R-Y and B-Y channel, a six-cell digital<br />
attenuator is directly controlled by a 6 active bit<br />
word (address number 6 and 7). The tracking<br />
needed to keep the saturation constant when<br />
changing the contrast has to be done externally by<br />
the microcontroller. Furthermore, colour can be<br />
disabledby blankingR-Y andB-Ysignals using one<br />
active bit word (address number 2) to drive the<br />
one-chip colour ON/OFF switch.<br />
Second Matrix, Clamp, Peak Clipping, Blanking<br />
The second matrix receives the Y, R-Y and B-Y<br />
signals and delivers the corresponding R, G, B<br />
signals. As it is required to have the capability of +<br />
6dB saturation, an internal gain of 2 is applied on<br />
both R-Y and B-Y signals.<br />
A low clipping level is included in order to ensure a<br />
correct blanking during the line and frame retraces.<br />
Ahigh clipping level ensures thepeakbeamcurrent<br />
limitation. These limitations are correct only if the<br />
DC bias of the three R, G, B signals are precise<br />
enough. Therefore a clamp has been added in<br />
each channel in order to compensate for the inaccuracy<br />
of the matrix.<br />
Sandcastle Detector And Counter<br />
The three level supersandcastle is used in the<br />
circuit to deliver the burst pulse (CLP), the horizontal<br />
pulse (HP), and the composite vertical and<br />
horizontal blanking pulse (BLI). This last one is<br />
regenerated in the counter which delivers a new<br />
composite pulse (BL) in which the v<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s1026/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHpTLAv8WdiNLS-agsAoWrXMTUk5Gtd-0B8DraddbEFkOs9G05WEqNDOUCAqcTIashDscTphyphenhyphenXYkqv5NZvjkqAgTzhHzzMTOd4e1VcbtDySsf7w4p7BK9_ur950O7XA8Kt2FRHEUZnGIhmV3yMUk1vXr8bNvrOZGs0_cJz73DZKUhYXHZj3aASlAAbwXw/s320/IMGH_13506b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPlTEwO8Ah7Vg1r_bzmDkV6IiJRewt_lXzE7o_ucgW6hBCgLgFEuoygQQsabXo31b5YaxO2pZJOAibKNi7hM9qGg3ymH4EI0rvK3hrzN-Ujr_OfDkCWB-1mSBHh7n7SsXmJ0d0ZeouxCKGgDTHpwq-Uu3CCJoLKBKLfM9jEt_QV7UOOra02knKnR9Lno1-/s1282/IMGH_13258__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>ertical part lasts<br />
23 lines when the vertical part of the supersandcastle<br />
lasts more than 11 lines.<br />
The TEA5040S cannot work properly if this minimum<br />
duration of 11 lines is not ensured.<br />
The counterdelivers different pulses neededcircuit<br />
and especially the line pulses 17 to 23 used in the<br />
automatic drive and cut-off control system.<br />
Automatic Drive And Cut-off Control System<br />
Cut-off and drive adjustments are no longer required<br />
with this integrated circuit as it has a sample<br />
and hold feedback loop incorporating the final<br />
stages of the TV-set. This system works in a sequentialmode.<br />
For this purpose, special pulses are<br />
inserted in G, R and B channels. During the lines<br />
17, 18 and 19, a ”drive pulse” is inserted respectively<br />
in the green, red and blue channels. The line<br />
20 is blanked on the three channels. During the<br />
lines 21, 22 and 23, a ”quasi cut-off pulse” is<br />
inserted respectively in the green, red and blue<br />
guns.<br />
The resulting signal is then applied to the input of<br />
a voltage controlled amplifier. In the final stages of<br />
the TV-set, the current flowing in each green, red<br />
and blue cathode is measured and sent to the<br />
videoprocessorby a current source.<br />
The three currents are added together in a resistor<br />
matrix which can be programmed to set the ratio<br />
between the three currents in order to get the<br />
appropriate colour temperature. The output of the<br />
matrix forms a high impedance voltage source<br />
which is connectedto the integratedcircuit (pin 34).<br />
Same measurement range between drive and cutoff<br />
is achieved by internally grounding an external<br />
low impedance resistor during lines 17, 18 and 19.<br />
This is due to the fact that the drive currents are<br />
about one hundred times higher than the cut-off<br />
and leakage currents.<br />
Each voltage appearing sequentially on the wire<br />
pin 34 is then a function of specific cathode current<br />
:<br />
- When a current due to a drive pulse occurs, the<br />
voltage appearing on the pin 34 is compared<br />
within the IC with an internal reference, and the<br />
result of the comparison charges or discharges<br />
an external appropriate drive capacitor which<br />
stores the value during the frame. This voltage is<br />
applied to a voltage controlled amplifier and the<br />
system works in such a waythat the pulse current<br />
drive derived from the cathode is kept constant.<br />
- During the line 20, the three guns of the picture<br />
tube are blanked. The leakagecurrent flowing out<br />
of the final stages is transformed into a voltage which is stored by an external leakage capacitor<br />
to be used later as a reference for the cut-off<br />
current measurement.<br />
- When a current due to a cut-off pulse occurs, the<br />
voltage appearing on the pin 34 is compared<br />
within the ICto the voltagepresenton the leakage<br />
memory. Anappropriate externalcapacitor is then<br />
charged or discharged in such a way that the<br />
difference between each measured current and<br />
the leakage current is kept constant, and thus the<br />
quasi cut-off current is kept constant.<br />
AverageBeam Current Limitation<br />
The total current of the three guns is integrated by<br />
means of an internal resistor and an external capacitor<br />
(pin 36) and thencompared with a programmable<br />
voltage reference(pin 38). When 70% of the<br />
maximum permitted beam current is reached, the<br />
drive gain begins to be reduced ; to do so, the<br />
amplitude of the inserted pulse is increased.<br />
In order to keep enough contrast, the maximum<br />
drive reduction is limited to 6dB. If it is not sufficient,<br />
the brightness is suppressed.<br />
SPECIFICATION FOR THE THOMSON BI-DIRECTIONAL<br />
DATA BUS<br />
This is a bi-directional 3-wire (ENABLE, CLOCK,<br />
DATA) serial bus. The DATA line transmission is<br />
bi-directional whereas ENABLE and CLOCK lines<br />
are only microprocessor controlled. The ENABLE<br />
and CLOCK lines are only driven by the microcomputer.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA4565 </span>Colour transient improvement circuit<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb7ZnEamPBAsZoHQOxqtalwMrBPXYAbTJoMDWgu2b3R6BgvlTgDtXKs9WpEAgXlAkdcHy5K4qBo0UE4pE_IFlPgv8suhkMszC42e5VNrG3X1Co1BV63rcyYlIqEEldCXHdV70SGXckuKo5y2bkoBFHRLQ8lZrkj5fjRAyJB4cZMRv2NeWhus7LxBF07G7P/s1282/IMGH_13507__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb7ZnEamPBAsZoHQOxqtalwMrBPXYAbTJoMDWgu2b3R6BgvlTgDtXKs9WpEAgXlAkdcHy5K4qBo0UE4pE_IFlPgv8suhkMszC42e5VNrG3X1Co1BV63rcyYlIqEEldCXHdV70SGXckuKo5y2bkoBFHRLQ8lZrkj5fjRAyJB4cZMRv2NeWhus7LxBF07G7P/s320/IMGH_13507__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><p><br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA4565 is a monolithic integrated circuit for colour transient improvement (CTI) and luminance delay line in gyrator<br />
technique in colour television receivers.<br />
Features<br />
· Colour transient improvement for colour difference signals (R-Y) and (B-Y) with transient detecting-, storage- and<br />
switching stages resulting in high transients of colour difference output signals<br />
· A luminance signal path (Y) which substitutes the conventional Y-delay coil with an integrated Y-delay line<br />
· Switchable delay time from 730 ns to 1000 ns in steps of 90 ns and additional fine adjustment of 50 ns<br />
· Two Y output signals; one of 180 ns less delay.</p><p><br />
Signal transition enhancement circuitry for use in color television signal processing apparatus is known from, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,385 and the article by Hartmut Harlos, "Picture Signal Improvement In Colour TV Receivers", published in the IEEE Transitions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. CE-31, No. 3, August 1985, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The Harlos article describes an analog processing approach to transition enhancement and U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,385 describes primarily a digital approach to transition enhancement. In both systems, signal transitions having slopes greater than a predetermined value are detected. Responsive to the detected transitions, circuitry is employed to hold the initial amplitude value of the transition for a portion of the duration of the transition and thereafter the final value of the signal transition is coupled to the signal output device. The transition is shortened to the time required to switch between the initial and final values of the transition, which time is typically much shorter than the original transition time. The Harlos system accomplishes this function by incorporating a series switch in the signal path followed by a storage capacitor having one terminal coupled to a point of fixed potential. The series switch is maintained closed until a transition is detected, at which time the switch is opened. The value of the signal at the beginning of the transition is stored on the capacitor and output to further processing circuitry. A predetermined time after the switch is opened it is returned to the closed condition to couple the incoming signal to the capacitor and the further processing circuitry<br />
<br /><b>
TBA120U (PHILIPS) GENERAL DESCRIPTION</b><br />The TBA120U is an i.f. amplifier with a symmetrical FM demodulator and an a.f. amplifier with adjustable output voltage.<br />The a.f. amplifier is also provided with an output for volume control and an input for VCR operation.<br />The input and output of the TBA120U are especially designed for LC-circuits, but the input can also be used with a<br />ceramic filter.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnx7Xr4vk25ecGuXljYzQxvLMbAwQYJpZilEUh3Ekjad_tZEwgM6_sFOL_SkjXE7kZDizwpM2X1aCs5CDoRM324SRYR2bqg4PugzWa3OeyGUD6k_74RtQQj9laiJ7UYyBWs2z40yCkG8nC42s020gUw6hnUMB8K7lJ0qMnpHLreCLoCl7IbWHKUsesmiV2/s2632/TBA120U-7__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnx7Xr4vk25ecGuXljYzQxvLMbAwQYJpZilEUh3Ekjad_tZEwgM6_sFOL_SkjXE7kZDizwpM2X1aCs5CDoRM324SRYR2bqg4PugzWa3OeyGUD6k_74RtQQj9laiJ7UYyBWs2z40yCkG8nC42s020gUw6hnUMB8K7lJ0qMnpHLreCLoCl7IbWHKUsesmiV2/s320/TBA120U-7__TVMS.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaIqG0GeZ-gh7ysjIfF3KtA_QTbHbF0zDWCUsUFnwfs1HgMUbwoM1FwzShrjno6GvSXJUagd8QnINgRZ5CXaZHLR0WNU2OGaZLq8Yz4jEmcGhlXDQIKR03guh2qnKwYN05SBdbBGrp8E2jYhZxOsDsEiB_wWjJeh3nMQB6iTGjSCjOTDIB_2TAeZmPP1QR/s320/TBA120U-5__TVMS.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim8ceWKGyVXXkIuTs6yEinYRoN72TGcgZ-975UNF7DXcaecv25nzE-ZKjvdsDQaFRj7_LxAV8AgW-F0c96r3GGXC8A4g5Wxp8URKSUNWQI7rFP9Wgksi_Gie0lmA8aNYGS6EKApN082coPYvYcSJI4JYO0PALt2a0Blv9bGHIzef5Qh_6NRlR6VWTsISad/s2632/TBA120U-4__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim8ceWKGyVXXkIuTs6yEinYRoN72TGcgZ-975UNF7DXcaecv25nzE-ZKjvdsDQaFRj7_LxAV8AgW-F0c96r3GGXC8A4g5Wxp8URKSUNWQI7rFP9Wgksi_Gie0lmA8aNYGS6EKApN082coPYvYcSJI4JYO0PALt2a0Blv9bGHIzef5Qh_6NRlR6VWTsISad/s320/TBA120U-4__TVMS.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="1861" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVgiziAVdreJ_H0vOIJ757Le8aDZ8qVnoNVzP1heaH1ZfaKB_vcBxrbuByT3P_6tEpWUXYcHkI32y6ZCIj1tzdpYxjdOUi8Z-dp3wI65pBLW-ZwvX6ofQ5Om8tYUdPNkMxXeJDpXaJdkEfZ-0uHmVvVI1FKn2yO-lV3cuRxwCWLo54r1IAG6m_fAlJ50qL/s320/TBA120U-2__TVMS.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><br /><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT5vs6t6Yn4sB56NG45NgcjPH-HmakNE3u85J3USabw8t3b2cJ5LTvlFZ0OKnOlvTkGYBXRXsk2JA94pybH4vctDAxxbKDe1n_3h1LcvokKTMzQpsL06bIKFgr6vF3OkLI3sxQ352qaSLy/s1600/IMG_5772.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><br />
</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA8421 Hi-fi stereo audio processor;,I2C bus</span><br />
<br />
<br />
GENERAL DESCRIPTION<p></p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk0VnUZi8oElypCFvojY0o0ZCCSj80Jjj_kQ9F_Ll_nwopiRx_YC2qfRCWKaBj4A6YxacfFGEEvQpZ5QVxmjRAVgvsJDo30Pw1O6Q5MgPNXmDUwdhvZpzMnQXCTDDGr_Rt2zicaxHsnB4-l_-nHpLeVUrKRDXA-MOGsidjI9haLSfmYwhtEfRvV-FdWHbo/s1282/IMGH_13510__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk0VnUZi8oElypCFvojY0o0ZCCSj80Jjj_kQ9F_Ll_nwopiRx_YC2qfRCWKaBj4A6YxacfFGEEvQpZ5QVxmjRAVgvsJDo30Pw1O6Q5MgPNXmDUwdhvZpzMnQXCTDDGr_Rt2zicaxHsnB4-l_-nHpLeVUrKRDXA-MOGsidjI9haLSfmYwhtEfRvV-FdWHbo/s320/IMGH_13510__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
The TDA8421 is a monolithic bipolar integrated stereo sound circuit with a loudspeaker channel (CH1) and a headphone<br />
channel (CH2), digital controlled via the I2C bus, for application in hi-fi audio and television sound.<br />
Features<br />
· Input selector<br />
· Mode selector<br />
· Loudspeaker channel (CH1); with volume control, balance control and mute<br />
· Headphone channel (CH2); with volume control, balance control and mute<br />
· Pseudo stereo and spatial function<br />
· Bass and treble control<br />
· Electrostatic discharge protection diodes<br />
<br />
<br />
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION<br />
Input selector<br />
The input to channel 1 (CH1) and channel 2 (CH2) is determined by the input selector. The selection is made from the<br />
following AF input signals:<br />
· IN1 L (pin 26); IN1 R (pin 28) or<br />
· IN2 L (pin 1); IN2 R (pin 3)<br />
Where IN1 is an internal input signal and IN2 an external input signal.<br />
Mode selector<br />
For each channel (CH1 and CH2) there is a mode selector which selects between stereo, sound A and sound B in the<br />
event of bilingual transmission. Both mode selectors can be controlled independently.<br />
<br />
<br />
Headphone channel (CH2)<br />
Volume control and balance<br />
The stages for volume control for CH2 consist of two parts<br />
for left and right. In each part the gain can be adjusted<br />
between 0 and -62 dB in steps of 2 dB. An additional step<br />
allows an attenuation of ³ 90 dB. Both parts can be<br />
controlled independently over the whole range, which<br />
allows the balance to be varied by controlling the volume<br />
of left and right.<br />
Loudspeaker channel (CH1)<br />
Volume control and balance<br />
The loudspeaker channel (CH1) also consists of two parts<br />
for volume control (left and right). In each part the gain<br />
can be adjusted between + 16 dB and -62 dB in steps of<br />
2 dB. An additional step allows an attenuation of ³ 90 dB.<br />
Both parts can be controlled independently over the<br />
whole range, which allows the balance to be varied by<br />
controlling the volume of left and right.<br />
Stereo/pseudo stereo/spatial stereo mode<br />
It is possible to select three modes. Stereo, pseudo or<br />
spatial stereo. The pseudo stereo mode receives mono<br />
transmissions and the stereo and spatial stereo mode<br />
receives stereo transmissions.<br />
Bass control<br />
The bass control stage can be switched from an<br />
emphasis of 15 dB to an attenuation of 12 dB for low<br />
frequencies in steps of 3 dB.<br />
Treble control<br />
The treble control stage can be switched from + 12 dB to<br />
-12 dB in steps of 3 dB.<br />
Bias and power supply<br />
The TDA8421 includes a bias and power supply stage,<br />
which generates a voltage of 1¤2 VCC with a low output<br />
impedance and injector currents for the logic part.<br />
Power-on reset<br />
The on-chip power-on reset circuit sets the mute bit to<br />
active, which mutes both the loudspeaker channel (CH1)<br />
and the headphone channel (CH2). The muting can be<br />
switched by transmission of the mute bit.<br />
I2C bus receiver and data handling<br />
Bus specification<br />
The TDA8421 is controlled via the 2-wire I2C bus by a<br />
microcomputer. The two wi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk0VnUZi8oElypCFvojY0o0ZCCSj80Jjj_kQ9F_Ll_nwopiRx_YC2qfRCWKaBj4A6YxacfFGEEvQpZ5QVxmjRAVgvsJDo30Pw1O6Q5MgPNXmDUwdhvZpzMnQXCTDDGr_Rt2zicaxHsnB4-l_-nHpLeVUrKRDXA-MOGsidjI9haLSfmYwhtEfRvV-FdWHbo/s1282/IMGH_13510__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk0VnUZi8oElypCFvojY0o0ZCCSj80Jjj_kQ9F_Ll_nwopiRx_YC2qfRCWKaBj4A6YxacfFGEEvQpZ5QVxmjRAVgvsJDo30Pw1O6Q5MgPNXmDUwdhvZpzMnQXCTDDGr_Rt2zicaxHsnB4-l_-nHpLeVUrKRDXA-MOGsidjI9haLSfmYwhtEfRvV-FdWHbo/s320/IMGH_13510__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia3KaHO-IPQWYd4qvP0SAV7z8dnvpE5U82bmPnvx_YIpitNJ4R1zjBUn1vMt2HCl6nquGuMSU9UPxyaNEMs5hSQ1gRWlG87f11FOMCTvACRqYfU0b_C99Py_-3SAqRg8fp-WdYCiz79U5jhQfD3s07Hvx249n_i7zdXE6_5_1wxb3xh47-Vqz12IqiIHnV/s1282/IMGH_13256__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><p>res (SDA - serial data, SCL -<br />
serial clock) carry information between the devices<br />
connected to the bus. Both SDA and SCL are bidirectional<br />
lines, connected to a positive supply voltage via a pull up<br />
resistor.<br />
When the bus is free both lines are HIGH. The data on the<br />
SDA line must be stable during the HIGH period of the<br />
clock. The HIGH or LOW state of the data line can only<br />
change when the clock signal on the SCL line is LOW.<br />
The set up and hold times are specified in<br />
AC CHARACTERISTICS.<br />
A HIGH-to-LOW transition of the SDA line while SCL is<br />
HIGH is defined as a start condition. A LOW-to-HIGH<br />
transition of the SDA line while SCL is HIGH is defined as<br />
a stop condition. The bus receiver will be reset by the<br />
reception of a start condition. The bus is considered to be<br />
busy after the start condition. The bus is considered to be<br />
free again after a stop condition.<br />
<br />
</p><p></p><p><b>PHILIPS TDA8405</b> TV AND VTR STEREO/DUAL SOUND PROCESSOR WITH I2C BUS CONTROL The TDA8405 integrated circuit is a processor for stereo/dual-language signals for stereo-sound television receivers and VTR.</p><p>
<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3FYcq77NAIBUNprIH2Y_x90_2ItR2xcf-vRtTxAEgKc5SlCg-2giUwSkxgdN-sZC8OgKbTI0_q5k3TQFMfotsSwi4xpAvyUH5IOX16ARs78crI2Li5mU9-_9mVvfCgSNwZG_PWuxJuvV7tuq-WUW1TNyqETqVrA5Kd53iAbfYWKp8NmC0lZp6ruE2LquM/s2656/tda8405-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3FYcq77NAIBUNprIH2Y_x90_2ItR2xcf-vRtTxAEgKc5SlCg-2giUwSkxgdN-sZC8OgKbTI0_q5k3TQFMfotsSwi4xpAvyUH5IOX16ARs78crI2Li5mU9-_9mVvfCgSNwZG_PWuxJuvV7tuq-WUW1TNyqETqVrA5Kd53iAbfYWKp8NmC0lZp6ruE2LquM/s320/tda8405-8.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8-Xq8GWgCNwWcYwXqCZzBf-GShgcMxOoFS2EGDZpNjjlWQ2BKpX80LYXiVFqMR7hw30f5tt6-jYyt7GkyyNfOk0aFDSk0kXi9HHx6whX1UWAkxKgvBWPQ74t27sDsCXY2gNkK5XF-jVPeEC3u486UFqEAaZ7itStR93vqHso-0DcBcb2xYtdORRvxHFsw/s2656/tda8405-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8-Xq8GWgCNwWcYwXqCZzBf-GShgcMxOoFS2EGDZpNjjlWQ2BKpX80LYXiVFqMR7hw30f5tt6-jYyt7GkyyNfOk0aFDSk0kXi9HHx6whX1UWAkxKgvBWPQ74t27sDsCXY2gNkK5XF-jVPeEC3u486UFqEAaZ7itStR93vqHso-0DcBcb2xYtdORRvxHFsw/s320/tda8405-7.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqvAF9HMsSb_xV8wsJpj1Sexy1ZaIlph4AEoCJKRRdWEPlAovq_b26g2UzvcSkdfXnHbcC1Ln2qH8QCo1ou7zirJ9Q12i4d1LhDAkkVHTpoamnzjUljeLhOYaBmxbe9Ef8YL41LIZn5jQdJWyrKZWbdp7qo32pLT9jjq4OqEfQceEEpTwK5OyvyW-PY3e/s2656/tda8405-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqvAF9HMsSb_xV8wsJpj1Sexy1ZaIlph4AEoCJKRRdWEPlAovq_b26g2UzvcSkdfXnHbcC1Ln2qH8QCo1ou7zirJ9Q12i4d1LhDAkkVHTpoamnzjUljeLhOYaBmxbe9Ef8YL41LIZn5jQdJWyrKZWbdp7qo32pLT9jjq4OqEfQceEEpTwK5OyvyW-PY3e/s320/tda8405-6.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxudlGyUkMOKLI52GfRCiDlWLtKerM7xcDLfe9YyxLCTZtM4RzkaSi3WTBTtq6k2J9y1yR_OrLARbctGmw9GrI92Jgb7zJwvejjDM-gJHJFUqpKV_LFxuVZ9UKQ8xqHbsV42-VfkIGzSSKWCex1Zc43rwRnIslb819TLeuPeHMxc5hNr-J7r85QzABZPoK/s320/tda8405-4.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_pvWXP2mi4nlTtr3GmP22WTm9WHzkasRDAN2siAyMnqiLUP-816g_ATKS_uj3gLez1lAjx3WU_jx8yp_H15mvVl3jVSak3l-6kdfJ93_UIIa1oybFnJp4zRL37q9hqaiqZnMZhIztBUYJ0PKc6vmOCyJqJI1LcM34v7vsLuSYTBAj1nj_wlbKXu2X1XV/s2656/tda8405-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_pvWXP2mi4nlTtr3GmP22WTm9WHzkasRDAN2siAyMnqiLUP-816g_ATKS_uj3gLez1lAjx3WU_jx8yp_H15mvVl3jVSak3l-6kdfJ93_UIIa1oybFnJp4zRL37q9hqaiqZnMZhIztBUYJ0PKc6vmOCyJqJI1LcM34v7vsLuSYTBAj1nj_wlbKXu2X1XV/s320/tda8405-3.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-Kd-L6zPEY9mJnv6wJTpGGmuQppbJMf-akA_gu41UWAgQa5y2TIfJPa8GGk3ItfeBk1qBFEyJ9Cvc3vMifBHOGDw2as3LwF5HUsKBbBv16t-OMoU6U-HEOaZkfgrcGFIVOjmwF-LiGUmmluLknBxoZx1uN2dVDSlDITCIwO1GXZbfkZWaFgW0X2xLCk7/s320/tda8405-1.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwTyJ3FJa_Lob7X_pmNLnmVTLrkDLvgV3YZhU4LavenneskjZUFN7KJojVG6dOnie_JVZhk92RvYQJQnzEBT2JacDb3Lc0-uisz19Vm0SqopdPEp2_aQILjhfPdNRx-3i8TLPYLBufXD5lnsDYFdvrpP0sAhyphenhyphenqwgTp0BNEXpMsrIeZ7cQodNHiGSWsenEI/s2656/tda8405-0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2656" data-original-width="2080" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwTyJ3FJa_Lob7X_pmNLnmVTLrkDLvgV3YZhU4LavenneskjZUFN7KJojVG6dOnie_JVZhk92RvYQJQnzEBT2JacDb3Lc0-uisz19Vm0SqopdPEp2_aQILjhfPdNRx-3i8TLPYLBufXD5lnsDYFdvrpP0sAhyphenhyphenqwgTp0BNEXpMsrIeZ7cQodNHiGSWsenEI/s320/tda8405-0.jpg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><p> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TEA5115 5 CHANNELS VIDEO SWITCH</span><br />
<br />
<br />
EACH<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXCoDk6LWVJ-R6KaDwVFsNkFA1Rnb4JVKn5nD6qm7oz66OPJTrhXlvPqfI80GMiVOumD-2i5LSmCpWgVzsSRAwMNHfmXeK8j-eQFud3VHZt5QbnkF3GxE0N8Uon8ymEGAk0MucGTi3gDY/s1600/IMG_6072.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5610348774423635458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLXCoDk6LWVJ-R6KaDwVFsNkFA1Rnb4JVKn5nD6qm7oz66OPJTrhXlvPqfI80GMiVOumD-2i5LSmCpWgVzsSRAwMNHfmXeK8j-eQFud3VHZt5QbnkF3GxE0N8Uon8ymEGAk0MucGTi3gDY/s320/IMG_6072.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a> CHANNEL EXCEPT FAST BLANKING<br />
HAS 6dB GAIN .R, G, B AND VIDEO SIGNALS ARE CLAMPED<br />
TOTHESAMEREFERENCE VOLTAGEINORDER<br />
TO HAVE NO OUTPUT DIFFERENTIAL<br />
VOLTAGEWHEN SWITCHING .ALL INPUT LEVELSCOMPATIBLE WITH NFC<br />
92250AND EN 50049NORMS .30MHzBAND WIDTH FOR R, G, B SIGNALS .INTERNAL 6.7V SHUNT REGULATOR FOR :<br />
- LOW IMPEDANCE LOADS,<br />
- POWER DISSIPATIONLIMITATION .INDEPENDANT VIDEO OR SYNCHRONIZING<br />
SIGNAL SELECTION .SIMULTANEOUSSWITCHING OFR, G, BAND<br />
FB SIGNALS BY FB1 INPUT (internal)<br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_text"><u><b>THOMSON CHASSIS ICC5 REPAIRING / SERVICING NOTES:</b></u></div><div class="disp_elm_text"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s1282/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoZjC3GPcS5TzhKhtk-g97CNo1BpCu0V2ZjgItgL0PXuFWgGOb1rfCKHB6hTA2DMob-hYSHibDLivuKeCK8KxYXxuSz7DC2y3fxUKr9nBMIFVObpkH4buQtH5dY03x7TPl9JKA42QoPsdGn6JdqYCBXw71kxbBnvyKj-uZUE35ruCUzrb_Emf0EBgmlz5W/s320/IMGH_13250__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>icc5 (110deg) lg11 faulty cg11(1nf)<br />icc intermittent controls- replace membrane .<br />icc5 1 sec eht then stby try s/c pin5 micro pro to earth .<br />icc5 3 lines of scan at top of pic only il14 tea2029.<br />icc5 3 trips then off dl55(ba157)+cl58(47uf100v)+rv82(10r).<br />icc5 330nf s-correction cap, check j134 22v .<br />icc5 3trips/dead tda2030 .<br />icc5 3trips/dead ,test pin 4/11 to earth if < 700r loptx.<br />icc5 3trips/dead dl55 ba157,cl58 47uf100v rv82 (10r, on crt base pcb) .<br />icc5 3trips/dead l25, zpd10 zener diode.<br />icc5 3trips/dead tl17 bc548b in trip cct.<br />icc5 3trips/dead, cp24 47uf,100v from choptr base tp24.<br />icc5 bent sides ew coil,tda4950,dl41(byw76),dl46(by228),rl44(66+120r).<br />icc5 bent sides tda4950 ew ig01 dl42(ba157) 18k across it.<br />icc5 blank bright raster. 10r on crt base.<br />icc5 blank raster dots hot smell dl21/dl22.<br />icc5 blank raster no snd tda2541<br />icc5 blank raster no snd, osd & scart ok,tda2451-2.<br />icc5 blank raster,line across top, dl21(esm740g).<br />icc5 child lock “press red green blue then hold yellow 10 secs” .<br />icc5 cl44(0.44uf250v).<br />icc5 cl48(12n4f)+tda4950+tl17.<br />icc5 clicking on nicam add 47k between pins 13 & 16 ic1580 nicam pcb<br />icc5 cold hiss ds03(bb809).<br />icc5 cold top lines/foldover cl52 from pin 3 loptx.<br />icc5 cold tripping il14(tea2029c),<br />icc5 color cast/bright text tv41(1k).<br />icc5 dead lg11,cl44(300nf).<br />icc5 dead rp23+1n4148 dl28.<br />icc5 dead “88” showing, rp42 1r2 in psu,<br />icc5 dead 1a6t+cap next to 1r4w resistors in mains filter unit.<br />icc5 dead 330nf400v lg11 tda4950+fusible jl34(22r) .<br />icc5 dead bu508at.<br />icc5 dead choptr(tp24) dp37 tl31 rl10(115k).<br />icc5 dead cl44 300nf250v .<br />icc5 dead cl48 12.4nf +tda4950 + bc548b tl17.<br />icc5 dead cl48.choptr(bu508a),cp23.<br />icc5 dead coil,lg11, tda4950 tda4950 rl44, cl48 10.5nf cl44 300nf.<br />icc5 dead cp02(10nf250v) blue disc.<br />icc5 dead cp37(1000uf) 8v line.<br />icc5 dead dl55(ba157).<br />icc5 dead eht surge cp26(470uf16v) loc241<br />icc5 dead fp05 rp01 rp02 rp01 on scan coils.<br />icc5 dead front digits ok,line scan coil plug<br />icc5 dead fuse blown check degauss ptc.<br />icc5 dead fuse cp02 10nf blue disc cap.<br />icc5 dead led flash once cp26(470uf25v).<br />icc5 dead led flash, rr30 pins.<br />icc5 dead led flicks once,lg11+tda4950+cl44+rl46(1k)+rl44(56r+120r)+j134(22r).<br />icc5 dead lg11 cl44(33pf) rl44 ig01(tda4950) add 22r in place of ji34.<br />icc5 dead lg11 coil+rl44(56+120r)+tda4950+cl48(10n5)+cl44(300nf).<br />icc5 dead lo start volts at il14 ,dp45(zpd9v1).<br />icc5 dead loptr 2000a3 cl48<br />icc5 dead loptr cause loptx try discon pins 6/8/9/10 to prove.<br />icc5 dead loptr cause scan coils leak to field /ew raster coil.<br />icc5 dead loptr s2000af bend the corners of the heatsink away from choptx.<br />icc5 dead loptr+cl48 11nf(51k7) loptx rl10<br />icc5 dead loptr,cl42(360nf250v)<br />icc5 dead loptr= ew trans=lg11 ig01 rl44 120r+56r.<br />icc5 dead loptx, choptr bu508a, field thy, jungle chip, fucus/a1 unit<br />icc5 dead pulse of power at switch off cl44(330nf250v).<br />icc5 dead rl23 1r<br />icc5 dead rp23 w/wound,no line drive dl29(1n4148)<br />icc5 dead s2000a3+4*by255+pins+mains plug.<br />icc5 dead stby programme up button on tv front for 6 seconds.<br />icc5 dead stby ir73(mda2062).<br />icc5 dead stby lg11 ig01 tda4950 cl44 rl46 rrl44 j134 22r<br />icc5 dead stby tp45=4v(should be 11.5v) stby tx lp03 .<br />icc5 dead switching stby/on qr27.<br />icc5 dead throbbing lo ht 50v, 220uf385v mains cap.<br />icc5 dead tl17 bc548 il14<br />icc5 dead tl17(bc548)<br />icc5 dead tp15(bc548b).<br />icc5 dead tp45 11.5vn, the stby transformer lp03<br />icc5 dead tp45(bc649).<br />icc5 dead trip is41(tda2030)<br />icc5 dead tripping dl18(zpd36),tl31(bu508a),rp43.<br />icc5 dead/dark blank raster, cp37 4700uf25v<br />icc5 degauss posistor+1r0+1.6at.<br />icc5 disable trip by shorting tl17 collector to emitter.<br />icc5 eht stays up 10 secs/no digits.<br />icc5 eht stby, ic904(sl486)try reset use remote or hold ch up.”<br />icc5 eht surge only, try disconnect pin 4 loptx, field collapse<br />icc5 eht/htrs ok no brill,unplug field scan coils (scr to earth)<br />icc5 ew (tda4950) cause lg11 flashover.<br />icc5 ew bowing (59p7).dg 10 6.8 zener<br />icc5 ew bowing tda4950<br />icc5 ew coil 1r+6.5r<br />icc5 ew coil on 110 crt,cl44 330nf,rl44,56+120r,j134 22r,tda4950.cg11 inf<br />icc5 ew distortion rl44(120r+56r) cl 44 0.3uf tda4950 ig010 ew coil lg11,<br />icc5 ew j134(22r)+tda4950 dl42(ba159)+18k, ig01<br />icc5 ew lg11 110deg tubes cl44 330nf; rl44 56r+120r fusible; j134 22r, ig01 tda4950 ew<br />icc5 ew raster ,tda4950,cg11(1nf),dg13(1n4148),dl41(byw76),lg11,rg08(22r).<br />icc5 ew raster ig8,rg41(10r),tg62(bc547b).<br />icc5 ew raster lg11 dl46+dl41+lg11+rl44+cg11+ig01+cl41+cl44+j134(72r),ig01.<br />icc5 excess blue iv50 .<br />icc5 excess brill rv82(10r) crt base.<br />icc5 faint pic snd ok cv90,cp37<br />icc5 field cl22+rl22+cl52 1000uf.<br />icc5 field collapse (wavy line) scan coil plug<br />icc5 field collapse ,line nr top, rl33(3m3),il14.<br />icc5 field collapse cf01, 470nf,il14,rf01(3m)/rl33, scan coil pins.<br />icc5 field collapse dp47, bg22,bg36,cf01, scan coil pins.<br />icc5 field collapse rf01(3m).<br />icc5 field collapse rf21(820r),rl50(1r), loptx pins.<br />icc5 field collapse. rf01(3m).<br />icc5 field top cramp,cl22 rl22,cl52 1,000uf, 23v line.<br />icc5 field top foldover rf(1k).<br />icc5 flyback lines, tv50(bf422), dl22,cl22,rl22(1k5),tv81.<br />icc5 front leds pulsing rp42 (1r) o/c+dp41 o/c pins.<br />icc5 ha11498 changed to u4647/b1-tea5040<br />icc5 hot hum bar/field collapse. dp47<br />icc5 hot snd cracks (51k5), two screen cans on nicam pcb; pin 24 of main edge.<br />icc5 hot snow it20(tda6316ap).<br />icc5 hum/hissy snd pc1253 pins cs36 qs05.<br />icc5 inch of pic lhs, iv02(saa5243) on t/text.<br />icc5 int blue pic flyback pin 11 of crt base.<br />icc5 int color when setting pic geometry, mod change dv11 to 100pf.<br />icc5 int colour,dv21(1n4148)<br />icc5 int field collapse. dp47<br />icc5 int interference/lines tda4443<br />icc5 int line flashes across it20(u6316).<br />icc5 int nicam pc1253-001.is01 ta8662 is08 adc2300 pins<br />icc5 int nicam ta8662+adc2300 pins.<br />icc5 int no color dv21(1n4148).<br />icc5 int no pic, tuner<br />icc5 int no snd,headphone socket<br />icc5 int no start, earth pin28 il14 for tripped test.<br />icc5 int pic cv57(22nf).<br />icc5 int sides ew, loptx pins .<br />icc5 int snd cr56 .<br />icc5 int snd headphone socket pins.<br />icc5 int start lines at top,1.5k rl22 4.7nf cl22.cl52 1000uf.<br />icc5 int stby choptr tp24<br />icc5 int stby,choptr tp24. pins<br />icc5 int ticking snd/int mute, earth spkr grill.<br />icc5 int trip degauss positor .<br />icc5 int trips ,rl48(4k7).<br />icc5 int trips led flashing 6 times rl18 4k7 sm.<br />icc5 int trips,degaussing posistor.<br />icc5 interference pic ,tda4443<br />icc5 just osd tda2451-2<br />icc5 just snow c109(1nf).<br />icc5 led flashing 6 times,rl18(4k7sm)<br />icc5 line collapse 2″ dl41, ll46,rl46.<br />icc5 lineop disconnect ,dummy load tween dp41 cathode, chassis<br />icc5 lines across screen, pf14(100r) field cct.<br />icc5 lines flashing , tuner unit,it20(u6316). pll<br />icc5 low blue tea5040+mod kit.<br />icc5 low height il14(tea2029c), ty01(bf422).<br />icc5 low ht(158vn), rl10(115k).<br />icc5 low tuning voltage ci05(1nf).<br />icc5 low width cl44(300nf400v)+rl44(120r+56r)<br />icc5 low width cl54 680nf<br />icc5 low width, dg10,ig01(tda4950).,dl41(byw76).<br />icc5 low width/ew ,0.33uf250+td4950+4r7(rf14).<br />icc5 lop transistor getting hot ,bend h/sink corner away from choptx.<br />icc5 loptr running hot cause loptx magnetic field hitting heatsink, add shield.<br />icc5 loptr scancoils lg11/tda4950+,,,.<br />icc5 loptr(s2000af)<br />icc5 loptx arcing dst85b172/401416, hr6260<br />icc5 loptx dst85b243/473197_00= hr6373<br />icc5 loptx+bu508a choptr (chopper transistor).<br />icc5 loptx=hr6373/hr6067 dst85b243 473 197_00.<br />icc5 mod ha11498 changed to u4647/b1-tea5040<br />icc5 nicam (nasty) resolder earths on nicam pcb screen<br />icc5 nicam clicking , earth speaker .<br />icc5 nicam crackles ii71(tda4445b) is09 .<br />icc5 nicam=nasty inconsistant companded audio muckup<br />icc5 no 5v cp44(22nf)leaks.<br />icc5 no blue rv73(47k)<br />icc5 no blue tea5040 iv21. mod kit wve<br />icc5 no channel change. ic ir01.<br />icc5 no channel store ir01 .<br />icc5 no color chv5700 as panel.<br />icc5 no eht,loptx.<br />icc5 no ew correction. j134(22r),ig01(tda4950)<br />icc5 no fastext ir01.<br />icc5 no green tv62.<br />icc5 no line sync ql07 from pin 18 il14.<br />icc5 no luma/dark screen chroma subpanel.<br />icc5 no nicam pc1253 qs03(16m384hz).<br />icc5 no nicam snd poor mono snd c176 10uf inside if can<br />icc5 no osd rv02(47r) tv05(mps2369a).<br />icc5 no osd tv07,4v3 zener on text board<br />icc5 no osd/ttext, tv67(bc547c)<br />icc5 no osd/ttext. dv05 zener (zpd10) on text pcb.<br />icc5 no picture bc558b decoder<br />icc5 no picture dl21<br />icc5 no picture tv50 on decoder pcb<br />icc5 no pic/snd lt13 dt21(in4150).<br />icc5 no pic/snd. cp37(4700uf) .<br />icc5 no pic/snd/led digits, micropro ir01(ferg07)<br />icc5 no raster dl22(ba157) il14,rp42(1r).<br />icc5 no raster/snd cp37(4u700f)<br />icc5 no remote ,ir receiver remove c950(10uf) add link.<br />icc5 no remote ir rx (mod c950 with wire)<br />icc5 no remote ir73/ ir01.<br />icc5 no scart sound tba120t.<br />icc5 no sound even on scart tba120t<br />icc5 no sound just hiss. tda4453 in if can.<br />icc5 no sound rs13(4r7) tr57(bc558b) ts04 is08(adc2300).<br />icc5 no sound tba120t sound det chip<br />icc5 no sound tr57(bc558b), rs13(4r7), headphone socket.<br />icc5 no start.rp42 on main pcb – low volts to ic il14<br />icc5 no text cv05 rv43 rv44(0r22).<br />icc5 no text dv03(zpd4v3)/dvo5(zpd10v) .<br />icc5 no text/osd iv05 tv67(bc547c) dv05(zpd10)dv03(zpd4v3)<br />icc5 no text/osd. tv67 (bc547c)<br />icc5 no ttext/osd. dv05 zener (zpd10) on text pcb.dv03 zener zpd4v3<br />icc5 no tuning it20 (tda6316ap) no volts to tuner.<br />icc5 no tuning it20(tda6316ap).<br />icc5 no video text ok rv74 2r7<br />icc5 no video tv50.<br />icc5 no video,nicam pcb 3 connect pins, luma output (top);luma input (bottom).<br />icc5 no/int color dv21, r35.<br />icc5 ns raster rg42(1r5).<br />icc5 odd field coloured lines(1k5) nr thyristor<br />icc5 odd lines on pic , scart ok,u6316 pll chip it20<br />icc5 osd sync rv36(22k).<br />icc5 osg ir01 ir01 tr84(bc238-40).<br />icc5 picture flutter check cp37(4700uf).<br />icc5 pic ripple. tr107 l120.<br />icc5 poor ew,ew coil+tda4950 ,dl41(byw76), dl46(by228),rl44(66+120r)<br />icc5 poor focus loptx faulty<br />icc5 poor pic lo emission rv73 47kr 1w,<br />icc5 poor scart picture,add 6n8f63v across rs26.<br />icc5 poor sound cs05(22nf/100nf).<br />icc5 poor start+top lines rl22(1k5) cl22(4u7f)+cl52(1000uf).<br />icc5 pulsing sound = nicam unit.<br />icc5 pulsing. dl55 (ba157)<br />icc5 ragged verticals dv68 on text pcb<br />icc5 remote control, ir receiver sl466 ic<br />icc5 rhs crackling is10.<br />icc5 ripple on picture, tr107+l120.<br />icc5 rolling lines, dl22(ba157).<br />icc5 scart poor pic. add 6n8f63v across rs26.<br />icc5 set trips 3 times tl29(bc639), rl30(1r ).<br />icc5 slow start dp51(1n4002) 12v bridge.<br />icc5 smeary picture iv50(u4647b).<br />icc5 sound hiss, tda4453 in can.<br />icc5 sound popping add 47k between pins 13 & 16 of is08 on pc1253<br />icc5 sound stutter front of spk & mid spk mounting<br />icc5 sound int rhs front mounted headphone socket.<br />icc5 sparking from res nr coil in corner lg11<br />icc5 stby programme up button on tv front for 6 seconds.<br />icc5 stby cp46, dl52(ba157),rp46dp44(zpd5v6),mda2062).<br />icc5 stby eht surge ic904(sl486) .<br />icc5 stby loptr s2000a3 tl31,cl48 10.5nf<br />icc5 stby press prog up front for 6 seconds.<br />icc5 stby rp42<br />icc5 stby s2000a3 +cl48(10n5f)<br />icc5 stby s2000a3 loptr tl31+cl48(10n5)<br />icc5 telefunken 617 3trips loptx.<br />icc5 test discon loptx 8+10, bulb 100w pin8 to earth lites 3 times if ok.<br />icc5 text dropout iv28 dvt5403 ir01.<br />icc5 text line tearing dv68(zdp6v2).<br />icc5 text no osg tv07.<br />icc5 top 3 colored flyback lines dl21 thyristor<br />icc5 top cramp rf12(1k),il14.<br />icc5 tripped cp37 4,700uf was .<br />icc5 tripped rl10<br />icc5 tripping cl48(11nf).+loptx<br />icc5 tripping cp29(47nf).<br />icc5 tripping dl51(by397)/cg05.<br />icc5 tripping focus arcing.<br />icc5 tripping ir01(micropro).<br />icc5 tripping ir81(mc7805).<br />icc5 tripping lg11 tda 4950 +s2000af .<br />icc5 tripping loptr+cl48.<br />icc5 tripping loptx s/c pins 11/3.<br />icc5 tripping loptx+dp37(byw72).<br />icc5 trips (0u33f250v)+tda4950 .<br />icc5 trips (22uf250v)+rl23(1r) .<br />icc5 trips 3 times dead cp24 47uf100v drive coupler to tr24.<br />icc5 trips 3 times cp24(47uf100v) drive coupler to tr24 .<br />icc5 trips 3 times dead dl55 ba157 cl58 47uf100v rv82 10r .<br />icc5 trips 3 times dl25(zpd10).<br />icc5 trips 3 times dl55(ba157),cl58(47uf100v),rv82(10r)<br />icc5 trips cl16(3n3f) il14,dl51.<br />icc5 trips cp37(4700uf).<br />icc5 trips disable tl17 c/e. dl25 zpd10 zener 13v line monitor.<br />icc5 trips dl25(zpd10 zenner.<br />icc5 trips once stby rl44 56r hold mains sw for 3-4secs<br />icc5 trips quietly 0u33f 250v nr loptx, e/w coil tda4950<br />icc5 trips tp16(bc368).<br />icc5 tuning bad qt16(4mhz).<br />icc5 tuning no 33v voltage ,tt12 bc547<br />icc5 vcr flag waving ,use channels end in zero. ie 10, 20 etc.<br />icc5 warm no ew correction pg02 2k2<br />icc5 warm trips cl33(10uf25v)+cp23(2n2)<br />icc5 white raster check rv82.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s1282/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMQkoVTkRPrDcvTwOkLWzBexZGl4LghbZDlrmeZ13EwUrHokQwUkztzSqv1eVWZV_lhVwD-YpiTcHCSt4la5ShUYAz8S_vBL1zgX0CuBmE-NIG3pa_7UN1MR_xtO3KjjdsCheMV0tX-OVRxVO5WnvFqAKWHkkx6HXv1x8WDVfopijyYmmeH4nMnJmvUevN/s320/IMGH_13491__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />icc5 white raster rv82.<br />icc5 width 1″ on lhs text ic iv02.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-83369104176541137432024-01-24T17:00:00.025+01:002024-01-24T17:00:00.130+01:00SABA T7280 VT SUPERPLANAR CHASSIS ICC5402 (THOMSON ICC5) CRT TUBE VIDEOCOLOR A68EAU00X02 PLANAR<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO9uckTWmgudzkgGHPiEjL8IDMRkmEhb3yqFziEm2XYig_0NPOfeRt_YKCrJNBp6IZ6euB7e4rsFZXcrUiXvJpaMiYEgDZRHWw40gIt8o8EWzNP7r9ujPVpTpHSbITuGJg6HC3VpNEs6qhvGqC07ClMB5MvdD0aGHUCMIBdCREpQry0UnpZ1CMZo40AoFB/s1282/IMGH_13492__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO9uckTWmgudzkgGHPiEjL8IDMRkmEhb3yqFziEm2XYig_0NPOfeRt_YKCrJNBp6IZ6euB7e4rsFZXcrUiXvJpaMiYEgDZRHWw40gIt8o8EWzNP7r9ujPVpTpHSbITuGJg6HC3VpNEs6qhvGqC07ClMB5MvdD0aGHUCMIBdCREpQry0UnpZ1CMZo40AoFB/s320/IMGH_13492__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7RjbOUWsS3xBGGz0GLOQbem2eYoWY6qQudee5l7OiivTN7wVUCFN0i0ltdUELP1N3OcCxbvFucZrI0GgVE4C9FZET-vcebIZ1y34GLJoWqVu8NPqbYoYOqQs8oE-UvSoA8ney6xlB1lU_msR9FM_3kHp0pgTEQlQaSgrfKvMryc7ycPBAOnEvR8dGkPgk/s1282/IMGH_13516__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7RjbOUWsS3xBGGz0GLOQbem2eYoWY6qQudee5l7OiivTN7wVUCFN0i0ltdUELP1N3OcCxbvFucZrI0GgVE4C9FZET-vcebIZ1y34GLJoWqVu8NPqbYoYOqQs8oE-UvSoA8ney6xlB1lU_msR9FM_3kHp0pgTEQlQaSgrfKvMryc7ycPBAOnEvR8dGkPgk/s320/IMGH_13516__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s1282/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s320/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-gnCXyv0IM9Y33KOiuwDG1EE6wFCWjZuQcl-afAZAXOT8JZgwbrCx9BBsN7CiOXDX9a6FZkyFR5TW7zuv5m11KS6U9yXkPZMRpukfS2FHeo4h5o_Y6Pv2FlLnOYL9Jy4lR-k_fQzCp13/s1600/EAU2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544621195052038978" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-gnCXyv0IM9Y33KOiuwDG1EE6wFCWjZuQcl-afAZAXOT8JZgwbrCx9BBsN7CiOXDX9a6FZkyFR5TW7zuv5m11KS6U9yXkPZMRpukfS2FHeo4h5o_Y6Pv2FlLnOYL9Jy4lR-k_fQzCp13/s320/EAU2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNCJwW-zmQr04azZtVw3ayvcujkJOt6KdY9gpeLsIkj8RGXC-JwD3qys4tsuXggOV6bQdh3biA6OwPDFexBEJEkyVNR7g4PZ365ZRScsArodRSCC-sMts6FuviOQ2lYfbjE2eNdHtG9JE/s1600/EAU3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5544621185196220578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxNCJwW-zmQr04azZtVw3ayvcujkJOt6KdY9gpeLsIkj8RGXC-JwD3qys4tsuXggOV6bQdh3biA6OwPDFexBEJEkyVNR7g4PZ365ZRScsArodRSCC-sMts6FuviOQ2lYfbjE2eNdHtG9JE/s320/EAU3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>
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<br /><b>CRT TUBE VIDEOCOLOR PLANAR A68EAU00X02.
Cathode-ray tube having a faceplate panel wit</b><b>h a substantially planar periphery</b><br /></p><div class="disp_elm_text">
A cathode-ray tube includes a rectangular faceplate which
has an exterior surface having curvature along both the minor and major
axes. The exterior surface of the faceplate includes a rectangular
contour near its periphery which substantially lies in a plane which is
perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of the tube. </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_doc2"><div class="disp_elm_text">
1. A cathode-ray tube including a rectangular faceplate
wherein a long side of the faceplate substantially parallels a major
axis of the tube and a short side of the faceplate substantially
parallels a minor axis of the tube, said faceplate having an exterior
surface having curvature along both said minor and major axes and
wherein said exterior surface includes a substantially rectangular
contour near the periphery of said faceplate which substantially lies in
a plane that is perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of said
tube and wherein the equation of the line formed by the center-to-corner
contour of the cross-section of said exterior surface has at least one
sign change of its second derivative. <br clear="all" /><br clear="all" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<p>This invention relates to cathode-ray tubes (CRT's) and,
particularly, to the surface contours of the faceplate panels of such
tubes. </p><p>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</p> <p>There are
two basic faceplate panel contours utilized commercially for
rectangular CRT's of screen sizes greater than about a 9-inch (22.9 cm)
diagonal: spherical, and cylindrical. Although flat contours are
possible, the added thickness and weight of the faceplate panel required
to maintain the same envelope strength are undesirable. Furthermore, if
a flat faceplate CRT is a shadow mask color picture tube, the
additional weight and complexity of an appropriate shadow mask also are
undesirable. </p><p>The present invention provides a novel curved
faceplate panel contour that is neither spherical nor cylindrical, but
that can create an illusion to a viewer of being flat. </p><p>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</p> <p>A
cathode-ray tube includes a rectangular faceplate which has an exterior
surface having curvature along both the minor and major axes. The
exterior surface of the faceplate includes a rectangular contour near
its periphery which substantially lies in a plane which is perpendicular
to the central longitudinal axis of the tube. </p><p>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS</p> <p>FIG.
1 is a plan view, partly in axial section, of a shadow mask color
picture tube in which one embodiment of the present invention is
incorporated. </p><p>FIG. 2 is a front view of the faceplate panel of the tube of FIG. 1 taken at line 2--2 of FIG. 1. </p><p>FIGS.
3, 4 and 5 are cross-sections of the faceplate panel of FIG. 2 taken at
lines 3--3, 4--4 and 5--5 respectively, of FIG. 2. </p><p>FIG. 6 is a
compound view showing the exterior surface contours of the faceplate
panel at the cross-sections of FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. </p><p>FIG. 7 is a compound view showing the exterior surface contours of a faceplate panel of another tube embodiment. </p><p>FIG. 8 is a plan view of a shadow mask that may be used with the faceplate panel of FIG. 7. </p><p>FIG.
9 is a compound view showing cross-sections of the shadow mask contours
taken at lines 9a--9a, 9b--9b and 9c--9c of FIG. 8. </p><p>FIG. 10 is a side view of another shadow mask embodiment. </p><p>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS</p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3y-8uqmmunLsQkWB93_hcg3O4Nzy5k0GBMAk0ucBTb728reRc1kq3Ic6XKvtdGPXuSpL4FiSPypS8R-7qpU2_5aXMoidsXdkYfqz7p7T_ImK4BYl1AP2ECTCLyOczZYX2oDgvUHJF5DMiGNzciXtd-Gp8BGOK0lucsOc_sSHYhdzatH-HFYXt9kU5uYio/s2558/VDC-PLANAR--1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3y-8uqmmunLsQkWB93_hcg3O4Nzy5k0GBMAk0ucBTb728reRc1kq3Ic6XKvtdGPXuSpL4FiSPypS8R-7qpU2_5aXMoidsXdkYfqz7p7T_ImK4BYl1AP2ECTCLyOczZYX2oDgvUHJF5DMiGNzciXtd-Gp8BGOK0lucsOc_sSHYhdzatH-HFYXt9kU5uYio/s320/VDC-PLANAR--1__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br />FIG.
1 shows a rectangular cathode-ray tube (CRT), in the form of a color
picture tube 10 having a glass envelope 11, comprising a rectangular
faceplate panel 12 and a tubular neck 14 connected by a funnel 16. The
panel comprises a viewing faceplate 18 and a peripheral flange or
sidewall 20, which is sealed to the funnel 16 by a glass frit 17. A
rectangular three-color phosphor screen 22 is carried by the inner
surface of the faceplate 18. The screen is preferably a line screen,
with the phosphor lines extending substantially parallel to the minor
axis Y--Y of the tube (normal to the plane of FIG. 1). Alternatively,
the screen also can be a dot screen. A multi-apertured color selection
electrode or shadow mask 24 is removably mounted within the faceplate
panel 12 in predetermined spaced relation to the screen 22. An inline
electron gun 26, shown schematically by dotted lines in FIG. 1, is
centrally mounted within the neck 14 to generate and direct three
electron beams 28 along coplanar convergent paths through the mask 24 to
the screen 22. Alternatively, the electron gun also can have a
triangular or delta configuration. <p>The tube 10 of FIG. 1 is
designed to be used with an external magnetic deflection yoke, such as
the yoke 30 schematically shown surrounding the neck 14 and funnel 16 in
the neighborhood of thier junction, for subjecting the three beams 28
to vertical and horizontal magnetic flux, to scan the beams horizontally
in the direction of the major axis (X--X) and vertically in the
direction of the minor axis (Y--Y), respectively, in a rectangular
raster over the screen 22. </p><p>FIG. 2 shows the front of the
faceplate panel 12. The periphery of the panel 12 forms a rectangle with
slightly curved sides. The border of the screen 22 is shown with dashed
lines in FIG. 2. This border is rectangular. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Ipey94U-3_LPkSQs7ldp-pjyVBwSOwmvMXvmdrbT92TTy0Qm08eKXcDOFqWgasaGKGVgHSNx60euwoXPWNReZvTV0mPEMD538H5-DQJaTe4fSMC7PL_Zc6XTrywT4YXU1KiMCWSGW0k_124UaP-nlridToQ17QMW-5KoNPLjM2x5gYY-Vo1ORvQbSxZW/s2558/VDC-PLANAR--2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Ipey94U-3_LPkSQs7ldp-pjyVBwSOwmvMXvmdrbT92TTy0Qm08eKXcDOFqWgasaGKGVgHSNx60euwoXPWNReZvTV0mPEMD538H5-DQJaTe4fSMC7PL_Zc6XTrywT4YXU1KiMCWSGW0k_124UaP-nlridToQ17QMW-5KoNPLjM2x5gYY-Vo1ORvQbSxZW/s320/VDC-PLANAR--2__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><p>The specific
contours along the minor axis (Y--Y), major axis (X--X) and the diagonal
are shown in relative contours of the exterior surface of the faceplate
panel 12 along the minor axis, major axis and diagonal is shown in FIG.
6. The exterior surface of the faceplate panel 12 is curved along both
the major and minor axes, with the curvature along the minor axis being
greater than the curvature along the major axis, at least in the center
portion of the panel 12. The surface curvature along the diagonal is
selected to smooth the transition between the different curvatures along
the major and minor axes. In a preferred embodiment, the curvature
along the minor axis is at least 4/3 greater than the curvature along
the major axis, at least in a central portion of the faceplate. In the
preferred embodiment, a contour along the diagonal has at least one sign
change of its second derivative going from the faceplate
center-to-corner such as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. </p><p>Because of the
differing Curvatures along the major and minor axes and along the
diagonal, the height A of the panel skirt 20 can be made constant around
the periphery of the panel 12, as illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 5. In order
to achieve such constant skirt height, it is necessary to properly
smooth the faceplate contour between the edge of the screen and the
skirt. If such smoothing presents difficulties, skirt height will vary
slightly around the tube periphery in a scallop fashion, i.e., it will
be slightly higher at the diagonal than at the ends of the major and
minor axes. The present invention encompasses both such skirt
alternatives. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ycCOEAYCeKUWW3srOBp8rn6u0kae3pxXBWCVS3e93PP6zrcvR7rYcWb3T7YEVk0AOgnkN9f20yXe2a31ddYXVB6LrR6vYwfTRCAjzS317BbGVqzy-IjZ1_Htyb9qrAcDWDj8LSImMeQSIXPX9DhRQutBl2l62ptpmbbYHiQWz0JYmix_p8VktNhLodS5/s2558/VDC-PLANAR--3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ycCOEAYCeKUWW3srOBp8rn6u0kae3pxXBWCVS3e93PP6zrcvR7rYcWb3T7YEVk0AOgnkN9f20yXe2a31ddYXVB6LrR6vYwfTRCAjzS317BbGVqzy-IjZ1_Htyb9qrAcDWDj8LSImMeQSIXPX9DhRQutBl2l62ptpmbbYHiQWz0JYmix_p8VktNhLodS5/s320/VDC-PLANAR--3__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><p>Because of the differing curvatures along the major
and minor axes, the points on the exterior surface of the panel
directly opposite the edges of the screen 22 substantially lie all in
the same plane P. These substantially planar points, when viewed from
the front of the faceplate panel 12, as in FIG. 2, form a contour line
on the exterior surface of the panel that is substantially a rectangle
superposed on the edges of the screen 22. Therefore, when the novel tube
10 is inserted into a television receiver, a uniform width border mask
or bezel can be used around the tube. The edge of such a bezel that
contacts the tube at the rectangular contour line also is substantially
in the plane P. Since the periphery border of a picture on the tube
screen appears to be planar, there is an illusion created that the
picture is flat, even though the faceplate panel is curved along both
the major and minor axes. </p><p>In one tube embodiment, the faceplate
panel is formed from two smoothed cylindrical surfaces, the axes of
which are perpendicular. The radii of the two cylindrical surfaces are
chosen so that, when the two surfaces are made tangent at the center of
the panel, there is a plane perpendicular to the Z axis that intersects
the surfaces and forms a rectangle at the intercept therewith. The
following equation can be used to determine the geometric parameters of
the panel surface contour along the major and minor axes: ##EQU1##
where: R<sub>1</sub> =radius of curvature along the major (X) axis; </p><p> R<sub>2</sub> =radius of curvature along the minor (Y) axis; </p><p> l<sub>1</sub> =cord length of the panel in the major (X) axis direction; and </p><p> l<sub>2</sub> =cord length of the panel in the minor (Y) axis direction. </p><p>The
actual panel contour is described by segments of circles parallel to
the X-Z plane an<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s1282/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s320/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>d having radii varying from one value on the X axis to a
relatively large value at the ends of the minor axis, and by segments
of circles parallel to the Y-Z plane and having radii varying from
another value on the Y axis to another relatively large value at the
ends of the major axis. The radius on the minor (Y) axis is shorter than
the radius on the major (X) axis, wherefore there is greater curvature
along the minor axis than along the major axis. </p><p>The radii of the
circular segments at the ends of the major and minor axes are
sufficiently large that, when the faceplate is viewed at normal viewing
distances, portions of the faceplate at the edges of the screen appear
as straight lines. Such radii could be infinite, whereby the periphery
border of the panel would be truly planar, or very long, whereby the
sides of the periphery border would bow slightly out of a plane but
still be considered to be substantially planar. </p><p>The contour of
the interior surface of the faceplate 18 of the panel 12 is slightly
different from the exterior surface contour. This is because a certain
amount of wedging must be added to the faceplate thickness to optimize
the strength-to-weight ratio of the faceplate panel, such as shown in
FIG. 5. The faceplate 18, therefore, increases in thickness from its
center to its edges. In most embodiments, a larger amount of wedging
occurs along the minor axis (Y--Y) than along the major axis (X--X). The
amount of wedging required varies with tube size and other design
considerations. Generally, the wedging required is of the order of
approximately 1 to 3 mm. In another embodiment, it has been found
desirable to include a faceplate panel which is thicker at its corners
than at the ends of its major and minor axes. </p><p>The curvature of
the shadow mask 24 somewhat parallels the curvature of the interior
surface of the faceplate 18. However, one deviation from such parallel
relationship is well known in the art, e.g., from U.S. Pat. No.
4,136,300, issued to A. M. Morrell on Jan. 23, 1979. The mask deviations
of the Morrell patent, as well as the aperture spacing variations
taught therein, can be applied to the present novel tube structure. </p><p>The
faceplate surface curvature variation of another novel CRT is shown in
FIG. 7. In this embodiment, the curvature along the minor axis is
similar to that of the embodiment of FIG. 6. However, the curvature
along the major axis, within the border of the screen is much less in
the central portion of the faceplate and increases near the edges of the
faceplate. In this embodiment, the curvature along the major axis, near
the edges of the faceplate, is greater than the general curvature along
the minor axis. With this design, the central portion of the faceplate
becomes flatter, while the points of the faceplate exterior surface at
the edges of the screen substantially remain in a plane P and define a
rectangular contour line, as in the previously described embodiment. </p><p>The
corresponding shadow mask for the CRT faceplate panel of FIG. 7 is
somewhat similar in contour to the panel. The contour of such a shadow
mask can be generally obtained by describing the major (X) axis
curvature as a large radius circle over about the central 75% portion of
the major axis, and a smaller radius circle over the remainder of the
major axis. The curvature parallel to the minor (Y) axis is such as to
smoothly fit the major axis curvature to the required mask periphery and
can include a curvature variation as is used along the major axis. </p><p>FIG.
8 shows a plan view of one embodiment of such a novel shadow mask 32.
The dashed lines 34 show the border of the apertured portion of the mask
32. The surface contours along the major (X) and minor (Y) axes of the
mask 32 are shown by the curves 9a and 9b, respectively, in FIG. 9. The
mask 32 has a different curvature along its major axis than along its
minor axis. The contour along the major axis has a slight curvature near
the center of the mask and greater curvature at the sides of the mask.
Such mask contour exhibits some improved doming characteristics because
of the increased curvature near the ends of the major axis. Doming
occurs when certain parts of the shadow mask become hotter than other
parts and move outwardly from the general contour of the mask. </p><p>In
an alternative embodiment, a shadow mask has the same curvature along
both the major and minor axes in the central portion of the mask, but
greater curvature at the ends of the major axis. The curvatures along
the edges of the mask that parallel the major axis are less at the sides
of the mask than is the curvature along the major axis, and, as shown
in FIG. 10, the second derivative of the contour 36 along the minor axis
is opposite in sign to that of the second derivative of the contour 38
at the sides of the mask 40 which are parallel to the minor axis. </p><p>As
with the above-described faceplate panels, the contours along the
shadow mask diagonals must be smoothed to compensate for the different
curvatures. Such smoothing results in a center-to-corner contour along
the diagonals which has at least one sign change in its second
derivative, such as contour 9c in FIG. 9. </p><p>It should be
appreciated that the present invention is applicable to a wide variety
of CRT's, including shadow mask color picture tubes of line or dot
screen types as well a monochrome picture tubes. </p> </div>
</div><p><b> </b></p><p><b> </b></p><p><b>VIDEOCOLOR PLANAR</b>:<br />
The present CRT invention provides an improvement in the appearance of a
cathode-ray tube including a rectangular faceplate with an exterior
surface having curvature along both the minor and major axes. The
faceplate also includes a cathodoluminescent screen on an interior
surface thereof. At least in the center portion of the faceplate, the
curvature along the minor axis is at least 10 percent greater than the
curvature along the major axis. Points on the exterior surface near the
ends of the major axis, at the edges of the screen, lie in a first plane
which is perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of the tube;
points on the exterior surface near the ends of the minor axis, at the
edges of the screen, lie in a second plane which is spaced from and
parallel to the first plane; and points on the exterior surface near the
ends of<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s1282/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkseuxsCb5C1eeBCsEWQEVn9bo73X6iWmAYMJhCXQ2xdNfHAQ57UMpdw29ul-19GxDOnNmmSksEKtCrpL2IeuQAvsvNRCpQzDnX7N9uBF5K4GEJz12qNoziaz4BmkxfUj9URAUeEYxvepC8spEfs1nfuElxJhSwCTnEi2xQlnWer2yTKCohjbisNynfxS5/s320/IMGH_13520__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> the diagonals of the rectangular faceplate, at the edges of the
screen, lie in a third plane which is spaced from and parallel to the
first plane. The three planes are spaced from the center portion of the
faceplate in the order of second plane, first plane and third plane.
<br />
<br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_text" style="text-align: left; width: 960px;">
What is claimed is:
<br />
</div>1. In a cathode-ray tube including a rectangular faceplate with
two long sides and two short sides wherein the long sides of the
faceplate substantially parallel a centrally located major axis of the
tube and the short sides of the faceplate substantially parallel a
centrally located minor axis of the tube, said faceplate having an
exterior surface having curvature along both its minor and major axes
and said faceplate having a cathodoluminescent screen on an interior
surface thereof, said tube including an electron gun therein for
generating and directing at least one electron beam toward said screen,
and wherein, at least in a center portion of the faceplate, a curvature
along the minor axis is at least 10 percent greater than the curvature
along the major axis; the improvement comprising<br />points along the
major axis on said exterior surface, located at the edges of said
screen, lying in a first plane which is perpendicular to a central
longitudinal axis of said tube;<br />points along the minor axis on said
exterior surface, located at the edges of said screen, lying in a second
plane which is spaced from and parallel to said first plane;<br />points
along the diagonals of said faceplate on said exterior surface, located
at the corners of said screen, lying in a third plane which is spaced
from and parallel to said first plane;<br />said first, second and third
planes being spaced from a fourth plane, which is parallel to said
first, second and third planes and is tangent to the center portion of
said faceplate, in the order of said second plane, said first plane and
said third plane;<br />the ratio of the spacing between said second and
fourth planes, measured along the central longitudinal axis of said
tube, to the spacing between said third and fourth planes being greater
than the minor axis dimension of the screen, squared, divided by the
diagonal dimension of the screen, squared, and less than one;<br />the
ratio of the spacing between said first and fourth planes, measuredalong
the central longitudinal axis of said tube, to the spacing between said
third and fourth planes being greater than the major axis dimension of
the screen, squared, divided by the diagonal dimension of the screen,
squared, and less than one; and<br />the exterior surface curvature along
said minor axis essentially being circular from the center of said
faceplate to said second plane, and the exterior surface curvature along
said major axis essentially being circular near the center of said
faceplate and increasing in curvature near the sides of said faceplate
to said first plane.<br />2. The tube as defined in claim 1, wherein the
spacing between said first and second planes approximately equals the
spacing between said first and third planes.<br />3. The tube as defined
in claim 2, including said tube having a viewing screen with an
approximate 69 cm diagonal and wherein the spacing between said first
and second planes is about 4 mm and the spacing between said first and
third planes is about 4 mm.<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title" style="text-align: left;">
Description:</div>
This invention relates to cathode-ray tubes (CRT's) and, particularly,
to the surface contours of the faceplate panels of such tubes. <br />
<h>BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION </h> <br />
There are two basic faceplate panel contours utilized commercially for
rectangular CRT's having screen sizes greater than about a 23 cm
diagonal: spherical, and cylindrical. Although flat contours are
possible, the added thickness and weight of the faceplate panel required
to maintain the same envelope strength are undesirable. Furthermore, if
a flat faceplate CRT is a shadow mask color picture tube, the
additional weight and complexity of an appropriate shadow mask also are
undesirable. <br />
Recently, it has been suggested that spherically-shaped CRT faceplate
panels be improved by increasing the radius of curvature of the panels
by a factor of 1.5 to 2. Such increase in radius of curvature reduces
the curvature of the faceplate panel, thereby permitting more
satisfactory off-axis viewing of a tube screen. Although such tubes
having increased radius of curvature do provide improved viewing, there
is still a need for even flatter faceplates or, alternatively, for tubes
that appear to be flatter. <br />
A new faceplate panel contour concept which creates the illusion of
flatness is disclosed in three recently-filed, copending U.S.
Applications: Ser. No. 469,772, filed by F. R. Ragland, Jr. on Feb. 25,
1983 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,556; Ser. No. 469,774, filed by F. R.
Ragland, Jr. on Feb. 25, 1983 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,840; and Ser.
No. 469,775, filed by R. J. D'Amato et al. on Feb. 25, 1983 and now
abandoned. The contour has curvature along both the major and minor axes
of the faceplate panel, but is nonspherical. In a preferred embodiment
described in these applications, the peripheral border of the tube
screen is planar. In such tubes, it is important to contour the
faceplate panel diagnosis so that the differing curvatures extending
from the major and minor axes are properly blended. In the above-cited
U.S. application Ser. No. 469,774, this blending is accomplished by
permitting at least one sign change of the second derivative of the
diagonal contour in the center-to-corner direction. <br />
The present invention provides a novel faceplate panel contour which
appears flatter than the suggested longer radius tubes and which does
not require the use of much thicker glass to maintain tube strength. <br />
<h>SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: </h> <br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
present invention provides an improvement in a cathode-ray tube
including a rectangular faceplate which has an exterior surface having
curvature along both the minor and major axes. The faceplate also
includes a cathodoluminescent screen on an interior surface thereof. At
least in the center portion of the faceplate, the curvature along the
minor axis is at least 10 percent greater than the curvature along the
major axis. In the improvement, points on the exterior surface near the
ends of the major axis, at the edges of the screen, lie in a first plane
which is perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis of the tube;
points on the exterior surface near the ends of the minor axis, at the
edges of the screen, lie in a second plane which is spaced from and
parallel to the first plane; and points on the exterior surface near the
ends of the diagonals of the rectangular faceplate, at the edges of the
screen, lie in a third plane which is spaced from and parallel to the
first plane. The three planes are spaced from the center portion of the
faceplate in the order of second plane, first plane and third plane.</span>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #ff6666;">
</span><span style="color: #ff6666;">
<br /><span style="font-size: 100%;">
</span></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> In-line electron gun PRECISION IN LINE TECHNOLOGY p.i.l. :
<br />
</b></span>The three co-planar beams of an in-line gun are converged
near the screen of a cathode ray tube by means of two plate-like grids
transverse to the beam paths and having corresponding apertures for the
three beams. The three beam apertures of the first grid are aligned with
the three beam paths. The two outer beam apertures of the second grid
are offset outwardly relative to the beam paths to produce the desired
convergence. The three sets of apertures also provide separate focusing
fields for the three beams. The second plate-like grid is formed with a
barrel shape, concave toward the first grid, to minimize elliptical
distortion of beam spots on the screen due to crowding of the adjacent
focusing fields. Each of the two outer beams is partially shielded from
the magnetic flux of the deflecting yoke by means of a magnetic ring
surrounding the beam path in the deflection zone, to equalize the size
of the rasters scanned on the screen by the middle and outer beams.
Other magnetic pieces are positioned on opposite sides of the path of
the middle beam, to enhance one deflection field while reducing the
transverse deflection field for that beam.
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s1600/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s320/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br />
1. In a color picture tube including an evacuated envelope comprising a
faceplate and a neck connected by a funnel, a mosaic color phosphor
screen on the inner surface of said faceplate, a multiapertured color
selection electrode spaced from said screen, an in-line electron gun
mounted in said neck for generating and directing three electron beams
along co-planar paths through said electrode to said screen, and a
deflection zone, located in the vicinity of the junction between said
neck and said funnel, wherein said beams are subjected to vertical and
horizontal magnetic deflection fields during operation of said tube for
scanning said beams horizontally and vertically over said screen; said
electron gun comprising: 2. The structure of claim 1, wherein said
electron gun further comprises a pair of magnetic elements positioned in
said deflection zone on opposite sides of the middle beam path and in a
plane transverse to the common plane of said paths for enhancing the
magnetic deflection field in said middle beam path transverse to said
common plane and for reducing the magnetic deflection field in said
middle beam path along said common plane, thereby increasing the
dimension of the raster scanned by the middle beam in said common plane
while reducing the dimension of said raster in said transverse plane. 3.
In a color picture tube including an evacuated envelope comprising a
faceplate and a neck connected by a funnel, a mosaic color phosphor
screen on the inner surface of said faceplate, a multi-apertured color
selection electrode spaced from said screen, an in-line electron gun
mounted in said neck for generating and directing three electron beams
along co-planar paths through said electrode to said screen, and a
deflection zone, located in the vicinity of the junction between said
neck and said funnel, wherein said beams are subjected to vertical and
horizontal magnetic deflection fields during operation of said tube for
scanning said beams horizontally and vertically over said screen, and
wherein the eccentrity of the outer ones of said beams in the deflection
fields causes the sizes of the rasters scanned by the outer beams to
tend to be larger than the size of the raster scanned by a middle beam,
said electron gun comprising; 4. The tube as defined in claim 3,
including two small discs of magnetic material located at the fringe of
the deflection zone on opposite sides of the middle beam transverse to
the plane of the three beams, whereby the magnetic flux on the middle
beam transverse to the plane of the three beams is enhanced and the flux
in the plane of the three beams is decreased thereby increasing the
middle beam dimension in the plane of the three beams while reducing the
middle beam dimension in the plane of the three beams.<!--Description--> <br />
<div class="disp_doc2" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
<br />
<br />
The present invention relates to an improved in-line electron gun for a
cathode ray tube, particularly a shadow mask type color picture tube.
The new gun is primarily intended for use in a color tube having a line
type color phosphor screen, with or without light absorbing guard bands
between the color phosphor lines, and a mask having elongated apertures
or slits. However, the gun could be used in the well known dot-type
color tube having a screen of substantially circular color phosphor dots
and a mask with substantially circular apertures.
<br />
<br />
An in-line electron gun is one designed to generate or initiate at least
two, and preferably three, electron beams in a common plane, for
example, by at least two cathodes, and direct those beams along
convergent paths in that plane to a point or small area of convergence
near the tube screen. Various ways have been proposed for causing the
beams to converge near the screen. For example, the gun may be designed
to initially aim the beams, from the cathodes, towards convergence at
the screen, as shown in FIG. 4 of Moodey U.S. Pat. No. 2,957,106,
wherein the beam apertures in the gun electrodes are aligned along
convergent paths.
<br />
<br />
In order to avoid wide spacings between the cathodes, which are
undesirable in a small neck tube designed for high deflection angles, it
is preferable to initiate the beams along substantially parallel (or
even divergent) paths and provide some means, either internally or
externally of the tube, for converging the beams near the screen. Magnet
poles and/or electrostatic deflecting plates for converging in-line
beams are disclosed in Francken U.S. Pat. No. 2,849,647, Gundert et al.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,859,378 and Benway U.S. Pat No. 2,887,598.
<br />
<br />
The Moodey patent referred to above also includes an embodiment, shown
in FIG. 2 and described in lines 4 to 23 of column 5, wherein an in-line
gun for two co-planar beams comprises two spaced cathodes, a control
grid plate and an accelerating grid plate each having two apertures
aligned respectively with the two cathodes (as in FIG. 2) to initiate
two parallel co-planar beam paths, and two spaced-apart beam focusing
and accelerating electrodes of cylindrical form. The focusing electrode
nearest to the first accelerating grid plate is described as having two
beam apertures that are offset toward the axis of the gun from the
corresponding apertures of the adjacent accelerating grid plate, to
provide an asymmetric electrostatic field in the path of each beam for
deflecting the beam from its initial path into a second beam path
directed toward the tube axis.
<br />
<br />
Netherlands U.S. Pat. application No. 6902025, published Aug. 11, 1970
teaches that astigmatic aberration resulting in elliptical distortion of
the focused screen spots of the two off-axis beams from an in-line gun,
caused by the eccentricity of the in-line beams in a common focusing
field between two hollow cylindrical focusing electrodes, can be
partially corrected by forming the adjacent edges of the cylindrical
electrodes with a sinusoidal contour including four sine waves. A
similar problem is solved in a different manner in applicant's in-line
gun.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s1600/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJRuGGvBFFLg3D6Y23O-QpJApi-QfHH7T1iPHeGE1aSeOVIacjSwD9rEm6q6bdT9HyCEhGHW0lCiPWhO3Z7SZ_pl50TbjjAeQx5GhBHYIWE07YacVMJjn3IfWYCTba9dySqgJL0PEHkxI/s320/RCA-PIL-1.jpg" width="320" /></a>Another
problem that exists in a cathode ray tube having an in-line gun is a
coma distortion wherein the sizes of the rasters scanned on the screen
by a conventional external magnetic deflection yoke are different,
because of the eccentricity of the two outer beams with respect to the
center of the yoke. Messineo et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,164,737 teaches that
a similar coma distortion caused by using different beam velocities can
be corrected by use of a magnetic shield around the path of one or more
beams in a delta type gun. Barkow U.S. Pat. No. 3,196,305 teaches the
use of magnetic enhancers adjacent to the path of one or more beams in a
delta gun, for the same purpose. Krackhardt et al. U.S. Pat. No.
3,534,208 teaches the use of a magnetic shield around the middle one of
three in-line beams for coma correction.
<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
<br />
<br />
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, at least two electron
beams are generated along co-planar paths toward the screen of a cathode
ray tube, e.g., a shadow mask type color picture tube, and the beams
are converged near the screen by asymmetric electric fields established
in the paths of two beams by two plate-like grids positioned between the
beam generating means and the screen and having corresponding apertures
suitably related to the beam paths. The apertures in the first grid
(nearest the cathodes) are aligned with the beam paths. Two apertures in
the second grid (nearest the screen) are offset outwardly with respect
to the beam paths to produce the desired asymmetric fields. In the case
of three in-line beams, the two outer apertures are offset, and the
middle apertures of the two grids are aligned with each other. The pairs
of corresponding apertures also provide separate focusing fields for
the beams. In order to minimize elliptical distortion of one or more of
the focused beam spots on the screen due to crowding of adjacent beam
focusing fields, at least a portion of the second grid may be
substantially cylindrically curved in a direction transverse to the
common plane of the beams, and concave to the first grid. Each of the
two outer beam paths of a three beam gun may be partially shielded from
the magnetic flux of the deflection yoke by means of a magnetic ring
surrounding each beam in the deflection zone of the tube, to minimize
differences in the size of the rasters scanned on the screen by the
middle and outer beams. Further correction for coma distortion may be
made by positioning magnetic pieces on opposite sides of the middle beam
path for enhancing one field and reducing the field transverse thereto.
<br />
<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view, partly in axial section, of a shadow mask color
picture tube in which the present invention is incorporated;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a front end view of the tube of FIG. 1 showing the rectangular shape;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is an axial section view of the electron gun shown in dotted lines in FIG. 1, taken along the line 3--3 of that figure;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is an axial section view of the electron gun taken along the line 4--4 of FIG. 3;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 5 is a rear end view of the electron gun of FIG. 4, taken in the direction of the arrows 5--5 thereof;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 6 is a transverse view, partly in section, taken along the line 6--6 of FIG. 4;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 7 is a front end view of the electron gun of FIGS. 1 and 4;
<br />
<br />
FIG. 8 is a similar end view with the final element (shield cup) removed; and
<br />
<br />
FIGS. 9 and 10 are schematic views showing the focusing and converging
electric fields associated with two pairs of beam apertures in FIG. 4.
<br />
<br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a 17V-90° rectangular color picture tube, for
example, having a glass envelope 1 made up of a rectangular (FIG. 2)
faceplate panel or cap 3 and a tubular neck 5 connected by a rectangular
funnel 7. The panel 3 comprises a viewing faceplate 9 and a peripheral
flange or side wall 11 which is sealed to the funnel 7. A mosaic
three-color phosphor screen 13 is carried by the inner surface of the
faceplate 9. The screen is preferably a line screen with the phosphor
lines extending substantially parallel to the minor axis Y-Y of the tube
(normal to the plane of FIG. 1). A multi-apertured color selection
electrode or shadow mask 15 is removably mounted, by conventional means,
in predetermined spaced relation to the screen 13. An improved in-line
electron gun 19, shown schematically by dotted lines in FIG. 1, is
centrally mounted within the neck 5 to generate and direct three
electron beams 20 along co-planar convergent paths through the mask 15
to the screen 13.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezJ3bUDRIJg2tnmoBW_xKdDdYptq86hJC0YYuDhnLIFxnvKUNs4c3Y7UcRNtwKVNrLM8woBW7odblxe4Px8zFnZEHPxvd1fo-3UTWdIe84OfkvR1NohPLV7ndclhaH42A-blkcnqKNug/s1600/RCA-PIL-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezJ3bUDRIJg2tnmoBW_xKdDdYptq86hJC0YYuDhnLIFxnvKUNs4c3Y7UcRNtwKVNrLM8woBW7odblxe4Px8zFnZEHPxvd1fo-3UTWdIe84OfkvR1NohPLV7ndclhaH42A-blkcnqKNug/s320/RCA-PIL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
tube of FIG. 1 is designed to be used with an external magnetic
deflection yoke, such as the yoke 21 schematically shown, surrounding
the neck 5 and funnel 7, in the neighborhood of their junction, for
subjecting the three beams 20 to vertical and horizontal magnetic flux,
to scan the beams horizontally and vertically in a rectangular raster
over the screen 13. The initial plane of deflection (at zero deflection)
is shown by the line P--P in FIG. 1 at about the middle of the yoke 21.
Because of fringe fields, the zone of deflection of the tube extends
axially, from the yoke 21, into the region of the gun 19. For
simplicity, the actual curvature of the deflected beam paths 20 in the
deflection zone is not shown in FIG. 1.
<br />
<br />
The in-line gun 19 of the present invention is designed to generate and
direct three equally-spaced co-planar beams along initially-parallel
paths to a convergence plane C--C, and then along convergent paths
through the deflection plane to the screen 13. In order to use the tube
with a line-focus yoke 21 specially designed to maintain the three
in-line beams substantially converged at the screen without the
application of the usual dynamic convergence forces, which causes
degrouping misregister of the beam spots with the phosphor elements of
the screen, the gun is preferably designed with samll spacings between
the beam paths at the convergence plane C--C to produce a still smaller
spacing, usually called the S value, between the outer beam paths and
the central axis A--A of the tube, in the deflection plane P--P. The
convergence angle of the outer beams with the central axis is arc tan
e/c+d, where c is the axial distance between the convergence plane C--C
and the deflection plane P--P, d is the distance between the deflection
plane and the screen 13, and e is the spacing between the outer beam
paths and the central axis A--A in the convergence plane C--C. The
approximate dimensions in FIG. 1 are c = 2.7 inches, d = 9.8 inches, e =
0.200 inch (200 mils), and hence, the convergence angle is 55 minutes
and s = 157 mils.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRS27E1cspiNcWViu44zijHvMykg8eytEA8VjHIEyQ7wOdjOwGc4K5T3QV6eiaap7MKjvABCIP_GXsSQoU0IFsYi8L_Ek7IjqifmZFtZdmx3xzq_OTmh7ECSn0jAr1d2gHSWgrT4jeF7w/s1600/RCA-PIL-4.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRS27E1cspiNcWViu44zijHvMykg8eytEA8VjHIEyQ7wOdjOwGc4K5T3QV6eiaap7MKjvABCIP_GXsSQoU0IFsYi8L_Ek7IjqifmZFtZdmx3xzq_OTmh7ECSn0jAr1d2gHSWgrT4jeF7w/s320/RCA-PIL-4.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
details of the improved gun 19 are shown in FIGS. 3 through 8. The gun
comprises two glass support rods 23 on which the various electrodes are
mounted. These electrodes include three equally-spaced co-planar
cathodes 25, one for each beam, a control grid electrode 27, a screen
grid electrode 29, a first accelerating and focusing electrode 31, a
second accelerating and focusing electrode 33, and a shield cup 35,
spaced along the glass rods 23 in the order named.
<br />
<br />
Each cathode 25 comprises a cathode sleeve 37, closed at the forward end
by a cap 39 having an end coating 41 of electron emissive material and a
cathode support tube 43. The tubes 43 are supported on the rods 23 by
four straps 45 and 47 (FIG. 6). Each cathode 25 is indirectly heated by a
heater coil 49 positioned within the sleeve 37 and having legs 51
welded to heater straps 53 and 55 mounted by studs 57 on the rods 23
(FIG. 5). The control and screen grid electrodes 27 and 29 are two
closely-spaced (about 9 mils) flat plates having three pairs of small
(about 25 mils) aligned apertures 59 centered with the cathode coatings
41 to initiate three equally-spaced coplanar beam paths 20 extending
toward the screen 13. Preferably, the initial paths 20a and 20b are
substantially parallel and about 200 mils apart, with the middle path
20a coincident with the central axis A--A.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HbMpozK4RHN6q3PYDd4w-qD7CnhYlvg3BSKoISOKrzv0FD9Tep4ipFu2wRfyjFExgzCIRJjFtoWiueTpkzsAJXfp9dLKUsoZYw-xvrKmzbeXXHtLSAxyoclRKmqWyGJlqTvJuKAqrdA/s1600/RCA-PIL-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HbMpozK4RHN6q3PYDd4w-qD7CnhYlvg3BSKoISOKrzv0FD9Tep4ipFu2wRfyjFExgzCIRJjFtoWiueTpkzsAJXfp9dLKUsoZYw-xvrKmzbeXXHtLSAxyoclRKmqWyGJlqTvJuKAqrdA/s320/RCA-PIL-3.jpg" width="320" /></a>Electrode
31 comprises first and second cup-shaped members 61 and 63,
respectively, joined together at their open ends. The first cup-shaped
member 61 has three medium-sized (about 60 mils) apertures 75 close to
grid electrode 29 and aligned respectively with the three beam paths 20,
as shown in FIG. 4. The second cup-shaped member 63 has three large
(about 160 mils) apertures 65 also aligned with the three beam paths.
Electrode 33 is also cup-shaped and comprises a base plate portion 60
positioned close (about 60 mils) to electrode 31 and a side wall or
flange 71 extending forward toward the tube screen. The base portion 69
is formed with three apertures 73, which are preferably slightly larger
(about 172 mils) than the adjacent apertures 67 of electrode 31. The
middle aperture 73a is aligned with the adjacent middle aperture 67a
(and middle beam path 20a) to provide a substantially symmetrical beam
focusing electric field between apertures 67a and 73a when electrodes 31
and 33 are energized at different voltages. The two outer apertures 73b
are slightly offset outwardly with respect to the corresponding outer
apertures 67b, to provide an asymmetrical electric field between each
pair of outer apertures when electrodes 31 and 33 are energized, to
individually focus each outer beam 20b near the screen, and also to
deflect each beam, toward the middle beam, to a common point of
convergence with the middle beam near the screen. In the example shown,
the offset of each beam aperture 73b may be about 6 mils.
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGJsWI_HyfL5-rC1ZjriIvuBZtv1dgSG8cEhH0rPH2Yu1Wc3x7IIp7kY6Tl41R_DKpNtvaWDkMnZSdAdhOUcDfm2OqHgBPbAjp4zRqzc2T0ErL6fWblx9tVr2B8Zw9EDsIsHm29oZXQbE/s1600/RCA-PIL-5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGJsWI_HyfL5-rC1ZjriIvuBZtv1dgSG8cEhH0rPH2Yu1Wc3x7IIp7kY6Tl41R_DKpNtvaWDkMnZSdAdhOUcDfm2OqHgBPbAjp4zRqzc2T0ErL6fWblx9tVr2B8Zw9EDsIsHm29oZXQbE/s320/RCA-PIL-5.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
approximate configuration of the electric fields associated with the
middle and outer apertures are shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively,
which show the equipotential lines 74 rather than the lines of force.
Assuming an accelerating field, as shown by the + signs, the left half
75 (on the left side of the central mid-plane) of each field is
converging and the right half 77 is diverging. Since the electrons are
being accelerated, they spend more time in the converging field than in
the diverging field, and hence, the beam experiences a net converging or
focusing force in each of FIGS. 9 and 10. Since the middle beam 20a
passes centrally through a symmetrical field in FIG. 9, it continues in
the same direction without deflection. In FIG. 10, the outer beam 20b
traverses the left half 75 of the field centrally, but enters the right
half 77 off-axis. Since this is the diverging part of the field, and the
electrons are subjected to field forces perpendicular to the
equipotential lines or surfaces 74, the beam 20b is deflected toward the
central axis (downward in FIG. 10) as it traverses the right half 77,
in addition to being focused. The angle of deflection, or convergence,
of the beam 20b can be determined by the choice of the offset of the
apertures 73 b and the voltages applied to the two electrodes 31 and 33.
For the example given, with an offset of 6 mils, electrode 33 would be
connected to the ultor or screen voltage, about 25 K.V., and electrode
31 would be operated at about 17 to 20 percent of the ultor voltage,
adjusted for best focus. The object distance of each focus lens, that
is, the distance between the first cross-over of the beams near the
screen grid 29 and the lens, is about 0.500 inch; and the image distance
from the lens to the screen is about 12.5. inches.
<br />
<br />
The above-described outward offset of the beam apertures to produce beam
convergence is contrary to the teaching of FIG. 3 of the Moodey patent
described above, and hence, is not suggested by the Moodey patent.
<br />
<br />
The focusing apertures 67 and 73 are made as large as possible, to
minimize spherical aberration, and as close together as possible, to
obtain a desirable small spacing between beam paths. As a result, the
fringe portions of adjacent fields interact to produce some astigmatic
distortion of the focusing fields, which produces some ellipticity of
the normally-circular focused beam spots on the screen. In a three-beam
in-line gun, this distortion is greater for the middle beam than for the
two outer beams, because both sides of the middle beam field are
affected. In order to compensate for this effect, and minimize the
elliptical distortion of the beam spots, the wall 69, or at least the
surface thereof facing the electrode 31, is curved substantially
cylindrically, concave to electrode 31, in the direction normal or
transverse to the plane of the three beams, as shown at 79 in FIG. 3.
Preferably, this curvature is greater for the middle beam path than for
the outer beam paths, hence, the wall 69 may be made barrel-shaped. In
the example given, the barrel shape may have a stave radius of 8 inches
(FIG. 4) and a hoop radius of 2.28 inches (FIG. 3), with the curvature
79 terminating at the outer edges of the outer apertures 73b.
<br />
<br />
The shield cup 35 comprises a base portion 81, attached to the open end
of the flange 71 of electrode 33, and a tubular wall 83 surrounding the
three beam paths 20. The base portion 81 is formed with a large middle
beam aperture 85 (about 172 mils) and two smaller outer beam apertures
87 (about 100 mils) aligned, respectively, with the three initial beam
paths 20a and 20b.
<br />
<br />
In order to compensate for the coma distortion wherein the sizes of the
rasters scanned on the screen by the external magnetic deflection yoke
are different for the middle and outer beams of the three-beam gun, due
to the eccentricity of the outer beams in the yoke field, the electron
gun is provided with two shield rings 89 of high magnetic permeability,
e.g., an alloy of 52 percent nickel and 48 percent iron, known as 52
metal, are attached to the base 81, with each ring concentrically
surrounding one of the outer apertures 87, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 7.
These magnetic shields 89 by-pass a small portion of the fringe
deflection fields in the path of the outer beams, thereby making a
slight reduction in the rasters scanned by the outer beams on the
screen. The shield rings 89 may have an outer diameter of 150 mils, an
inner diameter of 100 mils, and a thickness of 10 mils.
<br />
<br />
A further correction for this coma distortion is made by mounting two
small discs 91 of magnetic material, e.g., that referred to above, on
each side of the middle beam path 20a. These discs 91 enhance the
magnetic flux on the middle beam transverse to the plane of the three
beams and decrease the flux in that plane, in the manner described in
the Barkow patent referred to above. The discs 91 may be rings having an
outer diameter of 80 mils, an inner diameter of 30 mils, and a
thickness of 10 mils.
<br />
<br />
Each of the electrodes 27, 29, 31 and 33 are mounted on the two glass
rods 23 by edge portions embedded in the glass. The two rods 23 extend
forwardly beyond the mounting portion of electrode 33, as shown in FIG.
3. In order to shield the exposed ends 93 of the glass rods 23 from the
electron beams, the shield cup 35 is formed with inwardly-extending
recess portions 95 into which the rod ends 93 extend. The electron gun
19 is mounted in the neck 5 at one end by the leads (not shown) from the
various electrodes to the stem terminals 97, and at the other end by
conventional metal bulb spacers (not shown) which also connect the final
electrode 33 to the usual conducting coating on the inner wall of the
funnel 7. </div>
</div>
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<br />
<u><span style="font-size: small;"><b> VIDEOCOLOR (FS10) (PLANAR) Color picture tube having an inline electron gun with an astigmatic prefocusing lens: </b></span></u><br />
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<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>A color picture tube includes an inline electron gun for generating and
directing three inline electron beams along coplanar beam paths toward a
screen. The gun includes a plurality of electrodes which form a
beam-forming region, a prefocusing lens, and a main focusing lens for
the electron beams. The prefocusing lens includes four active surfaces.
At least one of the active surfaces has asymmetric prefocusing recesses
formed therein.<br />
<br />
1. In a color
cathode-ray tube including an envelope having therein an inline electron
gun for generating and directing three inline electron beams, including
a center beam and two outer beams, along initially coplanar beam paths
toward and screen on an interior portion of said envelope, said gun
having six electrodes forming three electron lenses including a
beam-forming lens, a prefocusing lens and a main focusing lens, the
improvement wherein <br />
said prefocusing lens includes four active
surfaces, at least one of which has a recess formed therein, said active
surfaces produce quadrupole fields which form an astigmatic prefocusing
lens, said recess provides a preconverging action on said outer
electron beams, three circular apertures being provided within said
recess.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
2. The tube as described in claim 1 wherein said recess
is configured to minimize the sensitivity of said gun to variations in
operating potentials. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. In a color cathode-ray tube including an envelope
having therein an inline electron gun for generating and directing three
inline electron beams, including a center beam and two outer beams,
along initially coplanar beam paths toward and screen on an interior
portion of said envelope, said gun having six electrodes forming three
electron lenses including a beam-forming lens, a prefocusing lens and a
main focusing lens, the improvement wherein
said prefocusing lens
includes four active surfaces on three adjacent electrodes, at least two
of said surfaces having substantial identical recesses formed therein,
said active surfaces produce quadrupole fields which form an astigmatic
prefocusing lens that provides a horizontally-elongated electron beam to
said main focusing lens, said recesses provide a preconverging action
on said outer electron beams, each of said adjacent electrodes having
circular apertures therethrough said apertures being aligned along said
beam paths.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
4. The tube as described in claim 3 wherein said
recesses are configured to minimize the sensitivity of said gun to
variations in operating potentials. <br />
<br clear="all" />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>5. In a color cathode-ray tube including an envelope
having therein an inline electron gun for generating and directing three
inline electron beams along initially coplanar beam paths toward a
screen on an interior portion of said envelope, said gun including a
plurality of longitudinally spaced electrodes which form a first lens, a
prefocusing lens and a main focusing lens for said electron beams, said
first lens comprising a beam-forming region including a first
electrode, a second electrode and a first portion of a third electrode
for providing substantially symmetrically-shaped beams to said
prefocusing lens comprising a second portion of said third electrode, a
fourth electrode and a first portion of a fifth electrode, said
prefocusing lens providing asymmetrically-shaped beams to said main
focusing lens comprising of a second portion of said fifth electrode and
a sixth electrode, said main focusing lens being a low aberration lens,
wherein the improvement comprises,
said prefocusing lens including
four active surfaces with separate inline circular apertures
therethrough, said fourth electrode having substantially identical
asymmetric beam-focusing recesses formed in the oppositely disposed
active surfaces thereof, said apertures being disposed within said
recesses.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
6. The tube as described in claim 5 wherein a single
recess is formed in each active surface of said fourth electrode.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
7. The tube as described in claim 5 wherein three
separate, substantially rectangular recesses comprising two outer
recesses and a center recess are formed in each active surface of said
fourth electrode. <br />
<br clear="all" />
8. The tube as described in claim 7 wherein each of said
outer recesses having an outer aperture therethrough said outer
recesses being displaced outwardly relative to said outer apertures.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
9. The tube as described in claim 5, wherein each of
said circular apertures of said first lens and said prefocusing lens
being coaxially aligned along said beam paths. <br />
<br clear="all" />
10. In a color cathode-ray tube including an envelope
having therein an inline electron gun for generating and directing three
inline beams along initially coplanar beam paths toward a screen on an
interior portion of said envelope, said gun including six longitudinally
spaced electrodes each having three inline circular apertures
therethrough, said electrodes forming a first lens, a prefocusing lens
and a main focusing lens for said electron beams, said first lens
comprising a beam-forming region including a first electrode, a second
electrode and a first portion of a third electrode for providing
substantially symmetrically-shaped beams to said prefocusing lens
comprising a second portion of said third electrode, a fourth electrode
and a first portion of a fifth electrode, said prefocusing lens
providing asymmetrically-shaped beams to said main focusing lens
consisting of a second portion of said fifth electrode and a sixth
electrode, said main focusing lens being a low aberration lens, wherein
the improvement comprises,
said prefocusing lens including four
active surfaces, said second portion of said third electrode and said
first portion of said fifth electrode having substantially identical,
asymmetric beam-focusing recesses formed in the active surfaces thereof,
said circular apertures being formed within said recesses.<br />
<br clear="all" />
<br clear="all" />
11. The tube as described in claim 10 wherein a single
recess is formed in said second portion of said third electrode and said
first portion of said fifth electrode. <br />
<br clear="all" />
12. The tube as described in claim 10 wherein three
separate, substantially rectangular recesses comprising two outer
recesses and a center recess are formed in said active surfaces of said
second portion of said third electrode and of said first portion of said
fifth electrode. <br />
<br clear="all" />
13. The tube as described in claim 12 wherein each of
said outer recesses having one of said circular apertures therethrough,
said recesses being displaced outwardly relative to said circular
apertures. <br />
<br clear="all" />
14. The tube as described in claim 10 wherein each of
said circular apertures in each of said electrodes of said first lens
and said prefocusing lens being coaxially aligned along said beam paths.
<br />
<br clear="all" />
<div class="disp_doc2" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
The invention relates to a color picture tube having an
inline electron gun and, particularly to an electron gun having three
lenses including an asymmetric prefocusing lens. <br />
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div>
An
electron gun, such as a six electrode gun, designed for use in a large
screen entertainment-type color picture tube must be capable of
generating small-sized high-current electron beam spots over the entire
screen. A conventional television receiver utilizes a color picture tube
with an inline electron gun and a self-converging deflection yoke, for
providing a horizontal deflection field having a pincushion-shaped
distortion and a vertical deflection field having a barrel-shaped
distortion. The fringe fields of such a yoke introduce into the tube
strong astigmatism and deflection defocusing caused, primarily, by
vertical overfocusing and, secondarily, by horizontal underfocusing of
the deflected electron beams. Beam spots formed by the electron beams
passing through such distorted horizontal and vertical deflection fields
are asymmetrically-shaped when deflected to the periphery of the
screen. Additionally, many inline electron guns exhibit a misconvergence
of the outer electron beams due to a change in the strength of the
electron lens caused by changes in the focus voltage. Such a
misconvergence results in a variation in beam landing position with
changes in focus voltage. The present invention addresses these problems
in an expeditious and cost effective manner without sacrificing
performance. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
The
present invention provides an improvement in a color picture tube. Such a
tube includes an inline electron gun for generating and directing three
inline electron beams along coplanar beam paths toward a screen. The
gun includes a plurality of electrodes which form a beam-forming region,
a prefocusing lens and a main focusing lens for the electron beams. The
improvement resides within the prefocusing lens, which includes four
active surfaces. At least one of the active surfaces has asymmetric
prefocusing means formed therein. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
FIG. 1 is a plan view, partially in axial section, of a shadow mask color picture tube embodying the invention. <br />
FIGS. 2 and 3 are schematic axial section side views of electron guns in which the invention may be employed. <br />
FIG. 4 is an axial section top view of electron gun according to the present invention. <br />
FIG. 5 is a partial section top view of a first embodiment of the prefocusing lens of the present invention. <br />
FIG. 6 is a section view of an electrode of the prefocusing lens of FIG. 5, taken along line 6--6. <br />
FIG.
7 is a graph of the beam current density contour at the center of the
screen for an electron gun utilizing the prefocusing lens electrode of
FIG. 5. <br />
FIGS. 8 and 9 are section views of the electron gun shown in FIG. 4, taken along lines 8--8 and 9--9. <br />
FIG. 10 is a partial section top view of a second embodiment of the prefocusing lens of the present invention. <br />
FIG. 11 is a section view of an electrode of the prefocusing lens of FIG. 10, taken along line 11--11. <br />
FIG.
12 is a graph of the beam current density contour at the center of the
screen for an electron gun utilizing the prefocusing lens of FIG. 10. <br />
FIG. 13 is a partial section top view of a third embodiment of the prefocusing lens of the present invention. <br />
FIG.
14 is a graph of the beam current density contour at the center of the
screen for an electron gun utilizing the prefocusing lens of FIG. 13. <br />
FIG. 15 is a partial section top view of a fourth embodiment of the prefocusing lens of the present invention. <br />
FIG.
16 is a graph of the beam current density contour at the center of the
screen for an electron gun utilizing the prefocusing lens of FIG. 15. <br />
FIG. 17 is a section view of a prior embodiment of an electrode of the prefocusing lens. <br />
FIG.
18 is a graph of the beam current density contour at the center of the
screen for an electron gun using the prior prefocusing lens electrode of
FIG. 17. <br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br />
FIG.
1 shows a rectangular color picture tube 10 having a glass envelope 11
comprising a rectangular faceplate panel 12 and a tubular neck 14
connected by a rectangular funnel 16. The panel 12 comprises a viewing
faceplate 18 and a peripheral flange or sidewall 20 which is sealed to
the funnel 16 with a frit seal 21. A mosaic three-color phosphor screen
22 is located on the inner surface of the faceplate 18. The screen,
preferably, is a line screen with the phosphor lines extending
substantially perpendicular to the high frequency raster line scan of
the tube (normal to the plane of FIG. 1). Alternatively, the screen
could be a dot screen. A multiapertured color selection electrode or
shadow mask 24 is removably mounted, by conventional means, in
predetermined, spaced relation to the screen 22. An improved inline
electron gun 26, shown schematically by dashed lines in FIG. 1, is
centrally mounted within the neck 14 to generate and direct three
electron beams 28, along coplanar convergent beam paths, through the
mask 24 to the screen 22. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ7m4IXHKn1fD5JWWWZF7fPBkhlhTOMH6-AmbRQBHGIPpAJLX8Bb_vQeH8w_3-WOLqEU1-RX3kUsnget_wPAW-O7Mh9hWTA7HGCffxR6s7qBVXdj6qJ5_qSUFUTSt6QF4dDvZ3iV9t0U-s/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ7m4IXHKn1fD5JWWWZF7fPBkhlhTOMH6-AmbRQBHGIPpAJLX8Bb_vQeH8w_3-WOLqEU1-RX3kUsnget_wPAW-O7Mh9hWTA7HGCffxR6s7qBVXdj6qJ5_qSUFUTSt6QF4dDvZ3iV9t0U-s/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-1.jpg" width="218" /></a>The tube of FIG. 1 is designed to be
used with an external magnetic deflection yoke, such as the yoke 30,
located in the neighborhood of the funnel-to-neck junction. When
activated, the yoke 30 subjects the three beams 28 to magnetic fields
which cause the beams to scan horizontally and vertically, in a
rectangular raster, over the screen 22. The initial plane of deflection
(at zero deflection) is shown by the line P--P in FIG. 1, at about the
middle of the yoke 30. Because of fringe fields, the zone of deflection
of the tube extends axially from the yoke 30 into the region of the gun
26. For simplicity, the actual curvature of the deflection beam paths in
the deflection zone is not shown in FIG. 1. <br />
The inline electron
gun 26 includes six electrodes, G1 through G6, in addition to the
cathodes, K. The gun may be of a first type 26', shown in FIG. 2, in
which the G2 and G4 electrodes are interconnected and operated at a
first potential, and the G3 and G5 electrodes are interconnected and
operated at a second potential, or the gun may be of a second type 26",
shown in FIG. 3, in which the G3 and G5 electrodes are interconnected
and operated at a third potential, and the G4 and G6 electrodes are
interconnected and operated at a fourth potential. In each of the
electron guns 26' and 26", three electron lenses, L<sub>1</sub>, L<sub>2</sub>, and L<sub>3</sub>, are formed by the aforementioned electrodes. The present invention relates primarily to the second or prefocusing lens, L<sub>2</sub>. <br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hcLuVd5w0d0/UOXnrV9QATI/AAAAAAAANUw/9iUS8WlKNGU/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hcLuVd5w0d0/UOXnrV9QATI/AAAAAAAANUw/9iUS8WlKNGU/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-2.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
details of a first embodiment of the novel electron gun 26' are shown
in FIGS. 4 through 9. With reference to FIG. 4, the gun 26' comprises
three equally spaced coplanar cathodes 42 (one for each beam), a control
grid 44 (G1), a screen grid 46 (G2), a third electrode 48 (G3), a
fourth electrode 50 (G4), a fifth electrode 52 (G5), the G5 electrode
includes a portion G5' identified as element 54, for a purpose to be
described hereinafter, and a sixth electrode 56 (G6). The electrodes are
spaced, in the order named, from the cathodes and are attached to a
pair of support rods (not shown). <br />
The G1 electrode 44, the G2
electrode 46 and a first portion 72 of the G3 electrode 48, facing the
G2 electrode 46, comprise a beam-forming region of the electron gun 26'
and form the first electron lens, L1. Another portion 74 of the G3
electrode 48, the G4 electrode 50 and the G5 electrode 52 comprise an
asymmetric prefocusing or second electron lens, L2, one embodiment of
which is shown in FIG. 5. The portion 54 of the G5' electrode and the G6
electrode 56 comprise a third or main focusing lens L3. <br />
Each
cathode 42 comprises a cathode sleeve 58 closed at its forward end by a
cap 60 having an end coating 62 of an electron emissive material
thereon, as is known in the art. Each cathode 42 is indirectly heated by
a heater coil (not shown) positioned within the sleeve 58. <br />
The
G1 and G2 electrodes, 44 and 46, are two closely spaced, substantially
flat, plates each having three inline apertures, 64 and 66,
respectively, therethrough. The apertures 64 and 66 are centered with
the cathode coating 62 to initiate three equally-spaced coplanar
electron beams 28 (shown in FIG. 1), which are directed towards the
screen 22. Preferably, the initial electron beam paths are substantially
parallel, with the middle path with the central axis, A--A, of the
electron gun. <br />
The G3 electrode 48 includes a substantially flat
outer plate portion 68 having three inline apertures 70 therethrough,
which are aligned with the apertures 66 and 64 in the G2 and G1
electrodes, 46 and 44, respectively. The G3 electrode 48 also includes a
pair of cup-shaped first and second portions, 72 and 74, respectively,
which are joined together at their open ends. The first portion 72 has
three inline apertures 76, formed through the bottom of the cup, which
are aligned with the aperture 70 in the plate 68. The second portion 74
of the G3 electrode has three apertures 78 formed through its bottom,
which are aligned with the apertures 76 in the first portion 72.
Extrusions 79 surround the apertures 78. Alternatively, the plate
portion 68, with its inline apertures 70, may be formed as an internal
part of the first portion 72. <br />
As shown in FIG. 5, the G4
electrode 50 comprises a plate having identically-shaped recesses 51a
and 51b formed in the opposed major surfaces thereof. Three inline
apertures 80 are formed through the body of the electrode 50, within
recesses 51a and 51b, and aligned with the apertures 78 in the G3
electrode 48. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>Again with respect to FIG. 4, the G5 electrode 52
is a deep-drawn, cup-shaped member having three apertures 82, surrounded
by extrusions 83, formed in the bottom end thereof. A substantially
flat plate member 84, having three apertures 86, aligned with the
apertures 82, is attached to and closes the open end of the G5 electrode
52. A first plate portion 88, having a plurality of openings 90
therein, is attached to the opposite surface of the plate member 84. <br />
The
G5' electrode portion 54 comprises a deep-drawn, cup-shaped member
having a recess 92 formed in the bottom end thereof, with three inline
apertures 94 extending therethrough. Extrusions 95 surround the
apertures 94. The opposite open end of the G5' electrode portion 54 is
closed by a second plate portion 96 having three openings 98 formed
therethrough. The openings 98 are aligned and cooperate with the
openings 90, in the first plate portion 88, in a manner described below.
<br />
The G6 electrode 56 is a cup-shaped, deep-drawn member having a
large opening 100 at one end through which all three electron beams
pass, and an open end which is attached to and closed by a plate member
102 that has three apertures 104 therethrough which are aligned with the
apertures 94 in the G5' electrode portion 54. Extrusions 105 surround
the apertures 104. <br />
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Sc2GvMknuOA/UOXnryJTRXI/AAAAAAAANU0/bJQDsWYfl14/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Sc2GvMknuOA/UOXnryJTRXI/AAAAAAAANU0/bJQDsWYfl14/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-3.jpg" width="218" /></a>The shape of the recess 51b, formed in the G4
electrode 50, is shown in FIG. 6. The recesses 51a and 51b have a
uniform vertical height at each of the apertures 80 and have rounded
ends. Such a shape has been referred to as the "race-track" shape. The
recess 92, formed in the bottom end of the G5' electrode portion 54, is
also "race-track-shaped" but differs in dimension from the recesses 51a
and 51b in the G4 electrode 50 as described below. <br />
The shape of
the large aperture 100 in the G6 electrode 54 is shown in FIG. 8. The
opening 100 is vertically higher at the outside apertures 104 than it is
at the center aperture. Such a shape has been referred to as the
"dog-bone" or "barbell" shape. <br />
With respect to FIG. 4, the first
plate portion 88 of the G5 electrode 52 faces the second plate portion
96 of the G5' electrode portion 54. The apertures 90 in the first plate
portion 88 have extrusions extending from the plate portion that have
been divided into two segments, 106 and 108, for each aperture. The
apertures 98 in the second plate portion 96 of the G5' electrode portion
54 also have extrusions extending from the plate portion 96 that have
been divided into two segments, 110 and 112, for each aperture. As shown
in FIG. 9, the segments 106 and 108 are interleaved with the segments
110 and 112. These segments are used to create quadrupole lenses in the
paths of each electron beam when different potentials are applied to the
G5 and G5' electrode and electrode portion, 52 and 54, respectively. By
proper application of a dynamic voltage differential to either the G5
electrode 52 or the G5' electrode portion 54, it is possible to use the
quadrupole lenses established by the segments 106, 108, 110 and 112 to
provide an astigmatic correction to the electron beams, which
compensates for astigmatism occurring in either the electron gun or the
deflection yoke. Such a quadrupole lens structure is described in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,731,563, to Bloom et al. on Mar. 15, 1988, which is
incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosure. <br />
The
novel second lens, L2, of the present invention does not require the
use of a quadrupole lens formed by the above-described G5 and G5'
electrode and electrode portion, 52 and 54, respectively. A unitized G5
electrode, fabricated by eliminating the first and second plate portions
88 and 96 and attaching together the open ends of elements 52 and 54,
may be used; however, such a gun structure would not provide an
optimized deflected electron beam shape, although it might be useful
where a tradeoff between performance and cost is permissible. <br />
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS<br />
Specific dimensions of a computer modeled electron gun for the first preferred embodiment are presented in TABLE I. <br />
<table><tbody>
<tr align="center"> <td>TABLE I </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>inches mm </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
K-G1 spacing 0.003 0.08<br />
Thickness of G1 electrode 44<br />
0.004 0.10<br />
Thickness of G2 electrode 46<br />
0.028 0.71<br />
G1 and G2 aperture diameter<br />
0.025 0.64<br />
G1 to G1 spacing 0.008 0.20<br />
G2 to G3 spacing 0.030 0.76<br />
Thickness of G3 plate portion 68<br />
0.010 0.25<br />
Diameter of G3 apertures 70<br />
0.045 1.14<br />
Diameter of G3 apertures 78<br />
0.148 3.76<br />
Length of G3 electrode 48<br />
0.200 5.08<br />
G3 to G4 spacing 0.050 1.27<br />
Thickness of active area of G4 electrode 50<br />
0.025 0.64<br />
Diameter of G4 aperture 80<br />
0.158 4.01<br />
Horizontal width of recesses 51a and 51b<br />
0.785 19.94<br />
Vertical height of recesses 51a and 51b<br />
0.239 6.07<br />
Depth of recesses 51a and 51b<br />
0.030 0.76<br />
G4 to G5 spacing 0.050 1.27<br />
Overall length of G5 electrode<br />
0.970 24.64<br />
52 and G5' electrode portion 54<br />
Spacing between plate portions 88 and 96<br />
0.040 1.02<br />
Horizontal width of recess 92<br />
0.755 19.18<br />
Vertical height of recess 92<br />
0.326 8.28<br />
Depth of recess 92 0.115 2.92<br />
Diameter of apertures 82, 90, 98<br />
0.158 4.01<br />
Aperture-to-aperture spacing K to G5 bottom<br />
0.260 6.60<br />
Diameter of G5' aperture 94 (center)<br />
0.160 4.06<br />
Diameter of G5' apertures 94 (outer)<br />
0.180 4.57<br />
G5' to G6 spacing 0.050 1.27<br />
Length of G6 electrode 56<br />
0.150 3.81<br />
Horizontal width of opening 100<br />
0.742 18.85<br />
Maximum height of opening 100<br />
0.295 7.49<br />
Minimum height of opening 100<br />
0.289 7.34<br />
Depth of opening 100 0.135 3.43<br />
Diameter of G6 aperture 105 (center)<br />
0.160 4.06<br />
Diameter of G6 apertures 105 (outer)<br />
0.180 4.57<br />
Aperture-to-aperture spacing G5'top/G6<br />
0.245 6.22<br />
Length of G3 extrusions 79<br />
0.045 1.14<br />
Length of G5 extrusions 83<br />
0.045 1.14<br />
Length of G5' extrusions 95<br />
0.034 0.86<br />
Length of G6 extrusions 105<br />
0.045 1.14</td></tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In
the embodiment presented in TABLE I, the electron gun is electrically
connected as shown in FIG. 2. Typically, the cathode operates at about
150V, the G1 electrode at ground potential, the G2 and G4 electrodes are
electrically interconnected and operate within the range of about 300V
to 1000V, the G3 and G5 electrodes also are electrically interconnected
and operate at about 7650V and the G6 electrode operates at an anode
potential of about 25 kV. <br />
In the present electron gun 26', the
first<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a> lens, L1 (FIG. 2), provides a symmetrically-shaped, high quality
electron beam into the second lens, L2. The first lens, L1, comprises
the beam forming region of the gun and includes the G1 electrode 44, the
G2 electrode 46, and the first portion of the G3 electrode 48 adjacent
the G2 electrode. <br />
The second lens, L2, is the novel asymmetric
prefocusing lens which comprises the G4 electrode 50 and the adjacent
portions of the G3 electrode 48 and the G5 electrode 52. In the first
embodiment, the identical pair of recesses, 51a and 51b, are formed in
the opposed, major, active surfaces of the G4 electrode 50 (see, e.g.,
FIGS. 5 and 6). While the recesses are, preferably, race-track-shaped,
other shapes, e.g., rectangular, which produce the effect described
below, are within the scope of the present invention. The active, facing
surfaces of the G3 and G5 electrodes, 48 and 52, respectively, are
substantially flat. The combination of the above-described active
elements produce quadrupole fields which form the asymmetric or
astigmatic prefocusing lens which provides a horizontally-elongated
electron beam (not shown) into the third or main focusing lens, L3. By
providing the astigmatic focusing correction in the prefocusing lens,
L2, beyond the electron beam cross-over point which occurs within the
first lens, L1, the effectiveness of each quadrupole field is
substantially independent of changes in the beam current. Additionally,
the race-track-shaped recesses, 51a and 51b, provide a preconverging
action which eliminates misconvergence of the outer beams at the screen,
due to changes in the focus voltage, by providing a compensating change
in the strength of the prefocusing lens, L2. <br />
While the invention
is described in terms of two recesses, it is possible to achieve the
same results by forming only one recess in either surface of the G4
electrode 50. The single recess would have a greater depth than either
of the recesses 51a or 51b, and the lateral dimension, i.e., vertical
height and horizontal width, would be less than those of either of the
recesses to provide equivalent asymmetric and convergence corrections to
the beams. The dimensions of the single recess would depend upon the
extent of beam corrections required. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2jy8xlqaYDcpy6aF_ACd-Gd7AUzyliwou28dAH3ju-EdjFmRqNuRmMsuKsGSE8NOqJ4VjGX0fHc8f00j4Ho8uldNkh-ekXs2rdN7UgvhWEQmfiS0xP-1wykRC5db3gAtiFG03uIVW-za/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-4.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2jy8xlqaYDcpy6aF_ACd-Gd7AUzyliwou28dAH3ju-EdjFmRqNuRmMsuKsGSE8NOqJ4VjGX0fHc8f00j4Ho8uldNkh-ekXs2rdN7UgvhWEQmfiS0xP-1wykRC5db3gAtiFG03uIVW-za/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-4.jpg" width="218" /></a>The main focusing lens, L3,
formed between the G5' electrode portion 54 and the G6 electrode 56,
also is an asymmetric lens, having low aberration, which provides a
vertically elongated, or asymmetrically-shaped, electron beam spot at
the center of the screen. The spacing between adjacent apertures 94 in
the G5' electrode portion 54 and the apertures 104 in the G6 electrode
56 is 6.22 mm, rather than the 6.60 mm aperture-to-aperture spacing that
exists from the cathodes to the apertures 82 in the bottom G5 electrode
52. This reduced main lens aperture-to-aperture spacing ensures that
the preconverged outer beams pass through low-aberration regions of the
main lens, L3, to minimize coma distortions. A graph of a computer
simulation of the electron beam spot at the center of the screen of a 27
V110° tube, operated at a cathode drive voltage of 103.2 V, a G3/G5
focus voltage of 7650 V, and an ultor voltage of 25 kV and 4 mA beam
current, is shown in FIG. 7. The beam spot is elliptically-shaped along
the vertical axis to reduce the overfocusing action of the yoke when the
beam is deflected. The undeflected, center beam spot includes a
substantially rectangularly-shaped 90% peak beam current density portion
which is circumscribed by larger elliptically-shaped 50% and 5% peak
beam current density portions. The size of the 5% peak beam current
density spot is about 2.5 mm×4.2 mm (H×V). With the width of the G4
recesses 51a and 51b as specified in TABLE I, and the overall length of
the gun from the G3 bottom to the top of the G5' electrode portion
adjusted to 35.05 mm, the focus voltage is kept below 7700 V, and the
misconvergence of the outer beam is reduced to substantially zero. <br />
By
utilizing the multipole lens described with respect to FIG. 4, and
applying to the G5' electrode portion 54 a dynamic differential focus
voltage that ranges from the potential on the G5 electrode 52, with no
deflection, to about 1000 volts more positive at maximum deflection, the
beam current density spot size can be optimized when the beams are
deflected to the periphery of the screen. This mode of operation is
discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,704, issued to New et al. on Aug. 16,
1988, which is incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of
disclosure. <br />
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gDQsvvH7qeA/UOXns0-Xe5I/AAAAAAAANVA/LSCbSlkrZaA/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gDQsvvH7qeA/UOXns0-Xe5I/AAAAAAAANVA/LSCbSlkrZaA/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-5.jpg" width="218" /></a>A second embodiment of the present invention is
obtained by increasing the length of the G3 electrode 148 to 5.84 mm,
from the value of 5.08 mm shown in TABLE I, and modifying the asymmetric
prefocusing lens, L2, as shown in FIG. 10. In the second embodiment of
the lens L2, the G4 electrode 150 comprises a substantially flat plate
having a thickness of about 0.025 inch (0.64 mm) with circular apertures
180 formed through the oppositely disposed, active, major surfaces
thereof. The active surfaces of the facing G3 and G5 electrodes, 148 and
152, respectively, have rectangular slots enclosing the electron beam
apertures. As shown in FIG. 11, each of the slots 149, in the G3
electrode 148, has a slot width, W, of 5.82 mm, and a slot height, H, of
10.16 mm. Each of the slots 149 has a depth, d, of 0.76 mm, shown in
FIG. 10. The slot-to-slot spacing, S, shown in FIG. 11, is 7.11 mm.
Since the aperture-to-aperture spacing, s, within the prefocusing lens,
L2, is 6.60 mm, and the slot-to-slot spacing, S, is 7.11 mm, it can be
seen, in FIG. 11, that the two outer slots 149 in the G3 electrode 148
are displaced outwardly relative to the outer apertures 178 formed
therein. This displacement of the slots 149 in the G3 electrode, and a
similar displacement of the identically dimensional slots 153 in the G5
electrode 152, cooperate to form an asymmetric prefocusing lens, L2,
which provides a horizontally-elongated electron beam (not shown) into
the third lens, L3. The novel slot configuration in the G3 and G5
electrodes 148 and 152, respectively, also provides a preconverging
action to eliminate misconvergence of the outer beams at the screen, in a
manner similar to that described for the first embodiment. A computer
simulation of the resultant vertically-elongated beam spot at the center
of the screen is graphically shown in FIG. 12. When operated at an
ultor voltage of 25 kV and 4 mA beam current in a 27 V110° tube, the
beam sizes at 90% and 50% peak current density are comparable to those
of the first embodiment, shown in FIG. 7, and the beam size at 5% peak
current density is about 2.26 mm×3.68 mm (H×V), at a cathode drive
voltage of 103.2 V and a G3/G5 focus voltage of 7650 V. All other gun
parameters are as listed in TABLE I. <br />
Equivalent performance can
be achieved by forming the slots in only one of the active surfaces,
i.e., in either the G3 electrode 148 or the G5 electrode 152. Slots
formed in only one active surface must be deeper than the slots
described above, and the small dimension of each slot must be reduced
while the amount of outer slot offset must be increased. <br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KAwYdFj9Cuc/UOXntUq3U2I/AAAAAAAANVI/pvw8jTxZ6wI/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-6.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KAwYdFj9Cuc/UOXntUq3U2I/AAAAAAAANVI/pvw8jTxZ6wI/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-6.jpg" width="218" /></a>A third
embodiment of the present invention is achieved by modifying the
electron gun to provide the electrical configuration shown in FIG. 3.
The asymmetric prefocusing lens, L2, of the gun 26" is shown in FIG. 13.
The length of the G3 electrode 248 is maintained at 5.84 mm, the same
dimension utilized in the second embodiment, and a race-track shaped
recess 249 is formed in the active, major surface of the G3 electrode
facing the G4 electrode 250. The recess 249 has a horizontal width of
19.43 mm, a vertical height of 5.84 mm and a depth of 0.76 mm. An
identically-shaped and dimensioned race track recess 253 is formed in
the active surface of the G5 electrode 252, facing the substantially
flat G4 electrode 250. While the race-track shape is preferred, other
geometric shapes which provide an asymmetric lens with a preconvergence
correction may be used. In the third embodiment, the G4 electrode 250
has a thickness of about 0.64 mm, with circular apertures 280 formed
therethrough. The asymmetric prefocusing lens, L2, of the third
embodiment provides the preconverging action, and forms
horizontally-elongated electron beams (not shown), as previously
described, into the third lens, L3. A computer simulation of the
resultant vertically-elongated beam spot at the center of the screen is
graphically shown in FIG. 14. When operated at an ultor/G4 voltage of 25
kV and 4 mA beam current in a 27 V110° tube, the beam size and shape at
90% peak beam current density is larger and more elliptical than in the
first and second embodiments, while at 50% peak beam current density
the elliptically-shaped spot is more vertically elongated than in the
first two embodiments. At 5% peak beam current density, the beam spot
size is about 1.94 mm×3.44 mm (H×V). The cathode drive voltage in this
embodiment is 103.2 V, the G3/G5 focus voltage is 7650 V and the G2
voltage is typically about 400 V. All other gun parameters are as listed
in TABLE I. <br />
As described above, a single recess can be formed in
either the active surface of the G3 or G5 electrodes, 248 or 252,
respectively, if the depth is increased and the lateral dimensions are
suitably reduced to provide equivalent performance. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_fhBKePWb4f-v9i4Huvko-zcAFhic-0DC10HpFvC1DJc5ILnx1UI0novjbIXIW-sxJgr4smlZB1VBRjcamI-DJ_aMx3VPEN7wl7kgHqb7jdjKVJKuYQl8QfJuI1UH-oSJjtL8XbQAX2o/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-7.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir_fhBKePWb4f-v9i4Huvko-zcAFhic-0DC10HpFvC1DJc5ILnx1UI0novjbIXIW-sxJgr4smlZB1VBRjcamI-DJ_aMx3VPEN7wl7kgHqb7jdjKVJKuYQl8QfJuI1UH-oSJjtL8XbQAX2o/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-7.jpg" width="218" /></a>A fourth
embodiment of the asymmetric prefocusing lens, L2, is shown in FIG. 15.
The length of the G3 electrode 348 is 5.08 mm, and the active surface
facing the G4 electrode 350 is substantially flat, with three circular
apertures 378 formed therethrough. The apertures 378 have a diameter of
4.01 mm. The G4 electrode 350 has rectangular slots 350a and 350b formed
in the opposed major active surfaces thereof, with the slots 350a
facing the G3 electrode 348 and the slots 350b facing the G5 electrode
352. Each of the slots 350a and 350b has a width of 5.79 mm, a height of
10.16 mm and a depth of 0.76 mm. The slot-to-slot spacing is 7.01 mm.
The circular apertures 380, formed through the G4 electrode 350, have a
diameter of 4.01 mm and are enclosed within the rectangular slots 350a
and 350b, in the same manner as discussed with respect to the slots
shown in FIG. 11. The active major surface of the G5 electrode 352
facing the G4 electrode 350 also is substantially flat, with three
circular apertures 382 formed therethrough. The apertures 382 also have a
80 diameter of 4.01 mm. <br />
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EmbSOwdtKVU/UOXnuKUK-ZI/AAAAAAAANVU/0JL5N79_cKw/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-8.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EmbSOwdtKVU/UOXnuKUK-ZI/AAAAAAAANVU/0JL5N79_cKw/s320/VIDEOCOLOR-FS10-GUN-8.jpg" width="218" /></a>Since the aperture-to-aperture spacing
within the prefocusing lens, L2, is 6.60 mm and the slot-to-slot spacing
of the slots 350a and 350b of the G4 electrode 350 is 7.01 mm, the two
outer slots are displaced outwardly relative to the outer apertures 380
formed within the slots. The configuration and displacement of the G4
slots form an asymmetric lens which provides the preconverging action
and horizontally-elongated electron beams (not shown), as previously
described, into the third lens, L3. A computer simulation of the
resultant vertically-elongated beam spot at the center of the screen is
graphically shown in FIG. 16. The beam spot shape is similar to that
shown in FIG. 14. When operated at an ultor/G4 voltage of 25 kV and 4 mA
beam current in a 27 V110° tube, the beam size at 5% peak beam current
density is about 1.96 mm×3.49 mm (H×V), at a cathode drive voltage of
103.2 V and a G3/G5 focus voltage of 7700 V. The G2 voltage in this
embodiment is typically about 400 V. All other gun parameters are as
listed in TABLE I. <br />
Alternatively, slots can be formed in only one
of the active surfaces of the G4 electrode 350. The depth of the slots
must be increased, and the small dimension of each slot must be
decreased, from the respective dimensions described immediately above.
Additionally, the amount of offset of the outer slots must be increased
to obtain performance equivalent to that of the fourth embodiment. <br />
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>The
novel electron gun of the present invention is to be contrasted to an
electron gun of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,704,
referenced above. In that patent, a G4 electrode, similar to the G4
electrode 450 of the prefocusing, or second, lens shown in FIG. 17, has
rectangularly-shaped apertures 480 therethrough. Specific dimensions of a
computer model of an embodiment of that prior electron gun are
presented in TABLE II. That embodiment has the electrical configuration
shown in FIG. 2 herein, and is similar in construction to the electron
gun shown in FIG. 4 herein, with similar gun elements being identified
with corresponding numbers, prefixed by the number "4". <br />
<table><tbody>
<tr align="center"> <td>TABLE II </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>inches mm </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
K-G1 spacing 0.003 0.08<br />
Thickness of G1 electrode 444<br />
0.004 0.10<br />
Thickness of G2 electrode 446<br />
0.028 0.71<br />
G1 and G1 aperture diameters<br />
0.025 0.64<br />
G1 to G2 spacing 0.008 0.20<br />
G2 to G3 spacing 0.030 0.76<br />
Thickness of G3 bottom plate 468<br />
0.010 0.25<br />
Diameter of G3 aperture 470, center<br />
0.045 1.14<br />
Diameter of G3 apertures 470, outer<br />
0.052 1.32<br />
Diameter of G3 apertures 478<br />
0.148 3.76<br />
Length of G3 electrode 448<br />
0.200 5.08<br />
G3 to G4 spacing 0.500 1.27<br />
Thickness of G4 electrode 450<br />
0.025 0.64<br />
Dimensions of G4 electrode apertures 480<br />
0.158 V 4.01 V<br />
× ×<br />
0.172 H 4.37 H<br />
G4 to G5 spacing 0.050 1.27<br />
Length of G5 electrode* 452-454<br />
0.830 21.08<br />
Diameter of apertures 482<br />
0.158 4.01<br />
Diameter of aperture 494 (center)<br />
0.160 4.06<br />
Diameter of apertures 494 (outer)<br />
0.180 4.57<br />
Horizontal width of recess 492<br />
0.755 19.18<br />
Vertical height of recess 492<br />
0.326 8.28<br />
Depth of recess 492 0.115 2.29<br />
Aperture-to-aperture spacing K to G5<br />
0.260 6.60<br />
bottom**<br />
G5 to G6 spacing 0.050 1.27<br />
Length of G6 electrode<br />
0.150 3.81<br />
Horizontal width of opening 400<br />
0.742 18.85<br />
Maximum height of opening 400<br />
0.295 7.49<br />
Minimum height of opening 400<br />
0.289 7.34<br />
Depth of opening 400 0.135 3.43<br />
Diameter of aperture 404 (center)<br />
0.160 4.06<br />
Diameter of apertures 404 (outer)<br />
0.180 4.57<br />
Aperture-to-aperture spacing G5 top/G6<br />
0.245 6.22<br />
Length of G3 extrusions 479<br />
0.045 1.14<br />
Length of G5 extrusions 483<br />
0.045 1.14<br />
Length of G5 extrusions 495<br />
0.034 0.86<br />
Length of G6 extrusions 405<br />
0.045 1.14</td></tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
*unitized electrode, no multipole lens **the apertureto-aperture
spacing of the G3 bottom apertures 470 is increased to 0.2635 inch (6.69
mm) to eliminate any displacement of the outer electron beams with
changes in the focus voltage. <br />
In the prior electron gun
de<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s1026/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH7aVR97H5_t_n03xn0J4eYEl3tuVokd98Zv_-XupmCg2nVtfSVUHNl6FxpDQvEF55_xzHAiimyuOasXF00Ie1_Am-yBM8aX2WjvLISZb1fYkNcLIMMpyK-XOGEWhJ485wIPRsHJKrMn6FVgcQZTwY4c65OoO4YOAYXuqhC6hwEdd3EYZ3JVltumSHDGB7/s320/IMGH_13515__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXF8f7wJKhCJYKXLfZrgaPd8CHVjpQFMMHB_7vaGQ9YE4WWURyxDdwPwHd2fE8pJWWa1vDiinh8K-cI9bqSyC6nzFV-JJDJpe0tWd6zwod1tIIY875ZP40HcNDVMrZ8c-8-WhAHBOlkZeD81WIvKEczVr-RTYFhrIx8PDnQHJaDwjOWXqNLp7nZJmwurcZ/s1026/IMGH_13264__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>scribed in TABLE II, the cathode operates at a drive voltage of about
103.2 V, the G1 electrode is at ground potential, the G2 and G4 are
electrically interconnected and operate within the range of 300 V to
1000 V, the G3 and G5 electrodes also are interconnected and operate at
about 6600 V, and the G6 electrode operates at an anode potential of
about 25 kV. The prefocusing lens, L2, of the prior electron gun, with
the rectangular apertures 480 formed through the substantially flat G4
electrode 450, provides a horizontally-elongated electron beam (not
shown) into the main focusing lens, L3. A computer simulation of the
resultant vertically-elongated beam spot at the center of the screen is
graphically shown in FIG. 18. The beam size at 5% peak current density
is about 2.30 mm×3.49 mm (H×V) at the previously described operating
parameters. <br />
CONCLUSION<br />
The performance of
the present prefocusing lens, L2, of embodiments 1 through 4, as
measured by the resultant electron beam spot size on the screen, is
comparable to that of the prior electron gun described in U.S. Pat. No.
4,764,704, which utilizes a prefocusing lens having rectangularly-shaped
apertures in the G4 electrode thereof. A comparison of results is
contained in TABLE III. <br />
<table><tbody>
<tr align="center"> <td>TABLE III </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>Beam Spot Size on Screen EMBODIMENT Horizontal (mm) Vertical (mm) </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
1 2.50 4.20<br />
2 2.26 3.68<br />
3 1.94 3.44<br />
4 1.96 3.49<br />
Prior 2.30 3.49</td></tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The
four embodiments of the present electron gun structure provide ease of
manufacturing, because the use of circular apertures throughout the
electron gun reduces the misalignment problems posed by the
rectangularly-shaped G4 apertures of the prior gun. Additionally, the
prior gun requires a slight increase in the G3 aperture-to-aperture
spacing (from 6.60 mm to 6.69 mm) to eliminate the misconvergence of the
outer electron beams with changes in focus voltage. The present
invention achieves comparable performance by controlling either the
horizontal width of the race-track-shaped recesses within the
prefocusing lens, L2, in embodiments 1 and 3, or the slot-to-slot
spacing of the rectangular slots formed within prefocusing lens, L2, in
embodiments 2 and 4. In each of the four embodiments, the
aperture-to-aperture spacing from the cathode 42 to the bottom of the G5
electrode 52 is maintained at a constant value of 6.60 mm, thereby
simplifying the assembly and alignment of the gun components.</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlVUteIAaXrnZarokCXfJx6YeLQz-_ymzG3WCFZE3CpBSuGygap4uJDpQMxe19EzfZmeM5FKqnJJOpLk-fLtnA7lTmBFVJXyooYbhwxgWVmgcOPeppMriX56LVDkAWFxWKzTxxvXtY4s/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-ANAGNI-AD1__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRlVUteIAaXrnZarokCXfJx6YeLQz-_ymzG3WCFZE3CpBSuGygap4uJDpQMxe19EzfZmeM5FKqnJJOpLk-fLtnA7lTmBFVJXyooYbhwxgWVmgcOPeppMriX56LVDkAWFxWKzTxxvXtY4s/s1600/VIDEOCOLOR-ANAGNI-AD1__TVM.jpg" width="141" /></a></div>
<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Videocolor</b> </span>was a fabricant of Electronic components in Anagni (Italy).<br /><br /><br />Was
formed from an Italian CRT Fabricant called ERGON which was sold to
Thomson in 1971 and the technology further called PIL (Precision In
Line) was produced by a collaboration with RCA. (ERGON S.P.A., ANAGNI, FROSINONE).</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVHknoTbM5ktfudiWeO6jvFeFxXKZve_c15au36al-g99iBLOkUS3G0EIjFwUun0FTEG2YTYmJaGZSEBjaM6RYyupbX110xWrIabKWqicIowr0rZO300w24a2l4QoVT4JsCfVOsu0Lqnw/s1600/ERGON1969-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVHknoTbM5ktfudiWeO6jvFeFxXKZve_c15au36al-g99iBLOkUS3G0EIjFwUun0FTEG2YTYmJaGZSEBjaM6RYyupbX110xWrIabKWqicIowr0rZO300w24a2l4QoVT4JsCfVOsu0Lqnw/s200/ERGON1969-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">They have patented several technologyes like the </span>LICHT-KOLLIMATOR
and various methods to improve the fabrication of shadowmasks in CRT
Tubes like the invention of a process of manufacturing a cathode-ray
tube (CRT)
having an anti-glare, anti-static, dark coating on an external surface
of a faceplate panel thereof, and more particularly, to the formulation
of such a coating. <br />
Further Inventions were related to inventions
formulated for the control of electron beam for adjustment of, for
example, static convergence and/or purity in a picture tube and others
invention relates to a shadow mask or color selection electrode for a
color television picture tube, as well as the support frame making it
possible to stiffen or rigidify the mask.<br />
<br />
Videocolor CRTs were widely used by many fabricants on European scale and even around the world. <br />
<br />
<br />
Example of Videocolor CRTs were the P.I.L. (Precision In Line) the PIL S4 the PIL PLANAR the PIL MP the PIL FS10.......<br />
<br />
<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />In 2005
Videocolor was sold to Videocon An Indian monkeys conglomerate wich has
converted it to Plasma Lcd (cheapshit Crap) manufacturing, resulting in a <b>total
FAIL</b> !!<br /><br /><span style="color: #ff6666;">Now Videocolor has Stopped the production, it's gone (Forever-dead) !!</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRUtfYEwvbpLInzEmCDcTVrPe4zaTOkFAHFJGwDTY8m7XrZlPXAJ4EFgQMiVICB_q_9hdzbdjSuO_0NIjhKJFTroxXX4C_TrEEi8XYs70__eFn0wDwNwuMd6_6wF49wsCNRNJlLpfYBEY/s1600/ERGON1969-3__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRUtfYEwvbpLInzEmCDcTVrPe4zaTOkFAHFJGwDTY8m7XrZlPXAJ4EFgQMiVICB_q_9hdzbdjSuO_0NIjhKJFTroxXX4C_TrEEi8XYs70__eFn0wDwNwuMd6_6wF49wsCNRNJlLpfYBEY/s400/ERGON1969-3__TVM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzXwg5-xNyJaTxvqrr8uv0IYNb5uZn8onfgv6j5QYwn0y9YxYK6L809RKPSByrrlxmMgLVgEyJ0cMIm_37k_2Oel-a1zKYoMP6mji2V_dx5fFLro9k-xgbJ0bXpt-lmJiaJjAG0RECNx0/s1600/ERGON1969__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzXwg5-xNyJaTxvqrr8uv0IYNb5uZn8onfgv6j5QYwn0y9YxYK6L809RKPSByrrlxmMgLVgEyJ0cMIm_37k_2Oel-a1zKYoMP6mji2V_dx5fFLro9k-xgbJ0bXpt-lmJiaJjAG0RECNx0/s400/ERGON1969__TVM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Here below the images of the rest of the completely abandoned Anagni VIDECOLOR Production Factory </b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b> </b></div>
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<b><i><a href="https://www.lostitaly.it/site/">( Images: Lost Italy</a> )</i></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJYD8v9MLD_SUq6En7wkWjdofkR2ACKBzmaZXI3y48SAtjZdoPwqrXWjXwq3xAwVzEIEiY2q9xm5pv6S1OddacoP0YKgNCoV_6gbU3xM1F9g9VrVnXPCCDVInyYqRetA8QVuMPajHHQRy/s1600/0_videocolor_pp_25__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJYD8v9MLD_SUq6En7wkWjdofkR2ACKBzmaZXI3y48SAtjZdoPwqrXWjXwq3xAwVzEIEiY2q9xm5pv6S1OddacoP0YKgNCoV_6gbU3xM1F9g9VrVnXPCCDVInyYqRetA8QVuMPajHHQRy/s320/0_videocolor_pp_25__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0TS4iSco-W1704QT8SGX-VgiT3TJcnYV6ScjqWNubG1T1gvys6Wa3KUxEZmYvds1NjViSRghqNqrpcTLTG7p1bjpQDIamuVSs1WF7-9r1hw5Tu_W5ChfByvSXuyEU1bBIZU4UcdPD9bG/s1600/videocolor_u_pp_11__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0TS4iSco-W1704QT8SGX-VgiT3TJcnYV6ScjqWNubG1T1gvys6Wa3KUxEZmYvds1NjViSRghqNqrpcTLTG7p1bjpQDIamuVSs1WF7-9r1hw5Tu_W5ChfByvSXuyEU1bBIZU4UcdPD9bG/s320/videocolor_u_pp_11__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKikXulSeIK3gADli91CHsDH9GUtjLyCx9vO964LdvWxQtrhgEtYSA2vB4YZk25y5v_hwOpIMMviOtNvUjb6BlHvZCBi-RqsHuFkdfrFUSgbfcPVdufJMDRNhJVOl1sXZSNOssO1Z7zpls/s1600/videocolor_c_pp_17__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKikXulSeIK3gADli91CHsDH9GUtjLyCx9vO964LdvWxQtrhgEtYSA2vB4YZk25y5v_hwOpIMMviOtNvUjb6BlHvZCBi-RqsHuFkdfrFUSgbfcPVdufJMDRNhJVOl1sXZSNOssO1Z7zpls/s320/videocolor_c_pp_17__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5vB3s8_N0bF_PZ9sqQjdGgsHGGjZGsj9P_68NIqaCvikk7mXEwqNCs2O9Wzd867njIJvR-2DFk_aSEGxwykpLt7hM433whyphenhyphenzWD90HlUxZRYVytQCvXAUDlbesui0zaIPOIcCyLeRgZDZv/s1600/videocolor_c_pp_20__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5vB3s8_N0bF_PZ9sqQjdGgsHGGjZGsj9P_68NIqaCvikk7mXEwqNCs2O9Wzd867njIJvR-2DFk_aSEGxwykpLt7hM433whyphenhyphenzWD90HlUxZRYVytQCvXAUDlbesui0zaIPOIcCyLeRgZDZv/s320/videocolor_c_pp_20__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg640iuwNo2rEY6i9w1wFLQb3f9JvW888qg9NdWN-QHwSTj0fvp-13nmfPpXiZ818u-5-Unu2HAxbxrDn4X-FFUtpQdMGep8vF9woPJw8NHrsx7ixVL4QhKdrEi_tIYvrp8LdpZm7R8vdVv/s1600/videocolor_c_pp_26__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg640iuwNo2rEY6i9w1wFLQb3f9JvW888qg9NdWN-QHwSTj0fvp-13nmfPpXiZ818u-5-Unu2HAxbxrDn4X-FFUtpQdMGep8vF9woPJw8NHrsx7ixVL4QhKdrEi_tIYvrp8LdpZm7R8vdVv/s320/videocolor_c_pp_26__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD18L6ea7plL1i9YDjfG_dzj-Go63_mHa4tlTn9SKlFQXOxItSGoszH1RMCzwVaoL13daONNjRofuYnXtJNi3zkTOBu7_O8WLFmdi8LG_nWl3RoyMlEFEWoF8TL8EFpYL4tW2FDEIVWuah/s1600/videocolor_c_pp_27__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD18L6ea7plL1i9YDjfG_dzj-Go63_mHa4tlTn9SKlFQXOxItSGoszH1RMCzwVaoL13daONNjRofuYnXtJNi3zkTOBu7_O8WLFmdi8LG_nWl3RoyMlEFEWoF8TL8EFpYL4tW2FDEIVWuah/s320/videocolor_c_pp_27__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKK2KP9em1HBgJHvwupQeUWkdHnGjlQGJkePTlauXzHk7Np0H-EgEA29x9LYlbI5bdmiKZK9VT2YHdir9qu7u_HfMjxB_An13iYRg7wq3M2T2wrKeWf6FjsYbwMNPtmnx3Znj37qgtyth/s1600/videocolor_c_pp_28__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKK2KP9em1HBgJHvwupQeUWkdHnGjlQGJkePTlauXzHk7Np0H-EgEA29x9LYlbI5bdmiKZK9VT2YHdir9qu7u_HfMjxB_An13iYRg7wq3M2T2wrKeWf6FjsYbwMNPtmnx3Znj37qgtyth/s320/videocolor_c_pp_28__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheTwnOPESoXvOCfBsOIMuGugC4gJmwFVHqPXatNWOhaMbtCYvfHz4J1CAV3qgq6Qa_Ns3CcyJCY69NUgy8TONIIq0R-3nwDl4E794Q-TS2HmBGIpWar7u1LJ0mzegvx4NrxbyeB1hpiUyE/s1600/videocolor_c_pp_32__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheTwnOPESoXvOCfBsOIMuGugC4gJmwFVHqPXatNWOhaMbtCYvfHz4J1CAV3qgq6Qa_Ns3CcyJCY69NUgy8TONIIq0R-3nwDl4E794Q-TS2HmBGIpWar7u1LJ0mzegvx4NrxbyeB1hpiUyE/s320/videocolor_c_pp_32__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDca1i5WFbwFvtjV6QFxY3XoOl-eQej2O6SRvVRoJyerRRK42aNrFHUywcMoJxP5l6ZXXxU7_XMgoLx9JPDKzbukviPe8uCp4Cpm1gG-tiZt5_vPwVImbbz7uNUlUpsJPDYj18m1lduH87/s1600/videocolor_e_mo_02__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDca1i5WFbwFvtjV6QFxY3XoOl-eQej2O6SRvVRoJyerRRK42aNrFHUywcMoJxP5l6ZXXxU7_XMgoLx9JPDKzbukviPe8uCp4Cpm1gG-tiZt5_vPwVImbbz7uNUlUpsJPDYj18m1lduH87/s320/videocolor_e_mo_02__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikWKVn_pV_50i_rJzp2KzSFhy6XRM1nD0xHoaUMT2KPIsG8FMxMO-JYxl6ys4MNcYdDJnkJ5lqNBB2-HRixjTuTzVadXGLHgO8a4ZJRzN7son3EPm6HHsS1OTOe66zja9bDXFF2hdRtnpD/s1600/videocolor_e_pp_07__TVM.jpg"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikWKVn_pV_50i_rJzp2KzSFhy6XRM1nD0xHoaUMT2KPIsG8FMxMO-JYxl6ys4MNcYdDJnkJ5lqNBB2-HRixjTuTzVadXGLHgO8a4ZJRzN7son3EPm6HHsS1OTOe66zja9bDXFF2hdRtnpD/s320/videocolor_e_pp_07__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-8987053986540199532024-01-10T18:00:00.129+01:002024-01-10T18:00:00.135+01:00GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT YEAR 1977<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk8OEbtKM1m5Xz_tRwbS9tmqFN4WhyKsvzpqfBBavtGS0i5nY3RMYXnL883DozhB2Hfh-UKVrIr70IZR14SskjrN_vw7CU8PG8glhU7LqkLzimLb86HSETQwXW247aFtCJ3tbl3WwPKkXHBpY0jRXKYa6dyJJ7zJjpi4T42kqfPI4M1m4monmokdUnLeb5/s1026/IMGH_13471__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk8OEbtKM1m5Xz_tRwbS9tmqFN4WhyKsvzpqfBBavtGS0i5nY3RMYXnL883DozhB2Hfh-UKVrIr70IZR14SskjrN_vw7CU8PG8glhU7LqkLzimLb86HSETQwXW247aFtCJ3tbl3WwPKkXHBpY0jRXKYa6dyJJ7zJjpi4T42kqfPI4M1m4monmokdUnLeb5/s320/IMGH_13471__TVM.jpg" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7tRhwOxgDIoX1qv1EF_eojwYDFtnWWr0oOJBOY9vgKiqa38nQm4vqW6g-nwkAkh8k9F3k37FrJL9IL5K8tRFc1rx-PysUYUscLWjjjOE8O5vmIrGWaUL0WamKdVdLvwP6VZnmtoLgEWpU2u97-yySG_lIjb4-IVrH2gvPcYDmKL3iCjM1y0AVrshbW1I/s1282/IMGH_13472__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7tRhwOxgDIoX1qv1EF_eojwYDFtnWWr0oOJBOY9vgKiqa38nQm4vqW6g-nwkAkh8k9F3k37FrJL9IL5K8tRFc1rx-PysUYUscLWjjjOE8O5vmIrGWaUL0WamKdVdLvwP6VZnmtoLgEWpU2u97-yySG_lIjb4-IVrH2gvPcYDmKL3iCjM1y0AVrshbW1I/s320/IMGH_13472__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbaYSrzXUpBy4zSE3QMn7maITEXXQJ1Sb59EerMcKlVdyqOeZ7AU3GFpwIkqWVLC1DJ1w2fhzl5i4B5Goom7WQYccyMpJxlOqx-wBTF9VjwW9OfBCUGTHBbcyg0NKN-WoScZgt0baKBiNw1cusSFx9sxO8AVPNEA4nKI3cBhZtdr6bD-HlY0euhyphenhyphenOCjiZG/s1282/IMGH_13473__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbaYSrzXUpBy4zSE3QMn7maITEXXQJ1Sb59EerMcKlVdyqOeZ7AU3GFpwIkqWVLC1DJ1w2fhzl5i4B5Goom7WQYccyMpJxlOqx-wBTF9VjwW9OfBCUGTHBbcyg0NKN-WoScZgt0baKBiNw1cusSFx9sxO8AVPNEA4nKI3cBhZtdr6bD-HlY0euhyphenhyphenOCjiZG/s320/IMGH_13473__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhChMnubHpIXD-ogdiv64L-W2GzyAMkxyD8IPg0JpYqDxuu-ieJECbbhrBCee9jM-3rk4az940OeZCXe7XhdhxhyphenhyphenqM-Xw4HkkyyAywnQDoQeboVkTtdsEHfenKZypjDXZPkrBEoAlxpDynvn26uyDNPhKVssr9h9fImKTcSnKM25I5ZRp0AxjSXhiPX0859/s1282/IMGH_13474__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhChMnubHpIXD-ogdiv64L-W2GzyAMkxyD8IPg0JpYqDxuu-ieJECbbhrBCee9jM-3rk4az940OeZCXe7XhdhxhyphenhyphenqM-Xw4HkkyyAywnQDoQeboVkTtdsEHfenKZypjDXZPkrBEoAlxpDynvn26uyDNPhKVssr9h9fImKTcSnKM25I5ZRp0AxjSXhiPX0859/s320/IMGH_13474__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlVDjS0cZJTivIoGwo8cC8aLePenLzEo74DN2pOci2NiIJqGo5A6tKNv3o2ShOhb7mBRFqC0anIY5TcYJdZ39_7sRBj8Th0KNqL0h6783OvprmWIGr1dfwOeJVz_bXH316qSOiaxqrg2Vbby9I39UO9qHXAOcDwap0kSK-GRQExnmkuarU7ZFqV92FJJK/s1282/IMGH_13475__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlVDjS0cZJTivIoGwo8cC8aLePenLzEo74DN2pOci2NiIJqGo5A6tKNv3o2ShOhb7mBRFqC0anIY5TcYJdZ39_7sRBj8Th0KNqL0h6783OvprmWIGr1dfwOeJVz_bXH316qSOiaxqrg2Vbby9I39UO9qHXAOcDwap0kSK-GRQExnmkuarU7ZFqV92FJJK/s320/IMGH_13475__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span>
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</p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT is A portable 15 Inches with 37 cm inline color picture tube </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span>television from GRUNDIG.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> It was available in white, yellow or red, each front anthracite. This here is the red.<br /></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">2 telescopic antennas abpve and central handgrip for transport.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
This is the first portable color television from GRUNDIG with the 15
Inches screen format and it's the brother of the first </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com/2012/03/grundig-super-color-1510-year-1973.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">GRUNDIG </span></span>SUPER COLOR 1510</a> which
is the very first color portable in 1973. The set is a first equipped with a 7 programs tuner with VHF channels suitable for Italian Broadcastings at the time.The model designation with the final "IT" suffix describes the tuner type realized for Italy market at the time as the national Tv Broadcast R.A.I. was transmitting in VHF B 3 PAL . The at the time.VHF channel numbers were allocated by in-country governement/ authorities/agencies, or by groups of such technical organizations acting together.The set has a tuner prepared for italian broadcast arrangement of channels, just five of them, and was certainly different to that proposed by other Western European countries that were planning to use the 625-line system. At that time no numbers or other designations were shown for these channels.<br /></span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is the first portable color television from GRUNDIG featuring t</span></span>he implementation of TDA2521 which is a monolithic integrated circuit designed as a synchronous demodulator for PAL color television receivers. It includes an 8.8 MHz oscillator and divider, to generate two 4.4 MHz reference signals, and provides color difference output.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is also the first portable color television from GRUNDIG featuring t</span></span>he implementation of </span></span>The TDA2510.A monolithic integrated circuit designed for the function of a color television receiver. It Is designed to Interface directly with the TDA2521, using a minimum number of external components.TDA2510 is constructed on a single silicon chip using the Fairchild Planar‘ epitaxial process. The chrominance process was also used in other GRUNDIG bigger models tv's.</span></span><br />The planar <span class="highlight">process</span> was developed at <span class="highlight">Fairchild</span> Semiconductor in 1959. The planar <span class="highlight">process</span> proved to be one of the most important single advances in semiconductor technology.Fairchild Semiconductor personnel invented the planar manufacturing process, the monolithic integrated circuit, and CMOS technology - the foundations of every significant computer chip made today.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
It's sporting a TOSHIBA crt ; an in-line type triple electron gun CRT assembly which
comprises three electron gun members arranged in the same plane with
the axi</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirnjWHAKZPaXM3Vvxs39IxH4cxfoS_I3ksYMT4EhhCUFGh_xXfuZB1fJ5-J58WOoyKddob5wTW2wWfsoRK70J9UujZJmeAY-it7DXvh-bh433P3zKjgJlCZ_cbTU9axbtTNGfXO28tdSk/s1600/Grundig-1510_Bildroehre.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirnjWHAKZPaXM3Vvxs39IxH4cxfoS_I3ksYMT4EhhCUFGh_xXfuZB1fJ5-J58WOoyKddob5wTW2wWfsoRK70J9UujZJmeAY-it7DXvh-bh433P3zKjgJlCZ_cbTU9axbtTNGfXO28tdSk/w173-h200/Grundig-1510_Bildroehre.jpg" width="173" /></a>s of the side gun members inclined at a predetermined angle to
that of the central gun member; and support members fitted to the gun
members for their integral assembly, said support member comprising two
longitudinal elements each disposed between two adjacent gun members
and at least one bridge element connecting said two longitudinal
elements.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Sporting a TOSHIBA crt</span></span> With BlackStripe Technology as a cathode ray tube including a faceplate and a shadow mask containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for restricting electron beams directed therethrough to impinge upon and excite selected areas of phosphor material on said faceplate, a viewing screen comprising:a horizontally repetitive pattern of sets of three vertically oriented stripes of phosphor material extending vertically across and coating the inside surface of said faceplate, each stripe within a set being of different phosphor material so as to emit a different color when excited by the corresponding one of the three electron beams passing through the associated aperture in said shadow mask, and a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said faceplate and containing a vertical and horizontal array of vertically oriented slotted openings, said stripes and openings being juxtaposed so that said openings define viewable portions of said stripes, each viewable portion being totally surrounded with light absorbing material,said openings and stripes being aligned with the apertures in said shadow mask so that a corresponding one of said three electron beams is allowed to impinge upon each viewable portion,the vertical dimension of each opening being greater than the vertical dimension of that part of said viewable portion excited by the electron beam impinging thereupon, such that a positive vertical guardband is provided, and the horizontal dimension of each opening being less than the horizontal dimension of the impinging electron beam, such that a negative horizontal guardband is provided.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
It has 7 Program preselection with touch sensor program change system and no remote.</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
It's a Circuit arrangement for establishing
a reference potential of a chassis of an electrical device such as a
radio and/or TV receiver, such device being provided with at least
one contactless touching switch operating under the AC voltage
principle. The device is switched by touching a unipole touching
field in a contactless manner so as to establish connection to a
grounded network pole. The circuit arrangement includes in
combination an electronic blocking switch and a unidirectional
rectifier which separates such switch from the network during the
blocking phase.In electronic devices, for example TV and radio
receivers, there are used in ever increasing numbers electronic
touching switches for switching and adjusting the functions of the
device. In one known embodiment of this type of touching switch,
which operates on a DC voltage principle, the function of the
electronic device, is contactlessly switched by touching a unipole
touching field, the switching being carried out by means of an
alternating current voltage. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7tRhwOxgDIoX1qv1EF_eojwYDFtnWWr0oOJBOY9vgKiqa38nQm4vqW6g-nwkAkh8k9F3k37FrJL9IL5K8tRFc1rx-PysUYUscLWjjjOE8O5vmIrGWaUL0WamKdVdLvwP6VZnmtoLgEWpU2u97-yySG_lIjb4-IVrH2gvPcYDmKL3iCjM1y0AVrshbW1I/s1282/IMGH_13472__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7tRhwOxgDIoX1qv1EF_eojwYDFtnWWr0oOJBOY9vgKiqa38nQm4vqW6g-nwkAkh8k9F3k37FrJL9IL5K8tRFc1rx-PysUYUscLWjjjOE8O5vmIrGWaUL0WamKdVdLvwP6VZnmtoLgEWpU2u97-yySG_lIjb4-IVrH2gvPcYDmKL3iCjM1y0AVrshbW1I/s320/IMGH_13472__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
TV TOUCH-TUNING IC: With the developmente of application covering
the use of m.o.s. devices for television and radio channel selection and
indication a device relates to a specially developed m.o.s.-technology
integrated circuit which is already produced in development
quantities. The touch -tuner as the i.c. is designated ans was
intended to replace mechanical push-button TV tuner mechanisms. It
provides a sensing system which operates in conjunction with a finger
-touch plate, a switching arrangement to control a varicap tuner and in
addition outputs to operate channel indicating neon lamps. The sensing
system comprises a very high -impedance circuit which is effectively
shorted out by the resistance of a finger placed across the external
touch plate. One side of the touch plate is connected to the sensing
input of the i.c. and the other to a positive voltage which may be d.c.
or a.c. When the touch plate is operated the channels are stepped
through in sequence: the selected channel latches on and the appropriate
indicator lights. The i.c. operates from a standard 33V varicap tuner
supply and enables up to eight channels to be selected. Remote control
can be applied to the system if required and the set is provided for
that. Touch -sensitive control units form a welcome and natural adjunct
to the use of varicap tuner units. As they dispense completely with the
need for electrical switches and switch contacts they should reduce
further the number of service calls for tuning faults. Various circuit
arrangements are used in touch operated tuner control units but all
operate when a finger tip bridges a pair of contacts which incidentally
look at first glance like a single contact. When the finger tip
completes the circuit forward bias is applied to a high gain switching
transistor. This in turn switches on another transistor or transistors
and the net outcome is that the supply to the appropriate tuning
potentiometer is connected and held on while the supply to the
previously selected poentiometer is switched off. In addition a channel
ident fication bulb is usually brought into circuit. As skin resistance
is high the touch contacts must be incorporated in a correspondingly
high resistance circuit; in practice resistor values in the range
10-22MegaOhm are used. The switching operations are carried out either
by discrete transistors or i.c.s. Transistors form almost ideal switches
of course.<br />
<br />
It's a Circuit arrangement for
establishing a reference potential of a chassis of an electrical
device such as a radio and/or TV receiver, such device being
provided with at least one contactless touching switch operating
under the AC voltage principle. The device is switched by touching a
unipole touching field in a contactless manner so as to establish
connection to a grounded network pole. The circuit arrangement
includes in combination an electronic blocking switch and a
unidirectional rectifier which separates such switch from the
network during the blocking phase.In electronic devices, for
example TV and radio receivers, there are used in ever increasing
numbers electronic touching switches for switching and adjusting the
functions of the device. In one known embodiment of this type of
touching switch, which operates on a DC voltage principle, the
function of the electronic device, is contactlessly switched by
touching a unipole touching field, the switching being carried out by
means of an alternating current voltage. <br />
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The set is build with a Modular chassis design because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver. <br />
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required. <br />
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman. <br />
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors. <br />
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will
require more highly qualified servicemen. <br />
The primary symptoms
of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of
the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are
located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver
require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must
use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis
from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components
are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they
are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components
in the receiver. <br />
Repairing a modern color television receiver
often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to
a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive
undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require
at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to
the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these
reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in
operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and
is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be
purchased. <br />
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized
color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a
plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and
maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the
cabinet so
that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner
as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance
and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another
aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the
owner.<br />Dimensions (WHD) 445 x 330 x 380 mm / 17.5 x 13 x 15 inches<br /> Grundig Super Color 1510a, color television portable with 37 cm inline color picture tube. 12 ICs, 63 diodes, 3 thyristors, 1 high voltage cascade, VHF/UHF tuner. 7 program sensors with light display. Available in white, yellow or red, each front anthracite<br />
<br />
<b><i>- Horizontal Beam Deflection and high voltage generating circuits realized with Thyristors circuits.</i></b><br />
The
massive demand for colour television receivers in Europe/Germany in
the 70's brought about an influx of sets from the continent. Many of
these use the thin -neck (29mm) type of 110° shadowmask tube and the
Philips 20AX CRT Tube, plus the already Delta Gun CRT .<br />
Scanning
of these tubes is accomplished by means of a toroidally wound
deflection yoke (conventional 90° and thick -neck 110° tubes operate
with saddle -wound deflection coils). The inductance of a toroidal yoke
is very much less than that of a saddle -wound yoke, thus <i>higher scan currents are required</i>.
The deflection current necessary for the line scan is about 12A peak
-to -peak. This could be provided by a transistor line output stage but a
current step-up transformer, which is bulky and both difficult and
costly to manufacture, would be required.<br />
An entirely different
approach, pioneered by RCA in America and developed by them and by ITT
(SEL) in Germany, is the thyristor line output stage. In this system the
scanning current is provided via two thyristors and two switching
diodes which due to their characteristics can supply the deflection
yoke without a step-up transformer (a small transformer is still
required to obtain the input voltage pulse for the e.h.t. tripler). The
purpose of this article is to explain the basic operation of such
circuits. The thyristor line output circuit offers high reliability
since all switching occurs at zero current level. C.R.T. flashovers,
which can produce high current surges (up to 60A), have no detrimental
effects on the switching diodes or thyristors since the forward voltage
drop across these devices is small and the duration of the current
pulses short. If a surge limiting resistor is pro- vided in the tube's
final anode circuit the peak voltages produced by flashovers seldom
exceed the normal repetitive circuit voltages by more than 50-100V.
This is well within the device ratings.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxVnsN_ioBfT4ssnFRA9Lq5289_wx-DB29rIi6fkeCn39XXG_bMF67GSsI3jQnqAP_bcjaXRN3PMstrAq4UnTaAdOkLRng5GWvPTLeQNcWkAEIcHawEs6NQiLcbrscJVatgztIDz4sYX0/s1600/THYRISTOR-LINE-DEFL-BASE__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxVnsN_ioBfT4ssnFRA9Lq5289_wx-DB29rIi6fkeCn39XXG_bMF67GSsI3jQnqAP_bcjaXRN3PMstrAq4UnTaAdOkLRng5GWvPTLeQNcWkAEIcHawEs6NQiLcbrscJVatgztIDz4sYX0/s320/THYRISTOR-LINE-DEFL-BASE__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>
It's a very good system to use where the line scan coils require large
peak currents with only a moderate flyback voltage an intrinsic
characteristic of toroidally wound deflection coils. The basic thyristor
line output stage arrangement used in all these chassis is shown in
Fig. 1<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuExQ4RT7CZADcwx4QXJBhIY7fgisPmLxGgsm_p8Ry1AEi3krOHdp-VIwxzqwBvxWqyZDZLc_s_O6mi5qN1WJ8W5sDAqSr_mxlGYLo4mJ81fzkbx7FoZdQwhtrhalUJJWmGjNsmMZs1gOj/s1600/IMG_7440.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640044652208798914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuExQ4RT7CZADcwx4QXJBhIY7fgisPmLxGgsm_p8Ry1AEi3krOHdp-VIwxzqwBvxWqyZDZLc_s_O6mi5qN1WJ8W5sDAqSr_mxlGYLo4mJ81fzkbx7FoZdQwhtrhalUJJWmGjNsmMZs1gOj/s200/IMG_7440.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a>it was originally devised by RCA. Many sets fitted with
110°, narrow -neck delta -gun tubes used a thyristor line output stage -
for example those in the Grundig and Saba ranges and the Finlux
Peacock , Indesit, Siemens, Salora, Metz, Nordmende, Blaupunkt, ITT,
Seleco, REX, Mivar, Emerson, Brionvega, Loewe, Galaxi, Stern, Zanussi,
Wega, Philco. The circuit continued to find favour in earlier chassis
designed for use with in -line gun tubes, examples being found in the
Grundig and Korting ranges - also, Indesit, Siemens, Salora, Metz,
Nordmende, Blaupunkt, ITT, Seleco, REX, Mivar, Emerson, Brionvega,
Loewe, Galaxi, Stern, Zanussi, Wega, Philco the Rediffusion Mk. III
chassis. Deflection currents of up to 13A peak -to -peak are commonly
encountered with 110° tubes, with a flyback voltage of only some 600V
peak to peak. The total energy requirement is of the order of 6mJ,
which is 50 per cent higher than modern 110° tubes of the 30AX and S4
variety with their saddle -wound line scan coils. The only problem
with this type of circuit is the large amount of energy that shuttles
back and forth at line frequency. This places a heavy stress on certain
components. Circuit losses produce quite high temperatures, which are
concentrated at certain points, in particular the commutating combi
coil. This leads to deterioration of the soldered joints around the
coil, a common cause of failure. This can have
a cumulative effect, a high resistance joint increasing the local
heating until the joint becomes well and truly dry -a classic symptom
with some Grundig / Emerson sets. The wound components themselves can be
a source of trouble, due to losses - particularly the combi coil and
the regulating transductor. Later chassis are less prone to this sort of
thing, partly because of the use of later generation, higher
efficiency yokes but mainly due to more generous and better design of
the wound components. The ideal dielectric for use in the tuning
capacitors is polypropylene (either metalised or film). It's a truly
won- derful dielectric - very stable, with very small losses, and
capable of operation at high frequencies and elevated temperatures.
It's also nowadays reasonably inexpensive. Unfortunately many earlier
chassis of this type used polyester capacitors, and it's no surprise
that they were inclined to give up. When replacing the tuning
capacitors in a thyristor line output stage it's essential to use
polypropylene types -a good range of axial components with values
ranging from 0.001µF to 047µF is available from RS Components, enabling
even non-standard values to be made up from an appropriate
combination. Using polypropylene capacitors in place of polyester ones
will not only ensure capacitor reliability but will also lower the
stress on other components by reducing the circuit losses (and hence
power consumption).<br />
</span></span><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
<span>
Numerous circuit designs for completely transistorized television
receivers either have been incorporated in commercially available
receivers or have been described in detail in various technical
publications. One of the most troublesome areas in such transistor
receivers, from the point of View of reliability and economy, lies in
the horizontal deflection circuits.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span></span><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
<span>
As an attempt to avoid the voltage and current limitations of
transistor deflection circuits, a number of circuits have been proposed
utilizing the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), a semiconductor
device capable of handling substantially higher currents and voltages
than transistors.</span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span></span><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
<span>
The circuit utilizes two bi-directionally conductive switching
means which serve respectively as trace and commutating switches.
Particularly, each of the switching means comprises the parallel
combination of a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) and a diode. The
commutating switch is triggered on shortly before the desired beginning
of retrace and, in conjunction with a resonant commutating circuit
having an inductor and two capacitors, serves to turn off the trace
switch to initiate retrace. The commutating circuit is also arranged to
turn oft the commutating SCR before the end of retrace. </span></span></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">All other standard commands are even manual.</span></span></li></ul><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
<span color="rgb(255 , 102 , 102)" style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span color="rgb(255 , 102 , 102)" style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></span>A headphone jack connector ,left side located, is present with a switch to exclude the internal speaker.</li></ul><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>These tellyes were offering excellent superb bright sharp picture and they were running warm.
</b></li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s320/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br /></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">
<span color="rgb(255 , 102 , 102)" style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
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Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkUhgOYM7N6fvqfpGIYAfVblX_U83Qc_hmzxxBWuZBA3Ks0FalwMKUjInMB7cI1hmOlbNzK-3ld8Wph0DcPRhLIOCcFZeF0fdrZEeTQuLT_1NhVjgTXuW-6hyphenhyphenHY_itcGgkcMKVp4Ffc64n/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM80k_NYx06-vxBc2fOM1LD0yFto3-7OlXiS7KOxOQwZMIQawtCLOiOl8ESyrddoxCvkJN7_cVQb6Yc1zwCVFsToDhOG94fpdK8GXU-whjek9djnChv60Ws1a1mBZ_VULjMxD6IcemtEI/s1600/GRUNDIG-MOTHER__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM80k_NYx06-vxBc2fOM1LD0yFto3-7OlXiS7KOxOQwZMIQawtCLOiOl8ESyrddoxCvkJN7_cVQb6Yc1zwCVFsToDhOG94fpdK8GXU-whjek9djnChv60Ws1a1mBZ_VULjMxD6IcemtEI/s200/GRUNDIG-MOTHER__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><b><i><u>Max GRUNDIG:</u></i></b> Born on 7 May 1908 in the Denis Street 3 in Nuremberg<br />
workers
district Gostenhof Parents of "Magaziners" or warehouse worker Max Emil
and his wife Marie. The enlargement of the family through the birth of
three sisters require in the aftermath several moves within Nuremberg.<br />
In
1920, his father <b>died unexpectedly </b>at the consequences of an
appendectomy. The already poor family is financially worse rapidly. This
is followed by further moves into ever smaller and cheaper housing. Max
Grundig starts in April 1922 commercial apprenticeship at the
installation company Jean Hilpert in Nuremberg. His interest lies in the
crafting of radios, a hobby, the early 1920s was indulged by tech-savvy
youngsters often. But Max Grundig tinkering not only simple radios, but
also more complex technical equipment such as image receiver.(Photos
refering to<br />
Father and Mother of Max GRUNDIG child.)<br />
<br />
After
the end of his teaching is Max Grundig 1927 Head of a new branch of the
company in Fürth Hilpert and supervised by commercial side of the
installation work of the under construction Municipal Hospital Fürth. In
May 1928 and in October 1930 Grundig also occurs on a radio dealer and
take part in an event organized by Workers' Radio Association Germany on
the occasion of Fürth Kirchweih 1930 radios exhibition. A first
marriage in 1929 held only briefly. From her daughter Inge comes.<br />
Following
the closure of Fürth Branch company Hilpert for the finished
installation works at the hospital, Max Grundig together with Karl
Wurzer, who was funders primarily, on 15 November 1930 as a radio dealer
in Sternstraße 4 in Fürth independently. Today this street
Ludwig-Erhard-Straße is, since there - was directly opposite the first
by Max Grundig Radio Load - - the business of the parents of the future
economy minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard (1977 1897).<br />
His radio
action called Max Grundig "Radio Sales Fürth" short RVF. On June 21,
1934, a procession of RVF in the Schwabacher Straße carried 1. The
partnership Karl Wurzer is paid, Max Grundig is now the sole owner. In
addition to selling and repairing radios Grundig starts construction of
transformers. In 1938, he is Sales millionaire. In the same year he
married the singer and manufacturer's daughter Annelie Jorgensen. The
marriage remains childless.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X5ixBaMBuN0zuoh80paD4fIKaNn-FEDEGH0QmWKLVCGHqiV562SqJ84kgEuolKPZjpbtwZln2_Uhf6FWaGmzwewb9AigeaERXKOypmi6MprMpCMvQEyfpCVZ7siTPLUJ8Ev_g24iG4c/s1600/MAX-GRUNDIG-1984-HA__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X5ixBaMBuN0zuoh80paD4fIKaNn-FEDEGH0QmWKLVCGHqiV562SqJ84kgEuolKPZjpbtwZln2_Uhf6FWaGmzwewb9AigeaERXKOypmi6MprMpCMvQEyfpCVZ7siTPLUJ8Ev_g24iG4c/s200/MAX-GRUNDIG-1984-HA__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
During
the Second World War Grundig continues its production of small
transformers continued on a larger scale in the Fürth suburb Vach, where
he rents rooms in three inns. He himself is in 1941 drafted into the
army, some time must remain as a corporal in Paris, but shortly before
his entire company is reassigned to the East - also because of its
possibilities, to provide supervisors with radios - "indispensable" (uk)
provided and forwards Fuerth his company to continue the war.<br />
<br />
On
18 May 1945, the US Army occupied the suburb Vach. Grundig's stock will
not be plundered, neither of German or foreign looters nor by the US
military because the workforce that consists partly of Ukrainian slave
laborers, has a sign "Off limits" - "no trespassing" - at the door,
protects the company. In June 1945, Grundig rented a factory building in
the Jakobinenstraße 24 in Fürth. are manufactured now transformers and
measuring instruments: The tube tester "Tubatest" and the fault locator
"Nova Test". The commercial license is replaced by the Radio-sales Fürth
on 7 November 1945. In December 1945, Grundig has 42 employees.<br />
<br />
On April 10, 1946 Max Grundig starts own production of radios. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYmugr8TVpjOjd3Wj363QBVAklpaS20vPKGz3DX3IveByIAbr_kX_9V3rf1kHl3emH0eQlQ91K5Hykg003YC4447Bplu5DV4igNf4YwTYgIuIJSHlRZzG9ND8YY9KxM6o9lP7C6y2Y5I/s1600/GRUNDIG-HEINZELMANN__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYmugr8TVpjOjd3Wj363QBVAklpaS20vPKGz3DX3IveByIAbr_kX_9V3rf1kHl3emH0eQlQ91K5Hykg003YC4447Bplu5DV4igNf4YwTYgIuIJSHlRZzG9ND8YY9KxM6o9lP7C6y2Y5I/s200/GRUNDIG-HEINZELMANN__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a>His first instrument is the "<b>Heinzelmann</b>"
This radio can also complete as a kit or under the hand, but are always
acquired without tubes. But the tubes are widely available on the black
markets of the early postwar years. Since a wireless without tubes per
se is not operational, allowing the American military government Max
Grundig, "no quota", ie without limitation in quantity, produce radio
and distribute. With the mass sale of "Heinzelmann" Max Grundig creates
the basis for further economic success of the company as a manufacturing
company after the Second World War.<br />
As of August 1, 1946 is the
company "RVF - Electrotechnical Factory". Beginning in March 1947, work
began in the Kurgartenstraße 37 in Fuerth, the later main plant of the
company Grundig. On 7 July 1948 re-naming of the company is carried out
in "Grundig radio-Werk GmbH". As of spring 1948, the superhit radio
"Weltklang" comes on the market. In February 1949, the 100,000th
Wireless is already prepared. In the same year built a Grundig FM radio
stations trying to prepare for the introduction of the ultra-short wave
on 15 March 1950. In December 1949 the company Grundig counts 1,600
employees.<br />
<br />
In May 1951 Max Grundig acquires Lumophon radio
stations in Nuremberg and Georgensgmünd and integrates them into its
"Grundig radio-Werke GmbH". In September and October 1951, he is with a
purpose-built television station Directorate building his company in
Fürth the first public television broadcasts in Southern Germany. he
produced 94 televisions this year. The production of tape recorders
starts 1951st<br />
1954 lets Max Grundig his first dictation machine, the
"Stenorette" build. In 1957 he buys the office machine manufacturer
Triumph-Adler in Nuremberg and Adler in Frankfurt that remain until 1968
in his possession. In 1958 he founds the Grundig Bank in Fürth. In the
same year, with the introduction of the transistor instead of the Radio
tube, penetrate the first Japanese companies like Sony in the European
and German market, initially still in the lowest price segment. 1960
Grundig has 16,495 employees.<br />
<br />
The 1960s are marked by the further
expansion of the company: Grundig is the biggest radio manufacturer in
Europe. In 1961 he acquired a large area in Nuremberg-Langwasser, on the 1963 first tape recorders are produce<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlk2304bc2JKO5XOwlnsIdhQV_1nZlOeJ__Nr8QOZRrGLzt176eQWb3NKvn1ix3F9XOHiO5U7xTTT1KoI2B-Hata0z2OrH_ZUkOCQZcQeOScENMiEs3eBsUXfczaguqm4kCY670FF2wUc/s1600/GRUNDIG-MANIFEST__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlk2304bc2JKO5XOwlnsIdhQV_1nZlOeJ__Nr8QOZRrGLzt176eQWb3NKvn1ix3F9XOHiO5U7xTTT1KoI2B-Hata0z2OrH_ZUkOCQZcQeOScENMiEs3eBsUXfczaguqm4kCY670FF2wUc/s320/GRUNDIG-MANIFEST__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>d. In other parts of Germany companies to buy or newly built shortly afterwards in Italy and Austria.<br />
1964
leads the Dutch company Philips in tape recorders, the compact cassette
CC and thus the cassette recorder, and it initially in the lower price
range. The leader Grundig countered in 1965 with the cassette system DC
International, but can not prevail.<br />
After 1967, the beginning of
color television initially causes a strong boom in the production of
related hardware. This results not only in their own country
overcapacity, but the Japanese competition suppressed due to lower wages
and production costs at the same time always noticeable with affordable
devices on the European and German market.<br />
1969 bring the company
Philips and Grundig together the first video recorder for home
appliances on the market. It is still a tape machine. But soon the world
led the struggle for the enforcement of various video cassette systems begins.<br />
<br />
In
1970, Grundig has approximately 25,000 employees. This year, Max
Grundig builds to his company. He built on 22 February 1970, the "Max
Grundig Foundation", added on 12 March 1970, the "Grundig-family club".
The Max Grundig Foundation is now the sole owner. In addition, on 1
April 1972, the "Grundig-Werke GmbH" in a corporation, the "Grundig AG"
converted. The foundation holds about 94% of the capital.<br />
From 1970,
the television production is relocated to Nuremberg-Langwasser. The
expectations regarding equipment sales for the 1972 Olympic Games in
Munich true. With the Super-Color TVs a new product range is presented
in a modular design. In Nuremberg-Langwasser, <b>daily production reached
1,200 color TV.</b><br />
1977 founds the Grundig "Hotel Management Max Grundig
Foundation". The Hotel Forsthaus Fuerth and Hotel Fuschl near Salzburg
to buy. A year later Grundig donates 30 million DM for the "Grundig
Academy of Economics and Technology", which serves the training of
professionals and executives. 1978 produced in Langwasser also a new VCR
plant.<br />
Increasingly Max Grundig is weakened by illness, repeated he
needs surgery. The European consumer electronics industry is committed
to strategies against existing overcapacity and the growing economic
influence of companies from the Far East. In Europe, these are mainly
the French state company Thomson-Brandt, the Dutch company Philips and
Grundig.<br />
The cooperation with the Dutch company Philips thickens in
the VCR production. In 1979 share swaps. Philips makes 24.5% of the
shares of Grundig AG, Grundig 6% of Philips and is thereby the largest
single shareholder.<br />
<br />
<br />
1979 achieved the Grundig AG with <b>38,460 employees </b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5FR2ECTNmhiaitIlRVtWBF4TAoikaDcG8UMlLsjzt4FeegB1yBs-JU5cZO8980GVwZ0ULvXvYmrZwPhm89PGrKtz141xTeKYb4Z0SwsWDvUO5y6_lPMm-ZOoTNMOu-eyuWFcaDQguyo/s1600/GRUNDIG-FABRICATIO-30AX-TVS__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5FR2ECTNmhiaitIlRVtWBF4TAoikaDcG8UMlLsjzt4FeegB1yBs-JU5cZO8980GVwZ0ULvXvYmrZwPhm89PGrKtz141xTeKYb4Z0SwsWDvUO5y6_lPMm-ZOoTNMOu-eyuWFcaDQguyo/s320/GRUNDIG-FABRICATIO-30AX-TVS__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>worldwide their personal peak.
The company has 31 plants, nine branches with 20 branches and three
Werksvertretungen, eight sales companies and 200 worldwide export
missions. Also, sales continue to rise. But the profit is shrinking. In
1981, the Grundig AG writes first losses. After divorcing his second
wife Annelie Max Grundig marries 1980, the French woman Chantal Girard.
In the same year the daughter Marie was born.<br />
1982 at the
presentation of "Eduard Rhein honor ring" and before the European
Commission, presents Max Grundig be EURO concept, the united front of
the European consumer electronics market to Japanese companies: "Acting
together, jointly produce, market share". But he can not prevail. Too
much stalking and distrusts you also mutually in the European
broadcasting industry. And Japan is not the only competitor. An
agreement between the companies Grundig and Thomson-Brandt, which is
scheduled also built in 1982, can - among other things due to the
resistance of the Bundeskartellamt and because the company Philips is
involved in Grundig - not be implemented.<br />
On 26 March 1984 Philips
increased its share of Grundig AG by 7.1% to 31.6%. In April 1984, the
Federal Cartel Office approved the merger of Grundig and Philips under
the condition that Grundig sells its voice recorders range. New CEO of
Grundig AG is the Dutchman Hermanus Koning on April 1 (1924 - 1998).
From 1984 to 1998, the Dutch have entrepreneurial saying. Max Grundig
receives for his departure from the company, among other things a
guaranteed 20-year-income annual return of 50 million marks.<br />
Not
quite voluntarily leaving Max Grundig the company he has built up and
which bears his name. But there can be only one boss. 1985 must Grundig
also his top job at the Grundig-Bank ad, which is sold to a Swiss
institute.<br />
Grundig expands its hotel ownership, 1986, he acquired the
luxury hotel "Bühlerhöhe", which he renovated at great expense. <b>On 8
December 1989 Max Grundig dies. </b>Under <u>great public participation </u>he will
be buried in Baden-Baden.<br />
<br />
After a brief economic boom as a
result of German reunification takes place until 1991 a rapid decline of
the company Grundig. Between 1992 and 1996 the Grundig Group makes
almost two billion marks loss. The number of employees decreased from
16,250 to 8,580 employees.<br />
1998, the Philips Group withdraws.
According to its own description Philips has been paying 1.5 billion
marks. A consortium of banks and insurance companies under the
leadership of the antenna manufacturer Kathrein, the personally liable
partners of Kathrein Werke KG, takes on 18 December 1998 the Grundig AG.<br />
<br />
In
2000 and 2001, the company headquarters and the remaining departments
of Fürth be routed to Nuremberg. But Grundig continues to make losses.
<i><b>On 1 April 2003, Grundig AG announces insolvency.</b></i><br />
2004 Turkey company
Beko electronics in Istanbul, belonging to the Turkish Koc Holding,
together with the British company Alba Radio Ltd. accepts the division
consumer electronics. This company is now called "Grundig Intermedia".
Both companies each own fifty percent of "Grundig Multimedia B.V.",
which is a holding full ownership of Grundig Intermedia GmbH. In
addition, proceeds from the office equipment division as buy-out the
company "Grundig Business Systems" produced. The car radio range is
taken from the Delphi Corporation, the activities of the former Grundig
range satellites for "Grundig SAT Systems GmbH".<br />
In October 2006 and
January 2007, two production lines for TV at Grundig Elektronik in
Istanbul are put into operation. On 18 December 2007, Koç Group acquires
through its subsidiary Arçelik A.S. the shares of Alba plc. And that is
the sole owner of Grundig Multimedia B.V. or the Grundig Intermedia
GmbH. The development area in Nuremberg closes the end of 2008 as part
of an ending in 2009 the restructuring process. When Grundig
headquarters in Nuremberg with around 140 employees Sales, marketing,
communications, design, quality assurance, customer service and the
office staff remain. The Turkish Grundig Intermedia GmbH is now divided
into six product areas: TV, Audio, HiFi, "Personal Care", "Floor Care"
and kitchen appliances.<br />
<br />
The Radio Museum in Fürth, located in the
former Directorate of Max Grundig, shows in addition to the history of
the development of broadcasting in Germany and the corporate and
entrepreneurial story of Max Grundig, the man who the radio and
television development in Germany after the Second World War three has
for decades dominated the market leader.<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGRyuTkIg3t2ca809prSo_VpBA76Cl8hyphenhyphencbnidawjSNE7VAUiCSBxTrazqug68rsy-FtRm94VvQUqGt3PvG2r23ak6U7hdGdDP0F_I5RiiZFZFgJCnZtiRrjULVHgPOsEwAJ744Akwb4Y/s1600/MAX-GRUNDIG%252BCHANTAL__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGRyuTkIg3t2ca809prSo_VpBA76Cl8hyphenhyphencbnidawjSNE7VAUiCSBxTrazqug68rsy-FtRm94VvQUqGt3PvG2r23ak6U7hdGdDP0F_I5RiiZFZFgJCnZtiRrjULVHgPOsEwAJ744Akwb4Y/s320/MAX-GRUNDIG%252BCHANTAL__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIgTkoNnaf8nITMPXxG3JIaFhQ9PPT0-jVcKMkb6Q4kg3Qh1fHeMswKpbhfPMetqEmjB4SFyN9pQfN5rwCc0UOOkdlcZGs41R1bw0xjoCrrY_UhY9TRstqsJuzX8JHStguyfoHfsK32SH/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIgTkoNnaf8nITMPXxG3JIaFhQ9PPT0-jVcKMkb6Q4kg3Qh1fHeMswKpbhfPMetqEmjB4SFyN9pQfN5rwCc0UOOkdlcZGs41R1bw0xjoCrrY_UhY9TRstqsJuzX8JHStguyfoHfsK32SH/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJn9RkUt5B_N3iLXVlLRpjL3K-TClRsfSSbad8yLknaaKodU39aRcgsqA3gP9uJ13g4SKRXbQ0njEr72wwSN1mvZg1qzI0bERlyrW2T8qqmCL3ZCl0b6ho87tAZ63IB-5GfdYXgj2v-X-/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJn9RkUt5B_N3iLXVlLRpjL3K-TClRsfSSbad8yLknaaKodU39aRcgsqA3gP9uJ13g4SKRXbQ0njEr72wwSN1mvZg1qzI0bERlyrW2T8qqmCL3ZCl0b6ho87tAZ63IB-5GfdYXgj2v-X-/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Industry perspective......</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUZVeDQO_kKuKzW3JPxVN8aHrmPgsd9LFGQ2ZtBmpjMATaw3YnWJp7Y9usMexTV5C51cocsPQBnq3BXspNRLZdGlYEweEHTqT_n4k6LND-6tf8AJrfFrVzZBpBWCH82soioUQ8gG9pLcg/s1600/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUZVeDQO_kKuKzW3JPxVN8aHrmPgsd9LFGQ2ZtBmpjMATaw3YnWJp7Y9usMexTV5C51cocsPQBnq3BXspNRLZdGlYEweEHTqT_n4k6LND-6tf8AJrfFrVzZBpBWCH82soioUQ8gG9pLcg/s320/IMGH_08687__TVM.JPG" width="243" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfO3t36nNSUfxfvLpVgYkH6U-kZVY9TR0VDuB70iwqqURxObEyJes7u4o9l1peMsI-ROCuMV0iqjRr2HfCQfEroygXumvdGCrIxjatzKnn8MgjlRdGtaM03XL6ZvRMtMWwtIZiDZsa6M/s1600/IMGH_05455.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfO3t36nNSUfxfvLpVgYkH6U-kZVY9TR0VDuB70iwqqURxObEyJes7u4o9l1peMsI-ROCuMV0iqjRr2HfCQfEroygXumvdGCrIxjatzKnn8MgjlRdGtaM03XL6ZvRMtMWwtIZiDZsa6M/s200/IMGH_05455.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry. The market for colour television sets was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUYBsfmTYCMz3iGMmxf1LHDHIW7kFdbjuG63OIGayTET8IqurTYMOhx-8hBebXaf71S2wLp4JMZDfU84jh3rJpL1V0rderjXr4o_h4Z3RmQ91zTf0ud3tBoxpg_k415-sdpjRDfbO-SBA/s1600/IMGH_03665.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUYBsfmTYCMz3iGMmxf1LHDHIW7kFdbjuG63OIGayTET8IqurTYMOhx-8hBebXaf71S2wLp4JMZDfU84jh3rJpL1V0rderjXr4o_h4Z3RmQ91zTf0ud3tBoxpg_k415-sdpjRDfbO-SBA/s200/IMGH_03665.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">ounts a very receptive audience</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">at the European Commission, where, by common consent of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br /><br />mposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBWohHSKYgcMXIa3PCaKjP99knS_UY9LnOqSAhblI9VXBGO4TnvmtxVmapRBgSQEdAtMQcsbIHllt-Hp2JbMCrzer0Y6byl1d4HhS-Gkes5RcKwfj9PG8LoGg0rebO3_rsOGA3eslHx8/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBWohHSKYgcMXIa3PCaKjP99knS_UY9LnOqSAhblI9VXBGO4TnvmtxVmapRBgSQEdAtMQcsbIHllt-Hp2JbMCrzer0Y6byl1d4HhS-Gkes5RcKwfj9PG8LoGg0rebO3_rsOGA3eslHx8/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxq0QFYSyfWwPnFTP4QvK6kHdQoeTpyOH0uh1tK4U2NCrMSh6HfSYjPKOoPgRPnkMGtKUIQ96mq1b2H0Y9zw9MKnGgmWv0HuSIH-BunvXt_wtTZGFHzPcTySMOgorgZGxh92ufYFMdDH0/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxq0QFYSyfWwPnFTP4QvK6kHdQoeTpyOH0uh1tK4U2NCrMSh6HfSYjPKOoPgRPnkMGtKUIQ96mq1b2H0Y9zw9MKnGgmWv0HuSIH-BunvXt_wtTZGFHzPcTySMOgorgZGxh92ufYFMdDH0/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BDB7JFRUDF9dTEC68oybqGRDfVaf9b_7Cwczf8vqg7VnH4ePwSb5ZfovVOGnNqWgmW9cnkC2x1NgjMwRcg4xhoLgA54BlJBNlUHCVnCENugQ8S4s0IC2a0NfxTugmozvpIfAytJYgLI/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BDB7JFRUDF9dTEC68oybqGRDfVaf9b_7Cwczf8vqg7VnH4ePwSb5ZfovVOGnNqWgmW9cnkC2x1NgjMwRcg4xhoLgA54BlJBNlUHCVnCENugQ8S4s0IC2a0NfxTugmozvpIfAytJYgLI/s320/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed
publicly that if the firm carried on five more years as it was doing,
it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in summer 1982, had become
insolvent. Grundig intensified his search for stronger partners, which
he had apparently begun by talking with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982,
at the same time as Grundig and Philips were pressing for curbs on
Japanese VCR imports, Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around
Grundig, a European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,
Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the prospective
participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzOInCfN7Ukc8viN1c1hXhyTwvqKB51w5W8y9EYXZsgEl8sO_UlkFS3RX2peqfpWXqBoCaLHiUfjsMcBA5WXwmLcmniXnDGoOsJN9uxjng1V70xM9Kztc7sl4yHLYV01W1BdMW_ZN1f8/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzOInCfN7Ukc8viN1c1hXhyTwvqKB51w5W8y9EYXZsgEl8sO_UlkFS3RX2peqfpWXqBoCaLHiUfjsMcBA5WXwmLcmniXnDGoOsJN9uxjng1V70xM9Kztc7sl4yHLYV01W1BdMW_ZN1f8/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZqIwC6cATDS8oivqYLC5XlG4fe_trI1Qn8hBAAIfD26dmz3O2klkmOaj98tzWVPnSYh9Mki0HQRI9V5jBa_ssU37gNk3RrFV2IPym10phLQhvWptsfooAfwdIMjyg-iDuyFk_5Baxo/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZqIwC6cATDS8oivqYLC5XlG4fe_trI1Qn8hBAAIfD26dmz3O2klkmOaj98tzWVPnSYh9Mki0HQRI9V5jBa_ssU37gNk3RrFV2IPym10phLQhvWptsfooAfwdIMjyg-iDuyFk_5Baxo/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany". </span></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzzu7jUMNEciuASFkLznBr9Tf9b_EIrL1mBUq25fYczwdbn-JT1WBXVmkqqueWDg1b3EB4E0pnMyGd-C12oTKFYJXJVXZzgrrJGAzn3AS3xsHcTVCfYtrz3u05OtavQUshJRTshWkcBHM/s1600/Afrika_Schule_Bildung_Asyl_Deutschland_Beruf_Ziel__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzzu7jUMNEciuASFkLznBr9Tf9b_EIrL1mBUq25fYczwdbn-JT1WBXVmkqqueWDg1b3EB4E0pnMyGd-C12oTKFYJXJVXZzgrrJGAzn3AS3xsHcTVCfYtrz3u05OtavQUshJRTshWkcBHM/s320/Afrika_Schule_Bildung_Asyl_Deutschland_Beruf_Ziel__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References:</span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="mw-headline" id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise:</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Stephan Maurer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/meldungen/elektrik-ein-jahr-nach-der-grundig-insolvenz-526043.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Ein Jahr nach der Grundig-Insolvenz.</i></a> In: <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern.de" title="Stern.de">Stern.de</a>.</i> 27. Juni 2004,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 7 f., 11 f.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 8.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Stephan Maurer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wissen/technik/100-jahre-max-grundig-pionier-des-wirtschaftswunders-619558.html" rel="nofollow"><i>100 Jahre Max Grundig: Pionier des Wirtschaftswunders.</i></a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern.de" title="Stern.de">stern.de</a>, 7. Mai 2008,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Hans Knoll: Ursprünge des Radiobaukastens „Heinzelmann“, S. 14. In: Rundfunk und Museum. Zeitschrift des <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunkmuseum_F%C3%BCrth" title="Rundfunkmuseum Fürth"> Rundfunkmuseums der Stadt Fürth</a>, Heft 71, Dezember 2009, S. 9–16.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 17 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Vgl.
z. B. Nürnberger Nachrichten v. 28. September 1951, S. 3:
„Fernseh-Uraufführung in Fürth“; der Sender strahlte täglich um 11, 14
u. 16 Uhr einen Spielfilm aus, der in Nürnberg u. Fürth empfangen werden
konnte.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 17 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 71 ff, 121 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9 f.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13513310.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Aus dem Ruder</i></a>, In: <i>Der Spiegel 9/1985</i>, abgerufen am 21. September 2015.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 10.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="http://www.computerwoche.de/a/grundig-meldet-insolvenz-an,537717" rel="nofollow"><i>Grundig meldet Insolvenz an.</i></a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerwoche" title="Computerwoche">Computerwoche</a>, 14. April 2003,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Thiemo Heeg: <a class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/technik-motor/ifa/unterhaltungselektronik-grundig-ist-wieder-da-11872079.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Grundig ist wieder da.</i></a> Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. August 2012,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 21. November 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nordbayern.de/politik/abschied-von-nurnberg-grundig-tv-verlasst-die-region-1.5113572" rel="nofollow">Abschied von Nürnberg: Grundig-TV verlässt die Region</a>. In: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordbayern.de" title="Nordbayern.de">Nordbayern.de</a> vom 7. April 2016.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Ritzer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/industriegeschichte-grundig-verabschiedet-sich-aus-nuernberg-1.2943077" rel="nofollow">Grundig verabschiedet sich aus Nürnberg</a> In: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> vom 11. April 2016, S. 33.</span></span></span><br />
<h2>
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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"> </cite></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"> </cite></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil0pDI2Da6Bi-vhAMtCqAooDfzv3fjDAii0jScAXYePCJlyTnaiB_Min1ZZ-5QEgYDcj2nbsPvGDDLD9vPmhb1JH44nckdLvRAF9SJdpzS2IQYS5RFvXstUB9sxcos9n-FPQBxGf6RBVUPaWTjqgr38sNhuS4iiXhVAzFiojk6Fw99V9_iiLUHSHabP1BP/s300/mentalslave-300x263.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="300" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil0pDI2Da6Bi-vhAMtCqAooDfzv3fjDAii0jScAXYePCJlyTnaiB_Min1ZZ-5QEgYDcj2nbsPvGDDLD9vPmhb1JH44nckdLvRAF9SJdpzS2IQYS5RFvXstUB9sxcos9n-FPQBxGf6RBVUPaWTjqgr38sNhuS4iiXhVAzFiojk6Fw99V9_iiLUHSHabP1BP/w400-h351/mentalslave-300x263.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /> </cite></span></span></span></div>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-18590440822089661652024-01-10T17:30:00.120+01:002024-01-10T17:30:00.155+01:00 GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) INTERNAL VIEW<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivW3dmqEhPuvnxEfJYWTQ3Kj7H5ZOsUpoxURRZdkIKRRSqjpgCX94tp0kUOL7KX2_Ktpe_aK6JcWBdoCcac6_Qe-mxrUp_vMyXBOpf4VpaHX2daNuTGjKb8ocnkUPwTleizat8rWiC9AVACOW_GoK-jf97GGxMHAaeWMAig2e5zTIVh-Ss2tG-aN4W3fg6/s1282/IMGH_13476__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="3723" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkm4aGneYAXydeEwSmltyAJTHCLaAckDHf3rTGLDaVqI91S2Ui13KLTqZBgouig0ObhuA1PFnNlZUzJTTk0KVASv657M-cCsVLEE2sLfVq7wnuLb2HYQ8w3oUkXXMVm6vjsgzJz4FglsA0HUqsWfbp56TVsYnXdbihM0ZJX8zF_BC1n_KyJK4zybr9_wi9/s320/1510_SM_GRUNDIG-17__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAuyu_vbhumM5hd_cbtKxASwgpbTpy5WgmBHj94aOT9hTJmigt7S46ph69GEAIkyy0eBJ-xVPGBbYcSrQwByofD9RSFHamFybAnEC52OLXSVSGIi4Pamap7ohAXgN7QXosICXA8CimeJIomo0K4yCF18TwKShNkJpPlvW4lw6yKIGWGqdwKodBig3QMxdM/s3723/1510_SM_GRUNDIG-18__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="2632" data-original-width="3723" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAuyu_vbhumM5hd_cbtKxASwgpbTpy5WgmBHj94aOT9hTJmigt7S46ph69GEAIkyy0eBJ-xVPGBbYcSrQwByofD9RSFHamFybAnEC52OLXSVSGIi4Pamap7ohAXgN7QXosICXA8CimeJIomo0K4yCF18TwKShNkJpPlvW4lw6yKIGWGqdwKodBig3QMxdM/s320/1510_SM_GRUNDIG-18__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> The GRUNDIG CHASSIS GSC100 CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) is a fully modular chassis used in GRUNDIG portable sets.</p><p>- Right side Line deflection output + EHT + Line supply transductor regulation.<br /><br /><br />-
Left side Frame deflection output oscillator, Syncronization, Luminance
Amplifier, Color difference amplifier, Luminace + Chrominance Signal
processing, Sound amplifier, VIF Video IF.</p><p>
- Synchronization Unit + Line oscillator:29301 - 008.02 (TBA920C)<br />
<br />
- Sound Unit:29301- 004.02<br />
<br />
- Luminance amplifier:29301 - 005.01<br />
<br />
- Color difference amplifier:29301 - 006.01<br />
<br />
- Luminance + Chrominance Signal processing:29301 - 024.01 (TDA2510 + TDA2521)<br />
<br />
- Tuning control / drive :29301 -056.11<br />
<br />
- Line supply stabiliser with magnetic transductor:29301 - 035.01<br />
<br />- Line deflection Thyristors Trace and Return (RCA17057 + RCA17056).<br />
</p><p>
The GRUNDIG GSC100/GSC200 chassis consists of a large, vertical main panel
with a number of modules that take care of various circuit functions.
The tubes are of the 90° in -line gun type while the line output stage
is of the thyristor type. Unlike earlier Grundig colour chassis that
employed a transductor for width/e.h.t. regulation, in this chassis a
thyristor driven by a rather unusual circuit (more on this later) is
used for the purpose. There are no less than six thyristors dotted
around the chassis - e.h.t. regulator (Ty503), line scan and line
flyback (Ty508 and Ty501), line generator start-up (Ty607), excess
current trip (Ty615) and overvoltage trip (Ty2517).<br />
<br />
Power Supply:<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9swInC1CBuv2-DQpnVW6nwO2ww-kTlOnlhOY68grDuOc2LmxjEiInPzQRpS1YLsSgWFIL8ui2SS5JThz9E-WQNj_1N2rYc4sw80PXqdLAhQL9yNeufdbdWLzuPwNrkryi4RuN-gr6cZE/s1600/GRUNDIG_GSC100-F1-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9swInC1CBuv2-DQpnVW6nwO2ww-kTlOnlhOY68grDuOc2LmxjEiInPzQRpS1YLsSgWFIL8ui2SS5JThz9E-WQNj_1N2rYc4sw80PXqdLAhQL9yNeufdbdWLzuPwNrkryi4RuN-gr6cZE/s320/GRUNDIG_GSC100-F1-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="253" /></a><br />
Fig. 1 shows the basic power supply
arrangement (in addition, 200V and 18.6V supplies, fused by Si629 and
Si627 respectively, are derived from the line output stage).<br />
<br />
<i>As soon as people see a
thyristor they throw up their hands </i><br />
<i>in horror! </i><br />
<br />
In normal operation, a
supply (+B13.5V) derived from the combi coil is used to power the line
generator and e.h.t. control modules. So a start-up supply is required.
This is provided by Ty607 whose anode is fed via the fusible resistor
R607. The output is limited by the 10V zener diode Di607. Once the line
timebase has come into operation, Di511 rectifies pulses developed
across a secondary winding on the combi coil, feeding the Darlington
series regulator transistor Tr635 via fuse Si511 and the fusible
resistor R632. Assuming that there's no fault condition, the regulator
circuit produces a 15V supply and Tr608 switches on, shorting the gate
of Ty607 to chassis to disable the start- up system.<br />
One of the most
common conditions is no results due to R607 having sprung open. In this
event, check the following: Ty607 short-circuit; Tr608 open -circuit or
low gain; R608 high in value; R633 high or open -circuit; no 311V h.t.
supply; no output from the line generator module; no drive to Ty503 from
the e.h.t. control module; Si511 or Di511 open -circuit; Ty503 open
-circuit; Di636 low voltage. This covers 90 per cent of faults causing
R607 to ping.<br />
The cause of R621 in the h.t. supply being open -circuit
is usually excess current trip operation due to a line output stage fault !<br />
<br />
</p><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u>Excess Current Trip:</u></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9swInC1CBuv2-DQpnVW6nwO2ww-kTlOnlhOY68grDuOc2LmxjEiInPzQRpS1YLsSgWFIL8ui2SS5JThz9E-WQNj_1N2rYc4sw80PXqdLAhQL9yNeufdbdWLzuPwNrkryi4RuN-gr6cZE/s1600/GRUNDIG_GSC100-F1-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9swInC1CBuv2-DQpnVW6nwO2ww-kTlOnlhOY68grDuOc2LmxjEiInPzQRpS1YLsSgWFIL8ui2SS5JThz9E-WQNj_1N2rYc4sw80PXqdLAhQL9yNeufdbdWLzuPwNrkryi4RuN-gr6cZE/s200/GRUNDIG_GSC100-F1-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="158" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNusBH21NZ5uBR0Th0H6Vwmls09NsOjaHOs_InctcrM8tBiyIIDY6zDM-xMNI54Q4jLlEzcoQ1q3Ro1r5cOC9gpxSZUZniwkszHdMU3JdxrjDGBTELXIto7A5lj8nf61yJrDDI0yi6MQY/s1600/img_1197.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="150" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5530236394269284322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNusBH21NZ5uBR0Th0H6Vwmls09NsOjaHOs_InctcrM8tBiyIIDY6zDM-xMNI54Q4jLlEzcoQ1q3Ro1r5cOC9gpxSZUZniwkszHdMU3JdxrjDGBTELXIto7A5lj8nf61yJrDDI0yi6MQY/s200/img_1197.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="200" /></a> The
excess current trip module gives relatively few problems. If Ty615 has
gone open -circuit there'll be no h.t. supply of course; if it's gone
short-circuit there'll be no protection until R621 pings. The operation
of this circuit is as follows. If a fault condition causing an increase
of 100 per cent in the h.t. current occurs, the voltage developed across
R621 will increase from approximately 9V to 13V plus. As a result zener
diode Di619 will conduct, turning on Tr618 to short Ty615's gate
-cathode junction so that it switches off. The time -constant of
C618/R618 is approxi- mately 120msec, so that the trip "oscillates"
until R621 pings. To check the operation of this module, connect a 10kfl
resistor from the junction of R619 and D619 to chassis: the module
should now oscillate at the trip frequency. EHT Control Module The
e.h.t. control module (see Fig. 2) may come as a surprise. TTL in a line
timebase! Very useful actually. Here's how it works. IC2511 is a
monostable multivibrator which is triggered at pin 5 by pulses from the
line generator module. The multivibrator's on time is set by the time
-constant network R2514/C2513. It's output at pin 1 is capacitively
coupled to Tr2506 which provides a transformer coupled drive to the
regulating thyristor Ty503. Pulses from the line output transformer
enter the module at pin 9 and are rectified by Di2521/C2522. The
resultant supply controls transistor Tr2516 which in turn controls the
supply to the monostable's time -constant network, thus providing
e.h.t./width regulation. The same line output transformer derived pulses
enter the module at pin 8. Under excess voltage conditions Di2517 and
in turn Ty2517 conduct, shutting the whole operation down. The usual
fault conditions are as follows. C2507 changes value, reducing the drive
to Tr2506 which gets hot and dies due to the slower turn-off time.
Ty2517 goes short-circuit, with the result that the monostable doesn't
trigger. Zener diode Di2502 goes low which upsets things because TTL
devices like a supply of 5V or thereabouts. If you can't adjust the set
e.h.t. control R2523, change the 9.1V zener diode Di2516. Then set the
control midway, reinsert the module, monitor tag b on the line output
transformer with an AVO 8 or 9 and adjust R2523 for 49V d.c. This will
give correct e.h.t. and width. If you wind the control too far Di2516
will snuff it, so be careful. Line Output Stage Thyristor line output
stages are not the easiest circuits for fault finding.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyADuNItBqog-XeF1MIvwZXfCkVoYHu6m0D6YpAQNNAVVzm92pWGEtLBgUce_I97EAlfP2kmEivEG5pYleWICECXgfvH-qZ-pNh7DN6FruvSQEznituyM8iMaDNg4X6A7PbCyn1vlqZyQ_i1KYy-lIJPG-FvvRNGfBe-MKwKMdrGwm0_0zDzaQDhQlwTy/s1282/IMGH_13481__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyADuNItBqog-XeF1MIvwZXfCkVoYHu6m0D6YpAQNNAVVzm92pWGEtLBgUce_I97EAlfP2kmEivEG5pYleWICECXgfvH-qZ-pNh7DN6FruvSQEznituyM8iMaDNg4X6A7PbCyn1vlqZyQ_i1KYy-lIJPG-FvvRNGfBe-MKwKMdrGwm0_0zDzaQDhQlwTy/s320/IMGH_13481__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPddM_EdvdarJ4LfeidpnPDRqsGnZEOOQ0xtUfGmqduuG1ctRpS9m05dhFUqsGrOAyiAirX4TsUU4wTM-kylIMEOMoEnfMDLX9O4_wOhxrmKaN-c8fTpy_NP_jvk1NQvtKv9O7P87sNWhF/s1600/IMG_3444.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
The
problem is
that it either works or it doesn't, no half ways. A very useful tool is
the transistor/ thyristor tester , since
this enables you to check the power devices in situ before substitution.
If you don't have a tester, the following checks and observations are
worth making. R621 and maybe R607 in the power supply will usually have
pinged. When resoldered, the trip module will "plop" repeatedly,
proving that excess current is flowing. If disconnecting the anode of
the flyback thyristor Ty501 stops the tripping, it's probably
short-circuit. If the set continues to trip, replace the scan thyristor
Ty508 as it may be open -circuit. Also check the efficiency diode Line
out put stage) Di508. Try disconnecting the tripler. Check the
continuity of the scan coils, and the scan -correction capacitor C526
(2.3µF).<br />
It's also worth inspecting the solder around R502
(18012, 11W) in the scan thyristor's gate drive circuit - it gets a bit
hot and tends to get dry -jointed. I always replaced devices in this
area with <u>exact Grundig replacements </u>and not other types, though
alternatives may be o.k.<br />
The line output transformer and combi
coil don't readily fail (Never changed one !), though I suppose some
engineers will have found duff ones.<br />
A useful tool, essential when running up a GSC100 line output stage, is a 2A variac. <u>It saves on fuses and nerves.</u><br />
<p> <u>Chroma Module</u>:<br />
<br />
Many chroma module <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitsWAuxLOtt8_aYb6bcWufdVu47tG_qVVrAp-VfkHIFWlwCazMm-WrBYlKfS5_9iXPAD6RB_BUGjJxf-AsmqTQZj8BF4fbtSvrGtVsP2Z-p3MzbO6p8nlE1OwUoAu6dxVDyNHHdR0c2No/s1600/IMG_6662.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633359483472920194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitsWAuxLOtt8_aYb6bcWufdVu47tG_qVVrAp-VfkHIFWlwCazMm-WrBYlKfS5_9iXPAD6RB_BUGjJxf-AsmqTQZj8BF4fbtSvrGtVsP2Z-p3MzbO6p8nlE1OwUoAu6dxVDyNHHdR0c2No/s320/IMG_6662.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>faults
are due to the two i.c.s (TDA2510 and TDA2521). There seem to have been
difficulties with the TDA2521 as at least three versions were made, the
TDA2521/3 being the latest. If there's no colour, check the colour
burst level at pin 7 of IC861. It should be 0.5V peak -to -peak. Under
fault conditions it may rise to 2.5V p -p and not be controllable with
R827. Check C833 which could be leaky, IC861, and C823/832 which could
be open -circuit.<br />
If there's still no colour, check the reference oscillator and its tuning.<br />
As
with the RGB module, if you've many panels to look after it's worth
fitting i.c. sockets to a known good one for use as an i.c. test bed. If
the R -Y or B -Y signals are missing, suspect IC861 and either L854 or
L857 for being open - circuit. If R828 has burnt up, check whether C831
is short-circuit. Di881 (12V zener diode) leaky causes green flashing
lines while C809 causes weak flashing colours.<br />
As mentioned in a letter (June issue) C843 must be changed to 0.0047µF if you have a colour locking problem with the <i>Sinclair Spectrum microcomputer</i>.
this post has shed light on the problems that can be encountered with
the GSC100 chassis. Most of the comments also apply to the GSC200
chassis which differs in only minor respects from the GSC100 (vision
i.f. module, tuning system and the inclusion of a relay board).<br />
<br />
</p><p><br /><span><b><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgACTPjue4AR7TmlV65Jkm8vxP-IdgXyCQDYwG-FXzKQJBj6UH7-zraVdBvPr-I-39PkwjO6dCW-XgRdBaVu46aag77VX7x7Ue0hYf0ABlrXIyPD6VE8ubKGqk9OHj5h6duRHhFzKC72v8/s1600/frame1631.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540677269828100402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgACTPjue4AR7TmlV65Jkm8vxP-IdgXyCQDYwG-FXzKQJBj6UH7-zraVdBvPr-I-39PkwjO6dCW-XgRdBaVu46aag77VX7x7Ue0hYf0ABlrXIyPD6VE8ubKGqk9OHj5h6duRHhFzKC72v8/s320/frame1631.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 165px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNX2KJI1cKBWg9oByCnM7qxUTPdSz1rIrETZ7yeRaaUE5BBHmjTDSfb8CXN75g9fwUeF6ND7Vy1vynuYSKfu3s_wtegkbOXJYc5UJBVCQaYtaml859gHHqdUXockUIxgA1blPE5nxuNTY/s1600/ddc1631.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540677244618038450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNX2KJI1cKBWg9oByCnM7qxUTPdSz1rIrETZ7yeRaaUE5BBHmjTDSfb8CXN75g9fwUeF6ND7Vy1vynuYSKfu3s_wtegkbOXJYc5UJBVCQaYtaml859gHHqdUXockUIxgA1blPE5nxuNTY/s320/ddc1631.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 193px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimJstJ4zdU9WA5G8eRrjmXyRytws7SwaScSZlrh3nJ5S9R1uZFfg9lVSwnMWfJNfBKIN2uRNRsWgNtdDxSi6IC3G_n_aD0PO_QeK_c0JtSnH74bgnUZPhpIdKtkrCmqql9-Yryc4AAAoM/s1600/chroma1631.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540677237253788642" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimJstJ4zdU9WA5G8eRrjmXyRytws7SwaScSZlrh3nJ5S9R1uZFfg9lVSwnMWfJNfBKIN2uRNRsWgNtdDxSi6IC3G_n_aD0PO_QeK_c0JtSnH74bgnUZPhpIdKtkrCmqql9-Yryc4AAAoM/s320/chroma1631.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 129px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ92xOrANt54lEY1toCaIVth66nCr4ri_kGY8dMCdLvl5DMofGOkh3UW6xjy0R1c13zsw9vLLFC2CZCdu-pvs1U5KNCgCEZZRcZKTIZ5e1ryOQKTtwvJOebGYKhVeUrCtfkZG0dFEs6ZE/s1600/defl1631.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540677220351240194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ92xOrANt54lEY1toCaIVth66nCr4ri_kGY8dMCdLvl5DMofGOkh3UW6xjy0R1c13zsw9vLLFC2CZCdu-pvs1U5KNCgCEZZRcZKTIZ5e1ryOQKTtwvJOebGYKhVeUrCtfkZG0dFEs6ZE/s320/defl1631.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 163px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzDZoQ7Vy5Ok5oFWCb0M9-hd7TN0BFUwQ0_50L3fgxLAJCDjtHw3qHzXc5mGnis_Cy82gMDrsrHHV6HbLIyHPzMLqA2bt2PX_zHYCxm8_Sq2Pb-llC7SCb0vDAEVXArLxL3rZ_zYIZAcM/s1600/img_1901.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540643092702061906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzDZoQ7Vy5Ok5oFWCb0M9-hd7TN0BFUwQ0_50L3fgxLAJCDjtHw3qHzXc5mGnis_Cy82gMDrsrHHV6HbLIyHPzMLqA2bt2PX_zHYCxm8_Sq2Pb-llC7SCb0vDAEVXArLxL3rZ_zYIZAcM/s320/img_1901.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0HvhIH_wMr670LkMT-ejhf3GgDbWDF1NnmYBj1AoMqbyAZ5ZrDCtYR656xHrwQglWAatMmosz746yksotg4Ht0uH7vCBHXGu-AoeU7-Nd6lO3YUb8haphALPcg_aX81SHxPKd26D4QFI/s1600/img_1902.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540643088301304354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0HvhIH_wMr670LkMT-ejhf3GgDbWDF1NnmYBj1AoMqbyAZ5ZrDCtYR656xHrwQglWAatMmosz746yksotg4Ht0uH7vCBHXGu-AoeU7-Nd6lO3YUb8haphALPcg_aX81SHxPKd26D4QFI/s320/img_1902.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii202WcLQE3FKCjzA3wY5pREYpEPCon1Y-rYiGQMTyt5MakSTM1fufjTVqnq8tbwxDuaypQMHq8wJwkSm8LUA_fg1Ii0iRvmF5GpALetI903GhzOM6v1ol0MzdYQ5B_tnfWrdrI_fGkjRV/s1600/IMGH_00181.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii202WcLQE3FKCjzA3wY5pREYpEPCon1Y-rYiGQMTyt5MakSTM1fufjTVqnq8tbwxDuaypQMHq8wJwkSm8LUA_fg1Ii0iRvmF5GpALetI903GhzOM6v1ol0MzdYQ5B_tnfWrdrI_fGkjRV/s320/IMGH_00181.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC4sDLTLxtaD-ebsBvHBJMTkpNPonjVXJ92bLQyvBGfn5rsEBeYECsCFoxlj0PemnQhsiFpyz92i24aPh2p8VkzT0YA4xfAVFT1OaXePYYZgZeCcrKM_ET_sivgSJ0HyEI9I5kephFf1I/s1600/img_1905.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540642454021371410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC4sDLTLxtaD-ebsBvHBJMTkpNPonjVXJ92bLQyvBGfn5rsEBeYECsCFoxlj0PemnQhsiFpyz92i24aPh2p8VkzT0YA4xfAVFT1OaXePYYZgZeCcrKM_ET_sivgSJ0HyEI9I5kephFf1I/s320/img_1905.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlUtNp98bcyv2w-2Ph09VZLdWwiJPyBrRF7aVLY1dkDOdIs6G6HZXkpldcqTSgHmXzGeKTcpQcceErcC1CLu_EMEffL_We6E4-XyF0E-tlkO4XGuRpbo6Dm2LQXQs4-eqmCfr4DkI73LA/s1600/img_1906.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540642444171375458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlUtNp98bcyv2w-2Ph09VZLdWwiJPyBrRF7aVLY1dkDOdIs6G6HZXkpldcqTSgHmXzGeKTcpQcceErcC1CLu_EMEffL_We6E4-XyF0E-tlkO4XGuRpbo6Dm2LQXQs4-eqmCfr4DkI73LA/s320/img_1906.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHzScYng74-W5Lw59K7cqdYtGap6GM-VFvleHKXQP7oAL6vPjpaiq7mHwjtOLDTJFEaOM6NtaYP_0mSUIl9xTh8G7NoGQf_Cm6ryij0QKPXEkVirWHU8NQmX4N-9GSdkwTCn-_4FVTGo/s1600/img_1907.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540642437534279522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBHzScYng74-W5Lw59K7cqdYtGap6GM-VFvleHKXQP7oAL6vPjpaiq7mHwjtOLDTJFEaOM6NtaYP_0mSUIl9xTh8G7NoGQf_Cm6ryij0QKPXEkVirWHU8NQmX4N-9GSdkwTCn-_4FVTGo/s320/img_1907.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirK5AZ_lq7mMy5I3r2153S9DkaJE4yWPGwchVKCu1ft8AMOXQi4TPgXTDZiUfbrCRtQz_WQY7n_pIAiEkNIzqUlu4hQJHMrOrTZ8RMMvplPN0NIFI13LITVJy_sSNYsIhyphenhyphenGEC-AXJ2z8A/s1600/img_1909.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540642422181310354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirK5AZ_lq7mMy5I3r2153S9DkaJE4yWPGwchVKCu1ft8AMOXQi4TPgXTDZiUfbrCRtQz_WQY7n_pIAiEkNIzqUlu4hQJHMrOrTZ8RMMvplPN0NIFI13LITVJy_sSNYsIhyphenhyphenGEC-AXJ2z8A/s320/img_1909.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_8C9xOpehVlALdtSfpChWEsf-ekV3dMiM3BepCqDVLzgo8yiSLExGioDtN1tQTe8m4-S3rYviJ6jAn1P8Yctnd2kfO1VHTMUKuCuwi0TY3TCmVqn5GJXuBRxB8r_CuuB7mMN0nWn9Sk/s1600/img_1895.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540644149300321714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP_8C9xOpehVlALdtSfpChWEsf-ekV3dMiM3BepCqDVLzgo8yiSLExGioDtN1tQTe8m4-S3rYviJ6jAn1P8Yctnd2kfO1VHTMUKuCuwi0TY3TCmVqn5GJXuBRxB8r_CuuB7mMN0nWn9Sk/s320/img_1895.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdnGQTolObDWtUd3DA-8zAyVftk8cbqZh5bKWzkoAheg2wE0uXkoLCBsriyYT3FRoNk_uDG8YPzsolulaKOJjvoD1y4dbTg_0G1NHNYweT0zo6w3FcBOEuklbRWKjyhVVcgBM0TFNO3ma/s1600/grundig-chroma-adv1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554746909034251906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdnGQTolObDWtUd3DA-8zAyVftk8cbqZh5bKWzkoAheg2wE0uXkoLCBsriyYT3FRoNk_uDG8YPzsolulaKOJjvoD1y4dbTg_0G1NHNYweT0zo6w3FcBOEuklbRWKjyhVVcgBM0TFNO3ma/s320/grundig-chroma-adv1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 246px;" /></a>- Frame oscillator Unit: 29301 - 009.02<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP5ojPgZYKcHenL8wUbilmmpeyx93vZDPg_BtugrKidUtHEKemn4mxQL87jpS0Z2fMp05JGzu4UcIM7SW5RKPiyn52zXovxjcqxdz2UQVGHDVhcwRqOG0vwMRsLazrA9Ft4ruc_KjHOimy/s1600/IMG_4788.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP5ojPgZYKcHenL8wUbilmmpeyx93vZDPg_BtugrKidUtHEKemn4mxQL87jpS0Z2fMp05JGzu4UcIM7SW5RKPiyn52zXovxjcqxdz2UQVGHDVhcwRqOG0vwMRsLazrA9Ft4ruc_KjHOimy/s320/IMG_4788.jpg" width="320" /></a><p><span><b>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">TBA920 line oscillator combination</span><br />
</b><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OadVAF45PE0/TelWNFYVLpI/AAAAAAAAIMY/i8Na8HBCvFA/s1600/tba920_ds.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5614113193276550802" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OadVAF45PE0/TelWNFYVLpI/AAAAAAAAIMY/i8Na8HBCvFA/s320/tba920_ds.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>DESCRIPTION<br />
The line oscillator combination TBA920 is a monolithic<br />
integrated circuit intended for the horizontal deflection of the black and white<br />
and colour TV sets<br />
picture tube.<br />
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FEATURES:<br />
SYNC-PULSE SEPARATION<br />
OPTIONAL NOISE INVERSION<br />
GENERATION OF A LINE FREQUENCY VOL-<br />
TAGE BY MEANS OF AN OSCILLATOR<br />
PHASE COMPARISON BETWEEN SYNC-<br />
PULSE AND THE OSCILLATOR WAVEFORM<br />
PHASE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE OS-<br />
CILLATOR WAVEFORM AND THE MIDDLE OF<br />
THE LINE FLY-BACK PULSE<br />
AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF THE VARIABLE<br />
TRANSCONDUCTANCE AND THE VARIABLE<br />
TIME CONSTANT TO ACHIEVE NOISE SUP-<br />
PRESSION AND, BY SWITCHING OFF, POS-<br />
SIBILITY OF TAPE-VIDEO-REGISTERED RE-<br />
PRODUCTION<br />
SHAPING AND AMPLIFICATION OF THE OS-<br />
CILLATOR WAVEFORM TO OBTAIN PULSES<br />
FOR THE CONTROL OF DRIVING STAGES IN<br />
HORIZONTAL, DEFLECTION CIRCUITS<br />
USING EITHER TRANSISTORS OR THYRISTORS.<br />
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<span style="font-style: italic;"><br />TDA2521</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> synchronous demodulator for PAL </span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><br />GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />The
TDA2521 is a monolithic integrated circuit designed as a synchronous
demodulator for PAL color television receivers. It includes an 8.8 MHz
oscillator and divider, to generate two 4.4 MHz reference signals, and
provides color difference output.</span><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pdl2aMroQFc/Ti3RNNwG1tI/AAAAAAAAISs/S3Mq2G0gNQk/s1600/tda2521.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633388733870298834" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pdl2aMroQFc/Ti3RNNwG1tI/AAAAAAAAISs/S3Mq2G0gNQk/s320/tda2521.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 205px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
TDA2521 is intended to interface directly with the TDA2510 with a
minimum of external components and is constructed on a single silicon
chip using the Fairchild Planar<br />epitaxial process.<br /><br />ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS<br />Supply Voltage 14 V<br />Internal Power Dissipation 600 mW ORDER INFQRMATIQN<br />Operating Temperature Range —2O°C to +6O°C TYPE PART NO.<br />Storage Temperature Range —55°C to +125°C 2521 TDA2521<br />Pin Temperature iSo|dering 10 si 260°C<br /><br />Planar is a patented Fairchild process<br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitsWAuxLOtt8_aYb6bcWufdVu47tG_qVVrAp-VfkHIFWlwCazMm-WrBYlKfS5_9iXPAD6RB_BUGjJxf-AsmqTQZj8BF4fbtSvrGtVsP2Z-p3MzbO6p8nlE1OwUoAu6dxVDyNHHdR0c2No/s1600/IMG_6662.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633359483472920194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitsWAuxLOtt8_aYb6bcWufdVu47tG_qVVrAp-VfkHIFWlwCazMm-WrBYlKfS5_9iXPAD6RB_BUGjJxf-AsmqTQZj8BF4fbtSvrGtVsP2Z-p3MzbO6p8nlE1OwUoAu6dxVDyNHHdR0c2No/s320/IMG_6662.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />TDA2510 </span><span style="font-style: italic;">CHROMINANCE COMBINATION<br /><br />GENERAL DESCRIPTION —</span><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OTidp4wzQUY/Ti3RNUYGJNI/AAAAAAAAIS0/qEfxNd8NWLU/s1600/tda2510.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633388735648638162" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OTidp4wzQUY/Ti3RNUYGJNI/AAAAAAAAIS0/qEfxNd8NWLU/s320/tda2510.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 206px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The
TDA2510 is a monolithic integrated circuit designed for the function of
a color television receiver. It Is designed to Interface directly with
the TDA2521, using a minimum number of external components.<br />TDA2510 is constructed on a single silicon chip using the Fairchild Planar‘ epitaxial process.<br /></span></span><br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;">This is also he first portable color television from GRUNDIG featuring t</span></span>he implementation of </span></span>The TDA2510.A
monolithic integrated circuit designed for the function of a color
television receiver. It Is designed to Interface directly with the
TDA2521, using a minimum number of external components.TDA2510 is constructed on a single silicon chip using the Fairchild Planar‘ epitaxial process. The chrominance process so wa also sude in other GRUNDIG bigger models tv's.</span></span><br />The planar <span class="highlight">process</span> was developed at <span class="highlight">Fairchild</span> Semiconductor in 1959. The planar <span class="highlight">process</span>
proved to be one of the most important single advances in semiconductor
technology.Fairchild Semiconductor personnel invented the planar
manufacturing process, the monolithic integrated circuit, and CMOS
technology - the foundations of every significant computer chip made
today.</li></ul><p><span><span style="font-style: italic;">ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS<br /><br />supply Voltage 15 V<br />Collector voltage of chroma output transistor (pin 7) 20 V<br />(PD I 100 mW max)<br />Collector current of chroma output transistor (pin 7) 20 mA<br />Collector current of color killer output transistor (pin 11) 10 mA<br />Power dissipation 500 mW<br />Operating temperature range —25°C 10 +6O°<br />Storage temperature range *55°C to +12!-3°C.</span></span></p><p><span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-yz5n9UPKTV7VUSCLN8JRSiva8b-dio5g-IFA1IFcrQIZD4jbnMgu5Ikn24PhsXYxQ0FjVcPeORigqTSQW06hPO7xh9ko1mS-cweyMUlSI5c-OGWdTshs0ygrXhKxRneOho50jVvHcu1eeW47YL1-8GfSci74RDepCkzCtS2TLtNa_ZrAu0Dp39ep-PXG/s1994/tda2510-page-001__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1994" data-original-width="1586" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-yz5n9UPKTV7VUSCLN8JRSiva8b-dio5g-IFA1IFcrQIZD4jbnMgu5Ikn24PhsXYxQ0FjVcPeORigqTSQW06hPO7xh9ko1mS-cweyMUlSI5c-OGWdTshs0ygrXhKxRneOho50jVvHcu1eeW47YL1-8GfSci74RDepCkzCtS2TLtNa_ZrAu0Dp39ep-PXG/s320/tda2510-page-001__TVMS.jpg" width="255" /></a></span></span></div><span><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4rl8umNdCk-S92WwmySqfiJu-0sg9R0zGYnxfkA2T7fok9bxEAWiBat_BI2bWssxWY8y87u7fdi97ubXcBLrACUe00zIkdbgGpenSaIRlx82UqbojEQpiTwSNhKmEO2ma7AVF_uE70LCXc7kc0uH4hPgTOXajXbi2Ti9U23q-e_T6wZ3mpk4MCYPPF4LI/s1994/TDA2521-page-004__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1994" data-original-width="1586" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4rl8umNdCk-S92WwmySqfiJu-0sg9R0zGYnxfkA2T7fok9bxEAWiBat_BI2bWssxWY8y87u7fdi97ubXcBLrACUe00zIkdbgGpenSaIRlx82UqbojEQpiTwSNhKmEO2ma7AVF_uE70LCXc7kc0uH4hPgTOXajXbi2Ti9U23q-e_T6wZ3mpk4MCYPPF4LI/s320/TDA2521-page-004__TVMS.jpg" width="255" /></a></div></span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span><p></p><p><span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> VIDEO Amplifier suitable for use as a color CRT TUBE / kinescope driver</b></span>:<br />
<br />
A color kinescope matrix amplifier has a first input coupled through a
capacitor to a source of color difference signals. Another input is
coupled to a source of luminance signals. The matrix amplifier
includes a cascode output stage direct current coupled to a cathode
of a kinescope. A portion of a direct voltage developed at the
cascode output amplifier is coupled to one input of a comparator
circuit. The other input of the comparator circuit is coupled to a
temperature compensated direct voltage reference source. The
comparator is rendered operative during horizontal retrace intervals
to provide a current to either charge or discharge the input
capacitor in accordance with the difference between the voltage at
the output of the cascode output amplifier and the reference voltage
to compensate for voltage variations at the output of the cascode
amplifier due to power supply variations and the like. To compensate
for droop caused by the discharge of the input capacitor during the
scanning interval, one input of a differential amplifier is included
between the input capacitor and the input of the cascode output
stage. Negative signal feedback is provided from the output stage to
the other input of the differential amplifier via a capacitor
arranged to be charged during the horizontal retrace interval. The
two capacitors discharge at substantially the same rates during the
scanning interval. By virtue of the common mode operation of the
differential amplifier droop effects are minimized.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. In a tel</span></span>evision receiver including an image reproducing device, a source of
chrominance signals, a source of luminance signals and a source of
horizontal blanking pulses, said horizontal blanking pulses occurring
during the time interval during which said image reproducing device is
horizontally retraced, the apparatus comprising: <br /></p>
amplifying means for combining said chrominance signals and said
luminance signals, said amplifying means including first and second
input terminals and an output terminal, said output terminal being
direct current coupled to said image reproducing device, said second
input terminal being direct current coupled to said source of said
luminance signals; <br />
first capacitive means for coupling said chrominance signals to said first input terminal; <br />
comparator means having first and second input terminals for comparing
voltages applied thereto, said comparator means being normally
inoperative; <br />
a relatively low level stabilized reference voltage source coupled to said first input terminal of said comparator means; <br />
means coupled to said second input terminal of said comparator means
for providing a direct voltage proportional to the direct voltage
developed at said output terminal; <br />
means for selectively rendering said comparator operative in response to said horizontal blanking pulses; and <br />
current converting means coupled to said comparator and to said first
capacitive means for charging and discharging said capacitive means to
a direct voltage level in relation to the difference in voltage
between said first and second input terminals of said comparator means
so as to counteract the changes of the voltage developed at said
output terminal.<br />
2. The apparatus recited in claim 1 wherein said amplifying means includes: <br />
a differential amplifier having first and second input terminals and
an output terminal, said first input terminal being coupled to sai<br />
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d first input terminal of said amplifying means, said output terminal
of said differential amplifier being coupled to said output terminal
of said amplifying means; <br />
second capacitive means coupled to said second input terminal of said differential amplifier; and <br />
means for selectively charging said second capacitive means during
said horizontal retrace interval, said first and second capacitive
means being selected to have substantially equal discharging rates
during the time intervals between said horizontal retrace intervals.<br />
3. The apparatus recited in claim 2 wherein said second capacitive
means is coupled between said output terminal of said ampl<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IUZ8i7ey07Y/Txh_YvnkOXI/AAAAAAAAJTk/HbvIsdcclWE/s1600/TAA630-CHROMA-MATRIX.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5699445391513368946" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IUZ8i7ey07Y/Txh_YvnkOXI/AAAAAAAAJTk/HbvIsdcclWE/s320/TAA630-CHROMA-MATRIX.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>ifying
means and said second input terminal of said differential amplifier.
4. The apparatus recited in
claim 3 wherein said amplifying means includes a cascode amplifier
coupled between the output of said differential amplifier and said
output terminal of said amplifying means.
5. The apparatus recited in claim 3 wherein said amplifying
means includes first and second transistors, the emitter of said
first transistor being direct current coupled to the collector of
said second transistor, the base of said first transistor being
coupled to said first input terminal of said amplifying means, the
base of said second transistor being coupled to said second input
terminal of said amplifying means, the emitter of said first transist<br />
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or being coupled to said first input terminal of said differential
amplifier. 6. The apparatus
recited in claim 3 wherein said means for selectively charging said
second capacitive means includes means for clamping the second input
terminal of said differential amplifier to a predetermined voltage
during said horizontal retrace interval.
7. The apparatus recited in claim 3 wherein means are provided
for adjusting the portion of the voltage developed at said output
terminal of said amplifying means which is coupled to said second
capacitive means. 8. The
apparatus recited in claim 1 wherein said means coupled to said second
input terminal of said comparator means for providing a direct
voltage proportional to the direct voltage developed at said output
terminal of said amplifying means includes means for adjusting the
voltage coupled to said second input terminal of said comparator
means. 9. The apparatus recited
in claim 1 wherein said comparator means includes: <br />
a differential amplifier having two input terminals and two output
terminals, one of said input terminals being coupled to said reference
voltage source, the other of said input terminals being coupled to
said output terminal of said amplifier means; and <br />
a current mirror circuit having an input and an output, one of said
output terminals of said differential amplifier being coupled to said
input terminal of said current mirror circuit, the other of said
output terminals of said differential amplifier being coupled to the
output of said current mirror circuit and to said first capacitor
means.<br />
10. The apparatus recited in claim 1 wherein said voltage reference
source is temperature compensated.
11. In a television receiver including a color kinescope leaving a
plurality of electron beam forming apparatus, a source of luminance
signals, a source of a plurality of color difference signals, and a
source of horizontal blanking pulses, said horizontal blanking pulses
corresponding to the time interval during which said electron beams
are horizontally retraced, the apparatus comprising: <br />
a plurality of amplifiers, each of said amplifiers including <br />
amplifying means for com<br />
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bining one of said plurality of color difference signals with said
luminance signals, said amplifying means including first and second
input terminals and an output terminal, said output terminal being
direct current coupled to a respective one of said plurality of
electron beam forming apparatus, said second input terminal being
direct current coupled to said source of said luminance signals,
capacitive means for coupling said one of said plurality of color
difference signals to said first input terminal, <br />
comparator means having first and second input terminals for comparing
voltages applied thereto, said comparator means being normally
inoperative, <br />
means coupled to said second input terminal of said comparator means
for providing a direct voltage proportional to the direct voltage
developed at said output terminal, <br />
means for selectively rendering said comparator operative in response to said horizontal blanking pulses, and <br />
current converting means coupled to said comparator and to said
capacitive means for charging and discharging said capacitive means to a
direct voltage level in relation to the difference in voltage
between said first and second input terminals of said comparator
means so as to counteract the changes of the voltage developed at
said output terminal; and a relatively low level stabilized reference<br />
voltage source coupled to said first input terminals of each of said plurality of comparator means.<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
The present invention is directed to the field of amplifiers and is
particularly directed to the field of amplifier arrangements utilized
to drive color image reproducing devices such as kinescopes. <br />
The electron guns of a color kinescope are typically driven by
separate amplifier stages. Variations of the operating conditions of
an amplifier stage, such as variations of the stage's supply voltage,
tend to produce variations in the brightness of a reproduced image.
Furthermore, because each of the stages tends to operate at different
power dissipation levels the operating conditions of the stages vary
with respect to each other and hence color imbalances may occur. <br />
Athou<br />
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gh supply voltage regulators and high level clamping circuits have
been employed in conjunction with kinescope amplifier stages to
inhibit the aformentioned problems, it is desirable to provide
kinescope driver amplifier arrangements which maintain their
operating point stability with variations in operating conditions such
as power supply variations without the need of supply voltage
regulators or high level clamping circuits. <br />
Furthermore, it is desirable, because of the trend toward
miniaturization in electronic art, that at least a portion of the
kinescope amplifier driver should be able to be constructed in
integrated circuit form. <br />
It is also desirable to provide kinescope driver amplifier
arrangements which include independent controls for adjusting the DC
level and the AC amplitude of the signals coupled to the kinescope.
This is particularly desirable where "precision-in-line" kinescopes
or the like, in which the electron guns have common control
electrodes, are employed since, in these types of kinescopes, it is
difficult to independently adjust the operating conditions associated
with the respective guns because of the commonality of control
electrodes. <br />
Furthermore, it is desirable that a kinescope driver amplifier which
is to be utilized with a precision-in-line type of kinescope provide a
relatively wide bandwidth without the requirement of high frequency
peaking coils. Peaking coils tend to be bulky. In addition,
undesirable voltages may be developed across a peaking coil due to
the large magnetic fields which may be produced by the yokes
associated with a precision-in-line kinescope. These undesirable
voltages may produce disconcerting brightness and/or hue changes. <br />
In accordance with the present invention, one input terminal of
amplifying means is coupled to a source of chrominance signals
through capacitive means. A second input of the amplifying means is
direct current coupled to a source of luminance signals. The output
terminal of the amplifying means is direct current coupled to a color
image reproducing device such as a precision-in-line kinescope of
the like. The amplifying means includes means for combining the
luminance and chrominance signals to provide the image reproducing
device with color signals. The amplifying means also includes comparator
means for comparing the voltage developed at the output terminal to a
reference voltage to generate a current to control the charging of
the capacitive means in a manner so as to counter-act the changes of
the voltage developed at the output due, for example, to changes in
the power supply voltage. The comparator means is arranged to be
normally inoperative and is selectively rendered operative during the
horizontal retrace interval. <br />
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the
amplifying means includes a differential amplifier having first and
second input terminals and an output terminal. The output terminal of
the differential amplifier is coupled to the output terminal of the
amplifying means. The first input terminal of the differential
amplifier is coupled to the input terminal of the amplifying means.
The second input terminal of the differential amplifying means is
coupled to a second capacitive means. Means are provided for
selectively charging the second capacitive means during the
horizontal retrace interval. The first and second capacitive means are
selected to have substantially equal discharging rates so as to
compensate for any decrease in the DC content (i.e., droop) at the
output terminal of the amplifying means during the scanning interval. <br />
In accordance <br />
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with still another feature of the present invention, the second
capacitive means is coupled to the output terminal of the amplifying
means in a manner so as to allow adjustment of the AC gain of the
amplifying means. The DC conditions of the output of the amplifying
means may be controlled by controlling the portion of the voltage
developed at the output terminal coupled to the comparator means. <br />
The present invention may best be understood by reference to the
following detailed description and accompanying drawing which shows,
partially in block diagram form and partially in schematic form, the
general arrangement of a color television receiver employing a
kinescope driver amplifier arrangement constructed in accordance with
the present invention . <br />
The color television receiver includes a video signal processing unit
141 responsive to radio frequency (RF) signals, received by an
antenna, for receiving in a known manner, a composite video signal
comprising chrominance, luminance, sound and synchronizing signal
components. <br />
The output of video processing unit 141 is coupled to a chrominance
channel 142 including a chrominance processing unit 143 and a color
demodulator 144. Chrominance processing unit 143 separates
chrominance signals from the composite video signal. Color
demodulator 144 derives signals of the appropriate polarity
representing, for example, R-Y, G-Y and B-Y color difference signal
informatio<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IUZ8i7ey07Y/Txh_YvnkOXI/AAAAAAAAJTk/HbvIsdcclWE/s1600/TAA630-CHROMA-MATRIX.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5699445391513368946" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IUZ8i7ey07Y/Txh_YvnkOXI/AAAAAAAAJTk/HbvIsdcclWE/s320/TAA630-CHROMA-MATRIX.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>n
from the chrominance signals. The TAA630 integrated circuit or
similar circuit is suitable for use as color demodulator 144. <br />
The output of video processing unit 141 is also coupled to a
luminance channel 145 including a luminance processing unit 146 which
amplifies and processes luminance components of the composite signal
to form an output signal of the appropriate polarity representing
luminance, Y, information. A brightness control unit 147 to control
the DC content of luminance signal Y and a contrast control unit 148
to control the amplitude of luminance signal Y are coupled to
processing unit 146. <br />
The composite video signal is also coupled to a sync separator 149
which, in turn, is coupled to a horizontal deflection unit 151 and a
vertical deflection unit 152. Horizontal deflection unit 151 is also
coupled to a high voltage unit 154 which generates operating voltages
for kinescope 153. Outputs from horizontal deflection unit 151 and
vertical deflection unit 152 are coupled to luminance pr<br />
ocessing unit 146 to inhibit or blank luminance signal Y during the
horizontal and vertical retrace intervals. Similarly, an output from
horizontal deflection unit 151 may be coupled to chroma processing
unit 143 or color demodulator 144 to inhibit the color difference
signals during the horizontal retrace interval. Furthermore, first
and second signals including positive going pulses, the pulses of
each signal being coincident with the horizontal retrace or blanking
interval, are coupled to matrix unit 100 to control its operation, as
will appear below, via conductors 159 and 167, respectively. <br />
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The R-Y output signal and luminance signal Y are coupled to a matrix
unit 100 where they are combined to form a color signal representing
red (R) information. Similarly, the B-Y and G-Y color difference
signals are respectively coupled to matrix-driver units 150 and 157,
similar to the combination of matrix unit 100 and kinescope driver
199, where they are matrixed with luminance signal Y to produce color
signals representing blue (B) and green (G) information. Since the
matrix units for the various color difference signals are similar,
only matrix unit 100 will be described in detail. <br />
Matrix unit 100, enclosed within dotted line 160, is suitable for
construction as an integrated circuit. The R-Y color difference
signal is coupled through a capacitor 110 to the base of an NPN
transistor 101 which is a<br />
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rranged as a common collector amplifier for color difference signals.
Transistor 101, NPN transistor 102, resistors 178 and 184 form a
summing circuit 161 for the color difference signal and luminance
signal Y, the latter being direct current coupled to the base of
transistor 102. The combined output of circuit 161, taken at the
collector of transistor 102, is coupled to the base of an NPN
transistor 105. Transistor 105 and an NPN transistor 106 form a
differential amplifier 162 to which bias current is supplied from a
current source including a suitably biased transistor 182. The output
of differential amplifier 162, taken at the collector of transistor
105, is coupled through a level shifter, shown as the series
connection of a zener diode 163, and a diode 165 to a kinescope 199.
Bias current is provided for zener diode 163 and diode 165 through a
resistor 183, which serves as the load resistor of transistor 105,
and resistors 176 and 177. <br />
Kinescope driver 199 comprises a cascode amplifier 164 including NPN
transistors 120 and 119. The output of matrix unit 100 is coupled to
the base of transistor 119 while a positive supply voltage (e.g. +12
volts) is coupled to the base of transistor 120. The output of
kinescope driver 199, taken at the collector of transistor 120 is
direct current coupled through a resistor 179 to the red (R) cathode
of kinescope 153. The collector of transistor 120 is coupled to a
source of supply voltage B+ through a load resistor 165. Supply
voltage B+ is a relatively high voltage, typically, in the order of
200 to 300 vdc. <br />
The collector of transistor 120 is also coupled to a series
combination of a resistor 166 and a black level setting potentiometer
167, the latter being returned to ground. A direct voltage
proportional to that at the collector of transistor 120 is developed
at the wiper arm of potentiometer 167 and is coupled to one input of a
voltage comparator circuit 168. Comparator 168 comprises NPN
transistors 103 and 104 coupled as a differential amplifier. A second
input of comparator 168, at the base of transistor 103, is coupled
to a temperature compensated voltage reference (TCVR) unit 169.
Voltage reference unit 169, which may, for example, be similar to
that employed in the CA3085 integrated circuit manufactured by RCA
Corporation, supplies a regulated reference voltage of approximately
1.6 vdc. <br />
Voltage reference unit 169 is also coupled to the matrix portions of
units 150 and 157 via conductor 155 so that a common reference
voltage is coupled to the respective comparators of units 100, 150
and 157. It is noted that matrix unit 100 and the matrix portions of
units 150 and 153 may be constructed as a single integrated circuit.
<br />
A current source including an NPN transistor 170 is coupled to the
jointly connected emitters of transistors 103 and 104. The first
horizontal blanking pulse signal generated by horizontal deflection
unit 151 is coupled to the base of transistor 170 via conductor 159.
<br />
The output of differential amplifier 168 provided at the collector of
NPN transistor 103 is converted to a bidirectional current by means
of a current mirror circuit 180 comprising a diode-connected PNP
transistor 172 and a PNP transistor 173. The collector of transistor
173 is coupled to the collector of transistor 104 and to the base of
transistor 101. <br />
The junction of resistors 166 and 167 is coupled to a signal feedback
circuit comprising a series connection of a potentiometer 174 and a
resistor 175. Feedback voltage developed at the wiper arm of
potentiometer 174 is coupled through a capacitor 120 to the base of
transistor 106 (i.e., one input of differential amplifier 162). The base
of transistor 106 is returned to ground through resistor 181 and the
collector-emitter junction of a transistor 108. The base of
transistor 108 is coupled to horizontal deflection unit 151 to
receive the first horizontal blanking pulse signal via conductor 159.
An NPN transistor 107, the emitter of which is coupled to the base
of transistor 106, is arranged together with resistor 181 and the
collector-emitter junction of transistor 108 as an emitter follower.
The base of transistor 107 is coupled to horizontal deflection unit
151 to receive the second horizontal blanking pulse signal via
conductor 167. It is noted that this signal may also be generated
within the IC device. <br />
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153 may be a precision-in-line kinescope such as the RCA type
15VADTCO1. As is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,397, issued May 21,
1974, there is no provision for separate adjustment of red, green and
blue gun screen and grid potentials and only the cathodes of the three
guns of such a kinescope are available for separate adjustment of
the cut off point of the guns. As will become apparent in the
following description, matrix unit 100 and kinescope driver 199 are
particularly suited to a kinescope of the precision-in-line type but
it should be appreciated that they may be utilized for other types of
kinescopes such as delta-gun, shadow mask or other slotted mask
types. <br />
In operation, the signal supplied to the base of transistor 107
during the scanning interval by horizontal deflection unit 151 is of
sufficiently low amplitude (e.g., less than +4vdc) in relationship to
the voltage at its emitter (controlled by the charge on capacitor
120 as will be explained) that it is non-conductive. Because of
relatively low voltage applied to the bases of transistors 108 and
170 during the scanning interval, transistors 108, 170, 103 and 104
are also non-conductive and do not affect the operation of matrix
circuit 100 during the scanning interval. <br />
The signal -(R-Y), representing red color difference information, and
the signal Y, representing luminance information, are coupled to
amplifier 161 where they are combined in the emitter circuit of
transistor 101 to form a signal -R, representing red information. The
signal -R is further amplified and inverted twice by differential
amplifier 162 and cascode amplifier 164 for application to kinescope
153. <br />
It is noted that resistors 183, 176 and 177 should be selected so
that zener diode 163 is biased well into its reverse breakdown region
to inhibit noise. <br />
The portion of the output signal of cascode amplifier 164 developed
at the wiper arm of potentiometer 174, is capacitively fed back to
one input of differential amplifier 162. This negative feedback
arrangement, in conjunction with the use of cascode amplifier 199,
provides for a relatively wide bandwidth, thereby eliminating the need
for peaking coils or the like to improve high frequency response.
The AC gain (or drive) of the matrix unit-kinescope driver
arrangement may be adjusted by adjustment of the wiper arm of
potentiometer 174 (normally a service or factory adjustment). <br />
During the horizontal retrace interval, a relatively high voltage
(e.g., approximately +6 vdc plus the base to emitter voltage of
transistor 107 when transistor 107 is rendered conductive) is applied
to the base of transistor 107 from horizontal deflection unit 151.
Horizontal deflection unit 151 also applies a relatively high voltage
to the bases of transistors 108 and 170. As a result transistors
107, 108, 170, 103 and 104 are rendered conductive and the base of
transistor 106 is clamped to a voltage substantially equal to the
voltage at the base of transistor 107 less the base emitter voltage
of transistor 107 (e.g., +6 vdc). The voltage to which the base of
transistor 106 is clamped is sufficiently lower than that at the base
of transistor 105 so that transistor 106 will be rendered
non-conductive and transistor 105 will be rendered fully conductive.
Under these conditions, the voltage developed at the collector of
transistor 120 will rise toward B+ to a voltage determined by t<br />
he conduction of transistors 119 and 120 and the voltage division
action of resistors 165, 166 and the impedance of potentiometer 167
in parallel combination with the series combination of potentiometer
174 and resistor 175. <br />
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While the base of transistor 106 is clamped to the voltage applied to
the base of transistor 107 less the voltage developed between the
base and emitter of transistor 107, the AC feedback provided by
capacitor 120 is effectively disconnected and capacitor 120 is
provided with a charging path including resistor 166 and a portion of
potentiometer 174 by which it is rapidly charged to a voltage
determined by the voltage at the emitter of transistor 107 and DC
voltage developed at the collector of transistor 120. <br />
The voltage developed at the wiper arm of potentiometer 167 is
coupled to the base of transistor 104 and, during each horizontal
retrace interval, is compared to the voltage developed at the base of
transistor 103 by TCVR 169. A difference in voltage is converted by
virtue of the current mirror configuration of transistors 172 and 173
into an error current at the junction of the collectors of
transistors 104 and 173. The error current acts, depending on the
relative levels at the bases of transistors 103 and 104, to charge or
discharge capacitor 110. <br />
Potentiometer 167 initially is adjusted to provide a voltage at the
collector of transistor 120 sufficient to cut off the red gun of
kinescope 153 when a black image signal is present. Therefore, it is
desirable to select the values of resistors 165 and 166 and
potentiometer 167 to ensure that the full range of black level
control at the red cathode of kinescope 153 is available. <br />
Matrix circuit 100 is arranged so that capacitor 110 will be charged
or discharged in a manner to compensate for any change in B+. For
example, if B+ decreases, the voltage developed at the base of
transistor 104 will decrease relative to the stable reference voltage
developed at the base of transistor 103. Therefore, the collector
current of transistor 103 and the substantially equal currents flowing
through the emitter-collector circuits of transistors 172 and 173
will increase, causing capacitor 110 to be charged. As a result, the
voltage at the base of transistor 101 will increase, the voltage at
the bas<br />
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e of transistor 105 will increase, the voltage at the collector of
transistor 105 will decrease and the voltage at the collector of
transistor 120 will increase. <br />
It is noted that transistor 173 and transistor 104 operate in what
may be termed a push-pull fashion in that the change in current
flowing between the emitter and collector of transistor 173 is
inversely related to the change in current flowing between the
collector and the emitter of transistor 104. Thus, if the current
flowing through the emitter-collector of transistor 104 increases,
the current through the collector-emitter of transistor 173
decreases, so that capacitor 110 is discharged by the excess of
current flowing through transistor 104 rather than being charged by
current from transistor 173. <br />
Thus, the feedback arrangement including TCVR 169 of matrix unit 100
adjusts the charge on capacitor 110 to compensate for, and therefore
substantially eliminate, the effect on the direct voltage applied to
the kinescope cathodes of variations in B+. Furthermore, it is noted
that variations in other portions of the matrix amplifier driver
arrangement (such as variations caused by temperature or component
tolerance changes) affecting the DC conditions at the collector of
transistor 120 will be compensated for by the arrangement in a
similar manner. <br />
The charge stored on capacitor 110 during the horizontal retrace
interval serves to control the bias on cascode amplifier 164 during
the succeeding scanning interval. It is noted that the charge on
capacitor 110 is not affected by the color difference signals or
luminance signals during the horizontal retrace interval, since these
signals are arranged to be constant during the horizontal retrace
interval. <br />
After the horizontal retrace interval, transistors 103, 104, 170,
172, 173, 107 and 108 are rendered nonconductive (as previously
described) and capacitors 110 and 120 begin to discharge. While
capacitor 110 controls the bias voltage at the base of transistor
105, capacitor 120 controls the bias voltage at the base of
transistor 106. Capacitors 110 and 120 and their associated
discharging circuitry preferably are selected so that capacitors 110
and 120 discharge at substantially equal rates. The similar changes
in voltage are applied to opposite sides of differential amplifier
162. The common mode rejection characteristics of differential
amplifier 162 will prevent the discharging of capacitor 110 to be
reflected in the DC conditions at the collector of transistor 120.
This "droop" compensation feature provided by capacitor 120 in
junction with differential amplifier 162 is desirable, since in its
absence, capacitor 110 would have to be a relatively large value to
prevent droop. This is especially undesirable if it is desired to
construct matrix unit 100 as an integrated circuit because large
currents, not compatible with integrated circuit technology, would be
required to charge and discharge capacitor 110. <br />
Typical values for the arrangement are shown on the accompanying drawing. <br />
It should be noted that although the present invention has been
described in terms of a particular configuration shown in the diagram,
modifications may be made which are contemplated to be within the
scope of the invention. For instance, cascode driver 199 may be placed
with other driver stages well known in the art. Furthermore, the
current mirror configuration comprising transistors 172 and 173 may be
modified in accordance with other known current mirror
configurations</div></div><p><span> </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: bold;">GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) </span><span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;">Horizontal deflection circuit with Thyristors. ZEILEN ABLENKUNG Mit THYRISTOR SCHALTUNG:</span><b><br /></b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXNUygddsQ9SpAuQpqI_vV4Dvf1WDjJrlr7aAql4PlAxu64Yg3SpPQdXN8Ky5IfkIhVZFidTCPFGHWYjGs2LPgPm1oMx1GOk4mIqydBhsTxEB5A7x-6NqRouRtt8o545KX7XM8UwWmmSfW/s1600/thyristor-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554732811869426882" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXNUygddsQ9SpAuQpqI_vV4Dvf1WDjJrlr7aAql4PlAxu64Yg3SpPQdXN8Ky5IfkIhVZFidTCPFGHWYjGs2LPgPm1oMx1GOk4mIqydBhsTxEB5A7x-6NqRouRtt8o545KX7XM8UwWmmSfW/s320/thyristor-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 221px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrk5PyiwGJFiw6Tpfy6HCOI1tD7FnTlz-Vj6KAl2etNAD8dJVFvB7oRpskJKnRjEf3Nrr8Gjq1cq2KEW4-9xEnhkcem0IyKkkZ5pkbmJHRwroOCww5T-fNS5BLKjL2wqRsPgBDwTw_-N06/s1600/thyristor-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554732813024509970" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrk5PyiwGJFiw6Tpfy6HCOI1tD7FnTlz-Vj6KAl2etNAD8dJVFvB7oRpskJKnRjEf3Nrr8Gjq1cq2KEW4-9xEnhkcem0IyKkkZ5pkbmJHRwroOCww5T-fNS5BLKjL2wqRsPgBDwTw_-N06/s320/thyristor-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 222px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY6DtyHoSA3YFylZD360PaxNBhlRo2I09ljgeFijSWNYnns2JkWke-MMob4oejeLSqc0LHYlU26aXU0aItBMBVS-9UclFMH5_puX4wpNTUThONiiBfi5gqLEYN8dbQqJGJQEiSmF5Rn3MT/s1600/thyristor-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554732815873016274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY6DtyHoSA3YFylZD360PaxNBhlRo2I09ljgeFijSWNYnns2JkWke-MMob4oejeLSqc0LHYlU26aXU0aItBMBVS-9UclFMH5_puX4wpNTUThONiiBfi5gqLEYN8dbQqJGJQEiSmF5Rn3MT/s320/thyristor-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 238px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOhXFEDV8o9q7TEVsQbbYaBoRE4NmFx-Ci1lqK0mKvVXhgSEGyQKG8xFnoj67fh0EF6zjAR4QGj5hdZE5gGHKBieaxMBhc0m_XlMOEpad7wMnX-aY5lIlolmq71y6sV9DlnWMpOgUnTSdZ/s1600/thyristor-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5554732819249590930" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOhXFEDV8o9q7TEVsQbbYaBoRE4NmFx-Ci1lqK0mKvVXhgSEGyQKG8xFnoj67fh0EF6zjAR4QGj5hdZE5gGHKBieaxMBhc0m_XlMOEpad7wMnX-aY5lIlolmq71y6sV9DlnWMpOgUnTSdZ/s320/thyristor-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 226px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Description</span>:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A horizontal deflection circuit for generating the deflection
current in the deflection coil of a television picture tube wherein a
first switch controls the horizontal sweep, and wherein a second
switch in a so-ca<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTDB-jQU4IV1fQ7RzF5iB2665uiiKH4NNkyyqCz7LpKB6vsSExLhs0IPZ1HmR2-U6ePFLRaS7iTKVmCXB2588ZRFj7va3vF_D2Oz6MYKplXvkqAYaDWLWUDpAhIXsWiKIPHSUC6JX8vKCpBD4hTPg8TDQ3m6OiZGaHncIv6GCftfpv2fj_l-W9gzMxal0T/s1282/IMGH_13487__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTDB-jQU4IV1fQ7RzF5iB2665uiiKH4NNkyyqCz7LpKB6vsSExLhs0IPZ1HmR2-U6ePFLRaS7iTKVmCXB2588ZRFj7va3vF_D2Oz6MYKplXvkqAYaDWLWUDpAhIXsWiKIPHSUC6JX8vKCpBD4hTPg8TDQ3m6OiZGaHncIv6GCftfpv2fj_l-W9gzMxal0T/s320/IMGH_13487__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>lled commutation circuit with a commutating inductor
and a commutating capacitor opens the first switch and, in addition,
controls the energy transfer from a dc voltage source to an input
inductor, characterized in that the input inductor (Le) and the
commutating inductor (Lk) are combined in a unit designed as a
transformer (U) which is proportioned so that the open-circuit
inductance of the transformer is essentially equal to the value of the
input inductor (Le), while the short-circuit inductance of the
transformer (U) is essentially equal to the value of the commutating
inductor (Lk), and that the second switch (S2) is connected in series
with the dc voltage source (UB) and a first winding (U1) of the
transformer (U). 2. A horizontal deflection circuit according to claim
1, characterized in that the transformer (U) operates as an isolation
transformer between the supply (UB) and the subcircuits connected to a
second winding. 3. A horizontal deflection circuit according to claim
1, characterized in that the second switch (S2) is connected between
ground and that terminal of the first winding (U1) of the <br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyADuNItBqog-XeF1MIvwZXfCkVoYHu6m0D6YpAQNNAVVzm92pWGEtLBgUce_I97EAlfP2kmEivEG5pYleWICECXgfvH-qZ-pNh7DN6FruvSQEznituyM8iMaDNg4X6A7PbCyn1vlqZyQ_i1KYy-lIJPG-FvvRNGfBe-MKwKMdrGwm0_0zDzaQDhQlwTy/s1282/IMGH_13481__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyADuNItBqog-XeF1MIvwZXfCkVoYHu6m0D6YpAQNNAVVzm92pWGEtLBgUce_I97EAlfP2kmEivEG5pYleWICECXgfvH-qZ-pNh7DN6FruvSQEznituyM8iMaDNg4X6A7PbCyn1vlqZyQ_i1KYy-lIJPG-FvvRNGfBe-MKwKMdrGwm0_0zDzaQDhQlwTy/s320/IMGH_13481__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJYwu3roeeOi1na_M-basjSVGd0LC180Ate3ueAOeA5Cym1KHVSvgCjGPah3FIaBLxI3C27yuyY1QMJWPNpK9ScFSkXmbs4oHlIOkwYTH3CrVtMXFF0DzHGYdXxkAsXVzV5ceFFweXHoZ/s1600/IMGH_01013.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
transformer (U) not connected to the supply potential (+UB). 4. A
horizontal deflection circuit according to claim 1, characterized in
that a capacitor (CE) is connected across the series combination of the
first winding (U1) of the transformer and the second switch (S2). 5. A
horizontal deflection circuit according to claim 1, characterized in
that the second winding (U2) of the transformer (U) is connected in
series with a first switch (S1), the commutating capacitor (Ck), and a
third, bipolar switch (S3) controllable as a function of the value of a
controlled variable developed in the deflection circuit. 6. A
horizontal deflection circuit according to claim 5, characterized in
that the third switch (S3) is connected between ground and the second
winding (U2) of the transformer. 7. A horizontal deflection circuit
according to claim 2, characterized in that the isolation transformer
carries a third winding via which power is supplied to the audio
output stage of the television set. 8. A horizontal deflection circuit
according to claims 2, characterized in that the voltage serving to
control the first switch (S1) is derived from a third winding of the
transformer. <br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
The present invention relates to a horizontal deflection circuit for
generating the deflection current in the deflection coil of a
television picture tube wherein a first switch controls the horizontal
sweep, and wherein a second switch in a so-called commutation circuit
with a commutating inductor and a commutating capacitor opens the
first switch and, in addition, controls the energy transfer from a dc
voltage source to an input inductor. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj9JBB8Slow-EKk6zEK6nUetfXoHCwEwBOOC6NAKu0DBWMTgaec9X9y81vZZm4cT1x7W2c6nXCYhO5-KaT5h8rZK4A29T_c9blsuPhnuxY_1UaJxmNYC_v0Sytyh7678ehb3ies66twEIZn_29XWki6mqPe14HVvYZ68spYLCz1PcFITnrOj4iJABZNuTv/s1282/IMGH_13484__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj9JBB8Slow-EKk6zEK6nUetfXoHCwEwBOOC6NAKu0DBWMTgaec9X9y81vZZm4cT1x7W2c6nXCYhO5-KaT5h8rZK4A29T_c9blsuPhnuxY_1UaJxmNYC_v0Sytyh7678ehb3ies66twEIZn_29XWki6mqPe14HVvYZ68spYLCz1PcFITnrOj4iJABZNuTv/s320/IMGH_13484__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrOklaR71hbKupv2IW7MpiPhYfGyDZMRKzPfzZJC6SgBB9lZHF_IrmXFKc6b5qeNeefbt10sbiuhvwveHLSvbfI2O-AGJ2CV9v_q78wCSEzEs70oa2bIfruRVaetqTX1q_0BhJSRocVJ8/s1600/IMGH_01014.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
German Auslegeschrift (DT-AS) No. 1,537,308 discloses a horizontal
deflection circuit in which, for generating a periodic sawtooth
current within the respective deflection coil of the picture tube, in a
first branch circuit, the deflection coil is connected to a
sufficiently large capacitor serving as a current source via a first
controlled, bilaterally conductive switch which is formed by a
controlled rectifier and a diode connected in inverse parallel. The
control electrode of the rectifier is connected to a drive pulse
source which renders the switch conductive during part of the sawtooth
trace period. In that arrangement, the sawtooth retrace, i.e. the
current reversal, also referred to as "commutation", is initiated by a
second controlled switch. <br />
The first controlled switch also forms part of a second branch circuit
where it is connected in series with a second current source and a
reactance capable of oscillating. When the first switch is closed, the
reactance, consisting essentially of a coil and a capacitor, receives
energy from the second current source during a fixed time interval.
This energy which is taken from the second current source corresponds
to the circuit losses caused during the previous deflection cycle. <br />
As can be seen, such a circuit needs two different, separate inductive
elements, it being known that inductive elements are expensive to
manufacture and always have a certain volume determined by the
electrical properties required. <br />
The object of the invention is to reduce the amount of inductive elements required. <br />
The invention is characterized in that the input inductor and the
commutating inductor are combined in a unit designed as a transformer
whic<br />
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h is proportioned so that the open-circuit inductance of the
transformer is essentially equal to the value of the input inductor,
while the short-circuit inductance of the transformer is essentially
equal to the value of the commutating inductor, and that the second
switch is connected in series with the dc voltage source and a first
winding of the transformer. <br />
This solution has an added advantage in that, in mass production, both
the open-circuit and the short-circuit inductance are reproducible
with reliability. <br />
According to another feature of the invention, the electrical
isolation between the windings of the transformer is such that the
transformer operates as an isolation transformer between the supply
and the subcircuits connected to a second winding or to additional
windings of the transformer. In this manner, the transformer
additionally provides reliable mains isolation. <br />
According to a further feature of the invention, the second switch is
connected between ground and that terminal of the first winding of the
transformer not connected to the supply potential. This simplifies
the control of the switch. <br />
According to a further feature of the invention, to regulate the
energy supply, the second winding of the transformer is connected in
series with the first switch, the commutating capacitor, and a third,
bipolar switch controllable as a function of the value of a controlled
variable developed in the deflection circuit.<br />
<br />
The advantage gained by this measure lies in the fact that the control
takes place on the side separated from the mains, so no separate
isolation device is required for the gating of the third switch.
Further details and advantages will be apparent from the following
description of the accompanying drawings and from the claims. In the
drawings, <br />
FIG. 1 is a basic circuit diagram of the arrangement disclosed in German Auslegeschrift (DT-AS) No. 1,537,308; <br />
FIG. 2 shows a first embodiment of the horizontal deflection circuit according to the invention, and <br />
FIG. 3 shows a development of the horizontal deflection circuit according to the invention. <br />
FIG. 1 shows the essential circuit elements of the horizontal
deflection circuit known from the German Auslegeschrift (DT-AS) No.
1,537,308 referred to by way of introduction. <br />
Connected in series with a dc voltage source UB is an input inductor
Le and a bipolar, controlled switch S2. In the following, this switch
will be referred to as the "second switch"; it is usually called the
"commutating switch" to indicate its function. <br />
In known circuits, the second switch S2 consists of a controlled rectifier and a diode connected in inverse parallel. <br />
The second switch S2 also forms part of a second circuit which
contains, in addition, a commutating inductor Lk, a commutating
capacitor Ck, an<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMkCzbmK1KZKJFXK1ORwmr75oSJ_WtjnJdUW_k4CHoekey7PDp7I1MxqGPdtAxUeJuKheuBhYrehkEfyZkpBRMN0s2PloCuazWwTbPRpYa1TcgHRbE9ptsxAJLAOe9-o428hZphFCSJ4PZYLH9EF3Os8BzAlPjO1G2wsONbIJuLZWZYT7Hj1ESsiq7T1x/s1026/IMGH_13484b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMkCzbmK1KZKJFXK1ORwmr75oSJ_WtjnJdUW_k4CHoekey7PDp7I1MxqGPdtAxUeJuKheuBhYrehkEfyZkpBRMN0s2PloCuazWwTbPRpYa1TcgHRbE9ptsxAJLAOe9-o428hZphFCSJ4PZYLH9EF3Os8BzAlPjO1G2wsONbIJuLZWZYT7Hj1ESsiq7T1x/s320/IMGH_13484b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrOklaR71hbKupv2IW7MpiPhYfGyDZMRKzPfzZJC6SgBB9lZHF_IrmXFKc6b5qeNeefbt10sbiuhvwveHLSvbfI2O-AGJ2CV9v_q78wCSEzEs70oa2bIfruRVaetqTX1q_0BhJSRocVJ8/s1600/IMGH_01014.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
d a first switch S1. The first switch S1, controlling the horizontal
sweep, is constructed in the same manner as the above-described second
switch S2, consisting of a controlled rectifier and a diode in inverse
parallel. Connected in parallel with this first switch is a
deflection-coil arrangement AS with a capacitor CA as well as a high
voltage generating arrangement (not shown). In FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, this
arrangement is only indicated by an arrow and by the reference
characters Hsp. The operation of this known horizontal deflection
circuit need not be explained here in detail since it is described not
only in the German Auslegeschrift referred to by way of introduction,
but also in many other publications. <br />
FIGS. 2 and 3 show the horizontal deflection circuit modified in
accordance with the present invention. Like circuit elements are
designated by the same reference characters as in FIG. 1. <br />
FIG. 2 shows the basic principle of the invention. The two inductors
Le and Lk of FIG. 1 have been replaced by a transformer U. To be able
to serve as a substitute for the two inductors Le and Lk, the
transformer must be proportioned in a special manner. Regardless of
the turns ratio, the open-circuit inductance of the transformer is
chosen to be essentially equal to the value of the input inductor Le,
and the short-circuit inductance of the transformer is essentially
equal to the value of the commutating inductor Lk. <br />
To permit the second switch S2 to be utilized for the connection of
the dc voltage source UB, it is included in the circuit of that
winding U1 of the transformer connected to the dc voltage UB. <br />
In principle, it is of no consequence for the operation of the switch
S2 whether it is inserted on that side of the winding U1 connected to
the positive operating potential +UB or on the side connected to
ground. In practice, however, the solution shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 will
be chosen since the gating of the controlled rectifier is less
problematic in this case. <br />
In compliance with pertinent safety regulations, the transformer U may
be designed as an isolation transformer and can thus provide mains
separation, which is necessary for various reasons. It is known from
German Offenlegungschrift (DT-OS) No. 2,233,249 to provide dc isolation
by designing the commutating inductor as a transformer, but this
measure is not suited to attaining the object of the present
invention. <br />
If the energy to be taken from the dc voltage source is to be
controlled as a function of the energy needed in the horizontal
deflection circuit and in following subcircuits, the embodiment of the
horizontal deflection circuit of FIG. 3 may be used. <br />
The circuit including the winding U2 of the transformer U conta<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIDyJAUj8N1BNm7HLcK3DduyciTPwBY4MKpoFSwHaZCO2zTXqmzzzMq4futxAn6pYD-V_OMVk9bVvlU5A288wVPpKMV5WHvQE9s1AU376ZmRlaFeiGGl0SDKCF_QzTwTFpS81xnIvVS7ox-DnpALRjrwaS6UzrrrE018TQ3y3m16lLJxrD7veF8g8hOIEw/s1282/IMGH_13479__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIDyJAUj8N1BNm7HLcK3DduyciTPwBY4MKpoFSwHaZCO2zTXqmzzzMq4futxAn6pYD-V_OMVk9bVvlU5A288wVPpKMV5WHvQE9s1AU376ZmRlaFeiGGl0SDKCF_QzTwTFpS81xnIvVS7ox-DnpALRjrwaS6UzrrrE018TQ3y3m16lLJxrD7veF8g8hOIEw/s320/IMGH_13479__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibBDWkdX_2gntabdRXGV5HtcQtWt1OzUYLjbdRSVvYsgVpk-FyrcLasK7uCjD3usIVuO1USqJAqRbRKnTPegde-eWIL2wjtBEOxAbRqUe9Ao0u9VS6rKCAGOiOkO7PdDsUmaN2oYw_1sPS/s1600/IMGH_01012.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><p>
ins a third controlled switch S3, which, too, is inserted on the
grounded side of the winding U2 for the reasons mentioned above. This
third switch S3, just as the second switch S2, is operated at the
frequency of a horizontal oscillator HO, but a control circuit RS
whose input l is fed with a controlled variable is inserted between
the oscillator and the switch S3. Depending on this controlled
variable, the controlled rectifier of the third switch S3 can be
caused to turn on earlier. A suitable controlled variable containing
information on the energy consumption is, for example, the flyback
pulse capable of being taken from the high voltage generating circuit
(not shown). Details of the operation of this kind of energy control
are described in applicant's German Offenlegungsschrift (DT-OS) No. b
2,253,386 and do not form part of the present invention. <br />
With mains isolation, the additional, third switch S3 shown here has
the advantage of being on the side isolated from the mains and
eliminates the need for an isolation device in the control lead of the
controlled rectifier. <br />
As an isolation transformer, the transformer U may also carry
additional windings <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTDB-jQU4IV1fQ7RzF5iB2665uiiKH4NNkyyqCz7LpKB6vsSExLhs0IPZ1HmR2-U6ePFLRaS7iTKVmCXB2588ZRFj7va3vF_D2Oz6MYKplXvkqAYaDWLWUDpAhIXsWiKIPHSUC6JX8vKCpBD4hTPg8TDQ3m6OiZGaHncIv6GCftfpv2fj_l-W9gzMxal0T/s1282/IMGH_13487__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTDB-jQU4IV1fQ7RzF5iB2665uiiKH4NNkyyqCz7LpKB6vsSExLhs0IPZ1HmR2-U6ePFLRaS7iTKVmCXB2588ZRFj7va3vF_D2Oz6MYKplXvkqAYaDWLWUDpAhIXsWiKIPHSUC6JX8vKCpBD4hTPg8TDQ3m6OiZGaHncIv6GCftfpv2fj_l-W9gzMxal0T/s320/IMGH_13487__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>U3 and U4 if power is to be supplied to the audio
output stage, for example; in addition, the first switch S1 may be
gated via such an additional winding. <br />
The points marked at the windings U1 and U2 indicate the phase
relationship between the respective voltages. Connected in parallel
with the winding U1 and the second switch S2 is a capacitor CE which
completes the circuit for the horizontal-frequency alternating
current; this serves in particular to bypass the dc voltage source or
the electrolytic capacitors contained therein. <br />
If required, a well-known tuning coil may be inserted, e.g. in series
with the second winding U2, without changing the basic operation of
the horizontal deflection circuit according to the invention.</p><p><br />GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) <span style="font-size: 78%;"><span style="color: #663333; font-size: 85%; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Electron beam deflection circuit including thyristors Further Discussion and </b></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">deepening of knowledge, </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thyristor horizontal output circuits:</span><br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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1. An electron beam deflection circuit for a cathode ray tube with
electromagnetic deflection by means of a sawtooth current waveform
having a trace portion and a retrace portion, said circuit comprising: a
deflection winding; a first source of electrical energy formed by a
first capacitor; first controllable switching means comprising a
parallel combination of a first thyristor and a first diode connected
together to conduct in opposite directions, for connecting said winding
to said first source during said trace portion, while said first
switching means is turned on; a second source of electrical energy
including a first inductive energy storage means coupled to a voltage
supply; reactive circuit means including a combination of inductive and
capacitive reactances for storing the energy supplied by said second
source; second controllable switching means, substantially similar to
said first one, for completing a circuit including said reactive
circuit means and said first switching means, when turned on before
the end of said trace portion, so as to pass through said first
switching means an oscillatory current in opposite direction to that
which passes through said first thyristor from said first source and
to turn said first thyristor off after these two currents cancel out,
the oscillatory current flowing thereafter through said first diode
for an interval <br />
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termed the circuit turn-off time, which has to be greater than the
turn-off time of said first thyristor; wherein the improvement
comprises: means for drawing, during at least a part of said trace
portion, a substantial amount of additional current through said first
switching means, in the direction of conduction of said first diode,
whereby to perceptibly shift the waveform of the current flowing
through said first switching means towards the negative values by an
amount equal to that of said substantial additional current and to
lengthen, in proportion thereto, said circuit turn-off time, without
altering the values of the reactances in the reactive circuit which
intervene in the determination of both the circuit turn-off and
retrace portion time intervals.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WbMhBlrh1L-tKBeK7Y_YXuHGMJdeTXnwygLwDHtKnD09m-Z3yq36UXDaEsKPuZ56WoTozOi_5OoXnyiY5zUs3hO47DfTEYj-rV2nsP7lItE8u6DuJn3ydv83qqpCmThHhIu_0KWi0Ag2/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690266897610178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WbMhBlrh1L-tKBeK7Y_YXuHGMJdeTXnwygLwDHtKnD09m-Z3yq36UXDaEsKPuZ56WoTozOi_5OoXnyiY5zUs3hO47DfTEYj-rV2nsP7lItE8u6DuJn3ydv83qqpCmThHhIu_0KWi0Ag2/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 206px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
2. A deflection circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said amount of
additional current is greater than or equal to 5 per cent of the
peak-to-peak value of the current flowing through the deflection
winding.<br />
<br />
3. A deflection circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for
drawing a substantial amount of additional current through said first
switching means comprises a resistor connected in parallel to said
first capacitor.<br />
<br />
4. A deflection circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for
drawing an additional current is formed by connecting said first and
second energy sources in series so that the current charging said
reactive circuit means forms the said additional current.<br />
<br />
5. A deflection circuit as claimed in claim 1, further including a
series combination of an autotransformer winding and a second
high-value capacitor, said combination being connected in parallel to
said first switching means, wherein said autotransformer comprises an
intermediate tap located between its terminals respectively connected
to said first switching means and to said second capacitor, said tap
delivering, during said trace portion, a suitable DC supply voltage
lower than the voltage across said second capacitor; and wherein said
means for drawing a substantial amount of additional current comprises
a load to be fed by said supply voltage and having one terminal
connected to ground; and further controllable switching means
controlled to conduct during at least part of said trace portion and to
remain cut off during said retrace portion, said further switching
means being connected between said tap and the other terminal of said
load.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
The present invention relates to electron beam deflection circuits
including thyristors, such as silicon controlled rectifiers and relates,
in particular, to horizontal deflection circuits for television
receivers.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rBZUj_OpFla_t7wc-5EnHyxp_6ytBjLlXzRWondb7ZmRAEQSZuyLV0ZWwa32rfi7lnfMoyiv4z3QV0l8oQ5csehrfZ_qy437pBdPRvxKVUm2ccSeSxO8eLLFq_BfBpT6efmZiO01dfcF/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690263466685074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rBZUj_OpFla_t7wc-5EnHyxp_6ytBjLlXzRWondb7ZmRAEQSZuyLV0ZWwa32rfi7lnfMoyiv4z3QV0l8oQ5csehrfZ_qy437pBdPRvxKVUm2ccSeSxO8eLLFq_BfBpT6efmZiO01dfcF/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>The
present invention constitutes an improvement in the circuit described
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,449,623 filed on Sept. 6, 1966, this circuit being
described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 of
the accompanying drawings. A deflection circuit of this type comprises
a first thyristor switch which allows the conenction of the
horizontal deflection winding to a constant voltage source during the
time interval used for the transmisstion of the picture signal and for
applying this signal to the grid of the cathode ray tube (this
interval will be termed the "trace portion" of the scan), and a second
thyristor switch which provides the forced commutation of the first
one by applying to it a reverse current of equal amplitude to that
which passes through it from the said voltage source and thus to
initiate the retrace during the horizontal blanking interval.<br />
<br />
A undirectional reverse blocking triode type thyristor or silicon
controlled rectifier (SCR), such as that used in the aformentioned
circuit, requires a certain turn-off time between the instant at which
the anode current ceases and the instant at which a positive bias may
be applied to it without turning it on, due to the fact that there is
still a high concentration of free carriers in the vicinity of the
middle junction, this concentration being reduced by a process of
recombination independently from the reverse polarity applied to the
thyristor. This turn-off time of the thyristor is a function of a
number of parameters such as the junction temperature, the DC current
level, the decay time of the direct current, the peak level of the
reverse current applied, the amplitude of the reverse anode to cathode
voltage, the external impedance of the gate electrode, and so on,
certain of these varying considerably from one thyristor to another.<br />
<br />
In horizontal deflection circuits for television receivers,<br />
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the flyback or retrace time is limited to approximately 20 percent of
the horizontal scan period, the retrace time being in the case of the
CCIR standard of 625 lines, approximately 12 microseconds and, in the
case of the French standard of 819 lines, approximately 9 microseconds.
During this relatively short interval, the thyristor has to be
rendered non-conducting and the electron beam has to be returned to
the origin of the scan. The first thyristor is blocked by means of a
series resonant LC circuit which is subject to a certain number of
restrictions (limitations as to the component values employed) due to
the fact that, inter alia, it simultaneously determines the turn-off
time of the circuit which blocks the thyristor and it forms part of the
series resonant circuit which is to carry out the retrace. To obtain
proper operation of the deflection circuit of the aforementioned
Patent, especially when used for the French standard of 819 lines per
image, the values of the components used have to subject to very close
tolerances (approximately 2%), which results in high costs.<br />
<br />
The improved deflection circuit, object of the present invention,
allows the lengthening of the turn-off time of the circuit for turning
the scan thyristor off, without altering the values of the LC
circuit, which are determined by other criteria, and without impairing
the operation of the circuit.<br />
<br />
According to the inv<br />
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ention, there is provided an electron beam deflection circuit for a
cathode ray tube with electromagentic deflection by means of a
sawtooth current waveform having a trace portion and a retrace
portion, said circuit comprising: a deflection winding; a first source
of electrical energy formed by a first capacitor; first controllable
switching means comprising a parallel combination of a first thyristor
and a first diode, connected together to conduct in opposite
directions, for connecting said winding to said first source during
said trace portion when said first switching means is turned on; a
second source of electrical energy including a first inductive energy
storage means coupled to a voltage supply; reactive circuit means
including a combination of inductive and capacitive reactances for
storing the energy supplied by the said second source; a second
controllable switching means, substantially identical with the first
one, for completing a circuit including said reactive circuit means
and said first switching means, when turned on, so as to pass through
said first thyristor an oscillatory current in the opposite direction
to that which passes through it from said first source and to turn it
off after these two currents cancel out, the oscillatory current then
flowing through said first diode for an interval termed the circuit
turn-off time which has to be greater than the turn-off time of said
first thyristor; and means for drawing duing at least a part of said
trace portion a substantial amount of additional current from said
first switching means in the direction of conduction of said first
diode, whereby said circuit turn-off time is lengthened in proportion
to the amount of said additional current, without altering the values
of the reactances in the reactive circuit by shifting the waveform of
the current flowing through said first switching means towards the
negative by an amount equal to that of said additional current.<br />
<br />
A further object of the invention consists in using the supplementary current in the recov<br />
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ery diode of the first switching means to produce a DC voltage which
may be used as a power supply for the vertical deflection circuit of
the television receiver, for example.<br />
<br />
The invention will be better understood and other features and
advantages thereof will become apparent from the following description
and the accompanying drawings, given by way of example, and in which:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram partially in bloc diagram form
of a prior art deflection circuit according to the aforementioned
Patent;<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rBZUj_OpFla_t7wc-5EnHyxp_6ytBjLlXzRWondb7ZmRAEQSZuyLV0ZWwa32rfi7lnfMoyiv4z3QV0l8oQ5csehrfZ_qy437pBdPRvxKVUm2ccSeSxO8eLLFq_BfBpT6efmZiO01dfcF/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690263466685074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rBZUj_OpFla_t7wc-5EnHyxp_6ytBjLlXzRWondb7ZmRAEQSZuyLV0ZWwa32rfi7lnfMoyiv4z3QV0l8oQ5csehrfZ_qy437pBdPRvxKVUm2ccSeSxO8eLLFq_BfBpT6efmZiO01dfcF/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG. 2 shows waveforms of currents and voltages generated at various points in the circuit of FIG. 1;<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a deflection circuit according to the
invention which allows the principle of the improvement to be
explained;<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the waveforms of the current through the first switching means 4, 5 of the circuit of FIG. 3;<br />
<br />
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of another embodiment of the circuit according to the invention;<br />
<br />
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the preferred embodiment of the circuit according to the invention; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 7 shows voltage waveforms at various points of the high voltage autotransformer 21 of FIG. 6.<br />
<br />
In all these Figures the same reference numerals refer to the same components.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WbMhBlrh1L-tKBeK7Y_YXuHGMJdeTXnwygLwDHtKnD09m-Z3yq36UXDaEsKPuZ56WoTozOi_5OoXnyiY5zUs3hO47DfTEYj-rV2nsP7lItE8u6DuJn3ydv83qqpCmThHhIu_0KWi0Ag2/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690266897610178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2WbMhBlrh1L-tKBeK7Y_YXuHGMJdeTXnwygLwDHtKnD09m-Z3yq36UXDaEsKPuZ56WoTozOi_5OoXnyiY5zUs3hO47DfTEYj-rV2nsP7lItE8u6DuJn3ydv83qqpCmThHhIu_0KWi0Ag2/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 206px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>FIG.
1 shows the horizontal deflection circuit described and claimed in
the U.S. Pat. No. 3,449,623 mentioned above, which comprises a first
source of electrical energy in the shape of a first capacitor 2 having a
high capacitance C <sub>2 </sub> for supplying a substantially constant voltage Uc <sub>2 </sub>
across its terminals. A first terminal of the first capacitor 2 is
connected to ground, whilst its second terminal which supplies a
positive voltage is connected to one of the terminals of a horizontal
deflection winding shown as a first inductance 1. A first switching
means 3, consisting of a first reverse blocking triode thyristor 4 (SCR)
and a first recovery diode 5 in parallel, the two being
interconnected to conduct current in opposite directions, is connected
in parallel with the series combination formed by the deflection
winding 1 and the first capacitor 2. The assembly of components 1, 2, 4
and 5 forms the final stage of the horizontal deflection circuit in a
television receiver using electromagnetic delfection.<br />
<br />
The deflection circuit also includes a drive stage for this final
stage which here controls the turning off of the first thyristor 4 to
produce the retrace or fly-back portion of the scan during the
line-blanking intervals i.e. while the picture signal is not
transmitted. This driver stage comprises a second voltage source in
the shape of a DC power supply 6 which delivers a constant high
voltage E. The negative terminal of the power supply 6 is connected to
ground and its positive terminal to one of the terminals of a second
inductance 7 of relatively high value, which draws a substantially
lineraly varying current from the power supply 6 to avoid its
overloading. The other terminal of the second inductance 7 is
connected, on the one hand, to the junction of the deflection winding 1
and the first switching means 3 by means of a second inductance 8 and
a second capacitor 9 in series and, on the other hand, to one of the
terminals of a second controllable bi-directionally conducting
switching means 10, similar to the first one 3, including a parallel
combination of a second thyristor 11 and a second recovery diode 12
also arranged to conduct in opposite directions.<br />
<br />
The respective values of the third inductance 8 (L <sub>8 </sub>) and of the second capacitor 9 (C <sub>9 </sub>) are principally selected so that, on the one hand, one half-cycle of oscillation of the first series resonant circuit L <sub>8 </sub> - C <sub>9 </sub>, (i.e. π √ L <sub>8 </sub> <sup>. </sup> C <sub>9 </sub>)
is longer than the turn-off time of the first thyristor 4, but still
is as short as possible since this time interval determines the speed
of the commutation of the thyristor 4, and, on the other hand, one
half-cycle of oscillation of another series resonant circuit formed by L
<sub>1 </sub>, L <sub>8 </sub> and C <sub>9 </sub>, i.e. π √ (L <sub>1 </sub> + L <sub>8 </sub>) <sup>. </sup> C <sub>9 </sub>, is substantially equal to the required retrace time interval (i.e. shorter than the horizontal blanking interval).<br />
<br />
The gate (control electrode) of the second thyristor 11 is coupled to
the output of the horizontal oscillator 13 of the television receiver
by means of a first pulse transformer 14 and a first pulse shaping
circuit 15 so that it is fed short triggering pulses which are to turn
it on.<br />
<br />
The gate of the first thyristor 4 fed with signals of a substantially
rectangular waveform which are negative during the horizontal blanking
intervals, is coupled to a winding 16 by means of a second pulse
shaping circuit 17, the winding 16 being<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrOklaR71hbKupv2IW7MpiPhYfGyDZMRKzPfzZJC6SgBB9lZHF_IrmXFKc6b5qeNeefbt10sbiuhvwveHLSvbfI2O-AGJ2CV9v_q78wCSEzEs70oa2bIfruRVaetqTX1q_0BhJSRocVJ8/s1600/IMGH_01014.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrOklaR71hbKupv2IW7MpiPhYfGyDZMRKzPfzZJC6SgBB9lZHF_IrmXFKc6b5qeNeefbt10sbiuhvwveHLSvbfI2O-AGJ2CV9v_q78wCSEzEs70oa2bIfruRVaetqTX1q_0BhJSRocVJ8/s320/IMGH_01014.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
magnetically coupled to the second inductance 7 to make up the
secondary winding of a transformer of which the inductance 7 forms the
primary winding. It will be noted here that it is also possible to
couple the secondary winding 16 magnetically to a primary winding
connected to a suitable output (not shown) of the horizontal oscillator
13.<br />
<br />
The operation of a circuit of this type will be explained below with
reference to FIG. 2 which shows the waveforms at various points in the
circuit of FIG. 1 during approximately one line period.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rBZUj_OpFla_t7wc-5EnHyxp_6ytBjLlXzRWondb7ZmRAEQSZuyLV0ZWwa32rfi7lnfMoyiv4z3QV0l8oQ5csehrfZ_qy437pBdPRvxKVUm2ccSeSxO8eLLFq_BfBpT6efmZiO01dfcF/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690263466685074" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1rBZUj_OpFla_t7wc-5EnHyxp_6ytBjLlXzRWondb7ZmRAEQSZuyLV0ZWwa32rfi7lnfMoyiv4z3QV0l8oQ5csehrfZ_qy437pBdPRvxKVUm2ccSeSxO8eLLFq_BfBpT6efmZiO01dfcF/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG. 2 is not to scale since one line period (t <sub>7 </sub> - t <sub>0 </sub>)
is equal to 64 microseconds in the case of 625 lines and 49
microseconds in the case of 819 lines, while the durations of the
respective horizontal blanking intervals are approximately 12 and 9.5
microseconds.<br />
<br />
Waveform A shows the form of the current i <sub>L1 </sub> passing through deflection winding 1, this current having a sawtooth waveform substantially linear from t <sub>0 </sub> to t <sub>3 </sub> and from t <sub>5 </sub> to t <sub>7 </sub>, and crossing zero at time instants t <sub>0 </sub> and t <sub>7 </sub>, and reaching values of + I <sub>1m </sub> and - I <sub>1m </sub>, at time instants t <sub>3 </sub> and t <sub>5 </sub> respectively, these being its maximum positive and negative amplitudes.<br />
<br />
During the second half of the trace portion of the horizontal deflection cycle, that is to say from t <sub>0 </sub> to t <sub>3 </sub>,
the thyristor 4 of the first switching means 3 is conductive and
makes the high value capacitor 2 discharge through the deflector
winding 1, which has a high inductance, so that current i <sub>L1 </sub> increases linearly.<br />
<br />
A few microseconds (5 to 8 μ s) before the end of the trace portion, i.e. at time instant t <sub>1 </sub>, the trigger of the second thyristor 11 receives a short voltage pulse V <sub>G11 </sub>
which causes it to turn on as its anode is at this instant at a
positive potential with respect to ground, which is due to the charging
of the second capacitor 9 through inductances 7 and 8 by the voltage E
from the power supply 6.<br />
<br />
When thyristor 11 is made conductive at time t <sub>1 </sub>, on the
one hand, inductance 7 is connected between ground and the voltage
source 6 and a linearly increasing current flows through it and, on
the other hand, the reactive circuit 8, 9 forms a loop through the
second and first switching means 10 and 3, thus forming a resonant
circuit which draws an oscillatory current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 of frequency ##EQU1##<br />
<br />
This oscillatory current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 will pass through the first switching means 3, i.e. thyristor 4 and diode 5, in the opposite direction to that of current i <sub>L1 </sub>. Since the frequency f <sub>1 </sub> is high, current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 will increase more rapidly than i <sub>L1 </sub> and will reach the same level at time t <sub>2 </sub>, that is to say i <sub>8 </sub>,9 (t <sub>2 </sub>) = -i <sub>L1 </sub> (t <sub>2 </sub>)
and these currents will cancel out in the thyristor 4 in accordance
with the well known principle of forced commutation. After time instant
t <sub>2 </sub>, current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 continues to increase more rapidly than i <sub>L1 </sub>, but the difference between them (i <sub>8 </sub>,9 - i <sub>L1 </sub>) passes the diode 5 (see wave form B) until it becomes zero at time instant t <sub>3 </sub> which is the turn off time instant of the first switching means 3, at which the retrace begins.<br />
<br />
The interval between the time instant t <sub>2 </sub> and t <sub>3 </sub>, i.e. (t <sub>3 </sub> -t <sub>2 </sub>),
during which diode 5 is conductive and the thyristor is reverse
biased will be termed in what follows the circuit turn-off time and it
should be greater than the turn-off time of the thyristor 4 itself
since the latter will subsequently become foward biased (i.e. from t <sub>3 </sub> to t <sub>5 </sub>) by the retrace or flyback pulse (see waveform E) which should not trigger it.<br />
<br />
At time instant t <sub>3 </sub>, the switching means 3 is opened (i <sub>4 </sub> and i <sub>5 </sub>
are both zero -- see waveforms B and C) and the reactive circuit 8, 9
forms a loop through capacitor 2 and the deflection coil 1 and thus a
series resonant circuit including (L <sub>1 </sub> + L <sub>8 </sub>) and C <sub>9 </sub>, C <sub>2 </sub> being of high value and representing a short circuit for the flyback frequency ##EQU2## thus obtained.<br />
<br />
The retrace which stated at time t <sub>3 </sub> takes place during one half-cycle of the resonant circuit formed by reactances L <sub>1 </sub>, L <sub>8 </sub> and C <sub>9 </sub>, i.e. during the interval between t <sub>3 </sub> and t <sub>5 </sub>. In the middle of this interval i.e. at time instant t <sub>4 </sub>, both i <sub>L1 </sub> (waveform A) and i <sub>8 </sub>,9 (waveform D) pass through zero and change their sign, whereas the voltage at the terminals of the first switching means 3 (V <sub>3 </sub>, waveform E) passes through a maximum. Thus, from t <sub>4 </sub>
onwards, thyristor 11 will be reverse biased and diode 12 will
conduct the current from the resonant circuit 1, 8 and 9 in order to
turn the second thyristor 11 off.<br />
<br />
At time instant t <sub>5 </sub>, when current i <sub>L1 </sub> has reached - I <sub>1m </sub> and when voltage v <sub>3 </sub> falls to zero, diode 5 of the first switching means 3 becomes conductive and the trace portion of scan begins.<br />
<br />
Current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 nevertheless continues to flow in the
resonant circuit 8, 9 through diodes 5 and 12, which causes a break to
appear in waveform D at t <sub>5 </sub>, and a negative peak to appear in waveform D and a positive one in waveform B in the interval between t <sub>5 </sub> and t <sub>6 </sub>,
these being principally due to the distributed capacities of coil 1
or to an eventual capacitor (not shown) connected in parallel to the
first switching means 3.<br />
<br />
At time instant t <sub>6 </sub>, diode 12 of the second switching
means 10 ceases to conduct after having allowed thyristor 11 time to
become turned off completely.<br />
<br />
The level of current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 at time instant t <sub>5 </sub> (i.e. I <sub>c </sub>) as well as the negative peak I <sub>D12 </sub> in i <sub>8 </sub>,9 and the positive peak I <sub>D5 </sub> in i <sub>5 </sub> depend on the values of L <sub>8 </sub> and C <sub>9 </sub> in the same way as does the turn-off time of the circuit (t <sub>3 </sub> - t <sub>2 </sub>). If, for example, L <sub>8 </sub> and C <sub>9 </sub>, are increased I <sub>D5 </sub> increases towards zero and this could cause diode 5 to be cut off in an undesirable fashion. I <sub>c </sub> also increases towards zero, which is liable to cause diode 12 to be blocked and thyristor 11 to trigger prematurely.<br />
<br />
From the foregoing it can be clearly seen that the choice of values for L <sub>8 </sub> and C <sub>9 </sub>
is subject to four limitations which prevent the values from being
increased to lengthen the turn-off time of the driver circuit of first
switching thyristor 4 so as to forestall its spurious triggering.<br />
<br />
Waveform F shows the voltage v <sub>G4 </sub> obtained at the gate of thyristor 4 from the secondary winding 16 coupled to the inductor 7. This voltage is positive from t <sub>0 </sub> to t <sub>1 </sub> and from t <sub>6 </sub> to t <sub>7 </sub> and is negative between t <sub>2 </sub> and t <sub>6 </sub> i.e. while the second switching means 10 is conducting.<br />
<br />
The present invention makes the lengthening of the turn-off time of
thyristor 4 possible without altering the parameters of the circuit such
as inductance 8 and capacitor 9.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO4VXqlZxFxdGyPqsakTd8tqlzVSC-fxIbWF1yjw6-YD4HwqP4dcawmByJjMAV-rSU6OPHg4HC5AM0E8dAHrHcCc5Y7icqc5p8kO0sNRJQS2K3CJb2EnkDNl7K9efp5umdogMoOOLeezTz/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690269078375458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO4VXqlZxFxdGyPqsakTd8tqlzVSC-fxIbWF1yjw6-YD4HwqP4dcawmByJjMAV-rSU6OPHg4HC5AM0E8dAHrHcCc5Y7icqc5p8kO0sNRJQS2K3CJb2EnkDNl7K9efp5umdogMoOOLeezTz/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>In
the circuit shown in FIG. 3, which illustrates the principle of the
present invention, means are added to the circuit in FIG. 1 which
enable the turn-off time to be lengthened by connecting a load to
diode 5 so as to increase the current which flows through it during
the time that it is conductive. These means are here formed by a
resistor 18 connected in parallel with a capacitor 20 (which replaces
capacitor 2) which is of a higher capacitance so that, in practice, it
holds its charge during at least one half of the line period. FIG. 4,
which shows the waveform of the current in the first switching means 3
for a circuit as shown in FIG. 3, makes it possible to explain how
this lenthening of the turn-off time is achieved.<br />
<br />
In FIG. 4, the broken lines show the waveform of the current in the
first switch device 3 in the circuit of FIG. 1, this waveform being
produced by adding waveforms B and C of FIG. 2. The current i <sub>4 </sub> above the axis flows through thyristor 4 and current i <sub>5 </sub> below the axis flows through diode 5. When the capacitance C <sub>20 </sub> of the capacitor in series with the deflector coil is increased to some tens of microfarads (C <sub>2 </sub>
having been of the order of 1 μ F) and when there is connected in
parallel with capacitor 20 a resistor 18 the value of which is
calculated to draw a strong current I <sub>R18 </sub> from capacitor 20, that is to say a current at least equal to 0,1 I <sub>m </sub> (I <sub>m </sub> being of the order of some tens of amperes), current I <sub>R18 </sub> is added to that i <sub>5 </sub>
which flows through diode 5 without in any way altering the linearity
of the trace portion nor the oscillatory commutation of thyristor 4
which is brought about by the resonant circuit L <sub>8 </sub>, C <sub>9 </sub>.<br />
<br />
The fact of loading capacitor C <sub>20 </sub> by means of a resistor
18 thus has the effect of permanently displacing the waveform of the
current in the negative direction by I <sub>R18 </sub>. Th<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMkCzbmK1KZKJFXK1ORwmr75oSJ_WtjnJdUW_k4CHoekey7PDp7I1MxqGPdtAxUeJuKheuBhYrehkEfyZkpBRMN0s2PloCuazWwTbPRpYa1TcgHRbE9ptsxAJLAOe9-o428hZphFCSJ4PZYLH9EF3Os8BzAlPjO1G2wsONbIJuLZWZYT7Hj1ESsiq7T1x/s1026/IMGH_13484b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMkCzbmK1KZKJFXK1ORwmr75oSJ_WtjnJdUW_k4CHoekey7PDp7I1MxqGPdtAxUeJuKheuBhYrehkEfyZkpBRMN0s2PloCuazWwTbPRpYa1TcgHRbE9ptsxAJLAOe9-o428hZphFCSJ4PZYLH9EF3Os8BzAlPjO1G2wsONbIJuLZWZYT7Hj1ESsiq7T1x/s320/IMGH_13484b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnrOklaR71hbKupv2IW7MpiPhYfGyDZMRKzPfzZJC6SgBB9lZHF_IrmXFKc6b5qeNeefbt10sbiuhvwveHLSvbfI2O-AGJ2CV9v_q78wCSEzEs70oa2bIfruRVaetqTX1q_0BhJSRocVJ8/s1600/IMGH_01014.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
us, during the trace portion of the scan, the transfer of the current from the diode 5 to the thyristor 4 begins at time t <sub>10 </sub> instead of t <sub>0 </sub>, that is to say with a delay proportional to I <sub>R18 </sub>.
The effect of the triggering pulse delivered by the horizontal
oscillator (13 FIG. 1) to the second thyristor 11 at time instant t <sub>1 </sub>, will be to start the commutation process of the first thyristor 4 when the current it draws is less by I <sub>R18 </sub> than that i <sub>4 </sub> (t <sub>1 </sub>)
which it would have been drawing had there been no resistor 18.
Because of this, the turn-off time of the thyristor 4 proper, which as
has been mentioned increases with the maximum current level passing
throught it, is slightly reduced. Moreover, because the oscillatory
current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 (FIG. 2) from circuit L <sub>8 </sub>, C <sub>9 </sub> which flows through thyristor 4 in the opposite direction is unchanged, it reaches a value equal to that of the current i <sub>L1 </sub> (FIG. 1) flowing in the coil 1 in a shorter time, that is to say at time t <sub>12 </sub>. Diode 5 will thus take the oscillatory current i <sub>8 </sub>,9 (FIG. 2) over in advance with respect ro time instant t <sub>2 </sub> and will conduct it until it reaches zero value at a time instant t <sub>13 </sub> later than t <sub>3 </sub>, the amounts of advance (t <sub>2 </sub> - t <sub>12 </sub>) and delay (t <sub>13 </sub> - t <sub>3 </sub>) being practically equal.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO4VXqlZxFxdGyPqsakTd8tqlzVSC-fxIbWF1yjw6-YD4HwqP4dcawmByJjMAV-rSU6OPHg4HC5AM0E8dAHrHcCc5Y7icqc5p8kO0sNRJQS2K3CJb2EnkDNl7K9efp5umdogMoOOLeezTz/s1600/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5639690269078375458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO4VXqlZxFxdGyPqsakTd8tqlzVSC-fxIbWF1yjw6-YD4HwqP4dcawmByJjMAV-rSU6OPHg4HC5AM0E8dAHrHcCc5Y7icqc5p8kO0sNRJQS2K3CJb2EnkDNl7K9efp5umdogMoOOLeezTz/s320/THYRISTOR_DEFL_DRW-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>It can thus be seen in FIG. 4 that the circuit turn-off time T <sub>R </sub> of a circuit according to the invention and illustrated by FIG. 3 is distinctly longer than that T <sub>r </sub> of the circuit in FIG. 1. This increase in the turn-off time (T <sub>R </sub> - T <sub>r </sub>) depends on the current I <sub>R18 </sub> and increases therewith.<br />
<br />
It should be noted at this point that the current I <sub>R18 </sub>
produces a voltage drop at the terminals of the resistor the only
effect of which is to heat up the resistor since the level of this
voltage (40 to 60 volts) does not necessarily have a suitable value to
be used as a voltage supply for other circuits in an existing
transistorised television receiver.<br />
<br />
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, illustrated in
FIG. 5, an application is proposed for the additional current which is
to be drawn through diode 5. In FIG. 5, the positive terminal of
capacitor 20 is connected by a conductor 19 to the negative pole of
the power supply 6 and the voltage at the terminals of capacitor 20 is
thus added to that E from the source 6.<br />
<br />
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, which is shown
in FIG. 6, it is possible to cause a supplementary current of a
desired value to flow through the first diode 5 while obtaining a
voltage which has a suitable value for use in another circuit in the
television receiver.<br />
<br />
If the voltage at the terminals of capacitor 20 in FIG. 3 is not a
usable value, it is possible to connect in parallel with the series
circuit comprising the deflector coil 1 and the capacitor 2 in FIG. 1,
i.e. in parallel with the terminals of the first switching means 3, a
series combination of an autotransformer 21 and a high value
capacitor 22 (comparable with capacitor 20 in FIGS. 3 and 5). The
autotransformer 21 has a tap 23 is suitably positioned between<br />
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the terminal connected to capacitor 22 at the tap 24 connected to the
first switching means 3. This autotransformer 21 may be formed by the
one conventionally used for supplying a very high voltage to the cathode
ray tube, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,452,244; such a
transformer comprises a voltage step-up winding between taps 24 and
25, which latter is connected to a high voltage rectifier (not shown).<br />
<br />
The waveform of the voltage at the various points in the
autotransformer is shown in FIG. 7, in which waveform A shows the
voltage at the terminals of capacitor 22, waveform B the voltage at
tap 24 and waveform C the voltage at tap 23 of the autotransformer 21.<br />
<br />
The voltage V <sub>c22 </sub> at the terminals of capacitor 22 varies slightly about a mean value V <sub>cm </sub>. It is increasing while diode 5 is conducting and decreasing during the conduction of the thyristor 4.<br />
<br />
The voltage v <sub>24 </sub> at tap 24 follows substantially the same
curve as waveform E in FIG. 2, that is to say that during the retrace
time interval from t <sub>13 </sub> to t <sub>5 </sub> to a positive
pulse called the flyback pulse is produced and, during the time
interval while the first switching means 3 is conducting, the voltage
is zero. The mean valve of the voltage v <sub>24 </sub> at tap 24 of the auto-transformer 21 is equal to the mean value V <sub>cm </sub> of the voltage at the terminals of capacitors 2 and 22.<br />
<br />
Thus, there is obtained at tap 23 a waveform which is made up, during
the retrace portion, of a positive pulse whose maximum amplitude is
less than that of v <sub>24 </sub> at tap 24 and, during the trace
portion, of a substantially constant positive voltage, the level V of
which is less than the mean value V <sub>cm </sub> of the voltage v <sub>c22 </sub>
at the terminals of capacitor 22. By moving tap 23 towards terminals
24 the amplitude of the pulse during fly-back increases while voltage V
falls and conversely by moving tap 23 towards capacitor 22 voltage V
increases and the amplitude of the pulse drops.<br />
<br />
In more exact terms, the voltage V at tap 23 is such that the means value of v <sub>23 </sub> is equal to V <sub>cm </sub>.
It has thus been shown that by choosing carefully the position of
tape 23, a voltage V may be obtained during the trace portion of the
scan, which may be of any value between V <sub>cm </sub> and zero.<br />
<br />
This voltage V is thus obtained by periodically controlled
rectification during the trace portion of the scan. For this purpose
an electronic switch is used to periodically connect the tap 23 of
trnasformer winding 21 to a load. This switch is made up of a power
transistor 26 whose collector is connected to tap 23 and the emitter
to a parallel combination formed by a high value filtering capacitor
27 and the load which it is desired to supply, which is represented by
a resistor 28. The base of the transistor 26 receives a control
voltage to block it during retrace and to unblock it during the whole
or part of the trace period. A control voltage of this type may be
obtained from a second winding 29 magnetically coupled to the
inductance 7 of the deflection circuit and it may be transmitted to
the base of transistor 26 by means of a coupling capacitor 30 and a
resistor 31 connected between the base and the emitter of transistor
26.<br />
<br />
It may easily be seen that the DC collector/emitter current in
transistor 26 flows through the first diode 5 of the first switching
means 3 via a resistor 28 and the part of the winding of
auto-transformer 21 located between taps 23 and 24.<br />
<br />
Experience has shown that a circuit as shown in FIG. 6 can supply 24
volts with a current of 2 amperes to the vertical deflection circuit
of the same television set, the voltage at the terminals of capacitor
22 being from 50 to 60 volts.<br />
<br />
It should be mentioned that, when the circuit which forms the load of
the controlled rectifier 26, 27 does not draw enough current to
sufficiently lengthen the circuit turn-off time T <sub>R </sub>, an
additional resistor (not shown) may be connected between the emitter
of transistor 26 and ground or in parallel to capacitor 22, which
resistor will draw the additional current required.</div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> <b><span style="font-size: 100%;">GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) Gating circuit for television SCR deflection system</span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">AND
REGULATION / stabilization of horizontal deflection NETWORK CIRCUIT
with Transductor reactor / Reverse thyristor energy recovery circuit.<br /></span></b>In
a television deflection system employing a first SCR for coupling a
deflection winding across a source of energy during a trace interval of
each deflection cycle and a second SCR for replenishing energy to the
source of energy during a commutation i<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1FXYm2Fwhumpr9OHkZ_6GQDJ-zM35ObAL5azOL9EXSgOD8YlLjDwMH3pLzc3YHUqEg9OUoL2i9GuH4VAd-Kxt4L4pVUohAnUw3b3ll5zXlAW-X3YDBGAAOK2_D7IEq4Ii7CGhESngmSk/s1600/img_1888.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540633823581899906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1FXYm2Fwhumpr9OHkZ_6GQDJ-zM35ObAL5azOL9EXSgOD8YlLjDwMH3pLzc3YHUqEg9OUoL2i9GuH4VAd-Kxt4L4pVUohAnUw3b3ll5zXlAW-X3YDBGAAOK2_D7IEq4Ii7CGhESngmSk/s320/img_1888.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>nterval
of each deflection cycle, a gating circuit for triggering the first
SCR. The gating circuit employs a voltage divider coupled in parallel
with the second SCR which develops gating signals proportional to the
voltage across the second SCR.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024840987775826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
1.
In a television deflection system in which a first switching means
couples a deflection winding across a source of energy during a trace
interval of each deflection cycle and a second switching means
replenishes energy to said source of energy during a commutation
interval of each deflection cycle, a gating circuit for said first
switching means, comprising: <br />
capacitive voltage divider means
coupled in parallel with said second switching means for developing
gating signals proportional to the voltage across said second switching
means; and <br />
means for coupling said voltage divider means to said
first switching means to provide for conduction of said first switching
means in response to said gating signals.<br />
2. A gating circuit
according to claim 1 wherein said voltage divider includes first and
second capacitors coupled in series and providing said gating signals at
the common terminal of said capacitors. 3. A gating circuit according
to claim 2 wherein said first and second capacitors are proportional in
value to provide for the desired magnitude of gating signals. 4. A
gating circuit according to claim 3 wherein said means for coupling said
voltage divider means to said first switching means includes an
inductor. 5. A gating circuit according to claim 4 wherein said inductor
and said first and second capacitors comprise a resonant circuit having
a resonant frequency chosen to shape said gating signal to improve
switching of said first switching means. <br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024840987775826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>This
invention relates to a gating circuit for controlling a switching
device employed in a deflection circuit of a television receiver. <br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuExQ4RT7CZADcwx4QXJBhIY7fgisPmLxGgsm_p8Ry1AEi3krOHdp-VIwxzqwBvxWqyZDZLc_s_O6mi5qN1WJ8W5sDAqSr_mxlGYLo4mJ81fzkbx7FoZdQwhtrhalUJJWmGjNsmMZs1gOj/s1600/IMG_7440.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>Various
deflection system designs have been utilized in television receivers.
One design employing two bidirectional conducting switches and utilizing
SCR's (thyristors) as part of the switches is disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,452,244. In this type deflection system, a first SCR is employed
for coupling a deflection winding across a source of energy during a
trace interval of each deflection cycle, and a second SCR is employed
for replenishing energy during a commutation interval of each deflection
cycle. The first SCR is commonly provided with gating voltage by means
of a separate winding or tap of an input reactor coupling a source of B+
to the second SCR.<br />
<br />
Various
regulator system designs have been utilized in conjunction with the
afore described deflection system to provide for uniform high voltage
production as well as uniform picture width with varying line voltage
and kinescope beam current conditions. <br />
One type regulator system
design alters the amount of energy stored in a commutating capacitor
coupled between the first and second SCR's during the commutating
interval. A regulator design of this type may employ a regulating SCR
and diode for coupling the input reactor to the source of B+. With this
type regulator a notch, the width of which depends upon the regulation
requirements, is created in the current supplied thr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlY6eVtK7Esg65dZknnTCvwMUwKJaZHtz1jb9Rt3yafDTidqnz3dk1IjnGXXMiSKwbMFZPt5zZns4KsGacT1pcFDAp6AO2N9yMEs1pfIGtC2f4sbGoyOfPZKNI3lF2r6PFE5ZbupVzTg/s1600/img_1886.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540633898509653906" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlY6eVtK7Esg65dZknnTCvwMUwKJaZHtz1jb9Rt3yafDTidqnz3dk1IjnGXXMiSKwbMFZPt5zZns4KsGacT1pcFDAp6AO2N9yMEs1pfIGtC2f4sbGoyOfPZKNI3lF2r6PFE5ZbupVzTg/s320/img_1886.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>ough
the reactor and which notch shows up in the voltage waveform developed
on the separate winding or tap of the input reactor which provides the
gating voltage for the first SCR. The presence of the notch, even though
de-emphasized by a waveshaping circuit coupling the gating voltage to
the first SCR, causes erratic control of the first SCR. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <br />
In
accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a gating circuit of a
television deflection system employing a first switching means for
coupling a deflection winding across a source of energy during a trace
interval of each deflection cycle and a second switching means for
replenishing energy to said source of energy during a commutation
interval of each deflection cycle includes a voltage divider means
coupled in parallel with the second switching means for developing
gating signals proportional to the voltage across the second switching
means. The voltage divider means are coupled to the first switching
means to provide for conduction of the first switching means in response
to the gating signals. <br />
A more detailed description of a
preferred embodiment of the invention is given in the following
description and accompanying drawing of which: <br />
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, partially in block form, of a prior art SCR deflection system; <br />
FIG.
2 is a schematic diagram, partially in block form, of an SCR deflection
system of the type shown in FIG. 1 including a gating circuit embodying
the invention; <br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram, partially in block
form, of one type of a regulator system which employs an SCR as a
control device and which is suitable for use with the SCR deflection
system of FIG.2; <br />
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram, partially in
block form, of another type of a regulator system suitable for use with
the deflection circuit of FIG. 2; and <br />
FIG. 5 is a schematic
diagram, partially in block form, of still another type of a regulator
system suitable for use with the SCR deflection system of FIG. 2. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024840987775826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
1 is a schematic diagram, partially in block form, of a prior art
deflection system of the retrace driven type similar to that disclosed
in U.S. Pat. No. 3,452,244. This system includes a commutating switch
12, comprising a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) 14 and an oppositely
poled damper diode 16. The commutating switch 12 is coupled between a
winding 18a of an input choke 18 and ground. The other terminal of
winding 18a is coupled to a source of direct current voltage (B+) by
means of a regulator network 20 which controls the energy stored in the
deflection circuit 10 when the commutating switch is off, during an
interval T3 to T0' as shown in curve 21 which is a plot of the voltage
level at the anode of SCR 14 during the deflection cycle. A damping
network comprising a series combination of a resistor 22 and a capacitor
23 is coupled in parallel with commutating switch 12 and serves to
reduce any ringing effects produced by the switching of commutating
switch 12. Commutating switch 12 is coupled through a commutating coil
24, a commutating capacitor 25 and a trace switch 26 to ground. Trace
switch 26 comprises an SCR 28 and an oppositely poled damper diode 30.
An auxiliary capacitor 32 is coupled between the junction of coil 24 and
capacitor 25 and ground. A series combination of a horizontal
deflection winding 34 and an S-shaping capacitor 36 are coupled in
parallel with trace switch 26. Also, a series combination of a primary
winding 38a of a horizontal output transformer 38 and a DC blocking
capacitor 40 are coupled in parallel with trace switch 26. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuExQ4RT7CZADcwx4QXJBhIY7fgisPmLxGgsm_p8Ry1AEi3krOHdp-VIwxzqwBvxWqyZDZLc_s_O6mi5qN1WJ8W5sDAqSr_mxlGYLo4mJ81fzkbx7FoZdQwhtrhalUJJWmGjNsmMZs1gOj/s1600/IMG_7440.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640044652208798914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuExQ4RT7CZADcwx4QXJBhIY7fgisPmLxGgsm_p8Ry1AEi3krOHdp-VIwxzqwBvxWqyZDZLc_s_O6mi5qN1WJ8W5sDAqSr_mxlGYLo4mJ81fzkbx7FoZdQwhtrhalUJJWmGjNsmMZs1gOj/s320/IMG_7440.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>A
secondary of high voltage winding 38b of transformer 38 produces
relatively large amplitude flyback pulses during the retrace interval of
each deflection cycle. This interval exists between T1 and T2 of curve
41 which is a plot of the current through windings 34 and 38a during the
deflection cycle. These flyback pulses are applied to a high voltage
multiplier (not shown) or other suitable means for producing direct
current high voltage for use as the ultor voltage of a kinescope (not
shown). <br />
An auxiliary winding 38c of transformer 38 is coupled to a
high voltage sensing and control circuit 42 which transforms the level
of flyback pulses into a pulse width modulated signal. The control
circuit 42 is coupled to the regulator network 20. <br />
A horizontal
oscillator 44 is coupled to the gate electrode of commutating SCR 14 and
produces a pulse during each deflection cycle slightly before the end
of the trace interval at T0 of curve 21 to turn on SCR 14 to initiate
the commutating interval. The commutating interval occurs between T0 and
T3 of curve 21. A resonant waveshaping network 46 comprising a series
combination of a capacitor 48 and an inductor 50 coupled between a
winding 18b of input choke 18 and the gate electrode of trace SCR 28 and
a damping resistor 52 coupled between the junction of capacitor 48 and
inductor 50 and ground shapes the signal developed at winding 18b (i.e.
voltage waveform 53) to form a gating signal voltage waveform 55 to
enable SCR 28 for conduction during the second half of the trace
interval occurring between T2 and T1' of curve 41. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yvde5OsaIjhC6xklbYCEBTVzZ9iwg2q3H_0L_Y4pmZ5_deGaTs5BuWvYL9u-_qsENyiBcKKd_zTnZeZbpEfpDnbS7ah_CvI71k1AMfq3RjWBJQz3-kVxxlWQlYjwjcQYASTbm_tbkY4T/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024837747084498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yvde5OsaIjhC6xklbYCEBTVzZ9iwg2q3H_0L_Y4pmZ5_deGaTs5BuWvYL9u-_qsENyiBcKKd_zTnZeZbpEfpDnbS7ah_CvI71k1AMfq3RjWBJQz3-kVxxlWQlYjwjcQYASTbm_tbkY4T/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>The
regulator network 20, when of a type to be described in conjunction
with FIG. 3, operates in such a manner that current through winding 18a
of input choke 18 during an interval between T4 and T5 (region A) of
curves 21, 53 and 55 is interrupted for a period of time the duration of
which is determined by the signal produced by the high voltage sensing
and control circuit 42. During the interruption of current through
winding 18a a zero voltage level is developed by winding 18b as shown in
interval T4 to T5 of curve 53. The resonant waveshaping circuit 46
produces the shaped waveform 55 which undesirably retains a slump in
region A corresponding to the notch A of waveform 53. The slump in
waveform 55 applied to SCR 28 occurs in a region where the anode of SCR
28 becomes positive and where SCR 28 must be switched on to maintain a
uniform production of the current waveshape in the horizontal deflection
winding 34 as shown in curve 41. The less positive amplitude current
occurring at region A of waveform 55 may result in insufficient gating
current for SCR 28 and may cause erratic performance resulting in an
unsatisfactory raster. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024840987775826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY8rmf-Il3zT_hwbXxVPhiWdLMWSRrn984txOej1gt9lUTtpTAudIHfLtFkx_30jxbjKEtwJt5Ii6XE5hrSZp6CUGGLWSn_VLqO4f9LfVHT6Hs4cv3iJZEGRsFjR0rumf0wIclsIqnGwjQ/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
2 is a schematic diagram, partially in block form, of a deflection
system 60 embodying the invention. Those elements which perform the same
function in FIG. 2 as in FIG. 1 are labeled with the same reference
numerals. FIG. 2 differs from FIG. 1 essentially in that the signal to
enable SCR 28 derived from sampling a portion of the voltage across
commutating switch 12 rather than a voltage developed by winding 18b
which is a function of the voltage across winding 18a of input choke 18
as in FIG. 1. This change eliminates the slump in the enabling signal
during the interval T4 to T5 as shown in curve 64 since the voltage
across the commutating switch 12 is not adversely effected by the
regulator network 20 operation. <br />
A series combination of resistor
22, capacitor 23 and a capacitor 62 is coupled in parallel with
commutating switch 12, one terminal of capacitor 62 being coupled to
ground. The junction of capacitors 23 and 62 is coupled to the gate
electrode of SCR 28 by means of the inductor 50. The resistor 52 is
coupled in parallel with capacitor 62. <br />
Capacitors 23 and 62 form a
capacitance voltage divider which provides a suitable portion of the
voltage across commutating switch 12 for gating SCR 28 via inductor 50.
The magnitude of the voltage at the junction of capacitors 23 and 62 is
typically 25 to 35 volts. It can, therefore, be seen that the ratio of
values of capacitors 23 and 62 will vary depending on the B+ voltage
utilized to energize the deflection system. Capacitors 23 and 62 and
inductor 50 form a resonant circuit tuned in a manner which provides for
peaking of the curve 64 between T4 and T5. This peaking effect further
enhances gating of SCR 28 between T4 and T5. <br />
Since the waveshape
of the voltage across commutating switch 12 (curve 21) is relatively
independent of the type of regulator system employed in conjunction with
the deflection system, the curve 64 also is independent of the type of
regulator system. <br />
When commutating switch 12 switches off during
the interval T3 to T0' curve 21, the voltage across capacitor 62
increases and the voltage at the gate electrode of SCR 28 increases as
shown in curve 64. As will be noted, no slump of curve 64 occurs between
T3 and T5 because there is no interruption of the voltage across
commutating switch 12.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUTKQ31CgeRWtVRNYDM1-scHoJSZSpwsw3kklBLKx57kp1gu415Pa1re8gadf-PAc-ThdZLWWcnMfxlVRJ3fY4BgtrmGrTe9_2-COJ5TV_oMnyX4N-oejRfYGYKpM5IP7Q8DxDwnG0wW8/s1600/IMG_6667.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip_RmhuiwxmGpOOHrzgfgEixERtxnv1_GBQ_vC6uDk1Wip3CkJCIRuL-bH14inVXz7Y2D_TbXzKJ02b1CvFPzwmG3MQKVeYMXoLL6HQiYp-jhw9eBEdTH1jaJ63tAocXYLt7mXWF6A9Ho/s1600/IMG_6652.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yvde5OsaIjhC6xklbYCEBTVzZ9iwg2q3H_0L_Y4pmZ5_deGaTs5BuWvYL9u-_qsENyiBcKKd_zTnZeZbpEfpDnbS7ah_CvI71k1AMfq3RjWBJQz3-kVxxlWQlYjwjcQYASTbm_tbkY4T/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024837747084498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yvde5OsaIjhC6xklbYCEBTVzZ9iwg2q3H_0L_Y4pmZ5_deGaTs5BuWvYL9u-_qsENyiBcKKd_zTnZeZbpEfpDnbS7ah_CvI71k1AMfq3RjWBJQz3-kVxxlWQlYjwjcQYASTbm_tbkY4T/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
3 is a schematic diagram, partially in block form, of one type of a
regulator system which may be used in conjunction with the invention. B+
is supplied through a regulator network 20 which comprises an SCR 66
and an oppositely poled diode 68. The diode is poled to provide for
conduction of current from B+ to the horizontal deflection circuit 60
via winding 18a of input choke 18. Current flows through the diode
during the period T3 to T4 of curve 21 FIG. 1 after which current tries
to flow through the SCR 66 from the horizontal deflection circuit to B+
since the commutating capacitor 25 is charged to a voltage higher than
B+. <br />
The horizontal deflection circuit 60 produces a flyback pulse
in winding 38a of the flyback transformer 38 which is coupled to
winding 38c. The magnitude of the pulse on winding 38c determines how
long the signal required to switch SCR 66 on is delayed after T4 curve
21 FIG. 1. If the flyback pulse is greater than desirable, the SCR 66
turns on sooner than if the flyback pulse is less than desirable and
provides a discharge path for current in commutating capacitor 25 back
to the B+ supply. In this manner a relatively constant amplitude flyback
pulse is maintained. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yvde5OsaIjhC6xklbYCEBTVzZ9iwg2q3H_0L_Y4pmZ5_deGaTs5BuWvYL9u-_qsENyiBcKKd_zTnZeZbpEfpDnbS7ah_CvI71k1AMfq3RjWBJQz3-kVxxlWQlYjwjcQYASTbm_tbkY4T/s1600/THYRISTOR-GATING-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5643024837747084498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yvde5OsaIjhC6xklbYCEBTVzZ9iwg2q3H_0L_Y4pmZ5_deGaTs5BuWvYL9u-_qsENyiBcKKd_zTnZeZbpEfpDnbS7ah_CvI71k1AMfq3RjWBJQz3-kVxxlWQlYjwjcQYASTbm_tbkY4T/s320/THYRISTOR-GATING-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
4 is a schematic diagram, partially in block form, of another
well-known type of a regulator system which may be used in conjunction
with the invention shown in FIG. 2. B+ is coupled through winding 18a of
input choke 18 and through a series combination of windings 70a and 70b
of a saturable reactor 70 and a parallel combination of a diode 72 and a
resistor 74 to the horizontal deflection circuit 60. Diode 72 is poled
to conduct current from the horizontal deflection circuit 60 to B+. <br />
Flyback
pulse variations are obtained from winding 38c of the horizontal output
transformer 38 and applied to a voltage divider comprising resistors
76, 78 and 80 of the high voltage sensing and control circuit 42. A
portion of the pulse produced by winding 38c is selected by the position
of the wiper terminal on potentiometer 78 and coupled to the base
electrode of a transistor 82 by means of a zener diode 84. The emitter
electrode of transistor 82 is grounded and a DC stabilization resistor
85 is coupled in parallel with the base-emitter junction of transistor
82. When the pulse magnitude on winding 38c exceeds a level which
results in forward biasing the base-emitter junction of transistor 82,
current flows from B+ through a resistor 86, a winding 70c of saturable
reactor 70 and transistor 82 to ground. Due to the exponential increase
of current in winding 70c during the period of conduction of transistor
82, the duration of conduction of transistor 82 determines the magnitude
of current flowing in winding 70c and thus the total inductance of
windings 70a and 70b. The current in winding 70c is sustained during the
remaining deflection period by means of a diode 88 coupled in parallel
with winding 70c and poled not to conduct current from B+ to the
collector electrode of transistor 82. A capacitor 90 coupled to the
cathode of diode 88 provides a bypass for B+. Windings 70a and 70b are
in parallel with input reactor 18a and thereby affect the total input
inductance of the deflection circuit and thereby controls the transfer
of energy to the deflection circuit. The dotted waveforms shown in
conjunction with a curve 21' indicate variations from a nominal waveform
provided at the input of horizontal deflection circuit 60 by the
windings 70a and 70b.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGT9hv0ubjl4YmJTDFyMf7pqd0UgggyDTm1HuApEBSWNpEuAaZ0RmBQVMGWLpnghdv3LD9TB15liIzp4f-X25_JHzW8kbBvBleYSeEfJsafzNSpVDRkfM_xAAi1Vh-ywkCIM9CYXmOh51/s1600/IMG_7441.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640044657457769698" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGT9hv0ubjl4YmJTDFyMf7pqd0UgggyDTm1HuApEBSWNpEuAaZ0RmBQVMGWLpnghdv3LD9TB15liIzp4f-X25_JHzW8kbBvBleYSeEfJsafzNSpVDRkfM_xAAi1Vh-ywkCIM9CYXmOh51/s320/IMG_7441.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig_Vx8xRxJ3FMlc8lpP3xtfD9_1idNvlqIfvhTa70Ny231dZMgYd0ILWfyuN8LmzthIQ9lrd9akvSGy5i_tc4kZIIaUmBnWfpWTOcKGJCpouVr9LktkCSUhyCnyF2bwwcCUJr-D9PDfbTK/s1600/IMG_7443.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5640044664388447394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig_Vx8xRxJ3FMlc8lpP3xtfD9_1idNvlqIfvhTa70Ny231dZMgYd0ILWfyuN8LmzthIQ9lrd9akvSGy5i_tc4kZIIaUmBnWfpWTOcKGJCpouVr9LktkCSUhyCnyF2bwwcCUJr-D9PDfbTK/s320/IMG_7443.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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FIG.
5 is a schematic diagram of yet another type of a regulator system
which may be used in conjunction with the invention. B+ is coupled
through a winding 92a and a winding 92b of a saturable reactor to the
horizontal deflection circuit 60. Windings 92a and 92b are used to
replace the input choke 18 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 while also providing
for a regulating function corresponding to that provided by regulating
network 20.<br />
Flyback pulse variations are obtained from winding
38c and applied to the high voltage sensing and control circuit 42 as
in FIG. 4. Current flows from B+ through resistor 86, a winding 92c and
transistor 82 to ground. As in FIG. 4 the duration of the conduction of
transistor 82 determines the energy stored in winding 92c and thus the
total inductance of windings 92a and 92b which control the amount of
energy transferred to the deflection circuit during each horizontal
deflection cycle. The variations in waveforms of curve 21', shown in
conjunction with FIG. 4, are also provided at the input of horizontal
deflection circuit 60 by windings 92a and 92b. <br />
For various
reasons including cost or performance, a manufacturer may wish to
utilize a particular one of the regulators illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4 and
5. Regardless of the choice, the gating circuit according to the
invention may be utilized therewith advantageously by providing improved
performance and the possibility of cost savings by eliminating taps or
extra windings on the wound components which heretofore normally
provided a source of SCR gating waveforms. </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) E/W CORRECTION CIRCUIT WITH SATURABLE REACTOR FOR CORRECTING RASTER
DISTORTION:</b></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
Saturable reactor apparatus in which primary and secondary windings,
respectively coupled to horizontal and vertical deflection current
sources, are wound on the shaft of a ferrite core at the opposite ends
of which are permanent magnets. Flux generated in the core is
controlled either by adjustment of the permanent magnets or by the use
of a further permanent magnet.</div>
<br />
<br />
1. Saturable reactor apparatus comprising a ferrite core including a
central part and a shaft extending in opposite directions therefrom and
flanges on the shaft defining spaces on opposite sides of the central
part, primary and secondary windings on the shaft in each of said
spaces and in close coupling relationship, the secondary windings
being oppositely wound, permanent magnets at opposite ends of the
shaft to generate flux in said core, and means to control the thusly
generated flux. 2. Apparatus as
claimed in claim 1 wherein said means includes means to vary the
position of the permanent magnets relative to said shaft.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein
said means includes a further permanent magnet adjacent the core and
rotatable about an axis perpendicular to said shaft.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein said
magnets are of plate-form. 5.
Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 comprising horizontal and vertical
deflection deflection television-receiver circuits generating
horizontal and vertical deflection currents, and means for respectively
coupling the currents to said primary and secondary windings.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3
wherein said further magnet is of circular form and has peripheral
magnetic poles therein. 7.
Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the latter said means includes
threaded rods. <br />
<br />
A saturable reactor comprised of a cross-shaped core having a yoke on
the center portion thereof and protrusions at right angles to the yoke
and two coils wound on the yoke. Each coil of the said two coils is
divided into two coil parts which are wound on the right and left yoke
arms. The first pair of the said two coils is constituted so as to be
identical as to the direction of the magnetic generation as is the pair
of coils wound on the right and left yoke arms. The second pair of
coils is constituted so as to be opposite to each other as to the
direction of magnetic flux generation as is the pair of coils wound on
the right and left yoke arms.<br />
<br />
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1. A saturable reactor for correcting raster distortion comprised of a
cross-shaped magnetic core consisting essentially of a central yoke
portion and a divider portion in the form of a protrusion intersecting
the central portion at a right angle and extending to the opposite side
thereof, thereby dividing the central yoke portion into separate arm
portions and forming a magnetic core which is cross-shaped when viewed
in cross-section, and two coils wound on the yoke portion, each of
said coils being subdivided into two parts and the thus divided coils
being wound on the respective arm portions formed on both sides of the
protrusion, the first coil being so constituted that the magnetic
fluxes generated in the two divided coil parts assume the same
direction when an electric current is caused to flow therethrough,
while the said second coil is so constituted that the magnetic fluxes
will be generated in opposite directions in the two divided coil parts
when an electric current is caused to flow therethrough, and wherein
the core is so structured that the cross-sectional dimensions are
identical along its entire length, with
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2. A saturable reactor for correcting raster distortion according to
claim 1, wherein at least one end of the protrusion is extended in a
direction 3. A saturable reactor
for correcting raster distortion according to claim 1, wherein the
protrusion consists of two oppositely positioned
4. A saturable reactor for correcting raster distortion
according to claim 1, wherein the protrusion consists of a continuous
disc surrounding the 5. A
saturable reactor for correcting raster distortion according to claim
1, wherein a cylindrical core is mounted on the cross-shaped core with
the inside wall of the cylindrical core in slidable contact with said
divider 6. A saturable reactor
for correcting raster distortion according to claim 2, wherein the
protrusion is extended by attaching thereto core strips in
7. A saturable reactor for correcting raster
distortion according to claim 1, wherein a U-shaped permanent magnet
having magnetic poles at both ends is mounted on the cross-shaped core
so that the said magnetic poles contact the right and left arm
portions of the yoke respectively, and
8. A saturable reactor for correcting raster distortion
according to claim 1, wherein permanent magnets for bias are mounted
on both ends of the 9. A
saturable reactor for correcting raster distortion according to claim
1, wherein a cavity is provided in the center of the yoke in the axial
direction thereof and a permanent bar magnet magnetized in the axial
10. A saturable reactor for
correcting raster distortion according to claim 9, wherein core strips
are placed on both ends of the yoke.
</div>
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
The present invention relates to a reactor for controlling or
modifying "pincushion" type distortion in cathode ray tube displays.
It is particularly well suited for use in conjunction with color
display tubes.<br />
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Pincushion type distortion of cathode ray tube displays has long been
recognized. In black-and-white displays, this type of distortion is
corrected to a considerable extent through the use of permanent
magnets, which are so shaped and fixed in positions relative to the
cathode as to produce an appropriate magnetic biasing effect on the
cathode ray beam. In the case of color display tubes, which are based
on the use of shadow mask or similar principles, however, fixed
correcting magnets cannot be used.<br />
<br />
One approach, which has been adopted in connection with the correction
of pincushion distortion in color displays involves modulation or
variation of one of the sweep currents in such a manner as to produce
the desired results.<br />
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In the arrangement for correction of raster distortion occurring in
the vertical direction (e.g., top and bottom pincushion distortion),
the cyclically varying vertical scanning current must be modulated at a
higher horizontal rate, such as by adding a horizontal rate
correction current alternated parabolically to the vertical deflection
current.<br />
<br />
In the arrangement for the correction of raster distortion occurring
in the horizontal direction (e.g., side pincushion distortion), the
cyclically varying horizontal scanning must be varied at a lower
vertical rate, since the magnitude of a horizontal scanning must be
varied at a lower vertical rate, since the magnitude of a horizontal
scanning current is parabolical.<br />
<br />
It has further been suggested in the prior art that this modulation be
accomplished electromagnetically using a combination of magnetic and
electrical circuitry which works on the principle of magnetic
saturability.<br />
<br />
In general, nominal correction can be produced by this means. There
are many kinds of saturable reactor device and circuit connections for
correcting pincushion distortion such as those described in U.S.
Pats. No. 2,906,919, No. 3,346,765, and No. 3,444,422.<br />
<br />
The existing reactor, as seen in the aforementioned U.S. patents, is
composed of a core that mutually couples the two ends of three
parallel yokes, a coil is shunt-wound on the two yokes on both sides
of the said core in opposite winding direction and is connected in
series, and another coil is wound on the center of the said core.
Since the vertical deflection current has been applied to one of the
above-mentioned coils and the horizontal deflection current has been
applied to the other coil, the device has disadvantages as described
herein.<br />
<br />
In the manufacture of a reactor, coils are fitted to respective yokes
of an E-shaped core, and I-shaped cores are coupled on the free ends
of the yokes of the E-shaped core in order to magnetically couple the
yokes. Using this process, the manufacturing process has been
time-consuming, making it unsuited to mass-production. Magnetic flux
leakage has been small, since the yokes formed a closed magnetic path.
However, since current magnetic flux density in the closed magnetic
path varied markedly depending on the infinitesimal differences in the
gaps in the magnetic path, the characteristics of individual products
lost uniformity because of disparity in the gap arising in the
coupled part of the E-shaped core and the I-shaped core.<br />
<br />
The present invention offers saturable reactors extremely easy to
assemble and manufacture and with uniform quality of individual
products.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY<br />
<br />
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In accordance with the invention there is provided a saturable reactor
for correcting raster distortion comprised of a cross-shaped magnetic
core having a yoke on the center portion thereof and protrusions
being provided at right angles thereto, and two coils wound on the
said yoke, each coil of the said two coils being divided into two
parts and the divided coils wound on the respective arms formed on
both sides of the said protrusions, the first coil being so
constituted that the magnetic fluxes generated in the two divided coil
parts assume the same direction when an electric current is caused to
flow therethrough, while the said second coil is so constituted that
the magnetic fluxes will be generated in opposite directions in the
two divided coil parts when an electric current is caused to flow
therethrough.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div></div>
</div><p><span><b> GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) Tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers.</b></span></p><p><span><b></b></span> </p><div class="disp_doc2"> <div class="disp_elm_title">Abstract:</div> <div class="disp_elm_text">
A tuning unit with a bandswitch for high frequency receivers having a
potentiometer system for th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTdLRPyx5wbUEt05YYSOXLYe7WusgPNOZJuBJ9xHRpnsIXf3NhFyWKjvWNeK8PCEe-8dht9XLGZdDQfse4AAybIm3x1tLEgTJ0sYS1vDUEODMUFUCzubsbFxUdTWMNl_x2BCWZJ-lw6j5CVjR8QTO7Cq6rAFzNCvHkhIz7FkckEWuBqRzLNUTTLPQ8TXM/s1282/IMGH_13486__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTdLRPyx5wbUEt05YYSOXLYe7WusgPNOZJuBJ9xHRpnsIXf3NhFyWKjvWNeK8PCEe-8dht9XLGZdDQfse4AAybIm3x1tLEgTJ0sYS1vDUEODMUFUCzubsbFxUdTWMNl_x2BCWZJ-lw6j5CVjR8QTO7Cq6rAFzNCvHkhIz7FkckEWuBqRzLNUTTLPQ8TXM/s320/IMGH_13486__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>e control of capacity diodes is disclosed.
The potentiometer system includes a plurality of parallelly disposed
resistance paths on which wipers can be moved by means of screw tuning
spindles mounted beside one another in a common housing made of an
insulating material. The bandswitch is formed of metal wires and is
associated with each tuning spindle. The tuning spindles are joined for
rotation with sleeves simultaneously forming the operating knobs which
are carried in apertures in the front plate and each have a flange
engaging the back side of the front plate about the apertures. The
flange is slightly larger than the cross section of the apertures and
tapers conically away from the back side of the front plate. </div> </div><br /><span><b><br /></b></span><br />1.
Tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers having
potentiometer means for the control of capacity diodes composed of a
plurality of parallelly disposed resistance paths on which wipers are
moved by means of screw tuning spindle means mounted beside one another
in a common housing of insulating material, bandswitch means formed of
metal wires associated with each tuning spindle means, said tuning
spindle means being joined for rotation with sleeve means simultaneously
forming operating knobs which are borne in apertures in the front
plate and each sleeve means having an axial flange surface engaging the
back side of the front plate about one aperture therein, said flange
surface being slightly larger than the cross section of the apertures
and tapering conically away from the back side of the front plate.<br /><br />2.
Tuning unit of claim 1 wherein the sleeve means are joined
telescopically and coaxially with the tuning spindle means, and the
flange surface engages the back side of the front plate when the sleeve
means are in the state wherein they are pulled out of the front plate.<br /><br />3.
Tuning unit of claim 1 wherein the ends of the tuning spindle means
which are opposite the front plate have each an annular groove into
which a spring bracket engages whose bent end is supported against the
housing and which has two diametrically disposed spring arms having
opposite spring curvature, the said spring arms in each case contacting
the opposite axial walls of the groove.<br /><br />4. Tuning unit of claim 3
wherein the spring bracket rests with its bent end against the housing
and the spring arms additionally engage a bracket formed on the
housing or an intermediate bracket formed in one piece with the
connection soldering lugs.<br /><br />5. Tuning unit of claim 3 wherein the
spring bracket is formed in one piece with the connection soldering
lugs and has spring arms curved both in the same direction which engage
an axial wall of the annular groove in the spindle and the opposite
axial wall rests against a housing wall.<br /><br />6. Tuning unit of claim
1 wherein the pointers associated with each potentiometer means lie on
the one hand in windows associated with each tuning spindle means in
the front plate, and on the other hand are rotatably mounted with their
ends opposite the front plate in pivot pins on the housing, and the
guiding pin of the spindle nuts carried in a longitudinally
displaceable manner on each tuning spindle is provided with a slit
disposed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tuning spindle and
slides with its peripheral surface resiliently within the slide tract
of the pointer.<br /><br />7. Tuning unit of claim 1 wherein the
bandswitches are formed each of a displaceable metal rod which is in
working engagement with stationary metal rods common to all
bandswitches of a tuning unit, contacting each of them individually.<br /><br /> 8. Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein the metal rods are metal wires. <br /><br /> 9. Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein the metal rods are stamped metal parts. <br /><br />10.
Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein levers of insulating material are
placed on the front ends of the displaceable metal rods and extend
through windows which are provided with detents and which are
associated with each tuning spindle in the housing front plate, while
the opposite ends are held fixedly in the rearward end of the housing,
and the displaceable metal rods individually make contact with contact
cams on the stationary metal rods, these cams being in an offset array
corresponding to the detents in the windows, the corresponding rods
extending parallel to the front plate and parallel to one another behind
the front plate.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbaYSrzXUpBy4zSE3QMn7maITEXXQJ1Sb59EerMcKlVdyqOeZ7AU3GFpwIkqWVLC1DJ1w2fhzl5i4B5Goom7WQYccyMpJxlOqx-wBTF9VjwW9OfBCUGTHBbcyg0NKN-WoScZgt0baKBiNw1cusSFx9sxO8AVPNEA4nKI3cBhZtdr6bD-HlY0euhyphenhyphenOCjiZG/s1282/IMGH_13473__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbaYSrzXUpBy4zSE3QMn7maITEXXQJ1Sb59EerMcKlVdyqOeZ7AU3GFpwIkqWVLC1DJ1w2fhzl5i4B5Goom7WQYccyMpJxlOqx-wBTF9VjwW9OfBCUGTHBbcyg0NKN-WoScZgt0baKBiNw1cusSFx9sxO8AVPNEA4nKI3cBhZtdr6bD-HlY0euhyphenhyphenOCjiZG/s320/IMGH_13473__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><br />11. Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein insulating
material bridges or insulating material slide pieces are inserted
between the contact cams of two adjacent, stationary metal rods and
within the free space between two such parallel metal rods.<br /><br />12.
Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein the displaceable metal rods have, in the
vicinity of their mountings on the housing, an articulation in the form
of a vertically disposed flat portion.<br /><br /> <div class="disp_doc2"> <div class="disp_elm_title">Description:</div> <div class="disp_elm_text"> <p> BACKGROUND </p> <p>The
invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency
receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a
potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said
potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance
paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw
spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material
housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with
each tuning spindle. </p> <p>In these tuning units, the working voltages
of the capacity diodes in the tuning circuits are recorded once a
precise tuning to the desired frequency has been performed. A
potentiometer tuning system has great advantages over the formerly used
channel selectors operating with mechanically adjustable capacitors
(tuning condensers) or mechanically adjustable inductances
(variometers), mainly because it is not required to have such great
precision in its tuning mechanism. </p> <p>Tuning units with
bandswitches formed of variable resistances and combined with
interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of recorded working
voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel selection is accomplished
by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or fine tuning are performed
by turning the knobs. The resistances serving as voltage dividers in
these tuning units are combined into a component unit such that they
are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common insulating plate
forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning spindles and wiper
contacts correspo<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTdLRPyx5wbUEt05YYSOXLYe7WusgPNOZJuBJ9xHRpnsIXf3NhFyWKjvWNeK8PCEe-8dht9XLGZdDQfse4AAybIm3x1tLEgTJ0sYS1vDUEODMUFUCzubsbFxUdTWMNl_x2BCWZJ-lw6j5CVjR8QTO7Cq6rAFzNCvHkhIz7FkckEWuBqRzLNUTTLPQ8TXM/s1282/IMGH_13486__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTdLRPyx5wbUEt05YYSOXLYe7WusgPNOZJuBJ9xHRpnsIXf3NhFyWKjvWNeK8PCEe-8dht9XLGZdDQfse4AAybIm3x1tLEgTJ0sYS1vDUEODMUFUCzubsbFxUdTWMNl_x2BCWZJ-lw6j5CVjR8QTO7Cq6rAFzNCvHkhIz7FkckEWuBqRzLNUTTLPQ8TXM/s320/IMGH_13486__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ding to the variable resistances are housed. The
number of resistances corresponds to the number of channels or
frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact picks up a
voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines their
capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding oscillating
circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by turning the
tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression of a
button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a tuning
spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied to
the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it is
possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different
receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be. </p> <p>To
permit the switching of a number of channels in a certain tuning
range, bandswitches for a plurality of tuning ranges, such as UHF and
VHF for example, are often provided in the tuning units described
above. In the pushbutton tuning unit of the above-named type, the
bandswitch consists of a printed circuit board which is fastened on the
housing of the tuning unit, and a switch lever which is preset by
means of the pushbutton by turning, and is operated by depressing the
pushbutton while at the same time selecting the channel. </p> <p>Where
this combination of knobs and pushbuttons is not possible, the
selection of the range is accomplished by means of an additional lever
which can be set over to select the range. </p> <p>However, since such
tuning units require too many riveting operations when they are
assembled, tuning units were later created in which the individual
parts in the voltage divider and pushbutton housing were loosely
inserted and/or held in place by projections, lugs, hooks or tabs of
resilient plastic. In spite of these initial improvements, the
bandswitch, especially the one associated with the tuning units, was
still technically intricate and very expensive. </p><p> THE INVENTION </p> <p>It
is the object of the invention, therefore, to create an additionally
improved and simplified tuning unit containing a bandswitch of simple,
space-saving and reliably operating design. </p> <p>In accordance with
the invention, this object is accomplished in a tuning unit with
bandswitch of the kind described in the beginning by joining the tuning
spindles for rotation with sleeves simultaneously forming the control
knobs, which are mounted in apertures in the front plate of the housing
and have each a flange engaging the back of the front plate around the
aperture, the said flange being slightly larger than the aperture and
tapering conically away from the back of the front plate. </p> <p>In
further development, the sleeves can be joined telescopically for
rotation with the tuning spindles, and the flange is able to engage the
back side of the front plate when the sleeve is in the position in
which it is drawn out of the front plate. The sleeves constructed in
this manner, whose portions projecting from the apertures in the front
plate form the control knobs for the tuning spindles, permit easy
assembly of the tuning unit and at the same time assure positive
co-rotation of sleeves and spindles. The sleeves can be pushed from the
front side of the front plate through the apertures onto the clutch
surfaces of the spindles, this inward pushing being easily accomplished
on account of the taper, and the dropping out of the sleeve being
prevented by the flange engaging the back of the front plate. If the
control knobs project only slightly out of the front plate, they can be
operated from the outside by inserting a tool into them. With the
telescoping type of coupling, however, it is possible to draw the
sleeves or control knobs further outwardly so that they can be rotated
by hand without the use of tools. </p> <p>To provide constant assurance
of the axial fixation of the tuning spindles, the tuning spindle ends
farthest from the front plate can each be provided with an annular
groove engaged by a spring bracket whose one leg is supported against
the housing and whose other leg is forked to form two spring arms, each
bent in the opposite direction and each engaging one of the two
opposite walls of the annular groove. The tuning spindles are secured
against axial displacement by this construction of the invention alone,
without the need for further measures. This facilitates the joining of
the sleeves or control knobs to the tuning spindle, because in this
case there is no need for precise axial fixation and extreme
dimensional accuracy. </p> <p>Furthermore, the indicators associated
with each potentiometer can be mounted in windows in the front plate
which are associated with each tuning spindle or tuning knob for visual
indication at the front, the other extremities farthest from the front
plate being mounted for pivoting on pins set in the housing; the
guiding pin on the spindle nut that is driven longitudinally on each
tuning spindle can be provided with a slit disposed parallel to the
long axis of the tuning spindles and can slide within the indicator
slide lever slot, with its surface resiliently engaging the walls of
said slot. </p> <p>In an especially advantageous embodiment, the tuning
unit can have bandswitches each formed of a displaceable metal rod
which is in contacting engagement individually with stationary metal
rods which are common to all of the bandswitches of a tuning unit. It
contrast to the bandswitches known hitherto, which as a rule consist of
a printed circuit board with switchable contacts thereon, this
frequency bandswitch of the invention is of great simplicity, can be
manufactured simply and inexpensively, and at the same time is very
reliable in operation. </p> <p>The displaceable and stationary metal
rods of the bandswitches can be formed of metal wires or they can be of
stamped sheet metal. Also, in further expansion of the concept of the
invention, the stationary metal rods thus formed can be all entirely
alike and merely offset from one another, thereby further simplifying
the manufacture and stocking thereof. </p> <p>To permit connection also
to audiovisual apparatus, one or more of the stationary metal rods can
be divided electrically into at least two parts each. </p> <p>In a
special development of this concept, lugs of insulating material can be
mounted on the front ends of the displaceable metal wires, these lugs
extending through windows in the front plate of the housing which are
associated with each tuning spindle and are provided with detents, while
the opposite ends can be held fixedly at the rear end of the housing,
and the displaceable metal wires can make contact with contact humps on
the stationary metal wires, the humps being offset from one another to
correspond to the detents in the windows, and the stationary metal
wires extending in back of the front plate, parallel to the latter and
parallel to one another. </p> <p>To increase switching reliability,
bridges or sliding pieces made of insulating material can be inserted
between the contact humps of adjacent stationary wires within the free
space between two such parallel lying metal wires. </p> <p>To achieve
easy displacement of the displaceable metal wires despite the fixed end
mounting on the housing, the displaceable metal wires, in further
embodiment of the invention, can have each an articulation adjacent
their end mountings, in the form of a vertically disposed flattened
portion. This flat permits the metal wires to be deflected horizontally
against a weak spring bias. </p><p> DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING </p> <p>As
an example of the embodiment of the invention, there is represented in
the drawings a tuning unit with bandswitch for television receivers.
In these drawings, </p> <p>FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a tuning unit with bandswitch, </p> <p>FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the bandswitch of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, </p> <p>FIG. 3 is a side elevational, cross-sectional view of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, </p> <p>FIG. 4 is a rear elevational view of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, </p> <p>FIG. 5 is a plan view showing the indicator means of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, </p> <p>FIG. 6 shows the sleeve with the operating knob and tuning spindle, </p> <p>FIG. 7 shows the telescoping manner in which the sleeve is joined to the tuning spindle, </p> <p>FIG. 8 is a fragmentary view of the bandswitch, </p> <p>FIG. 9 is another fragmentary view of the bandswitch, and </p> <p>FIG. 10 shows how the tuning spindle is fixed in position. </p><p> DESCRIPTION </p> <p>The method of representation used in the drawings is greatly simplified, for the purpose of better del<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hXDAnBtjOjIrNeEEfXosDQshVDq0m5c8yO7zymcz5UoyM8ZmqyLKmLxBCLOvDgreVAH02kbFg1GJZOz7wtHq7VgAHFovsLnm90u1QP2EoNuT3S_ju15pZqSsQY4GTLqcWETUpjrIQgRZ/s1600/POT-KEYB-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764756443755842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hXDAnBtjOjIrNeEEfXosDQshVDq0m5c8yO7zymcz5UoyM8ZmqyLKmLxBCLOvDgreVAH02kbFg1GJZOz7wtHq7VgAHFovsLnm90u1QP2EoNuT3S_ju15pZqSsQY4GTLqcWETUpjrIQgRZ/s320/POT-KEYB-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ineating
the features of the invention. The tuning unit with bandswitch
consists of an insulating material housing 1 with a front plate 2,
which is closed by a cover plate 3 accommodating the resistance paths.
The housing 1 is divided by parallel sidewalls 4 into chambers in which
the tuning spindles 5 are disposed. </p> <p>The embodiments is an 8-fold tuning unit having eight bandswitches assocated with each tuning spindle, and eight indicators. </p> <p>Accordingly,
there are eight apertures 6 in a central row, through which the
operating knobs 7 of the sleeves 8 coupled with the tuning spindles 5
are passed. The operating knobs 7 have recessed surfaces 9 for turning
with a turning tool. In a row extending parallel above the row of the
apertures 6 there are eight windows 10, whose upper edge is provided
with notches 11. Lugs 12 of insulating material extend through the
windows 10 and engage the upper notches 11 and are joined behind the
front plate to displaceable metal wires 13 of the bandswitch. In a row
located beneath the row of apertures 6 another eight windows 14 are
provided, through which the ends of the pointers of the indicators 15
protrude. </p> <p>Now, the bandswitch consists in each case of a
displaceable metal wire 13 which can be brought into working engagement
with stationary metal wires 16, which are all of the same construction
and are only disposed offset from one another. While the displaceable
metal wire 13 extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis
and thus at right angles to the front plate 2, the stationary,
parallelly disposed metal wires 16 are parallel to the front plate 2 and
are thus inserted at a right angle to the displaceable metal wire. A
departure from parallelism or from the right angle, as the case may be,
takes place substantially only when the displaceable metal wire 13 is
deflected to the two outer notches. The rearward end 18 of the
displaceable metal wire, which forms a vertical loop, is tightly
inserted into a receiver 17. Just ahead of the loop 18, the metal wire
13 is provided with a vertically disposed portion 19 by a flattening on
the metal wire 13. The movement, when the metal wire 13 is deflected
into the desired notches or detents, takes place horizontally by the
flex<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkcME3LsuGDoav9AcBuAIECMuYp54rf6P_5m_euOSwMCcEvYszaXf1Bx908QiA6XYEUxVEeoh_I8FyNVVBrPkD_TznVSghL69EM_uW2lGyvWU0KvbO4t7tpBJmhhsVUYCxSX5V058FDUdG/s1600/POT-KEYB-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764751129357794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkcME3LsuGDoav9AcBuAIECMuYp54rf6P_5m_euOSwMCcEvYszaXf1Bx908QiA6XYEUxVEeoh_I8FyNVVBrPkD_TznVSghL69EM_uW2lGyvWU0KvbO4t7tpBJmhhsVUYCxSX5V058FDUdG/s320/POT-KEYB-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ing
of these portions 19. The stationary metal wires 16 are held tightly
in their positions in projections 20 on the housing, or by lugs or the
like. Since three switch actions are provided, that is, three ranges,
for each tuning spindle, a bandswitch consists of one displaceable metal
wire and three stationary metal wires 16, which are used for all
switches. </p> <p>To permit each bandswitch to have exactly three
switching actions, each of the three stationary metal wires 16 has one
contact hump 21 corresponding to one of the detents 11 in the windows 10
of the front plate 2. The contact humps 21 are thus located one next
to the other as seen from the front plate 2. So that the displaceable
metal wire 13 will always come into mechanical and electrical contact
only with the desired contact hump, and prevent short circuits,
insulating bridges 22 are installed between the adjacent metal wires 16,
said insulating bridges being stationary. </p> <p>If more or less than
three switching actions are desired, all that need be done in the case
of the bandswitch of the invention is to change the number of
stationary metal rods or wires accordingly. </p> <p>The sleeves 8 with
the operating knob 7 have a flange 23 engaging the back of the front
plate 2 and tapering back to the point where it joins the tuning
spindle. This enables the sleeves to be pushed in, in the case of a
housing that has already been manufactured with the tuning spindle
installed, without creating the possibility that the sleeves 8 might
escape after they have been inserted. The sleeves 8 are connected to
the tuning spindles 5 usually by means of driving surfa<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkEBOsGUQYMuPSISxvYJa9XW9pME19-fWeCH3uQELucjs5TnCEtKSERd0QZO_yfDYzgKmKWHR0yUPnfwZRGLlhiTDW1lNOqGVQmGJupzUEm5JZxMrmASmVGclUz_LDxCObQvqDdBnL1VY_/s1600/POT-KEYB-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764749305234386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkEBOsGUQYMuPSISxvYJa9XW9pME19-fWeCH3uQELucjs5TnCEtKSERd0QZO_yfDYzgKmKWHR0yUPnfwZRGLlhiTDW1lNOqGVQmGJupzUEm5JZxMrmASmVGclUz_LDxCObQvqDdBnL1VY_/s320/POT-KEYB-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ces.
If manual operation without tools is to be possible, rather than
requiring a tool for the operation of the sleeves, the coupling of the
sleeve 8 to the tuning spindle will be a telescoping coupling (see FIG.
7). </p> <p>The actual firm axial fixation of the tuning spindle 5 is
located on the rear end of the housing. Here the tuning spindle 5 has an
annular groove 24 which is engaged by a spring by means of two
diametrically disposed spring arms 25 and 26. The spring arms 25 and 26
have oppositely curved lugs and are supported on the housing at their
terminal and marginal surfaces and their lugs engage opposite axial
walls 27 and 28 of the annular groove 24. </p> <p>Additional support is provided by the common, bent foot 29 of the spring arms 25 and 26 against the cover plate of the housing. </p> <p>The indic<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80cB9dq6QeLhWSlFqLhpVPDh0ZnpmvGBLjWbMu8CaoZSBZvcFR8xC6whYSWwr4y4sP9tvU6AdUcoEqnirTUYPhZIpkfNza70pfuXJf1IH0fHHqFM0ZvIIk3mzkS_JFzR26r_PHr4eNW5v/s1600/POT-KEYB-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764754475552482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80cB9dq6QeLhWSlFqLhpVPDh0ZnpmvGBLjWbMu8CaoZSBZvcFR8xC6whYSWwr4y4sP9tvU6AdUcoEqnirTUYPhZIpkfNza70pfuXJf1IH0fHHqFM0ZvIIk3mzkS_JFzR26r_PHr4eNW5v/s320/POT-KEYB-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ator
means of the tuning unit with bandswitch consists of a pointer 15
which is movable within the window 14, and a cam 30 which is a
prolongation of the pointer 15. At its rearward end, the pointer is
mounted rotatably in the housing on pin 31. Within the cam 30 slides a
guiding pin 32 which is attached to the spindle nut or carriage 40.
Upon the rotation of the tuning spindle, the spindle nut is
longitudinally displaceable therewith. In order to achieve good
guidance and hence precise indication, the guiding pin has a slit 33
extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tuning spindle 5, so
that it will resiliently engage the cam 30 within the slot thereof. </p> <p>The necessary soldering lugs are indicated at 34. </p> <p>On
the basis of the design of the tuning unit with bandswitch in
accordance with the invention, a desired frequency range--UHF, for
example--can be selected by deflecting a displaceable metal wire 13 into
one of the detents 11 by means of the lug 12 mounted thereon. Within
this range, a transmitter or channel can then be selected by turning the
tuning spindle 5. The transmitter preselected in th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUEXmim_k-oPk3hLlY_qk3TB_bBIwCgTnUNb3oWh51LDb-GYCx_T2rCnv97JFQasqi_SvG99YKyyLGH5wqnG6TCNQA4h0-OtjhiJ-jX6-wKlL1CjMyRyD8D6fzgDZUREUWISNbh8saFZVx/s1600/POT-KEYB-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764741252962370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUEXmim_k-oPk3hLlY_qk3TB_bBIwCgTnUNb3oWh51LDb-GYCx_T2rCnv97JFQasqi_SvG99YKyyLGH5wqnG6TCNQA4h0-OtjhiJ-jX6-wKlL1CjMyRyD8D6fzgDZUREUWISNbh8saFZVx/s320/POT-KEYB-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>is
manner can then be tuned in by means of a keyboard or by electronic
recall from a keyboard which is not shown. The fine tuning of this
tuned-in transmitter, as well as the selection of a different
transmitter within the same frequency range, is accomplished by turning
the tuning spindle 5. </p> <p>All of the details explained in the above description and represented in the drawings are important to the invention. </p> </div> </div><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>CONTACTLESS TOUCH
SENSOR PROGRAM CHANGE KEYBOARD CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR ESTABLISHING A
CONSTANT POTENTIAL OF THE CHASSIS OF AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE WITH
RELATION TO GROUND </b></span>:<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7tRhwOxgDIoX1qv1EF_eojwYDFtnWWr0oOJBOY9vgKiqa38nQm4vqW6g-nwkAkh8k9F3k37FrJL9IL5K8tRFc1rx-PysUYUscLWjjjOE8O5vmIrGWaUL0WamKdVdLvwP6VZnmtoLgEWpU2u97-yySG_lIjb4-IVrH2gvPcYDmKL3iCjM1y0AVrshbW1I/s1282/IMGH_13472__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7tRhwOxgDIoX1qv1EF_eojwYDFtnWWr0oOJBOY9vgKiqa38nQm4vqW6g-nwkAkh8k9F3k37FrJL9IL5K8tRFc1rx-PysUYUscLWjjjOE8O5vmIrGWaUL0WamKdVdLvwP6VZnmtoLgEWpU2u97-yySG_lIjb4-IVrH2gvPcYDmKL3iCjM1y0AVrshbW1I/s320/IMGH_13472__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVny2rhz8U8JAA2zcQ3msmyGfbiS3-DAmuyewxqGHBrMyOdyXgMuDKEUFZ1VjOJy71qHdI88Nia4xthXaDYW5ADcSSLrfOO7wiBBU-gKFeyWGN2mDN5i1vQUsub5CokAJttUnwtTQkWF0/s1600/IMG_4434.jpg"></a></div><br /><br />Circuit
arrangement for establishing a reference potential of a chassis of
an electrical device such as a radio and/or TV receiver, such device
being provided with at least one contactless touching switch operating
under the AC voltage principle. The device is switched by touching a
unipole touching field in a contactless manner so as to establish
connection to a grounded network pole. The circuit arrangement includes
in combination an electronic blocking switch and a unidirectional
rectifier which separates such switch from the network during the
blocking phase.<br /><br /><br /> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t3KyCAP9yv0/TuUipmR8a0I/AAAAAAAAIeE/T-B_nN8Ck3Y/s1600/LOEWE-SENS-KEYB-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5684988202670910274" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t3KyCAP9yv0/TuUipmR8a0I/AAAAAAAAIeE/T-B_nN8Ck3Y/s320/LOEWE-SENS-KEYB-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>1.
A circuit arrangement for establishing, at the chassis of an
electrical device powered by a grounded AC supply network, a reference
potential with relation to ground, said device having at least one
contactless touching switch operating on the AC voltage principle, the
switch being operated by touching a unipole touching field in a
contactless manner, said arrangement comprising an electronic switch for
selectively blocking the circuit of the device from the supply
network, a half-wave rectifier including a pair of diodes individually
connected in series-aiding relation between the terminals of the
supply network and the terminals of the device for separating the
electronic blocking switch from the supply network during a blocking
phase defined by a prescribed half period of the AC cycle, and a pair
of condensers individually connected in parallel with the respective
diodes. 2. A circuit
arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the capacitances of the two
condensers are of equal magnitude.
<div class="disp_doc2"> <div class="disp_elm_title">Description:</div> <div class="disp_elm_text">
This invention relates to a circuit arrangement for
establishing a constant reference potential on the chassis of an
electrical instrument such as a radio and/or a TV receiver. Such
instrument includes at least one contactless touching switch operating
under the AC voltage principle, whereby by touching a single pole
touching field the contactless switch is operated.<br /><br />In electronic
devices, for example TV and radio receivers, there are used in ever
increasing numbers electronic touching switches for switching and
adjusting the functions of the device. In one known embodiment of this
type of touching switch, which operates on a DC voltage principle,
the function of the electronic device, is contactlessly switched by
touching a unipole touching field, the switching being carried out by
means of an alternating current voltage. When using such a unipole
touching electrode, one takes advantage of the fact that the AC current
circuit is generally unipolarly grounded. In order to close the
circuit by touching the touching surface via the body of the operator
to ground, it is necessary to provide an AC voltage on the touching
field. In one special known embodiment there is employed a known
bridge current rectifier for the current supply. This type of
arrangement has the drawback that the chassis of the device changes
its polarity relative to the grounded network pole with the network
frequency. With such construction considerable difficulties appear
when connecting measuring instruments to the device, such difficulties
possibly eventually leading to the destruction of individual parts
of the electronic device.<br /><br />In order to avoid these drawbacks,
the present invention provides a normal combination of a
unidirectional rectifier with an electronic blocking switch that
separates the chassis of the electronic device from the network
during the blocking phase. In accordance with the present invention,
the polarity of the chassis of the electronic device does not
periodically change, because the electronic device is practically
separated from the network during the blocking phase of the
unidirectional rectifier by means of the electronic blocking switch.<br /><br />In
a further embodiment of the invention a further rectifier is
connected in series with the unidirectional rectifier in the
connection between the circuit and the negative pole of the chassis.
Such further rectifier is preferably a diode which is switched in the
transfer direction of the unidirectional rectifier. According to
another feature of the invention there are provided condensers, a
respective condenser being connected parallel with each of the
rectifiers. Preferably the two condensers have equal capacitances.
Because of the use of such condensers, which are required because of
high frequency reasons, during the blocking phase there is conducted
to the chassis of the electronic device an AC voltage proportional to
the order of capacitances of the condensers. Thus there is placed
upon the touching field in a desired manner an AC voltage, and there
is thereby assured a secure functioning of the adjustment of the
device when such touching occurs.<br /><br />I<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t3KyCAP9yv0/TuUipmR8a0I/AAAAAAAAIeE/T-B_nN8Ck3Y/s1600/LOEWE-SENS-KEYB-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5684988202670910274" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t3KyCAP9yv0/TuUipmR8a0I/AAAAAAAAIeE/T-B_nN8Ck3Y/s320/LOEWE-SENS-KEYB-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>n
the embodiment of the invention employing two rectifiers there is
the further advantage that over a bridging over of the minus conduit
of the rectifier that is connected between the network and the
negative pole of the chassis connection, no injuries can be caused by
a measuring instrument in the electronic device itself and in the
circuit arrangement connected thereto.<br /><br />In the accompanying drawing:<br /><br />The sole FIGURE of the drawing is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention.<br /><br />In
the illustrated embodiment the current supply part of the device,
shown at the left, is connected via connecting terminals A and B to an
AC voltage source, the terminal B being grounded at 8. The current
supply part consists of a unidirectional rectifier in the form of a
diode 1 with its anode connected to the terminal I, the cathode of
diode 1 being connected to one input terminal 9 of an electronic device
2. In the device 2 there is also arranged a sensor circuit 3, shown
here mainly as a block, circuit 3 being shown as including a pnp
input transistor the emitter of which is connected to an output
terminal 11 of the device 2. The collector of such transistor is
connected to the other output terminal 12 of the device 2. The base
of the transistor is connected by a wire 13 to a unipolar touching
field 4 which may be in the form of a simple metal plate instead of
the pnp transistor shown, the sensor circuit itself may consist of a
standard integrating circuit which controls, among other things, the
periodic sequential switching during the touching time of the
touching field 4. All of the circuits of the electronic device 2 are
isolated in a known manner from the chassis potential. Between the
network terminal B and the negative pole 10 of the chassis there is
arranged in the direction opposite that of diode 1 a further diode 5,
the anode of diode 5 being connected to the terminal 10, and the
cathode of diode 5 being connected to the terminal B of the current
supply. To provide for HF type bridging of the diodes 1 and 5 there
are arranged condensers 6 and 7 respectively, which are connected in
parallel with such diodes.<br /><br />The invention functions by reason
of the fact that in an AC network separate devices radiate
electromagnetic waves which produce freely traveling fields in the body
of the person who is operating and/or adjusting the device, thereby
producing an alternating current through his body to ground, as
indicated by the - line at the right of the circuit diagram. If now the
person operating the device touches the switching field 4, then the
pnp type input transistor of the sensor circuit 3, which is placed on
a definite reference potential (for example 12 Volts) and is
connected with the negative halfwave of the AC voltage potential, is
made conductive. There is thereby released a control command in the
sequential switching, for example, for switching the electronic device
to the next receiving channel. It is understood that the most
suitable connection is formed between ground and the touching field 4
by means of a wire. By the use of such wires it would be assured
that in all cases the base of the transistor in circuit 3 is
connected to ground. This would, however, not permit anyone to
operate the switch without the use of an auxiliary means such as a
wire. It will be assumed that the touching almost always results
directly via the almost isolated human body. For this reason the AC
current fields are necessary, because otherwise there cannot always
be provided a ground contact. Thus this connection is established via
the body resistance of the person carrying out the touching of the
switch.<br /><br />The positive half wave of the alternating current
travels to the terminal 9 of the electronic device 2 after such
current has been rectified and smoothed by the devices 1, 6. Such
positive halfwave is also conducted to the sensor circuit 3. The thus
formed current circuit is closed by way of the chassis of the
electronic device 3, the diode 5, and the terminal B. When there is a
negative halfwave of the alternating current delivered by the current
supply, both diodes 1 and 5 remain closed so that the chassis of the
device 2 remains separated from the network during the blocking phase.
Nevertheless, by means of condensers 6 and 7 the chassis is placed
in a definite network potential, which depends on the relationship of
the order of magnitude of the two condensers 6 and 7. When the
capacitances of such condensers are equal, there is placed upon the
chassis of the device 2 the constant reference potential, and
simultaneously there is present via the sensor circuit 3 the required
AC voltage at the touching field 4 for adjusting the function or
functions of the device 2 upon the touching of the touching field 4.<br /><br />The
reference character 15 indicates a terminal or point at which the
potential of the chassis of the device 2 may be measured. As above
explained, the diode 5 causes the potential of the chassis at 15 to be
separated from the network ground when a negative AC halfwave
arrives. It will be noted that the return conduit of the circuit is
held at a fixed chassis potential. The input transistor of the sensor
circuit 3 remains, however, locked because it is subjected to a DC
current of about 12 volts. If now, by means of touching the touching
field 4, the chassis potential is connected to ground, then the
transistor switches through and releases a switching function.<br /><br />If
the connecting terminals AB of the current source are exchanged, as
by changing the plug, then there is still secured the condition that
the chassis of the device is separated from the network ground via
the diode, in this case the diode 1. The reference potential of the
chassis consequently remains constant and the changing AC fields which
are superimposed on the condensers can produce in the touching human
body an AC current voltage due to the fields which are radiated by
the device.<br /><br />A suitable sensor which may be employed for the
circuit 3 herein may be a sensor known as the "SAS 560 Tastatur IS,"
manufactured and sold by Siemens AG.<br /><br />It is to be understood
that the present invention is not limited to the illustrated
environment. They can also be used in electronic blocking switch
including a Thyristor circuit, which in the same manner separates the
electronic device during the blocking phase from the network
rectifier. With such Thyristor circuit the drawbacks described in the
introductory portion of the specification of known circuit arrangements
are also avoided.<br /><br />Although the invention is illustrated and
described with reference to a plurality of preferred embodiments
thereof, it is to be expressly understood that it is in no way limited
to the disclosure of such a plurality of preferred embodiments, but is
capable of numerous modifications within the scope of the appended
claims. </div> </div><p></p><p></p><p><br /><br />
<b>CRT TV EHT VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER - KASKADE COCKCROFT-WALTON CASCADE CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE MULTIPLICATION:</b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbr1tJs538qJ4_F_-T2juBBj60nUzGHoT1gsuxUaqcFMRXDnspYbrCTXrBVpIsSV9wHivu8UB2yRCSQu9yENcOgGiVihebefSk3siDpHW828V2lNe3whN-ynKa3vUaKxXDTW5MYbPMulfQ/s952/BG1897-641-303__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="952" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbr1tJs538qJ4_F_-T2juBBj60nUzGHoT1gsuxUaqcFMRXDnspYbrCTXrBVpIsSV9wHivu8UB2yRCSQu9yENcOgGiVihebefSk3siDpHW828V2lNe3whN-ynKa3vUaKxXDTW5MYbPMulfQ/w200-h200/BG1897-641-303__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></b></div><b><br /></b><br /><br /><br />A
Cockcroft-Walton cascade circuit comprises an input voltage source and a
pumping and storage circuit with a series array of capacitors with
pumping and storage portions of the circuit being interconnected by
silicon rectifiers, constructed and arranged so that at least the
capacitor nearest the voltage source, and preferably one or more of the
next adjacent capacitors in the series array, have lower tendency to
internally discharge than the capacitors in the array more remote from
the voltage source.<br /><br /><br />1. An improved voltage multiplying circuit comprising,<br /><br />2.
An improved voltage multiplying circuit in accordance with claim 1
wherein said first pumping capacitor is a self-healing impregnated
capacitor which is impregnated with a high voltage impregnant.<br /><br />3.
An improved voltage multiplying circuit in accordance with claim 1
wherein said first pumping capacitor comprises a foil capacitor.<br /><br />Description:<br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />The
invention relates in general to Cockcroft-Walton cascade circuits<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMkCzbmK1KZKJFXK1ORwmr75oSJ_WtjnJdUW_k4CHoekey7PDp7I1MxqGPdtAxUeJuKheuBhYrehkEfyZkpBRMN0s2PloCuazWwTbPRpYa1TcgHRbE9ptsxAJLAOe9-o428hZphFCSJ4PZYLH9EF3Os8BzAlPjO1G2wsONbIJuLZWZYT7Hj1ESsiq7T1x/s1026/IMGH_13484b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMkCzbmK1KZKJFXK1ORwmr75oSJ_WtjnJdUW_k4CHoekey7PDp7I1MxqGPdtAxUeJuKheuBhYrehkEfyZkpBRMN0s2PloCuazWwTbPRpYa1TcgHRbE9ptsxAJLAOe9-o428hZphFCSJ4PZYLH9EF3Os8BzAlPjO1G2wsONbIJuLZWZYT7Hj1ESsiq7T1x/s320/IMGH_13484b__TVM.jpg" /></a> for
voltage multiplication and more particularly to such circuits with a
pumping circuit and a storage circuit composed of capacitors connected
in series, said pumping circuits and storage circuit being linked with
one another by a rectifier circuit whose rectifiers are preferably
silicon rectifiers, especially for a switching arrangement sensitive to
internal discharges of capacitors, and more especially a switching
arrangement containing transistors, and especially an image tube
switching arrangement.<br /><br />Voltage multiplication cascades composed
of capacitors and rectifiers are used to produce high D.C. voltages from
sinusoidal or pulsed alternating voltages. All known voltage
multiplication cascades and voltage multipliers are designed to be
capacitance-symmetrical, i.e., all capacitors used have the same
capacitance. If U for example is the maximum value of an applied
alternating voltage, the input capacitor connected directly to the
alternating voltage source is charged to a D.C. voltage with a value U,
while all other capacitors are charged to the value of 2U. Therefore, a
total voltage can be obtained from the series-connected capacitors of a
capacitor array.<br /><br />In voltage multipliers, internal resistance is
highly significant. In order to obtain high load currents on the D.C.
side, the emphasis in the prior art has been on constructing voltage
multipliers with internal resistances that are as low as possible.<br /><br />Internal
resistance of voltage multipliers can be reduced by increasing the
capacitances of the individual capacitors by equal amounts. However, the
critical significance of size of the assembly in the practical
application of a voltage multiplier, limits the extent to which
capacitance of the individual capacitors can be increased as a practical
matter.<br /><br />In television sets, especially color television sets,
voltage multiplication cascades are required whose internal resistance
is generally 400 to 500 kOhms. Thus far, it has been possible to achieve
this low internal resistance with small dimensions only by using
silicon diodes as rectifiers and metallized film capacitors as the
capacitors.<br /><br />When silicon rectifiers are used to achieve low
internal resistance, their low forward resistance produces high peak
currents and therefore leads to problems involving the pulse resistance
of the capacitors. Metallized film capacitors are used because of space
requirements, i.e., in order to ensure that the assembly will have the
smallest possible dimensions, and also for cost reasons. These film
capacitors have a self-healing effect, in which the damage caused to the
capacitor by partial evaporation of the metal coating around the point
of puncture (pinhole), which develops as a result of internal
spark-overs, is cured again. This selfhealing effect is highly desirable
as far as the capacitors themselves are concerned, but is not without
its disadvantages as far as the other cirucit components are concerned,
especially the silicon rectifiers, the image tubes, and the components
which conduct the image tube voltage.<br /><br />It is therefore an important object of the invention to improve voltage multiplication cascades of the type described above.<br /><br />It is a further object of the invention to keep the size of the entire assembly small and the internal resistance low.<br /><br />It is a further object of the invention to increase pulse resistance of the entire circuit.<br /><br />It is a further object of the invention to avoid the above-described disadvantageous effects on adjacent elements.<br /><br />It
is a further object of the invention to achieve multiples of the
foregoing objects and preferably all of them consistent with each other.<br /><br />SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />In
accordance with the invention, the foregoing objects are met by making
at least one of the capacitors in the pumping circuit, preferably
including the one which is adjacent to the input voltage source, one
which is less prone to internal discharges than any of the individual
capacitors in the storage circuit.<br /><br />The Cockcroft-Walton cascade
circuit is not provided with identical capacitors. Instead, the
individual capacitors are arranged according to their loads and designed
in such a way that a higher pulse resistance is attained only in
certain capacitors. It can be shown that the load produced by the
voltage in all the capacitors in the multiplication circuit is
approximately the same. But the pulse currents of the capacitors as well
as their forward flow angles are different. In particular, the
capacitors of the pumping circuit are subjected to very high loads in a
pulsed mode. In the voltage multiplication cascade according to the
invention, these capacitors are arranged so that they exhibit fewer
internal discharges than the capacitors in the storage circuit.<br /><br />The
external dimensions of the entire assembly would be unacceptably large
if one constructed the entire switching arrangement using such
capacitors.<br /><br />The voltage multiplication cascade according to the invention also makes it possible to construct a reliably operating <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1g36ZXvRGt2H1HP2M9loo38-m-JhNoSZwUwJ5bHRkq99gYp6plCLOqfzOYmDeDKANULYSh7pUHV6E_GUmbiT6qd_ilLUTUe_4IWFd7RwFCltIhpcCem86dbdzesDwcfklVCRsPuV4PaVC/s952/BG1897-641-303-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="952" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1g36ZXvRGt2H1HP2M9loo38-m-JhNoSZwUwJ5bHRkq99gYp6plCLOqfzOYmDeDKANULYSh7pUHV6E_GUmbiT6qd_ilLUTUe_4IWFd7RwFCltIhpcCem86dbdzesDwcfklVCRsPuV4PaVC/w200-h200/BG1897-641-303-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />arrangement
which has no tendency toward spark-overs, consistent with satisfactory
internal resistance of the voltage multiplication cascade and small
dimensions of the entire assembly. This avoids the above cited
disadvantages with respect to the particularly sensitive components in
the rest of the circuit and makes it possible to design voltage
multiplication cascades with silicon rectifiers, which are characterized
by long lifetimes. Hence, a voltage multiplication cascade has been
developed particularly for image tube circuits in television sets,
especially color television sets, and this cascade satisfies the highest
requirements in addition to having an average lifetime which in every
case is greater than that of the television set.<br /><br />A further aspect
of the invention is that at least one of the capacitors that are less
prone to internal discharges is a capacitor which is impregnated with a
high-voltage impregnating substance, especially a high-voltage oil such
as polybutene or silicone oil, or mixtures thereof. In contrast to
capacitors made of metallized film which have not been impregnated, this
allows the discharge frequency due to internal discharges or
spark-overs to be reduced by a factor of 10 to 100.<br /><br />According to a
further important aspect of the invention, at least one of the
capacitors that are less prone to internal discharges is either a foil
capacitor or a self-healing capacitor. In addition, the capacitor in the
pumping circuit which is adjacent to the voltage source input can be a
foil capacitor which has been impregnated in the manner described above,
while the next capacitor in the pumping circuit is a self-healing
capacitor impregnated in the same fashion.<br /><br />Other objects,
features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the
following detailed description of preferred embodiments, taken in
connection with the accompanying drawing, the single FIGURE of which:<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING<br /><br />is a schematic diagram of a circuit made according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.<br /><br />DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br /><br />The
voltage multiplier comprises capacitors C1 to C5 and rectifiers D1 to
D5 connected in a cascade. An alternating voltage source UE is connected
to terminals 1 and 2, said voltage source supplying for example a
pulsed alternating voltage. Capacitors C1 and C2 form the pumping
circuit while capacitors C3, C4 and C5 form the storage circuit.<br /><br />In
the steady state, capacitor C1 is charged to the maximum value of the
alternating voltage UE as are the other capacitors C2 to C5. The desired
high D.C. voltage UA is picked off at terminals 3 and 4, said D.C.
voltage being composed of the D.C. voltages from capacitors C3 to C5.
Terminal 3 and terminal 2 are connected to one pole of the alternating
voltage source UE feeding the circuit, which can be at ground potential.
In the circuit described here, a D.C. voltage UA can be picked off
whose voltage value is approximately 3 times the maximum value of the
pulsed alternating voltage UE. By using more than five capacitors, a
correspondingly higher D.C. voltage can be obtained.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81VdmOgyoDSjWdlNZrdjPC5wX-RNtG7GCs8aiRlqmHJiaEt_4VoGtZsEAMwIYZIdBpvk62qz5oSMhhlgtPCPcf5hJc-FGyYCtR6Z8RV4fYYbVOW9mXYJzqC5-ZxZ31xfOs3XrH4F35hWF/s1047/KASKADE_ROE__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="976" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh81VdmOgyoDSjWdlNZrdjPC5wX-RNtG7GCs8aiRlqmHJiaEt_4VoGtZsEAMwIYZIdBpvk62qz5oSMhhlgtPCPcf5hJc-FGyYCtR6Z8RV4fYYbVOW9mXYJzqC5-ZxZ31xfOs3XrH4F35hWF/s320/KASKADE_ROE__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><br />The
individual capacitors are discharged by disconnecting D.C. voltage UA.
However, they are constantly being recharged by the electrical energy
supplied by the alternating voltage source UE, so that the voltage
multiplier can be continuously charged on the output side.<br /><br />According
to the invention, in this preferred embodiment, capacitor C1 and/or C2
in the pumping circuit are designed so that they have a lower tendency
toward internal discharges than any of the individual capacitors C3, C4
and C5 in the storage circuit.<br /><br />It is evident that those skilled
in the art, once given the benefit of the foregoing disclosure, may now
make numerous other uses and modifications of, and departures from the
specific embodiments described herein without departing from the
inventive concepts. Consequently, the invention is to be construed as
embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of features
present in, or possessed by, the apparatus and techniques herein
disclosed and limited solely by the scope and spirit of the appended
claims.<br /><br />Inventors:Petrick, Paul (Landshut, DT)<br />Schwedler, Hans-peter (Landshut, DT)<br />Holzer, Alfred (Schonbrunn, DT)<br />ERNST ROEDERSTEIN SPEZIALFABRIK<br /><br />US Patent References:<br />3714528 ELECTRICAL CAPACITOR WITH FILM-PAPER DIELECTRIC 1973-01-30 Vail <br />3699410 SELF-HEALING ELECTRICAL CONDENSER 1972-10-17 Maylandt <br />3463992 ELECTRICAL CAPACITOR SYSTEMS HAVING LONG-TERM STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS 1969-08-26 Solberg <br />3457478 WOUND FILM CAPACITORS 1969-07-22 Lehrer <br />3363156 Capacitor with a polyolefin dielectric 1968-01-09 Cox <br />2213199 Voltage multiplier 1940-09-03 Bouwers et al. <br /><br />
FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-28286579148208780912024-01-10T17:00:00.022+01:002024-01-10T17:00:00.140+01:00GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510A IT CHASSIS 29301-374.01(11) CRT TUBE TOSHIBA 370BDB22<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIDyJAUj8N1BNm7HLcK3DduyciTPwBY4MKpoFSwHaZCO2zTXqmzzzMq4futxAn6pYD-V_OMVk9bVvlU5A288wVPpKMV5WHvQE9s1AU376ZmRlaFeiGGl0SDKCF_QzTwTFpS81xnIvVS7ox-DnpALRjrwaS6UzrrrE018TQ3y3m16lLJxrD7veF8g8hOIEw/s1282/IMGH_13479__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIDyJAUj8N1BNm7HLcK3DduyciTPwBY4MKpoFSwHaZCO2zTXqmzzzMq4futxAn6pYD-V_OMVk9bVvlU5A288wVPpKMV5WHvQE9s1AU376ZmRlaFeiGGl0SDKCF_QzTwTFpS81xnIvVS7ox-DnpALRjrwaS6UzrrrE018TQ3y3m16lLJxrD7veF8g8hOIEw/s320/IMGH_13479__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDzspTYCbEm1EKQNuL8A6tRKsab1hfW2CL9LCRbLBddtG4FC2Mygk1RzLKdnp4MnIb5bl4u51fqTBcYnh_hlDFgBUlK4d4Ksmvbsu4pB7KejHnVIcB1O0BiaSu8aNdg92C4Btw0n6L1ZFGp1Efzm7Ig0MkrMSpKDNMN9p96xh3LjQOJasFxLZiyOTG4KJ_/s1282/IMGH_13489__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDzspTYCbEm1EKQNuL8A6tRKsab1hfW2CL9LCRbLBddtG4FC2Mygk1RzLKdnp4MnIb5bl4u51fqTBcYnh_hlDFgBUlK4d4Ksmvbsu4pB7KejHnVIcB1O0BiaSu8aNdg92C4Btw0n6L1ZFGp1Efzm7Ig0MkrMSpKDNMN9p96xh3LjQOJasFxLZiyOTG4KJ_/s320/IMGH_13489__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s1026/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s320/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: left;">
Inline CRT tree (3) electron gun system with convergence unit on the neck.<br />
Note the big deflection unit !<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510a CHASSIS 29301-374.01(01) CRT TUBE TOSHIBA 370BDB22.</span> <span style="font-size: small;"><b> IN-LINE TYPE TRIPLE ELECTRON GUN ASSEMBLY:</b></span>An
in-line type triple electron gun assembly which comprises three
electron gun members arranged in the same plane with the axis of the
side gun members inclined at a predetermined angle to that of the
central gun member; and support members fitted to the gun members for
their integral assembly, said support member comprising two longitudinal
elements each disposed between two adjacent gun members and at least
one bridge element connecting said two longitudinal elements.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" width="218" /></a>An
in-line type triple electron gun assembly comprising: 2. An electron
gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein said at least one lateral
component of at least one of the support members is fused to the cathode
electrodes and plane grid electrodes of electron gun members. 3. An
electron gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein said at least one
lateral component of at least one of the support members is fused to the
cathode electrodes and plane grid electrodes of all of the electron
gun members. 4. An electron gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein
each of said support members is generally H-shaped and comprises two
longitudinal components and a lateral component bridging said two
longitudinal components. 5. An electron gun assembly according to claim 4
wherein said lateral component of at least one of the H-shaped support
members is fused to the cathode electrode and plane grid electrodes of
electron gun members. 6. An electron gun assembly according to claim 4
wherein said lateral component of at least one of the H-shaped support
members is fused to the cathode electrode and plane grid electrodes of
all of the electron gun members. 7. An electron gun assembly according
to claim 4 wherein said generally H-shaped support members each
include a metal support member bridging the ends of the longitudinal
components thereof. 8. An electron gun assembly according to claim 5
wherein said generally H-shaped support members each include a metal
support member bridging the ends of the longitudinal components
thereof. 9. An electron gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein each
of said support members comprises one longitudinal component and a
plurality of lateral components integrally connected to said
longitudinal component. 10. An electron gun assembly according to claim
9 wherein at least one of said lateral components is fused to the
cathode electrodes and plane grid electrodes of electron gun members.
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
This invention relates to an in-line type triple electron gun assembly.<br />
<br />
The prior art in-line type triple electron gun assembly is fabricated
by fitting glass beads to the prescribed positions between two adjacent
ones of three electron gun members arranged in the same plane by the
aid of brackets fitted to grid electrodes constituting each electron
gun member so as to fix together the three electron gun members.<br />
<br />
With the prior art in-line type triple electron gun assembly, the glass
beads are provided separately from each other, making the relative
position of the gun members unstable and in consequence giving rise to
their mutual displacement. Particularly, the brackets fitted to the grid
electrodes constituting each gun member are bent intricately and
subject to a certain degree of mechanical stress during fabrication, so
that application of heat required for the assembly of gun members most
likely deforms the brackets. Though very slight for the individual
brackets, this deformation assumes a prominent proportion for all the
brackets, resulting in the noticeable displacement of the electron gun
assembly as a whole. This displacement of the constituent gun members
occurs particularly in their axial direction, leads to the irregular
arrangement of its grid electrodes.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
It is accordingly the object of this invention to provide an electron
gun assembly whose constituent members are accurately arranged to keep
the assembly as a whole free from any deformation.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
According to this invention, triple electron gun members each having a
cathode electrode, plane grid electrode and cylindrical electrodes
coaxially arranged in succession are placed side by side in the same
plane with a prescribed convergence angle defined therebetween. To both
sides of the electron gun assembly are fused two support members to
hold the respective gun members securely in place. Each support member
comprises at least one lateral or bridging component fused in common to
at least the cathode electrodes and plane grid electrodes of the
respective electron gun members and at least one longitudinal component
intersecting said at least one lateral component at right angles and
fitted in common to said electron gun members through the later
described means which are fused to said electron gun members.<br />
<br />
The present invention can be more fully understood from the following
detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a side view of an in-line type triple electron gun assembly according to the first embodiment of this invention;<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a sectional view on line 2--2 of the electron gun assembly of FIG. 1;<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a plane grid electrode of a side electron gun member;<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a plane grid electrode of a central electron gun member;<br />
<br />
FIG. 5 is a side view of a triple electron gun assembly according to the second embodiment of the invention; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 6 is a sectional view on line 6--6 of the triple electron gun assembly of FIG. 5.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
As
seen from FIG. 1, each electron gun member 12 of an in-line type
triple electron gun assembly 11 comprises a cathode electrode 13, a
first plane grid electrode 14 and second to fourth cylindrical grid
electrodes 15 to 17, all coaxially arranged in succession. Said
electron gun assembly 11 comprises triple electron gun members 12 each
having the above-mentioned arrangement, and a magnetic convergence
assembly 18 disposed ahead of the furthest end of the fourth
cylindrical grid electrodes of the electron gun members 12. The
juxtaposed triple electron gun members 12 are securely held between two
generally H-shaped support members 19 made of, for example, glass. The
cathode electrode 13 of the electron gun member 12 comprises a heater
received in a generally funnel-shaped support member 20. The first
plane grid electrode 14s of each side electron gun member 12 comprises,
as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a semicircular effective plate electrode 22
bored with a hole 21s for allowing the passage of a beam of electrons
and an electrode holder 23 erected on said plate electrode 22, thus
presenting an L-shaped cross section as a whole. Both side grid
electrodes 14 each constructed as described above are so disposed as to
cause the electrode holders 23 to face each other. As shown in FIG. 4
first plane grid electrode 14c of the central electron gun member 12
comprises a channel-shaped effective grid electrode 24 bored with a
hole 21c allowing the passage of a beam of electrons and electrode
holders 25 projecting outward from both ends of said effective
electrode 24.<br />
<br />
The H-shaped support member 19 is so designed that when it is fused to
the electron gun assembly 11, the lateral component 19b bridging the
two longitudinal components 19a is so positioned as to face the first
grid electrode and cathode electrode of each electron gun member 12. As
shown in FIG. 1. lateral component 19b is integral with (i.e.,
integrally connected to) components 19a and is made of the same
material as components 19a. Said H-shaped support member 19 is fitted
to the electron gun assembly 11 through the support member 20 of the
cathode electrodes 13, the holders 23 and 25 of the first plane grid
electrodes 14s and 14c, and brackets 26 fused to the cylindrical grid
electrodes 15 to 17. A metal support element 19C bridges the ends of
the H-shaped support member 19.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdl9fv6MvPmR6j36Kwz4Adp4QzJkTUCVcAlkpzrjYP58zRW747fb1yEaixNM89piiUb0pKSSQ8plF-du3BU_GFfiYzO75vKGXBHp96bGsVLwhL1j_TG-Qe9QJs0k4HV9VKzrM994ASX18/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" width="218" /></a>According
to the in-line type triple electron gun assembly of this invention of
the aforementioned arrangement, the three electron gun members 12 are
fixed in place by the H-shaped support members 19, so that the
respective electron gun members 12 and the electrodes included therein
can be located accurately with the support members 19 used as the base.
Since the electron gun members 12 are substantially free from any
deformation or distortion, a beam of electrons emitted from the electron
gun members 12 can display excellent characteristics of emission and
focusing simply by slightly adjusting an external magnetic field.
Further, the electrodes of the electron gun members 12 are independently
supported by the H-shaped support members 19, so that the brackets 26
are required to hold only the grid electrodes to which they are fused,
namely, are not subject to any extra load. Therefore, the brackets 26
can be made of thin light material having a relatively small mechanical
strength. This offers various advantages that the brackets 26 can be
easily fabricated; work stress occurring in the brackets 26 is reduced;
when the thin brackets 26 are fused to the electrodes the roundness of
said electrodes is little affected; and the electron lens constituted
by the electron gun members is substantially free from aberration.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s1026/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s320/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTEkKoFdPzP56VTpNvd1L6BJmKgWLv2NuA9DUrzwGTifhdtarK1JiLhUhHOYqgrAPqd2C4oPElazogWh2SRFqGB7HLBOkslB4NAN_oT5bdvmRHueO7aBH4Fsq834k5tgDHDrv7j-qLaxr/s1600/IMGH_01017.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>The
lateral component 19b of the H-shaped support member 19 is fused to
the first plane grid electrode and cathode electrode of each electron
gun member, thereby minimizing the deformation of the mechanically weak
first plane gride electrode which would occur when the triple electron
gun members are assembled and the harmful effect of displacement
caused by said distortion between the axis of the first grid electrode
and those of the other grid electrodes. Further, the above-mentioned
lateral component 19b plays the part of elevating the overall
mechanical strength of the electron gun members constituting the
in-line type electron gun assembly which is mechanically weaker than
the delta-shaped type.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif2ZNL1ZdvT5f-oqGTMk_0oacpsYul5bDk1DH_e_co-gDPPBku4bzkOhf0G_XHKIXkgQ8u14OT0EOb9zwa9eDCFhaN337djxqsLNtuzvrTnnKDqLZbLd56t4sZUpFEux7Vdlw4umbYScE/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif2ZNL1ZdvT5f-oqGTMk_0oacpsYul5bDk1DH_e_co-gDPPBku4bzkOhf0G_XHKIXkgQ8u14OT0EOb9zwa9eDCFhaN337djxqsLNtuzvrTnnKDqLZbLd56t4sZUpFEux7Vdlw4umbYScE/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
There will now be described by reference to FIG. 5 the second
embodiment of this invention. The triple electron gun members arranged
in the same manner as in the first embodiment have the electrodes
operated with the same potential or three juxtaposed electrodes. The
three electron gun members 12 are securely held between two insulating
support members 30 each formed of lateral components 31, 32, 33 and 34
fused to the respective crosswise groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17, each
group consisting of said three juxtaposed electrodes and a longitudinal
component 35 intersecting said lateral components at right angles.
Lateral components 31-34 are integral with and are made of the same
material as the longitudinal component 35.<br />
<br />
The electron gun assembly of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 5
attains not only the same effect as the first embodiment but also
displays the following advantage that since the lateral components
support the crosswise groups each consisting of three juxtaposed grid
electrodes operated with the same potential, the electrodes of the
lengthwise groups operated with different potentials can be spaced
relatively far from each other, thereby elevating the degree of
insulation therebetween.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>MAGNETIC CONVERGENCE DEVICE FOR USE IN AN IN-LINE TOSHIBA CRT TYPE COLOR CATHODE RAY TUBE:<br /><br />Explanation of the Convergence Unit on Toshiba CRT Tube;</b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0s2Dt0PP5ybYcD8d9GdtF2q-Y6ZtfnSehGM5KipBuqnnvTnXdJ4xyjiv-DKUcHxxLg7M_skCxXiAaDbJlQHwRaUpdKrfIZZaHa88-p6d_HnQYXwzceUsX2xrd8SoozJw-T_5Ajv2W5Gu3/s1600/TOSHIBA-CONV-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645251357913489330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0s2Dt0PP5ybYcD8d9GdtF2q-Y6ZtfnSehGM5KipBuqnnvTnXdJ4xyjiv-DKUcHxxLg7M_skCxXiAaDbJlQHwRaUpdKrfIZZaHa88-p6d_HnQYXwzceUsX2xrd8SoozJw-T_5Ajv2W5Gu3/s320/TOSHIBA-CONV-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 206px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
A pair of E-shaped cores are mounted radially in opposite directions on
the outer surface of a neck portion of an inline type color cathode
ray tube. Each of the E-shaped cores has a center leg and two side legs
about which dynamic convergence coils are wound in radial arrangement
relative to the neck portion so as to converge electron beams from the
cathode ray tubes along the longitudinal direction of the center legs
of the respective cores. First and second disc-shaped permanent magnets
are rotatably mounted on a cross-piece connecting the one side ends of
the respective legs, and provide adjustable static fluxes cooperating
with the dynamic convergence flux by travelling through the center and
side legs and across the open ends thereof.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A magnetic convergence device for use in an in-line type color cathode ray tube comprising:<br />
<br />
2. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 1 wherein each of
said E-shaped cores has a cross-piece separated into first, second and
third divisions respectively connected to said center and side legs with
first and second magnetic gaps provided between the adjacent ones of
said divisions; and said permanent magnets are so positioned as to
bridge the magnetic gaps.<br />
<br />
3. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said
means for rotatably supporting the permanent magnets has two supporting
members, each of which is pivotally mounted on said frame and has an
adjusting wheel, a rod member with a rectangular head, each of said
magnets having a rectangular bore for slidably receiving said
rectangular head, and a spring member for resiliently pressing said
magnet against said cross-piece.<br />
<br />
4. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 3 wherein the
first and second adjusting wheels included in said two supporting
members are positioned at different distances from the end wall of the
frame.<br />
<br />
5. A magnetic converence device as claimed in claim 4 wherein the
peripheral portions of the first and second adjusting wheels overlap
each other as viewed in the lengthwise direction of the convergence
device.<br />
<br />
6. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 4 wherein said
first and second adjusting wheels are so disposed as to prevent their
peripheral portions from overlapping each other as viewed in the
lengthwise direction of the convergence device.<br />
<br />
7. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said
means for rotatably supporting the permanent magnets include supporting
rods secured to said frame, said magnets having bores for rotatably
receiving the free end of said supporting rods and spring members for
resiliently pressing said magnets against said cross-piece.<br />
<br />
8. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said
means for rotatably supporting the permanent magnets include spring
members stretched between said frame and permanent magnets for
resiliently pressing said magnets against said cross-piece.<br />
<br />
9. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 8 wherein said spring member is a compression coil spring.<br />
<br />
10. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 8 wherein said
spring member is a hook-shaped leaf spring, the curved portion thereof
engaging the surface of said magnets and the straight portion being
secured to said frame.<br />
<br />
11. A magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 1 comprising four
disc-shaped permanent magnets, and wherein said means for rotatably
mounting said magnets includes means for rotatably mounting two of said
permanent magnets on respective cross-pieces of each of said E-shaped
cores.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s1026/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s320/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTEkKoFdPzP56VTpNvd1L6BJmKgWLv2NuA9DUrzwGTifhdtarK1JiLhUhHOYqgrAPqd2C4oPElazogWh2SRFqGB7HLBOkslB4NAN_oT5bdvmRHueO7aBH4Fsq834k5tgDHDrv7j-qLaxr/s1600/IMGH_01017.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
This invention relates to a magnetic convergence device for converging
the multiple electron beams of an in-line type color cathode ray tube
and more particularly to a magnetic convergence device having an
improved static magnetic convergence means cooperating with a dynamic
convergence means.<br />
<br />
An in-line type color cathode ray tube has recently come into use as a
color cathode ray tube. The in-line type tube generally has three
electron guns arranged in linear relationship, and the electron beams
emitted from the guns are directed to a fluorescent screen through the
neck portion keeping the in-line arrangement of said electron guns.
Among these beams, the center beam is usually for a green color and the
two side beams are respectively for red and blue colors. To provide a
clear and proper color picture over the entire area of the fluorescent
screen, it is necessary for the three electron beams convergently to
impinge on a given small area of the fluorescent screen. For this
purpose, a dynamic convergence means and a static convergence means
cooperating therewith are generally provided on the outer surface of
the neck portion in connectqon with the red and blue color electron
beams. Further, the red and blue color electron beams should be
deflected all over the fluorescent screen so as to obtain a good beam
convergence, but any of the conventional convergence devices has failed
to effect proper deflection.<br />
<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a magnetic
convergence device for use in an in-line type color cathode ray tube
capable of adjusting the convergence of multiple electron beams
accurately and uniformly.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbOqKSXYoPL3pw_DM6DczsnSKHH5_vpCMUL4OZ_x5IplQswYOEZM5u352k2W85G04Lipe_t58aIhfJ_d2_6e0ucU1sh7-pwFHWrhQc6KrxAkWxDd6h-bY5gDLQgkYb_u6D7Raxmtvc0kU/s1600/img_1911.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5540645771607079602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbOqKSXYoPL3pw_DM6DczsnSKHH5_vpCMUL4OZ_x5IplQswYOEZM5u352k2W85G04Lipe_t58aIhfJ_d2_6e0ucU1sh7-pwFHWrhQc6KrxAkWxDd6h-bY5gDLQgkYb_u6D7Raxmtvc0kU/s320/img_1911.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>In
accordance with this invention, the above-mentioned object can be
achieved by providing a magnetic convergence device for use in an
in-line tupe color cathode ray tube comprising a pair of E-shaped cores,
each of said cores having a center leg, two side legs and a
cross-piece connecting the ends of said center and said legs; a
nonmagnetic frame having a tubular member for mounting said E-shaped
cores radially in facing relationship on the outer surface of the neck
portion of said cathode ray tube; dynamic convergence coils wound about
said legs for generating a dynamic convergence flux therethrough; two
disc-shaped permanent magnets for creating an adjustable static flux
cooperating with said dynamic convergence flux by travelling through
said legs and across the open ends thereof; and means for rotatably
mounting said permanent magnets on said cross-piece of at least one of
said E-shaped cores.<br />
<br />
The present invention can be more fully understood from the following
detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a front view of a magnetic convergence device according to an embodiment of this invention;<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a side view, partly in section, along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a schematic front view of the magnetic convergence device of FIG. 1, presenting the operation thereof;<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 shows a modification of the convergence adjusting mechanism of the device of FIG. 1;<br />
<br />
FIGS. 5 to 7 show other modifications of the static convergence adjusting mechanism of the device of FIG. 1; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 8 is a fractional schematic front view of another embodiment of the invention.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgomCrmYbEzp4AkI_NR-beXiNfZwj4ibmT9R6zNrZ_4OSz7znvfxovcgK5gKArm6JB_qD_nVe7qzPBdHMJLbwPPVp8JVh22igF0H8MnWVKvPJkCD0UWQNIVC42wz81f57yQaZQ8xXpU3YxA/s1600/TOSHIBA-CONV-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645251357304945474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgomCrmYbEzp4AkI_NR-beXiNfZwj4ibmT9R6zNrZ_4OSz7znvfxovcgK5gKArm6JB_qD_nVe7qzPBdHMJLbwPPVp8JVh22igF0H8MnWVKvPJkCD0UWQNIVC42wz81f57yQaZQ8xXpU3YxA/s320/TOSHIBA-CONV-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>Referring
to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings, a mounting frame 10 is
made of a nonmagnetic material, preferably a plastic material. The
mounting frame 10 has a tubular member 11 fitted around the outer
surface of the neck portion 12 of an in-line type color cathode ray
tube. The three electron beams 13, 14 and 15 representing red, green and
blue colors of the color cathode ray tube are aligned in line with one
another and separated by magnetic shield plates 16 and 17 so as to
prevent interaction between the magnetic fields applied to the
respective electron 13 to 15. The beams, in particular the beams 13 and
15, are therefore independently adjustable and their convergence is
controlled by magnetic assemblies 18 and 19. The assemblies 18 and 19
are positioned external to the neck portion 12 of the cathode ray tube
and adjacent to the internal magnetic shield plates 16 and 17. The
assemblies 18 and 19 create a flux for deflecting the respective beams
13 and 15. Each assembly, for example, assembly 18 comprises a dynamic
electromagnet 20 and two disc-shaped permanent magnets 21 and 22. Since
each assembly is identical in structure, description of the parts of
the assembly 18 will suffice and is applicable to those of the other
assembly 19 which are designated by the same numerals having a letter a
suffixed thereto.<br />
<br />
The dynamic electromaget 20 has an E-shaped iron core prepared by
powder metallurgy and consisting of a center leg 23, two side legs 24
and 25 and a cross-piece, the cross-piece being divided into a portion
26 connected to the center leg 23 and two other portions 27 and 28
connected to the side legs 24 and 25. Further, said cross--piece has
magnetic gaps formed by nonmagnetic adhesive spacers 29 and 30 disposed
in the boundaries of the adjacent ones of the aforesaid three portions
26, 27 and 28. Coils 31 and 32 are wound about the side legs 24 and 25
to create an alternting flux by alternating current passing
therethrough in addition to the static fluxes of permanent magnets 21
and 22.<br />
<br />
Each dynamic electromagnet 20 is secured between side shoulders 33
longitudinally of the subject magnetic convergence device with the
innermost ends of the side legs 24 and 25 tightly fitted to the inside
of the top shoulders 34 so as to prevent the electromagnet 20 from
unduly approaching the neck portion, that is, to allow a presecribed
space therebetween.<br />
<br />
The aforementioned shoulders 33 and 34 are formed on the frame 10 so as
to support the side legs 24 and 25 and also fit the innermost ends of
the legs 23 to 25 around the outer surface of the neck portion 12.<br />
<br />
Between the dynamic electromagnet 20 and the end wall 36 of the frame
10 are provided permanent magnets 21 and 22 respectively supported by
rotatable supporting members comprised of rods 39 and 40 and adjusting
wheels 41 and 42. The rods 39 and 40 have projections 37 fitted into
perforations 38 provided in the wall 36 of the frame 10. Between the
adjusting wheels 41 and 42 and permanent magnets 21 and 22, there are
wound compression coil springs 43 and 44 around the rods 39 and 40 to
press the permanent magnets 21 and 22 against the crosspiece of the
dynamic electromagnet 20. The permanent magnets 21 and 22 have bores 45
rectangular in cross section to allow the passage therethrough of the
top portions of the rods 39 and 40 having a rectangular cross section
similar to that of the bores 45. Thus the permanent magnets 21 and 22
are normally pressed against the dynamic electromagnet 20, and, when
rotated by manually turning the adjusting wheels 41 and 22, can adjust
the direction in which there is created a static flux therefrom. The
permanent magnets 21 and 22 are respectively so positioned as to bridge
the boundaries defined by the central portion 26 of the cross-piece 28
with the adjacent portions 27 and 28. The height of the side portions
of the frame 10 gradually decreases toward the end wall 36 to
facilitate the manual rotation of adjusting wheels 41 and 42.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgomCrmYbEzp4AkI_NR-beXiNfZwj4ibmT9R6zNrZ_4OSz7znvfxovcgK5gKArm6JB_qD_nVe7qzPBdHMJLbwPPVp8JVh22igF0H8MnWVKvPJkCD0UWQNIVC42wz81f57yQaZQ8xXpU3YxA/s1600/TOSHIBA-CONV-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645251357304945474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgomCrmYbEzp4AkI_NR-beXiNfZwj4ibmT9R6zNrZ_4OSz7znvfxovcgK5gKArm6JB_qD_nVe7qzPBdHMJLbwPPVp8JVh22igF0H8MnWVKvPJkCD0UWQNIVC42wz81f57yQaZQ8xXpU3YxA/s320/TOSHIBA-CONV-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>There
will now be described by reference to FIG. 3 the operation of the
magnetic convergence device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. When the permanent
magnet 21 generates a flux in the same direction, that is, the same
polarity arrangement NS as the permanent magnet 22 as shown in the left
side of FIG. 3, then the resultant compound flux F mainly passes
through the paired side legs 24 and 25 by travelling across a space
defined between their mutually facing open ends, causing the red color
electron beam 13 to be deflected in the direction indicated by the
arrow I or II. The deflecting direction I or II of the red color
electron beam 13 is determined by the directions in which the compound
flux F and said beam 13 are travelling. For example, when the compound
flux F takes a course shown by the arrow and the red color electron
beam 13 is assumed to pass from the under to the upper surface of the
drawing sheet, then said beam 13 will be deflected in the direction of
the arrow I. And if the beam 13 travels conversely from the upper to
the under surface thereof, then the beam 13 will be deflected in the
direction of the arrow II.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, when the permanent magnets 21 and 22 create fluxes
in opposite polarity arrangements, for example, of SN-NS as shown in
the right side of FIG. 3, then the resultant compound flux Fa passes
through the center leg 23a and is thereafter divided into two portions
flowing from the open end of the center leg 23a to the open ends of the
side legs 24a and 25a. Further when the permanent magnets 21 and 22
create fluxes in different opposite polarity arrangements from the
previous case, that is, NS-SN, then the compound flux Fa travels
conversely from the open ends of the side legs 24a and 25a to the open
end of the center leg 23a. Accordingly, the blue color electron beam 15
is deflected by the compound flux Fa in the direction shown by the
arrow III or IV. The deflecting direction of said beam 15 is determined
similarly in accordance with the directions in which the compound flux
Fa and the blue color electron beam 15 are travelling.<br />
<br />
The peripheral portions of the adjusting wheels 41 and 42 of FIG. 1 are
separated as viewed in the crosswise direction of the magnetic
convergence device but overlap each other as viewed in the lengthwise
direction of said device. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOTRkkO2yrLRu4lEohuMdrzO9IrwhR0qnbjJluhoP5-km2OvVky4MCBfadOYhInrzrOVEifqLMVZei5qxC6PFz6N-L2c0XCsRrcTULXpZp5PmVHp2UuLOgV8B-bPW6AhHV6UnaE9dQVtEp/s1600/TOSHIBA-CONV-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645251353642190114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOTRkkO2yrLRu4lEohuMdrzO9IrwhR0qnbjJluhoP5-km2OvVky4MCBfadOYhInrzrOVEifqLMVZei5qxC6PFz6N-L2c0XCsRrcTULXpZp5PmVHp2UuLOgV8B-bPW6AhHV6UnaE9dQVtEp/s320/TOSHIBA-CONV-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>However
as illustrated in FIG. 4, to facilitate the manual rotation of the
wheels 41 and 42, they may be so disposed as to have the peripheral
portions thereof separated as viewed in the crosswise direction of the
magnetic convergence device but prevented from overlapping each other as
viewed in the lengthwise dirction thereof as in the previous case.<br />
<br />
FIGS. 5 to 7 show the modifications of the static convergence adjusting
mechanism of the magnetic convergence device of FIG. 1. The static
convergence adjusting mechanism of FIG. 5 comprises a supporting rod 50
fixed to the end wall 36, the free end of the rod 50 rotatably
supporting the permanent magnet 21b by being received in a bore 51
provided therein, and a compression coil spring 52 for resiliently
pressing the magnet 21b against the cross-piece of the electromagnet 20.<br />
<br />
The static convergence adjusting mechanism of FIG. 6 comprises a
compression coil spring 53 stretched between the end wall 36 and
permanent magnet 21 for resiliently pressing the magnet 21 against the
cross-piece of the electromagnet 20 so as to permit the rotation of said
magnet 21.<br />
<br />
The static convergence adjusting mechanism of FIG. 7 comprises a
hook-shaped leaf spring 54, the curved portion thereof engaging the
surface of the magnet 21 so as to permit its rotation and the straight
portion thereof being secured to the end wall 36.<br />
<br />
In another embodiment of the invention of FIG. 8, an integrally formed
E-shaped core 55 has side legs 56 and 57, a center leg 58 and a
cross-piece 59 connecting the ends of the legs 56 to 58. Dynamic coils
60, 61 and 62 are wound about the respective legs 56 to 58. The other
elements of the embodiment of FIG. 8 are operated in the same manner as
those of FIG. 1 and description thereof is omitted.<br />
<br />
The foreggoing description relates to the case where the three legs had
such lengths as permitted their close abutment against the periphery
of the neck portion of the color cathode ray tube, with their end faces
varied accordingly.<br />
<br />
However, this invention is also applicable even where the center and
paired side legs constituting the E-shaped core have substantially the
same length and cross section. </div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkPKqbFHSGEi5wWI1Y-NzM2_qNXRl57UrfpKXz6OdT1MuyksE_rM2YhqTc-59zAuC8fjAUQ6y4ZPPdL6L3B87IKtK9m8D4lK2OpE_TaJAIctXhQ_WWavk2M_Ru71xPtgk47Wo4XKsZt3s2/s1600/IMGH_01016.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s1026/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAp3OcgGVaFHd4bta01ukJqpqXc1Z0L5HDc8HKZ4_WL3lvrduZHs0jsd4tNJYLQB4A3LAjcwlSCIfNrn-wZqYIZodGTTXO7xauEDUOcx80_JZMF8f3bmhrJwlMAvA_DkGqbdpr_KGEX3BUyUv_-4EuvCRkgpYJD16vtPGomC-wtejLm0f2r4Gtj1SSIvFR/s320/IMGH_13490__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimTEkKoFdPzP56VTpNvd1L6BJmKgWLv2NuA9DUrzwGTifhdtarK1JiLhUhHOYqgrAPqd2C4oPElazogWh2SRFqGB7HLBOkslB4NAN_oT5bdvmRHueO7aBH4Fsq834k5tgDHDrv7j-qLaxr/s1600/IMGH_01017.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b><span style="font-size: small;">TOSHIBA MAGNETIC CONVERGENCE DEVICE FOR USE IN AN IN-LINE TYPE COLOR CATHODE RAY TUBE</span></b>A
mounting plate having first and second arcuate slits is mounted on
the neck portion of an in-line type color cathode ray tube. On both
surfaces of the mounting plate are slidably disposed first and second
arcuate racks and first and second magnetic convergence units each
having an E-shaped convergence core, by means of screws passing through
the arcuate slits. First and second pinions geared to the arcuate
racks are fixed to one end of first and second shafts rotatably fitted
to the mounting plate, the other end of the shafts being fixed to
the first and second adjusting wheels. <br />
<br />
<br />
1. A magnetic convergence device for use in an in-line type color
cathode ray tube comprising a nonmagnetic mounting plate having first
and second arcuate slits and a plurality of split pieces being
clamped by a clamping means so as to fix said mounting plate on the
outer surface of the neck portion of said cathode ray tube; first and
second magnetic convergence units positioned on one surface of said
mounting plate; and means for adjustably fitting said magnetic
convergence units to permit their displacement along said arcuate
slits, each of said magnetic convergence units having a nonmagnetic
frame, a dynamic convergence electromagnet including an E-shaped core
and two disc-shaped permanent magnets associated with said
electromagnet. 2. A magnetic
convergence device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means for
adjustably fitting said magnetic convergence units comprise first and
second arcuate racks positioned on the other surface of said
mounting plate; connecting means for connecting a pair of arcuate
racks to a pair of magnetic convergence units through said arcuate
slits; first and second pinions geared to said arcuate racks and
fixed to one end of first and second shafts rotatably disposed on said
mounting plate; and first and second adjusting wheels fixed to the
other end of said shafts. 3. A
magnetic convergence device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said means
for adjustably fitting said magnetic convergence units comprises a
plurality of screws for fixing said magnetic convergence units to said
mounting plate through said arcuate slits, the diameter of the head
of the screw being larger than the width of the arcuate slit.
4. A magnetic convergence device as
claimed in claim 2 wherein said adjusting wheel is graduated on the
periphery to indicate the rotating position of said magnetic
convergence units on said mounting plate.
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
This invention relates to a magnetic convergence device for use in an
in-line type color cathode ray tube and more particularly to a
magnetic convergence device having first and second individually and
mechanically adjustable magnetic convergence units.<br />
<br />
An in-line type color cathode ray tube has recently come into use as a
color cathode ray tube. The in-line type tube generally has three
electron guns arranged in linear relationship, and the electron beams
emitted from the guns are directed to a fluorescent screen through
the neck portion of said tube maintaining the in-line arrangement of
said electron guns. Among these beams, the central beam is usually
for a green color and the two side beams are for red and blue colors.
To present a clear and proper color picture over the entire area of
the screen, it is necessary for the three electron beams convergently
to impinge on a given small area of the screen. For this purpose, a
dynamic convergence means and a static convergence means cooperating
therewith are generally provided on the outer surface of the neck
portion in connection with the red and blue color electron beams so as
to electrically and magnetically adjust their directions. Further,
the red and blue color electron beams should be deflected individually
all over the fluorescent screen so as to obtain a good beam
convergence, but none of the conventional convergence devices has
succeeded in effecting proper deflection.<br />
<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a magnetic
convergence device for use in an in-line type color cathode ray tube
capable of adjusting the convergence of multiple electron beams
accurately and uniformly.<br />
<br />
In accordance with this invention, the above-mentioned object can be
achieved by providing a magnetic convergence device for use in an
in-line type color cathode ray tube comprising a nonmagnetic mounting
plate having first and second arcuate slits and a plurality of split
pieces being clamped by a clamping means so as to fix said mounting
plate on the outer surface of the neck portion of said cathode ray
tube; first and second magnetic convergence units positioned on one
surface of said mounting plate; means for adjustably fitting said
magnetic convergence units to permit their displacement along said
arcuate slits, each of said magnetic convergence units having a
nonmagnetic frame, a dynamic convergence electromagnet including an
E-shaped core and two disc-shaped permanent magnets associated with
the electromagnet.<br />
<br />
The present invention can be more fully understood from the following
detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a side view of a magnetic convergence device mounted on the
outer surface of the neck portion of an in-line type color cathode
ray tube according to an embodiment of this invention;<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a plan view taken along line II--II of FIG. 1;<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a plan view taken along line III--III of FIG. 1; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is a plan view of another embodiment of the invention.<br />
<br />
Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3 of <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93hirecpZ7fSYx3Xp5eJty3GbzPtoJMp9T4yR0Ixii9_h0DLGW83mq6S97p8Q7pjDrR7GdLNGDOMSEQ1YYlbm8p5jXRYW5Qo1yRH4czDSAHNvcFZOF2Y0BWkVCJvohS0QIW6WWlYQoVA/s1600/TOSHIBA-CONV-UNIT-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667446437031154674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93hirecpZ7fSYx3Xp5eJty3GbzPtoJMp9T4yR0Ixii9_h0DLGW83mq6S97p8Q7pjDrR7GdLNGDOMSEQ1YYlbm8p5jXRYW5Qo1yRH4czDSAHNvcFZOF2Y0BWkVCJvohS0QIW6WWlYQoVA/s320/TOSHIBA-CONV-UNIT-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>the
accompanying drawings, there is disposed a disc-shaped nonmagnetic
mounting plate 3 on the outer surface of a neck portion 1 of an
in-line type color cathode ray tube 2. The mounting plate 3 has a
bore 4 provided at the center into which the neck portion 1 is
inserted, and a plurality of, for example, six split pieces 5 formed
integrally with the mounting plate 3 and extending from the inner
surface of the bore 4. There is provided a clamping means consisting
of a clamping band 6 and a bolt 7 for clamping the split pieces 5 to
the neck portion 1. First and second arcuate slits 8 are formed in
the mounting plate 3 in concentric relationship with the bore 4.<br />
<br />
On one surface of the mounting plate 3 facing an electron gun
assembly (not shown) disposed at one end part of the neck portion 1
are positioned first and second arcuate racks 9, which have a
curvature corresponding to that of the racks, 8 and a width slightly
larger than that of the slits 9. On the other surface of the mounting
plate 3 facing a fluorescent screen (not shown) of the cathode ray
tube 2 are positioned first and second magnetic convergence units 10,
which are connected to the arcuate racks 9 by means of screws 11
passing through the arcuate slits 8. Thus, the arcuate racks 9 and
magnetic convergence units 10 are so fitted to the mounting plate 3
as to slide through arcuate slits 8.<br />
<br />
Each of the magnetic convergence units 10 comprises a nonmagnetic
rectangular frame 12 having a bottom plate 13 connected to the arcuate
rack 9, a dynamic convergence electromagnet including an E-shaped
core 14 and dynamic convergence coils 15 wound thereon, and two
disc-shaped permanent magnets 16 positioned between the cross-piece of
the E-shaped core 14 and frame 12. The magnets 16 are pressed
against the cross-piece of the core 14 by compression coil springs
17.<br />
<br />
The electron gun assembly of the in-line type color cathode ray tube 2
has three linearly arranged electron guns and consequently the
emitted three electron beams 18, 19 and 20 respectively corresponding
to red, green and blue colors are also linearly disposed and further
separated by magnetic shield plates 21 and 22 so as to prevent
interaction between the magnetic fields applied to the electron beams
18 to 20. The beams, in particular the beams 18 and 20, are therefore
independently adjustable and their convergence can be controlled by
the magnetic convergence units 10, which create dynamic and static
fluxes from the free ends of the E-shaped cores 14 for deflecting the
beams 18 and 20.<br />
<br />
First and second pinion 23 are geared to the arcuate racks 9. Each of
the pinions 23 is fixed to one end of a shaft 24 rotatably mounted
on a holder 25 formed on the surface of the mounting plate 3. At the
other end of the shaft 24 is provided an adjusting wheel 26 for
rotating the pinion 23.<br />
<br />
The peripheral portion of one surface of the adjusting wheels 26 is
provided with a scale 27 for indicating the rotating position of the
magnetic convergence units 10 on the mounting plate 3.<br />
<br />
In FIGS. 1 to 3, three electron beams 18 to 20 emitted from the linearly arranged three electron guns travel through the n<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-pFomphn5r17Lv-TvYvtzP7i2IZvNbJBAXcXDd22vUl6e2tBmbgzXWMqASToBEmVA2AhALyKZ4-D2pvb7jmjIrdLqsVm0YovXZi5m7LZlWaiguWy0H4WyZiSyEttRIXMvORngwAT6bQ/s1600/TOSHIBA-CONV-UNIT-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667446433098049250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm-pFomphn5r17Lv-TvYvtzP7i2IZvNbJBAXcXDd22vUl6e2tBmbgzXWMqASToBEmVA2AhALyKZ4-D2pvb7jmjIrdLqsVm0YovXZi5m7LZlWaiguWy0H4WyZiSyEttRIXMvORngwAT6bQ/s320/TOSHIBA-CONV-UNIT-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>eck
portion 1 and are deflected in the deflection device 28 mounted on
the outer surface of the funnel portion 29 of the color cathode ray
tube 2 so as to convergently impinge on the fluorescent screen. In the
neck portion 1 the red and blue beams 18 and 20 are magnetically
subjected to deflection by the magnetic convergence units. The
magnetic convergence is achieved using a dynamic convergence flux
obtained by applying an alternating current to the coils 15 and a
static convergence flux obtained by adjusting the arrangement of the
magnetic poles of the two disc-shaped permanent magnets 16. According
to this embodiment, the magnetic convergence is further achieved by
mechanically displacing the magnetic convergence units 10 along the
arcuate slits 8 through rotation of the adjusting wheels 26.<br />
<br />
In the magnetic convergence device of FIG. 4, the magnetic
convergence units 10 are fitted to the mounting plate 3 by screws 30
passing through the slits 8. The diameter of the screw head is larger
than the width of the slit 8 and the diameter of the threaded
portion of the screw 30 passing through the slit 8 is slightly
smaller than the width of the slit 8. Therefore, when all of the
screws 30 are loosened, the magnetic convergence units 10 can be
easily displaced along the arcuate slits 8 so as to precisely deflect
the electron beams 18 and 20. The other elements of the embodiment
of FIG. 4 are operated in the same manner as those of FIG. 1 and
description thereof is omitted. </div>
</div><p>
</p><p></p><p><b>
Toshiba, "Blackstripe Vertical Stripe Screen Colour Picture Tube", 1973. </b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHZJ6U2S4Tb2ySUZPd18hXCVI-V4nFbYOJCRjtbbRrnDiUeIzQQALnblfJFlzw0BbrNz2DaHGyZ4nbHJmWhxymY4f-XuSDw7iYjapZvlmjxZ0pWWt9QCWfDFQmCl3qngtJVgmWDZZkQcO/s1600/blackstripe-1.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHZJ6U2S4Tb2ySUZPd18hXCVI-V4nFbYOJCRjtbbRrnDiUeIzQQALnblfJFlzw0BbrNz2DaHGyZ4nbHJmWhxymY4f-XuSDw7iYjapZvlmjxZ0pWWt9QCWfDFQmCl3qngtJVgmWDZZkQcO/s320/blackstripe-1.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HgAR1qGBQVjzsfwXClwl_TgGJS2l3seguwl4_bDuaq6RXLXxbqoUlQCU01DWICBw8ldOLzOa0i_QqI9697nV1lCt5YYqvTi_mAJ9RFfIRW8QPZIZkRBJcz7M0CEu4hDLZ7gRAJxVFjkr/s1600/blackstripe-2.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HgAR1qGBQVjzsfwXClwl_TgGJS2l3seguwl4_bDuaq6RXLXxbqoUlQCU01DWICBw8ldOLzOa0i_QqI9697nV1lCt5YYqvTi_mAJ9RFfIRW8QPZIZkRBJcz7M0CEu4hDLZ7gRAJxVFjkr/s320/blackstripe-2.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
Claims:<br />
<br />
<br />
I claim: 1. In a cathode ray tube including a faceplate and a shadow
mask containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to impinge upon and
excite selected areas of phosphor material on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising: <br />
<br />
a horizontally repetitive pattern of sets of three vertically oriented
stripes of phosphor material extending vertically across and coating the
inside surface of said faceplate, each stripe within a set being of
different phosphor material so as to emit a different color when excited
by the corresponding one of the three electron beams passing through
the associated aperture in said shadow mask, and <br />
<br />
a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said
faceplate and containing a vertical and horizontal array of vertically
oriented slotted openings, said stripes and openings being juxtaposed so
that said openings define viewable portions of said stripes, each
viewable portion being totally surrounded with light absorbing material,
<br />
<br />
said openings and stripes being aligned with the apertures in said
shadow mask so that a corresponding one of said three electron beams is
allowed to impinge upon each viewable portion, <br />
<br />
the vertical dimension of each opening being greater than the vertical
dimension of that part of said viewable portion excited by the electron
beam impinging thereupon, such that a positive vertical guardband is
provided, and <br />
<br />
the horizontal dimension of each opening being less than the horizontal
dimension of the impinging electron beam, such that a negative
horizontal guardband is provided.<br />
<br />
2. In a cathode ray tube including a faceplate and a shadow mask
containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to impinge upon and
excite selected areas of phosphor material on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising: <br />
<br />
a series of vertically oriented stripes of phosphor material extending
across and coating the inside surface of said faceplate, the phosphor
material of horizontally successive stripes differing in a repetitive
pattern so as to emit different colors within each pattern when excited
by electron beams, and <br />
<br />
a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said
faceplate in the form of a matrix comprising vertical stripes of
material interposed between the phosphor stripes and horizontal spans of
material crossing said phosphor stripes, <br />
<br />
the vertical stripes and horizontal spans of light absorbing material defining the viewable portions of said phosphor stripes, <br />
<br />
the vertical dimension of said horizontal spans being less than or equal
to the vertical region of each phosphor stripe between vertically
adjacent beam landings not excited by said electron beams, such that a
zero to positive vertical guardband is provided for each viewable
portion, <br />
<br />
the horizontal dimension of the vertical stripes of light absorbing
material being greater than the horizontal separation between
horizontally adjacent phosphor stripes, such that a negative horizontal
guardband is provided for each viewable portion.<br />
<br />
3. In a cathode ray tube including a faceplace and a shadow mask
containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to land upon and excite
selected areas of phosphor materials on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising: <br />
<br />
a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said
faceplate and comprising a web containing an array of vertically
oriented slotted openings therein, there being a unique set of three
horizontally spaced openings for each aperture of said shadow mask
aligned to receive the electron beams passing through said aperture, and
<br />
<br />
a layer of phosphor material coated on the inside surface of said
faceplate within the boundaries of said openings, there being a
different phosphor material for each of the openings of a set so as to
emit a different color when excited by the electron beam impinging
thereupon, <br />
<br />
the height of said web between vertically adjacent sets of openings
being less than or equal to the vertical distance between vertically
adjacent beam landings to provide a zero to positive vertical guardband
for each phosphor area, <br />
<br />
the width of said web between horizontally adjacent openings being
greater than the horizontal distance between horizontally adjacent beam
landings to provide a negative horizontal guardband for each phosphor
area.<br />
<br /><br />
Description:<br />
<br />
This invention relates to cathode ray tube screens, and more
particularly to black matrix screens for color television picture tubes
employing slotted aperture masks and a process for fabricating such
screens. <br />
<br />
Manufacturers of cathode ray tubes of the color television picture tube
type have recently begun employing aperture masks having slotted
apertures instead of the more conventional circular apertures in order
to achieve greater electron beam transmission through the mask, since an
array of slots in an aperture mask allows the mask geometrically to be
fabricated with more total open area than the same size mask containing
round or circular apertures. The slotted apertures are typically
arranged in vertical columns on the mask, each column being comprised of
a plurality of slotted apertures. Since more electrons can impinge on
the phosphor regions of the screen in a tube of this type than of the
circular aperture, mask type, a brighter picture results. Unlike the
circularly-configured phosphor regions on the screen of a tube employing
an aperture mask having circular apertures, however, the phosphor
regions on the screen of a tube employing an aperture mask having
slotted apertures are formed in a pattern of adjacent vertical stripes,
typically with each stripe running continuously from the top of the
screen to the bottom. <br />
<br />
Black matrix tubes have also become widely popular as of late, both in
circular aperture mask tubes and slotted aperture mask tubes. As seen
from the viewing side of the screen of circular aperture mask tubes, the
black matrix material completely surrounds each circular phosphor dot,
serving to improve image contrast by absorbing ambient light that might
otherwise be reflected by the screen. Also as seen from the viewing side
of the screen of slotted aperture mask tubes, each vertical phosphor
stripe is separated from the adjacent vertical phosphor stripe by a
stripe of black matrix material running from the bottom to the top of
the screen. <br />
<br />
In fabricating screens for conventional slotted aperture mask tubes of
the black matrix type, a photoresist material coated over the inside
surface of a tube faceplate is exposed in a so-called lighthouse to
actinic radiation in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of matrix
openings ultimately to be formed on the screen. This radiation is
transmitted through the slotted apertures in the mask before impinging
on the photoresist material. The actinic light source used in this
fabrication process is linearly-elongated in a direction parallel to the
columns of slots in the aperture mask in order to permit the black
matrix material to be formed with a pattern of vertically and
horizontally-aligned, vertically-oriented slots extending between the
top and bottom of the screen. The phosphor stripes are thereafter
deposited so that phosphor of a predetermined color emission
characteristic, respectively, is deposited on the faceplate through a
predetermined slot, respectively. Three different phosphor materials are
conventionally deposited in a horizontally-repetitive pattern. <br />
<br />
When a screen formed in the aforementioned manner is operated in a color
television picture tube, parts of each of the phosphor stripes are not
excited by the electron beams, since electrons are blocked by the webs
of the mask between vertically-adjacent slots. These parts of the
stripes, therefore, are essentially useless in producing images, since
they provide no illumination on the face of the tube as a result of
direct bombardment by primary electrons. Moreover, the phosphor material
in these regions adds to overall reflectivity of the screen and hence
has a deleterious effect on image contrast. To overcome this problem,
the present invention contemplates substituting black matrix material to
be seen from the viewing side of the screen to avoid reflection from
the parts of the phosphor stripes not excited by the electron beams.
This may be accomplished by using a source of actinic radiation for
producing slotted openings in the black matrix material that is of
shorter length than the linear source of actinic radiation for producing
the phosphor stripes. The resulting increase in area of black matrix
material serves to reduce screen reflectivity and enhance contrast of
the displayed images. Moreover, by controlling vertical size of the mask
webs between vertically-adjacent openings in the black matrix material,
either a positive guardband or negative guardband mode of operation in
the vertical direction may be achieved. <br />
<br />
Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide a new and
improved color television picture tube of the black matrix type
exhibiting reduced screen reflectivity and enhanced image contrast. <br />
<br />
Another object is to provide a color television picture tube of the
slotted aperture mask type having a screen, as seen from the viewing
side, formed of a plurality of vertically-oriented linear phosphor
regions completely surrounded by black matrix material. <br />
<br />
Another object is to provide a black matrix color television picture
tube of the slotted aperture mask type capable of operating in a
positive or negative guardband mode of operation in the vertical
direction. <br />
<br />
A further object is to provide a black matrix color television picture
tube wherein the vertical guardband of the matrix is controlled to
enhance image contrast without reducing image brightness. <br />
<br />
Another object is to provide a method of fabricating a color television
picture tube of the black matrix type wherein exposures to different
levels of actinic radiation are employed sequentially in forming the
picture tube screen. <br />
<br />
Briefly, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a
viewing screen is provided for a cathode ray tube. The tube includes a
faceplate and employs a shadow mask containing an array of
vertically-oriented slotted apertures for restricting electron beams
directed therethrough to impinge on, and excite, selected areas of
phosphor material on the faceplate. The viewing screen comprises a layer
of light-absorbing material coated over the inside surface of the
faceplate, with the layer including a pattern of vertically-elongated
openings therein, and a plurality of vertically-oriented stripes of
phosphor material arranged such that horizontally successive stripes are
comprised of different phosphor materials according to a repeating
pattern. Each of the stripes, respectively, is coated over substantially
the entire area of all the elongated openings situated essentially in
separate vertical alignment, respectively. <br />
<br />
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, a
method of forming on the faceplate of a cathode ray tube a viewing
screen for a high contrast color television picture tube of the slotted
aperture mask, black matrix type is described. The method comprises
forming a first layer of photosensitive material on the inside surface
of the faceplate and exposing the photosensitive material to actinic
radiation through slotted apertures in the mask from a first linear
radiation source of predetermined dimension along its longitudinal axis.
The longitudinal axis of the first source is maintained substantially
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the slotted apertures. The
unexposed regions of the first layer of photosensitive material are then
removed, and a layer of black matrix material is formed atop the first
layer of photosensitive material and the inside surface of the
faceplate. The exposed regions of the first layer of photosensitive
material and the black matrix material coated thereon are next removed,
leaving openings in the black matrix material. A second layer of
photosensitive material is formed atop the black matrix material coated
on the inside surface of the faceplate and atop the exposed portions of
the inside surface of the faceplate. The second layer of photosensitive
material carries a phosphor material either coated thereon or mixed
therein, emitting a characteristic color of light when excited by
electrons. This is followed by exposing the second layer of
photosensitive material to actinic radiation through the slotted
apertures from a second linear radiation source of dimension along its
longitudinal axis exceeding the predetermined dimension, the
longitudinal axis of the second source also being substantially parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the slotted apertures. The unexposed
regions of the second layer of photosensitive material are then removed.
In this fashion, phosphor material is applied over the inside surface
of the faceplate in registry with the openings in the black matrix
layer. If desired, the phosphor material may be applied in the form of
vertical stripes extending between the top and bottom of the screen by
increasing the length of the second radiation source, increasing the
duration of exposure therefrom, or a combination of both. <br />
<br />
<br />
Toshiba Corporation (Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba) is a Japanese<br />
<br />
multinational conglomerate corporation, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.
The company's main business is in infrastructure, consumer products,
electronic devices and components.<br />
<br />
Toshiba-made Semiconductors are among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor
Sales Leaders. In 2009, Toshiba was the world's fifth largest personal
computer vendor, after Hewlett-Packard of the U.S., Dell of the U.S.,
Acer of Taiwan, and Lenovo of China.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Toshiba was founded by the merging of two companies in 1939.<br />
<br />
One, Tanaka Seisakusho (Tanaka Engineering Works), was Japan's first
manufacturer of telegraph equipment and was established by Hisashige
Tanaka in 1875.[2] . In 1904, its name was changed to Shibaura
Seisakusho (Shibaura Engineering Works). Through the first part of the
20th century Shibaura Engineering Works became a major manufacturer of
heavy electrical machinery as Japan modernized during the Meiji Era and
became a world industrial power.<br />
<br />
The second company, Hakunetsusha, was established in 1890 and was
Japan's first producer of incandescent electric lamps. It diversified
into the manufacture of other consumer products and in 1899 was renamed
Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric).<br />
<br />
The merger in 1939 of Shibaura Seisakusho and Tokyo Denki created a new
company called Tokyo Shibaura Denki (Tokyo Shibaura Electric) (東京芝浦電気).
It was soon nicknamed Toshiba, but it was not until 1978 that the
company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation.<br />
<br />
The group expanded strongly, both by internal growth and by
acquisitions, buying heavy engineering and primary industry firms in the
1940s and 1950s and then spinning off subsidiaries in the 1970s and
beyond. Groups created include Toshiba EMI (1960), Toshiba International
Corporation (1970's) Toshiba Electrical Equipment (1974), Toshiba
Chemical (1974), Toshiba Lighting and Technology (1989), Toshiba America
Information Systems (1989) and Toshiba Carrier Corporation (1999).<br />
<br />
Toshiba is responsible for a number of Japanese firsts, including radar
(1942), the TAC digital computer (1954), transistor television and
microwave oven (1959), color video phone (1971), Japanese word processor
(1978), MRI system (1982), laptop personal computer (1986), NAND EEPROM
(1991), DVD (1995), the Libretto sub-notebook personal computer (1996)
and HD DVD (2005).<br />
<br />
In 1977, Toshiba merged with the Brazilian company Semp (Sociedade Eletromercantil Paulista), forming Semp Toshiba.<br />
<br />
In 1987, Toshiba Machine, a subsidiary of Toshiba, was accused of
illegally selling CNC milling machines used to produce very quiet
submarine propellers to the Soviet Union in violation of the CoCom
agreement, an international embargo on certain countries to COMECON
countries. The Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal involved a subsidiary of
Toshiba and the Norwegian company Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk. The incident
strained relations between the United States and Japan, and resulted in
the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the
imposition of sanctions on the company by both countries.[3] The US had
always relied on the fact that the Soviets had noisy boats, so
technology that would make the USSR's submarines harder to detect
created a significant threat to America's security. Senator John Heinz
of Pennsylvania said "What Toshiba and Kongsberg did was ransom the
security of the United States for $517 million."<br />
<br />
In 2001, Toshiba signed a contract with Orion Electric, one of the
world's largest OEM consumer video electronic makers and suppliers, to
manufacture and supply finished consumer TV and video products for
Toshiba to meet the increasing demand for the North American market. The
contract ended in 2008, ending 7 years of OEM production with Orion.<br />
<br />
In December 2004, Toshiba quietly announced it would discontinue
manufacturing traditional in-house cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions.
In 2006, Toshiba terminated production of in-house plasma TVs. Toshiba
quickly switched to Orion as the supplier and maker of Toshiba-branded
CRT-based TVs and plasma TVs until 2007. To ensure its future
competitiveness in the flat-panel digital television and display market,
Toshiba has made a considerable investment in a new kind of display
technology called SED.<br />
<br />
Toshiba is a diversified manufacturer and marketer of electrical
products, spanning information & communications equipment and
systems, Internet-based solutions and services, electronic components
and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure
systems, and household appliances.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-39198735669591161292024-01-03T18:00:00.111+01:002024-01-03T18:00:00.147+01:00SELECO 14SX201 (ZANUSSI) YEAR 1981<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQhQLBH0Zo6oTO0xd_jBWNHAxkksxOWLy8oZUnT_1b_qvEoQ8J3tsD5CRP4IzX_CRtUDJZ1CfIzkI1Poq1W_iVQf6dg7feDsHftykoS-UKoGigDRVdMGaCmNBp1tJqOjfoanv4fikmAdybxLLPKwpcmzwppvoSujRBFGUgJyzYtJcWj0-FmsCzjDYmnLmi/s1026/IMGH_13452__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQhQLBH0Zo6oTO0xd_jBWNHAxkksxOWLy8oZUnT_1b_qvEoQ8J3tsD5CRP4IzX_CRtUDJZ1CfIzkI1Poq1W_iVQf6dg7feDsHftykoS-UKoGigDRVdMGaCmNBp1tJqOjfoanv4fikmAdybxLLPKwpcmzwppvoSujRBFGUgJyzYtJcWj0-FmsCzjDYmnLmi/s320/IMGH_13452__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGkKmg6zFpwubXb26Cyh_dLGW1aN3oRhSHR16jimsHyVxWYGrujp_BzvX2CgjCwFtfzYl8_QWW7F-S1d4OObckaNZfR0YTuPFLRpwlvj0RZDJ4qK1z6P6nSG2uLGTXAESy2ENfMgWroydhNdakhVytwEM8rpUGJtuuOAWrR1GaD-GhoA4cUOcdTqYXWi-4/s1026/IMGH_13453__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGkKmg6zFpwubXb26Cyh_dLGW1aN3oRhSHR16jimsHyVxWYGrujp_BzvX2CgjCwFtfzYl8_QWW7F-S1d4OObckaNZfR0YTuPFLRpwlvj0RZDJ4qK1z6P6nSG2uLGTXAESy2ENfMgWroydhNdakhVytwEM8rpUGJtuuOAWrR1GaD-GhoA4cUOcdTqYXWi-4/s320/IMGH_13453__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HNrOGGNXxCDiObZP8cM1xS-DCKrKConZTA7m6TmTIAzGFiG5WBaQ3xl4KxqSGoxhL55jpxLOrv8hSyTpFvwl261pFjUMEJOLcHg6knQRY9a3JylDdY41cw4mcYTDwdaLSg8jvEZzeOUCC6ABj0J0xflwMfFcNIJL1JFzbDKDxhSceXbgdy-EsW_odAi_/s1026/IMGH_13454__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HNrOGGNXxCDiObZP8cM1xS-DCKrKConZTA7m6TmTIAzGFiG5WBaQ3xl4KxqSGoxhL55jpxLOrv8hSyTpFvwl261pFjUMEJOLcHg6knQRY9a3JylDdY41cw4mcYTDwdaLSg8jvEZzeOUCC6ABj0J0xflwMfFcNIJL1JFzbDKDxhSceXbgdy-EsW_odAi_/s320/IMGH_13454__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDf5cwzjUW-Wm2odAD1IMxGlkMONtgDqHPs10Yrut2yBo7WVwZFu4S3ifFqlUWtK9DMxo6RgwSzZ2u9C1vRiS5jFHZb_WKih35hRotKy_9-d_QVC2NseBpNWJ7mpRZvtDlQvy6pFkX2d2xo8AKUiWN-gMakyShMhg24grdq6RGrdO0Bvep2VHSThMDp1Ja/s1282/IMGH_13455__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDf5cwzjUW-Wm2odAD1IMxGlkMONtgDqHPs10Yrut2yBo7WVwZFu4S3ifFqlUWtK9DMxo6RgwSzZ2u9C1vRiS5jFHZb_WKih35hRotKy_9-d_QVC2NseBpNWJ7mpRZvtDlQvy6pFkX2d2xo8AKUiWN-gMakyShMhg24grdq6RGrdO0Bvep2VHSThMDp1Ja/s320/IMGH_13455__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHtdWpJFaEJ-0zcBsuUIcQIM221T2RZagHKfhmm1Bwl-xNTiHXVwXStt_lSZeNM65bGmlwBS3S341FXwWFZ2edT9yP-Yq1OSxx34ukxc9AAREFjHBbR_3xRO3p5aktpLBMJtw87NLm-o-vBPeAMwFPv5g8OWWaECRoLA0ghznssUjZUgCMfwY-11czwceX/s1282/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHtdWpJFaEJ-0zcBsuUIcQIM221T2RZagHKfhmm1Bwl-xNTiHXVwXStt_lSZeNM65bGmlwBS3S341FXwWFZ2edT9yP-Yq1OSxx34ukxc9AAREFjHBbR_3xRO3p5aktpLBMJtw87NLm-o-vBPeAMwFPv5g8OWWaECRoLA0ghznssUjZUgCMfwY-11czwceX/s320/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxuVjtu1b-fJGK-SPQEjFvo1QBRUTrhmFrvzT3dwduLJ1nDDZ7tzqV4ANJLJ5SJTl0ZBGHwKiVHTtGbSDFd5h99GNSDPN449SFEvwGNwey12v3zZ3AGsiS-XpfR5x4njrbaV17ZLtKY21tpSLfuUm-Afdre5jX9Mgrhi-fA-QQ8bww4GkV-wOJT2JHkCA6/s1282/IMGH_13457__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxuVjtu1b-fJGK-SPQEjFvo1QBRUTrhmFrvzT3dwduLJ1nDDZ7tzqV4ANJLJ5SJTl0ZBGHwKiVHTtGbSDFd5h99GNSDPN449SFEvwGNwey12v3zZ3AGsiS-XpfR5x4njrbaV17ZLtKY21tpSLfuUm-Afdre5jX9Mgrhi-fA-QQ8bww4GkV-wOJT2JHkCA6/s320/IMGH_13457__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>
The SELECO 14SX201 is a portable B/W television with square body in dark gray plastic and it's shaped in the upper part in the shape of a sail. In this part the surface is entirely grilled for ventilation and protection of the speaker.</p><p><br />The front wall is entirely occupied by the 13 inch (34CM) CRT screen protected by smoked glass.<br />In the upper part there are the controls for use: on and off button, 12 buttons tuning for the VHF/UHF pre-selected channels, three knobs for adjusting volume, brightness, contrast and a removable whip antenna.</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHtdWpJFaEJ-0zcBsuUIcQIM221T2RZagHKfhmm1Bwl-xNTiHXVwXStt_lSZeNM65bGmlwBS3S341FXwWFZ2edT9yP-Yq1OSxx34ukxc9AAREFjHBbR_3xRO3p5aktpLBMJtw87NLm-o-vBPeAMwFPv5g8OWWaECRoLA0ghznssUjZUgCMfwY-11czwceX/s1282/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHtdWpJFaEJ-0zcBsuUIcQIM221T2RZagHKfhmm1Bwl-xNTiHXVwXStt_lSZeNM65bGmlwBS3S341FXwWFZ2edT9yP-Yq1OSxx34ukxc9AAREFjHBbR_3xRO3p5aktpLBMJtw87NLm-o-vBPeAMwFPv5g8OWWaECRoLA0ghznssUjZUgCMfwY-11czwceX/w200-h150/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a> The mechanical turret
approach to television tuning has been used almost exclusively for the
past over 60 years. Even though replete with the inherent disadvantages of
mechanical complexity, unreliability and cost, such apparatus has been
technically capable of performing its intended function and as a result
the consumer has had to bear the burdens associated with the device.
However, with the " recent " Broadcast demands for parity of tuning for
UHF and VHF channels, the increasing number of UHF and cable TV stations
have imposed new tuning performance requirements which severely tax the
capability of the mechanical turret tuner. Consequently, attempts are
now being made to provide all electronic tuning to meet the new
requirements.</li></ul><p>
<br />
The invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high
frequency receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a
potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said
potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance
paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw
spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material
housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with
each tuning spindle.<br />
<br />
In these tuning units, the working voltages of the capacity diodes in
the tuning circuits are recorded once a precise tuning to the desired
frequency has been performed. A potentiometer tuning system has great
advantages over the formerly used channel selectors operating with
mechanically adjustable capacitors (tuning condensers) or mechanically
adjustable inductances (variometers), mainly because it is not required
to have such great precision in its tuning mechanism.<br />
<br />
Tuning units with bandswitches formed of variable resistances and
combined with interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of
recorded working voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel
selection is accomplished by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or
fine tuning are performed by turning the knobs. The resistances serving
as voltage dividers in these tuning units are combined into a component
unit such that they are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common
insulating plate forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning
spindles and wiper contacts corresponding to the variable resistances
are housed. The number of resistances corresponds to the number of
channels or frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact
picks up a voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines
their capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding
oscillating circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by
turning the tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression
of a button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a
tuning spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied
to the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it
is possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different
receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be.<br />
<br />
Moreover, using this arrangement, the only indication--during
adjustment--of which channel is selected is by station identification.</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The set is completely based on semiconductors mainly discretes and few Ics.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The chassis appears as an <i><u>own design</u></i> with simple circuits and nothing complex.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>On the back there is a socket for the VHF and UHF antenna and the connection cable to the electricity mains comes out</li></ul><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> All commands are upside placed including the speaker.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><u>The set is part of the design center of SELECO.</u></li></ul><p>
</p><blockquote><p><br />
<b>Zanussi</b> was an Italian producer of home appliances
that in 1984 was bought by Electrolux . Zanussi is a leading brand for
domestic kitchen appliances in Europe. Products have been exported from
Italy since 1946.<br />
<br />
The Zanussi Company began
as the small workshop of Antonio Zanussi in 1916. The
enterprising 26-year-old son of a blacksmith in Pordenone in
Northeastern Italy began the business by making home stoves and
wood-burning ovens.<br />
After his father death in 1946 “Lino Zanussi” became the President of the company.<br />
In the early 1970s Zanussi sold a lot in the UK and for some time after under the “<span class="new">Zoppas</span>”
brand, name which had been acquired, making Zanussi the first
largest Italian appliance maker. They also produced washing
machines Hotpoint for Hotpoint at this time which were very
reliable and highly rated by users and engineers.<br />
In the
late 1970s and into the early 1980s the company had a range of
washing machines which used an induction motor with a clutch
pulley system. Again this range proved extremely popular and
very reliable.<br />
During this period Zanussi Professional,
the catering range of appliances for commercial use, became a
separate division in its own right.<br />
In the early 1980s
Zanussi launched the Jetsystem washing machine range to great
acclaim whilst at the same time running the “Appliance Of
Science” advertising campaign which is acknowledged as one of the
most successful marketing campaigns of all time, in fact
still remembered by many today. This gave the brand the
impression of being forward thinking and innovative.<br />
Zanussi
has recently been rebranded as Zanussi-Electrolux in line
with many other Electrolux brand names. Since that time many
Zanussi appliances share common components and parts with the
rest of the Electrolux range, primarily Electrolux, Tricity
Bendix and AEG although it is worth noting that the “John
Lewis” branded machines sold by the John Lewis Partnership in
the UK are effectively rebranded Zanussi appliances.<br />
In
the late 1980s Zanussi launched the split tank design known as
the “Nexus Tub” design which endures to this day with little
change. The tub, base and certain other parts are made from a
plastic material known as “Carboran” which can be re-used
several times if recycled. To this day neither Zanussi or
Electrolux has provided any way to return this material for
recycling purposes.<br />
<br />
Up until the end of the
1980s Zanussi service was run from Slough and was a network of
independent repairers who gave an unparalleled service level.
It is generally acknowledged within the industry that this
service network was the best that there has ever been in the
UK.<br />
In the early 1990s Electrolux instigated
amalgamating all its UK brands under one service entity. This
entity was split, dependent on region, between the Zanussi
service agents and the local Electrolux Service Centre. In
general those in a high population density area where given to
the Electrolux employed centres. Tricity Bendix, Electrolux
and AEG as well as Zanussi were all to be serviced by the one
network.<br />
This was changed in the late 1990s and early
2000s as Electrolux sold or gave away the regional service
centres, generally to the existing management or to area
managers to run as independent businesses.<br />
This service
network was rebranded and became Service Force which still
exists today but is, once again, all operated by independent
service companies who repair and supply spare parts for all of
the brands.................<br />
<br />
..........................when the president Lino Zanussi died in a plane crash in June 1968 - Zanussi<br />
Industries was the first Italian manufacturer of white goods and employs approximately 13000 employees.<br />
<br />
When the Zanussi group of Pordenone lives a first phase of financial
stress then Lamberto Mazza, who succeeded Lino Zanussi, decides to
liquidate some social funds with share capital held by Guido Zanussi causing an outlay of 16 billion lire of that era.<br />
<br />
Despite the Huge outlay to cope with such a withdrawal, the group
aquired, in the course of 1970, competitor like Zoppas the other big
Italian manufacturer of household appliances, which was,<br />
significantly in debt due of an acquisition of Triplex in Solarolo and a construction of the new plant in Susegana.<br />
<br />
The Zoppas, whose factories were located in Conegliano Veneto (TV), has a
history quite similar to Zanussi: it is in fact founded by Ferdinand
Zoppas in 1926 as an artisan company repair of wood-burning stoves and
then spread widely and rapidly under the leadership of his sons Augusto
and Gino.<br />
<br />
Zanussi president, Lamberto Mazza, alleged a plan to achieve an optimal
size to compete at the European level if not the world, strengthening
the shares held by Zanussi on the Italian market to avoid the entry of
foreign competitors (in particular the U.S. Westinghouse).<br />
<br />
The Financial stress imposed on Zanussi by acquisition of Zoppas and,
simultaneously, the increase in the incidence both of labor costs and
reasons of rise up of activity intensity (In the space of a short pass
from 13,000 employees to 24,000 units?) is faced with:<br />
<br />
a. the sale to the German AEG-Telefunken<br />
an amount equal to 25.01% of the Zanussi S.p.A.<br />
(The operational holding company of the group)<br />
<br />
(The share of ownership AEG-Telefunken is subsequently recognized in 1978 by Voet-Alpine.)<br />
<br />
<br />
b. to loans from Italian Istituto Mobiliare<br />
(IMI);<br />
<br />
c.<br />
about a loan of about two hundred million marks<br />
disbursed in 1974 from Dresden Bank.<br />
<br />
The union conflicts, the impact of labor costs (in 1974 Zanussi occupies
nearly 31,000 employees), the Debt contract with institutions credit
and the first oil shock induce Lamberto Mazza to start a rapid process
of diversification The core of this strategy is, however, the belief
that the market of appliance White has come to its stage of maturity,
with a saturation level and the consequent reduction of typical
viability.<br />
<br />
Therefore, in this back of years Zanussi invests substantial financial resources to acquiring control of businesses;<br />
<br />
(The process of growth of Zanussi, nevertheless sees the creation of
new realities companys as a result of corporate spin-offs. <br />
<br />
Considering, for example,<br />
<br />
Zanussi Grandi Cucine SpA, Zanussi Grandi Impianti<br />
SpA, Air Zanussi SpA, Zanussi Components for Construction SpA, the
Industrialised Building ZanussiFarsura SpA to subsidiaries Iberian
Zinsa-Zanussi Industrial SA Compania SA and Industrias
Electrodomesticas, <br />
and Lastly Anglo-Saxon Iaz International Ltd., was established in 1979<br />
well as the company insurance and financial intermediation<br />
group, called Infinas S.p.A.) with few exceptions activities not related with the core business.<br />
<br />
In particular, remembering the concentrations of corporate sectors
relating to paper (Paper Mill Galvani SpA, Cartopiave SpA and
subsidiaries Cartosud and Silica), electronic (Ducati Electrical,
Electronics-Inelco), construction (Seicom-Building for Integrated
Components SpA), metallurgical (Smalteria and Metallurgical Veneta SpA),
hotel (Borsa SpA) of furniture (Galvani Porcelain SpA, Sambuceto SA,
Meson's Spring SpA SpA and its subsidiaries and Pagnucco SpA),
components (Ilpea Gomma SpA), photographic equipment ( Fotomec San Marco
SpA) of entertainment<br />
(Udinese Calcio SpA) and solar photovoltaics.<br />
<br />
(The investments of Zanussi happenned sometimes even in the indirect form<br />
which is made through the CISVE (Industrial Consortium<br />
Economic Development), founded by Lamberto Mazza in quality of<br />
President of the association of Industrialists of Pordenone, as well,
since 1978, through the Industrial Finance SpA, a company financial
system constituted specifically for that.)<br />
<br />
the Organization Company is formed in a matrix in which the divisional
activities and are then grouped into the following sections:<br />
<br />
1.apparatus for heating;<br />
2.components for Building;<br />
3.solar panels;<br />
4.apparatus Idronet (for potability of the water);<br />
5.components;<br />
6.apparatus different from electronic television sets.<br />
<br />
But when the financial situation Worsened in 1983, <br />
Zanussi family the shareholder majority, distrusted Lamberto Mazza replacing him<br />
initially with Umberto Cuttica, former manager of FIAT,<br />
then later with Gianfranco Zoppas, husband of Antonia Zanussi and son Lino.<br />
<br />
The corporate reorganization plan was then prepared by the new
management and was designed to focus the now scarce financial resources
in the core business of group, to continue or to divest a number of
activities not closely related ( Air Zanussi, Zanussi Construction
Industrialized, Zanussi Electronics, Paper Mill Galvani,Pagnucco,
Fotomec, New Cartopiave) , thus preparing the field for the sale of the
Entire group to Electrolux, the Swedish multinational leader in field of
white goods.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Stern / REX / Zanussi / Seleco </span>(WAS) is an electronics company based in Pordenone, <span class="mw-redirect">Friuli Venezia Giulia</span>, Italy. It is part of <span class="new">Super//Fluo</span>, who bought the rights in August, 2006, along with Brionvega and Imperial.<br />
<br />
<br />
Sèleco
was born as in 1965 as a spin-off from the home appliances
maker Zanussi. In the first years of his life, Seleco
produced almost black and white televisions with the Zanussi
or Rex brand. The company was being sold in 1984, and was
first acquired by <span class="new">Gian Mario Rossignolo</span>. He first became president and then main stockholder.<br />
During
the 1980s, the company launched worldwide marketing
campaigns and began sponsoring some of the most famous
Italian soccer team, such as <span class="new">Lazio A.S.</span>.<br />
During
the '90s, the company was mainly concentrated on the
production of pay-tv decoders, but in 1993 suffered from a
loss of competitivity. With the intent to reshape its
position and to get gave new life to the company, Gian Mario
Rossignolo bought Brionvega from the Brion family, the
founder. This attempt get to nowhere, so the company was forced
to declare failure in 1997. During the years, Sèleco has
passed through ups and downs, at the end being overcome by
the continuous changes in the electronics world.<br />
After the crack-down, the company and all its interests were bought by the Formenti family. That gave life to the <span class="new">Seleco-Formenti</span> Group, owner of the rights for the brands Sèleco, Rex, Phonola, Imperial, Stern, Phoenix, Televideon, Kerion and Webrik.<br />
The
Formenti family re-launched the company with the
production of CRT-TVs. In 2000, the company suffered of a
strong crisis, following the price dumping made by Turkish
manufacturers. That seems to led to end of the Sèleco and
Brionvega story, as the Sèleco-Formenti Group was forced to
liquidation.<br />
In 2004, the rights for the radio branch were bought by <span class="new">Sim2 Multimedia</span>, and all the television interests (for the brands Sèleco, Brionvega and Imperial) were acquired by <span class="new">Super//Fluo</span> in August 2006.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">THIS INDUSTRY IS TODAY DEAD !!!!<br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p></blockquote><h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">Some References:</span></span></span></h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGhoshalHaspeslagh1990">Ghoshal,
Sumantra; Haspeslagh, Philippe (1990-12-01). "The acquisition and
integration of Zanussi by Electrolux : A case study". <i>European Management Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 414–433. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_%28identifier%29" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0263-2373%2890%2990102-C" rel="nofollow">10.1016/0263-2373(90)90102-C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_%28identifier%29" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0263-2373" rel="nofollow">0263-2373</a>.</cite></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGhoshalHaspeslagh1990"> </cite></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine"><a class="external text" href="https://www.homeappliancesworld.com/2016/12/27/twenty-completed-the-acquisition-of-seleco/" rel="nofollow">"Twenty completed the acquisition of Sèleco"</a>. <i>Home Appliances World</i>. Milan: Tecniche Nuove. 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
</span></span><br /></p><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a class="external text" href="http://www.propiacenza.it/home/comunicato-stampa-cessione-societa.jspurl?IdC=2551&IdS=2551&tipo_padre=0&tipo_cliccato=0&id_prodotto=768928&css=homepage.css" rel="nofollow">"Cessione Società"</a> (Press release) (in Italian). A.S. Pro Piacenza 1919. 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span><br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Del Giudice, Elena (28 September 2017). <a class="external text" href="https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2017/09/28/news/una-romana-di-78-anni-e-la-proprietaria-della-nuova-seleco-1.15914224" rel="nofollow">"Una romana di 78 anni è la proprietaria della nuova Sèleco"</a>. <i>Messaggero Veneto</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
<br /><br /> </span></span><span class="reference-text"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.corrieredellosport.it/news/stadio/calciomercato/2018/06/29-44805947/pro_piacenza_la_societa_passa_alla_seleco/" rel="nofollow">"Pro Piacenza, la società passa alla Seleco"</a>. <i>Corriere dello Sport - Stadio</i> (in Italian). 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span></span></span><b> </b><br />
<b> </b><br />
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1984/12/28/grazie-finanziamenti-agevolati-arrivano-alla-seleco-102.html" rel="nofollow">"Grazie a finanziamenti agevolati arrivano alla Sèleco 102 miliardi", articolo di Repubblica del 28 dicembre 1984</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1987/11/13/electrolux-minaccia-la-vendita-della-seleco.html" rel="nofollow">"L'Electrolux minaccia la vendita della Sèleco", articolo di Repubblica del 13 novembre 1987</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1991/03/01/la-seleco-rossignolo-la-rel-va-in.html" rel="nofollow">"La Sèleco a Rossignolo e la REL va in pensione", articolo di Repubblica del 1º marzo 1991</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1992/marzo/18/SELECO_controllo_della_spagnola_ELBE_co_0_92031817635.shtml" rel="nofollow">"A Sèleco il controllo della spagnola Elbe", articolo del Corriere della Sera del 18 marzo 1992</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/agosto/06/terminato_aumento_capitale_della_SELECO_co_0_9408068019.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Terminato l'aumento di capitale della Sèleco", articolo del Corriere della Sera del 6 agosto 1994</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://www1.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1994/08/03/Economia/SELECO-COMPLETATO-AUMENTO-DI-CAPITALE_173800.php" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">SELECO: COMPLETATO AUMENTO DI CAPITALE</span></a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnkronos" title="Adnkronos">Adnkronos</a>, 3 agosto 1994. <small>URL consultato il 30 giugno 2018</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630182640/http://www1.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1994/08/03/Economia/SELECO-COMPLETATO-AUMENTO-DI-CAPITALE_173800.php" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 30 giugno 2018)</small>.</cite></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/settembre/08/SELECO_via_rilancio_anche_dipendenti_co_0_9409089628.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Sèleco, al via il rilancio anche i dipendenti soci", articolo del Corriere della Sera dell'8 settembre 1994</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1994/09/08/seleco-ricapitalizzata-chiama-alla-presidenza-mario-bortolussi.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">SELECO RICAPITALIZZATA CHIAMA ALLA PRESIDENZA MARIO BORTOLUSSI</span></a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">la Repubblica</a>, 8 settembre 1994. <small>URL consultato il 30 giugno 2018</small>.</cite></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32000D0536" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">2000/536/CE:
Decisione della Commissione, del 2 giugno 1999, relativa all'aiuto di
Stato concesso dall'Italia all'impresa Seleco SpA</span></a>, EUR-Lex - 32000D0536 - EN. <small>URL consultato il 21 gennaio 2018</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121200011/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32000D0536" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 21 gennaio 2018)</small>. </cite></span><br />
<br />
<span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="cite-q">«[...] il fallimento di Seleco era stato dichiarato in data 17 aprile 1997 [...]»</span>.</cite></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2009/03/04/PN_04_PND3.html" rel="nofollow">"Super//Fluo in liquidazione. In ansia i 96 lavoratori", articolo del Messaggero Veneto del 4 marzo 2009</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ricerca.gelocal.it/messaggeroveneto/archivio/messaggeroveneto/2009/03/28/PP_03_PRIPN15.html" rel="nofollow">"È A-Data uno dei partner dell'ex Sèleco", articolo del Messaggero Veneto del 28 marzo 2009</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ilgiornaledelfriuli.net/2009/10/17/terzo-fallimento-seleco-a-casa-in-97/" rel="nofollow">"Terzo fallimento Sèleco, a casa in 97", articolo de Il Giornale del Friuli del 17 ottobre 2009</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Twenty acquisisce il marchio Sèleco, Editoriale Duesse-Cons. Electronics, 21 dicembre 2016</span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Rinasce la Sèleco, previste 50 assunzioni, Messaggero Veneto, 5 aprile 2017</span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/trieste/cronaca/2017/09/26/news/trieste-seleco-sbarca-in-porto-vecchio-1.15905008" rel="nofollow">Trieste, Sèleco sbarca in Porto vecchio del 26 settembre 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ilfriuli.it/articolo/economia/seleco,-il-tribunale-di-milano-dichiara-il-fallimento/4/198664" rel="nofollow">Sèleco, il tribunale di Milano dichiara il fallimento del 16 maggio 2019</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sslazio.it/it/news/ultime-news/38157-domani-la-lazio-in-campo-con-seleco" rel="nofollow">Domani in campo con SELECO, articolo di sslazio.it del 29 aprile 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sslazio.it/it/news/ultime-news/38230-seleco-sponsor-ufficiale" rel="nofollow">Sèleco sponsor ufficiale, articolo di sslazio.it del 2 maggio 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.iamnaples.it/in-evidenza/cuore-napoli-basket-ufficiale-la-partnership-seleco/" rel="nofollow">Cuore Napoli Basket, è ufficiale la partnership con Sèleco, articolo di iamnaples.it dell'11 maggio 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.seleco.it/2017/07/27/seleco-title-sponsor-della-nuoto-catania/" rel="nofollow">Sèleco è il nuovo title sponsor della Nuoto Catania, articolo di seleco.it del 27 luglio 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uspontedera.it/3746-2/" rel="nofollow">Presentati gli sponsor della maglia ufficiale 2017/2018, articolo di uspontedera.it del 26 agosto 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sslazio.it/it/news/ultime-news/40153-se-leco-rafforza-il-legame-con-la-s-s-lazio-posizionando-il-marchio-easy-life-sul-retro-maglia" rel="nofollow">Sèleco
rafforza il legame con la S.S. Lazio posizionando il marchio Easy Life
sul retro maglia, articolo di sslazio.it dell'11 agosto 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.seleco.it/2017/08/25/seleco-home-main-sponsor-dellunione-sportiva-salernitana-1919/" rel="nofollow">Sèleco Home è Main sponsor dell’Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919, articolo di seleco.it del 25 agosto 2017</a></span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.propiacenza.it/home/comunicato-stampa.jspurl?IdC=2551&IdS=2551&tipo_padre=0&tipo_cliccato=0&id_prodotto=768928&css=homepage.css" rel="nofollow">COMUNICATO STAMPA</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629211647/http://www.propiacenza.it/home/comunicato-stampa.jspurl?IdC=2551&IdS=2551&tipo_padre=0&tipo_cliccato=0&id_prodotto=768928&css=homepage.css" rel="nofollow">Archiviato</a> il 29 giugno 2018 in <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. - <i>propiacenza.it</i>, 29 giu 2018</span>
<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8leco#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.legavolleyfemminile.it/?p=91083" rel="nofollow">Sèleco nuovo sponsor di UYBA Volley!</a> - <i>legavolleyfemminile.it</i>, 1 sett 2018.</span><p> </p><h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></span></span></h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121062932/http://www.seleco.it/" rel="nofollow">Official website</a></span></span></b></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121062932/http://www.super-fluo.com/" rel="nofollow">Super//Fluo</a></b></span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
</b></span></span><p></p><li id="cite_note-1"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20080215100238/http%3A//www.electrolux.com/node298%2Easpx" rel="nofollow">"Electrolux - History time line"</a>. <i>electrolux.com</i>. 2010-02-03. Archived from <a class="external text" href="https://electrolux.com/node298.aspx" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on February 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-28</span></span>.</cite></span></span></span>
</li><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcxgZPH60Bu1qrwrUH1rt3GFPGRUT5cA48P_3b20yz_0pad9dzKDhLLNdmIJH78GMizR3bH3gXGQm7fJKjcFMk2dbNxnLPvY4aF8XVb-OTMtPu9jEMmU1r1btCn0dXIJORQXySgPHEO4Xk8PUkALUG0EISAa7AgqfqNtPex5PUttIHrqBV9uU0TZsESA/s926/To-recognize-Truth.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="926" data-original-width="898" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcxgZPH60Bu1qrwrUH1rt3GFPGRUT5cA48P_3b20yz_0pad9dzKDhLLNdmIJH78GMizR3bH3gXGQm7fJKjcFMk2dbNxnLPvY4aF8XVb-OTMtPu9jEMmU1r1btCn0dXIJORQXySgPHEO4Xk8PUkALUG0EISAa7AgqfqNtPex5PUttIHrqBV9uU0TZsESA/w388-h400/To-recognize-Truth.jpg" width="388" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-42413849336233590352024-01-03T17:30:00.061+01:002024-01-03T17:30:00.148+01:00SELECO 14SX201 (ZANUSSI) CHASSIS BS410.3 INTERNAL VIEW<p> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMMXyTrz6hR0LRA7di1x2BCFQ5WEQlJkE-f9EeTndLO6I2K7Tc7wobXjI2sx2CycwhIXepAiDFIagHDp5LNiL2QjHe3yTCg8oet1C5cXjL4lPhIGbO6rFlqOeB4IuyJkxQ-HWNSud18xGUZE5_4EDZ63STdCCXY6K_DfOiLU4125VmOFAC1vz6N7k3QoMH/s1282/IMGH_13458__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMMXyTrz6hR0LRA7di1x2BCFQ5WEQlJkE-f9EeTndLO6I2K7Tc7wobXjI2sx2CycwhIXepAiDFIagHDp5LNiL2QjHe3yTCg8oet1C5cXjL4lPhIGbO6rFlqOeB4IuyJkxQ-HWNSud18xGUZE5_4EDZ63STdCCXY6K_DfOiLU4125VmOFAC1vz6N7k3QoMH/s320/IMGH_13458__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplcfeQ7zK1BQ6GMh6o-uaUD-ic6KCodPMfZQ-sgaapU_ePTi4KYGRdpfvCK9YxDJdQ0pRrUGj06LfK7Ag4mONmbXw4DHbZ7tejXAi2H1Pl2Nk31TEanffV7QNunQlNRv3LvaskXiRftap28-htIc5zfUGAEpeskyvVSE5JTHxeIuOy1bGGOqgx6gfVa-u/s1282/IMGH_13459__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplcfeQ7zK1BQ6GMh6o-uaUD-ic6KCodPMfZQ-sgaapU_ePTi4KYGRdpfvCK9YxDJdQ0pRrUGj06LfK7Ag4mONmbXw4DHbZ7tejXAi2H1Pl2Nk31TEanffV7QNunQlNRv3LvaskXiRftap28-htIc5zfUGAEpeskyvVSE5JTHxeIuOy1bGGOqgx6gfVa-u/s320/IMGH_13459__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofPGjE6vGSH7_TfLEImqTDe3rFeKpmN3zPECLjR5euR0Lo1CflwjsdaaQjH_e2Dr7rC60hCcS3a696rgrSR6rOz4lBlPTyDHH5cyyhgz39CMhdBgxEHKp1bHTNDI3kd_98262aKNOnJZkmU31ZmwbhklNCHG9vJdnI3zw0FB_-qkZc1cZAS4nZstPmvGC/s1282/IMGH_13460__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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<br /><br /><p>SELECO (ZANUSSI) 14SX201 CHASSIS BS410.3 <br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The chassis BS410.3 appears as an own design with simple circuits and nothing complex.</li></ul><p> </p><p>Power supply is realized with mains transformer
and Linear transistorized power supply stabilizer, A DC power supply
apparatus includes a rectifier circuit which rectifies an input
commercial AC voltage. The rectifier output voltage is smoothed in a
smoothing capacitor. Voltage stabilization is provided in the
stabilizing circuits by the use of Zener diode circuits to provide
biasing to control the collector-emitter paths of respective
transistors.A linear regulator circuit according to an embodiment of
the present invention has an input node receiving an unregulated
voltage and an output node providing a regulated voltage. The linear
regulator circuit includes a voltage regulator, a bias circuit, and a
current control device.<br />
<br />
In one embodiment, the current
control device is implemented as an NPN bipolar junction transistor
(BJT) having a collector electrode forming the input node of the linear
regulator circuit, an emitter electrode coupled to the input of the
voltage regulator, and a base electrode coupled to the second terminal
of the bias circuit. A first capacitor may be coupled between the input
and reference terminals of the voltage regulator and a second
capacitor may be coupled between the output and reference terminals of
the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator may be implemented as
known to those skilled in the art, such as an LDO or non-LDO 3-terminal
regulator or the like.<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s320/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZumORlJ-yTb6OueKZL_0XBo_EjlQMRrLSvyEoKwZfHIbGfOC2mtJI165YepuTBalWHRbUGb0APL-QJQpW47X79UzaucAFUzfv_NhmbEiJOxHyPglggtG44Y3G_z7TZ8n4JQ0sukQq8HW5FYsxaROzrHsAh6o6v82Vsrs84w22dWaF4Df4y0_whGezqg/s1282/IMGH_12357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
The
bias circuit may include a bias device and a current source. The bias
device has a first terminal coupled to the output terminal of the
voltage regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control
electrode of the current control device. The current source has an
input coupled to the first current electrode of the current control
device and an output coupled to the second terminal of the bias device.
A capacitor may be coupled between the first and second terminals of
the bias device.<br />
In the bias device and current source
embodiment, the bias device may be implemented as a Zener diode, one or
more diodes coupled in series, at least one light emitting diode, or
any other bias device which develops sufficient voltage while receiving
current from the current source. The current source may be implemented
with a PNP BJT having its collector electrode coupled to the second
terminal of the bias device, at least one first resistor having a first
end coupled to the emitter electrode of the PNP BJT and a second end, a
Zener diode and a second resistor. The Zener diode has an anode
coupled to the base electrode of the PNP BJT and a cathode coupled to
the second end of the first resistor. The second resistor has a first
end coupled to the anode of the Zener diode and a second end coupled to
the reference terminal of the voltage regulator. A second Zener diode
may be included having an anode coupled to the cathode of the first
Zener diode and a cathode coupled to the first current electrode of the
current control device.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplcfeQ7zK1BQ6GMh6o-uaUD-ic6KCodPMfZQ-sgaapU_ePTi4KYGRdpfvCK9YxDJdQ0pRrUGj06LfK7Ag4mONmbXw4DHbZ7tejXAi2H1Pl2Nk31TEanffV7QNunQlNRv3LvaskXiRftap28-htIc5zfUGAEpeskyvVSE5JTHxeIuOy1bGGOqgx6gfVa-u/s1282/IMGH_13459__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplcfeQ7zK1BQ6GMh6o-uaUD-ic6KCodPMfZQ-sgaapU_ePTi4KYGRdpfvCK9YxDJdQ0pRrUGj06LfK7Ag4mONmbXw4DHbZ7tejXAi2H1Pl2Nk31TEanffV7QNunQlNRv3LvaskXiRftap28-htIc5zfUGAEpeskyvVSE5JTHxeIuOy1bGGOqgx6gfVa-u/s320/IMGH_13459__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZOPUPCzeKF1tuzUxInkoTk97Eg3bC2H_Imvl62tNDniwE7XQvsPXpZpX24CluBDA3U5pOMB8LjdB1xJ0vHlFxXRdFrxExne6WaGKJ1TgfGbL00OeXHdD8ER90Uh13359GnzQp-ulN_BJ0xHTYNS8AOxxZSjOc65O0DoL-SYvZVnihDJtbdreQFK0lXQ/s1282/IMGH_12353__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
A
circuit is disclosed for improving operation of a linear regulator,
having an input terminal, an output terminal, and a reference terminal.
The circuit includes an input node, a transistor, a bias circuit, and
first and second capacitors. The transistor has a first current
electrode coupled to the input node, a second current electrode for
coupling to the input terminal of the linear regulator, and a control
electrode. The bias circuit has a first terminal for coupling to the
output terminal of the linear regulator and a second terminal coupled
to the control electrode of the transistor. The first capacitor is for
coupling between the input and reference terminals of the linear
regulator, and the second capacitor is for coupling between the output
and reference terminals of the linear regulator. The bias circuit
develops a voltage sufficient to drive the control terminal of the
transistor and to operate the linear regulator. The bias circuit may be
a battery, a bias device and a current source, a floating power
supply, a charge pump, or any combination thereof. The transistor may
be implemented as a BJT or FET or any other suitable current controlled
device.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi432b5bF9OBlUq_0m4mzuztuOx4jR19cGYb22SD65P9qMci2axifSJFR64SbKmQu1q1Q2bwLBUHlY0jxJep5vakO9YTMkug-KakL-14sxcW2j-9X88bOmFWH6eG8_jc42X190DJvBONSc/s1600/BW-PORTABLE-PSU-EX__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi432b5bF9OBlUq_0m4mzuztuOx4jR19cGYb22SD65P9qMci2axifSJFR64SbKmQu1q1Q2bwLBUHlY0jxJep5vakO9YTMkug-KakL-14sxcW2j-9X88bOmFWH6eG8_jc42X190DJvBONSc/s320/BW-PORTABLE-PSU-EX__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><p>Power
Supply: The examples chosen are taken from manufacturers' circuit
diagrams and are usually simplified to emphasise the fundamental nature
of the circuit. For each example the particular transistor properties
that are exploited to achieve the desired performance are made clear. As
a rough and ready classification the circuits are arranged in order of
frequency: this part is devoted to circuits used at zero frequency,
field frequency and audio frequencies. Series Regulator Circuit Portable
television receivers are designed to operate from batteries (usually
12V car batteries) and from the a.c. mains. The receiver usually has an
11V supply line, and circuitry is required to ensure that the supply
line is at this voltage whether the power source is a battery or the
mains. The supply line also needs to have good regulation, i.e. a low
output resistance, to ensure that the voltage remains constant in spite
of variations in the mean current taken by some of the stages in the
receiver. Fig. 1 shows a typical circuit of the power -supply
arrangements. The mains transformer and bridge rectifier are designed to
deliver about 16V. The battery can be assumed to give just over 12V.
Both feed the regulator circuit Trl, Tr2, Tr3, which gives an 11V output
and can be regarded as a three -stage direct -coupled amplifier. The
first stage Tr 1 is required to give an output current proportional to
the difference between two voltages, one being a constant voltage
derived from the voltage reference diode D I (which is biased via R3
from the stabilised supply). The second voltage is obtained from a
preset potential divider connected across the output of the unit, and is
therefore a sample of the output voltage. In effect therefore Tr 1
compares the output voltage of the unit with a fixed voltage and gives
an output current proportional to the difference between them. Clearly a
field-effect transistor could do this, but the low input resistance of a
bipolar transistor is no disadvantage and it can give a current output
many times that of a field-effect transistor and is generally preferred
therefore. The output current of the first stage is amplified by the two
subsequent stages and then becomes the output current of the unit.
Clearly therefore Tr2 and Tr3 should be current amplifiers and they
normally take the form of emitter followers or common emitter stages
(which have the same current gain). By adjusting the preset control we
can alter the fraction of the output voltage' applied to the first stage
and can thus set the output voltage of the unit at any desired value
within a certain range. By making assumptions about the current gain of
the transistors we can calculate the degree of regulation obtainable.
For example, suppose the gain of Tr2 and Tr3 in cascade is 1,000, and
that the current output demanded from the unit changes by 0.1A (for
example due to the disconnection of part of the load). The corresponding
change in Tr l's collector current is 0.1mA and, if the standing
collector current of Tr 1 is 1mA, then its mutual conductance is
approximately 4OmA/V and the base voltage must change by 2.5mV to bring
about the required change in collector current. If the preset potential
divider feeds one half of the output voltage to Tr l's base, then the
change in output voltage must be 5mV. Thus an 0.1A change in output
current brings about only 5mV change in output voltage: this represents
an output resistance of only 0.0552.</p><p>SELECO 14SX201 (ZANUSSI) CHASSIS BS410.3 <b>Tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers</b> <br />
</p><div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Abstract:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofPGjE6vGSH7_TfLEImqTDe3rFeKpmN3zPECLjR5euR0Lo1CflwjsdaaQjH_e2Dr7rC60hCcS3a696rgrSR6rOz4lBlPTyDHH5cyyhgz39CMhdBgxEHKp1bHTNDI3kd_98262aKNOnJZkmU31ZmwbhklNCHG9vJdnI3zw0FB_-qkZc1cZAS4nZstPmvGC/s1282/IMGH_13460__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofPGjE6vGSH7_TfLEImqTDe3rFeKpmN3zPECLjR5euR0Lo1CflwjsdaaQjH_e2Dr7rC60hCcS3a696rgrSR6rOz4lBlPTyDHH5cyyhgz39CMhdBgxEHKp1bHTNDI3kd_98262aKNOnJZkmU31ZmwbhklNCHG9vJdnI3zw0FB_-qkZc1cZAS4nZstPmvGC/s320/IMGH_13460__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLo4LIamyNkFT7ug39KZ5WKuZcbRhY6kGCMSiZ0LOy3JkpCOSZmBESNhc7LviGSL0NosXGHbh2GpBr2Fusr-h3-Z3rGnH8S5altJIq-ZeWez4JWk0h2J7pql1LkR8WVEKqUYTBtGNgtZKwzLFcJQHs7QTUmJRXEy52TAs6_gU_YuMSnqWftsxkuTCDbg/s1282/IMGH_12350__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>A tuning unit with a bandswitch
for high frequency receivers having a potentiometer system for the
control of capacity diodes is disclosed. The potentiometer system
includes a plurality of parallelly disposed resistance paths on which
wipers can be moved by means of screw tuning spindles mounted beside one
another in a common housing made of an insulating material. The
bandswitch is formed of metal wires and is associated with each tuning
spindle. The tuning spindles are joined for rotation with sleeves
simultaneously forming the operating knobs which are carried in
apertures in the front plate and each have a flange engaging the back
side of the front plate about the apertures. The flange is slightly
larger than the cross section of the apertures and tapers conically away
from the back side of the front plate. </div>
</div>
<br />
<b><br /></b>
1. Tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers having
potentiometer means for the control of capacity diodes composed of a
plurality of parallelly disposed resistance paths on which wipers are
moved by means of screw tuning spindle means mounted beside one another
in a common housing of insulating material, bandswitch means formed of
metal wires associated with each tuning spindle means, said tuning
spindle means being joined for rotation with sleeve means simultaneously
forming operating knobs which are borne in apertures in the front
plate and each sleeve means having an axial flange surface engaging the
back side of the front plate about one aperture therein, said flange
surface being slightly larger than the cross section of the apertures
and tapering conically away from the back side of the front plate.<br />
<br />
2.
Tuning unit of claim 1 wherein the sleeve means are joined
telescopically and coaxially with the tuning spindle means, and the
flange surface engages the back side of the front plate when the sleeve
means are in the state wherein they are pulled out of the front plate.<br />
<br />
3.
Tuning unit of claim 1 wherein the ends of the tuning spindle means
which are opposite the front plate have each an annular groove into
which a spring bracket engages whose bent end is supported against the
housing and which has two diametrically disposed spring arms having
opposite spring curvature, the said spring arms in each case contacting
the opposite axial walls of the groove.<br />
<br />
4. Tuning unit
of claim 3 wherein the spring bracket rests with its bent end against
the housing and the spring arms additionally engage a bracket formed on
the housing or an intermediate bracket formed in one piece with the
connection soldering lugs.<br />
<br />
5. Tuning unit of claim 3
wherein the spring bracket is formed in one piece with the connection
soldering lugs and has spring arms curved both in the same direction
which engage an axial wall of the annular groove in the spindle and the
opposite axial wall rests against a housing wall.<br />
<br />
6.
Tuning unit of claim 1 wherein the pointers associated with each
potentiometer means lie on the one hand in windows associated with each
tuning spindle means in the front plate, and on the other hand are
rotatably mounted with their ends opposite the front plate in pivot
pins on the housing, and the guiding pin of the spindle nuts carried in
a longitudinally displaceable manner on each tuning spindle is
provided with a slit disposed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
tuning spindle and slides with its peripheral surface resiliently
within the slide tract of the pointer.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lDylGytnqz4r528eVzBIbiaBQ76DZge_0n3Wz_zYVAhr_Y8Z8bjjXGx7eLTpJCX3DMI-bikSo41VDQBTvrJTciKp57YfvI70MXCcH0JbLJFUnxZx3lUBoTY98nzuQfir5v8MRIlLi9H9PABH9Kgd3-x4xXkFYGcpV4r56UxxsBr8pGfVDsd9OEs1UvJ8/s1282/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lDylGytnqz4r528eVzBIbiaBQ76DZge_0n3Wz_zYVAhr_Y8Z8bjjXGx7eLTpJCX3DMI-bikSo41VDQBTvrJTciKp57YfvI70MXCcH0JbLJFUnxZx3lUBoTY98nzuQfir5v8MRIlLi9H9PABH9Kgd3-x4xXkFYGcpV4r56UxxsBr8pGfVDsd9OEs1UvJ8/s320/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbycHUn1G4XqlRCtEJcfymV6BduJfJZ9aOsSGeuHpOyvp2P8mUWnYBJY0d36N5CurLuDhArC93rDwgw8rm5LNncDu6YRDRwc2GuwDaxzrm3cbbPiORG7qXUa7ihtqmpdVtVjkZSp6VimO1V4e1jtJA9vnvVR5YDfPK166rB5HMSM0YlDxhc1CjwbEk5Q/s1282/IMGH_12342__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
7. Tuning unit
of claim 1 wherein the bandswitches are formed each of a displaceable
metal rod which is in working engagement with stationary metal rods
common to all bandswitches of a tuning unit, contacting each of them
individually.<br />
<br />
8. Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein the metal rods are metal wires. <br />
<br />
9. Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein the metal rods are stamped metal parts. <br />
<br />
10.
Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein levers of insulating material are
placed on the front ends of the displaceable metal rods and extend
through windows which are provided with detents and which are
associated with each tuning spindle in the housing front plate, while
the opposite ends are held fixedly in the rearward end of the housing,
and the displaceable metal rods individually make contact with contact
cams on the stationary metal rods, these cams being in an offset array
corresponding to the detents in the windows, the corresponding rods
extending parallel to the front plate and parallel to one another behind
the front plate.<br />
<br />
11. Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein
insulating material bridges or insulating material slide pieces are
inserted between the contact cams of two adjacent, stationary metal
rods and within the free space between two such parallel metal rods.<br />
<br />
12.
Tuning unit of claim 7 wherein the displaceable metal rods have, in
the vicinity of their mountings on the housing, an articulation in the
form of a vertically disposed flat portion.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND <br />
The
invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency
receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a
potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said
potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance
paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw
spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material
housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with
each tuning spindle. <br />
In these tuning units, the working voltages
of the capacity diodes in the tuning circuits are recorded once a
precise tuning to the desired frequency has been performed. A
potentiometer tuning system has great advantages over the formerly used
channel selectors operating with mechanically adjustable capacitors
(tuning condensers) or mechanically adjustable inductances
(variometers), mainly because it is not required to have such great
precision in its tuning mechanism. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofPGjE6vGSH7_TfLEImqTDe3rFeKpmN3zPECLjR5euR0Lo1CflwjsdaaQjH_e2Dr7rC60hCcS3a696rgrSR6rOz4lBlPTyDHH5cyyhgz39CMhdBgxEHKp1bHTNDI3kd_98262aKNOnJZkmU31ZmwbhklNCHG9vJdnI3zw0FB_-qkZc1cZAS4nZstPmvGC/s1282/IMGH_13460__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhofPGjE6vGSH7_TfLEImqTDe3rFeKpmN3zPECLjR5euR0Lo1CflwjsdaaQjH_e2Dr7rC60hCcS3a696rgrSR6rOz4lBlPTyDHH5cyyhgz39CMhdBgxEHKp1bHTNDI3kd_98262aKNOnJZkmU31ZmwbhklNCHG9vJdnI3zw0FB_-qkZc1cZAS4nZstPmvGC/s320/IMGH_13460__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div>
Tuning units with
bandswitches formed of variable resistances and combined with
interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of recorded working
voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel selection is accomplished
by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or fine tuning are performed
by turning the knobs. The resistances serving as voltage dividers in
these tuning units are combined into a component unit such that they
are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common insulating plate
forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning spindles and wiper
contacts corresponding to the variable resistances are housed. The
number of resistances corresponds to the number of channels or
frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact picks up a
voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines their
capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding oscillating
circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by turning the
tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression of a
button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a tuning
spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied to
the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it is
possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different
receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be. <br />
To
permit the switching of a number of channels in a certain tuning
range, bandswitches for a plurality of tuning ranges, such as UHF and
VHF for example, are often provided in the tuning units described
above. In the pushbutton tuning unit of the above-named type, the
bandswitch consists of a printed circuit board which is fastened on the
housing of the tuning unit, and a switch lever which is preset by
means of the pushbutton by turning, and is operated by depressing the
pushbutton while at the same time selecting the channel. <br />
Where
this combination of knobs and pushbuttons is not possible, the
selection of the range is accomplished by means of an additional lever
which can be set over to select the range. <br />
However, since such
tuning units require too many riveting operations when they are
assembled, tuning units were later created in which the individual
parts in the voltage divider and pushbutton housing were loosely
inserted and/or held in place by projections, lugs, hooks or tabs of
resilient plastic. In spite of these initial improvements, the
bandswitch, especially the one associated with the tuning units, was
still technically intricate and very expensive. <br />
THE INVENTION <br />
It
is the object of the invention, therefore, to create an additionally
improved and simplified tuning unit containing a bandswitch of simple,
space-saving and reliably operating design. <br />
In accordance with
the invention, this object is accomplished in a tuning unit with
bandswitch of the kind described in the beginning by joining the tuning
spindles for rotation with sleeves simultaneously forming the control
knobs, which are mounted in apertures in the front plate of the housing
and have each a flange engaging the back of the front plate around the
aperture, the said flange being slightly larger than the aperture and
tapering conically away from the back of the front plate. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lDylGytnqz4r528eVzBIbiaBQ76DZge_0n3Wz_zYVAhr_Y8Z8bjjXGx7eLTpJCX3DMI-bikSo41VDQBTvrJTciKp57YfvI70MXCcH0JbLJFUnxZx3lUBoTY98nzuQfir5v8MRIlLi9H9PABH9Kgd3-x4xXkFYGcpV4r56UxxsBr8pGfVDsd9OEs1UvJ8/s1282/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lDylGytnqz4r528eVzBIbiaBQ76DZge_0n3Wz_zYVAhr_Y8Z8bjjXGx7eLTpJCX3DMI-bikSo41VDQBTvrJTciKp57YfvI70MXCcH0JbLJFUnxZx3lUBoTY98nzuQfir5v8MRIlLi9H9PABH9Kgd3-x4xXkFYGcpV4r56UxxsBr8pGfVDsd9OEs1UvJ8/s320/IMGH_13456__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbycHUn1G4XqlRCtEJcfymV6BduJfJZ9aOsSGeuHpOyvp2P8mUWnYBJY0d36N5CurLuDhArC93rDwgw8rm5LNncDu6YRDRwc2GuwDaxzrm3cbbPiORG7qXUa7ihtqmpdVtVjkZSp6VimO1V4e1jtJA9vnvVR5YDfPK166rB5HMSM0YlDxhc1CjwbEk5Q/s1282/IMGH_12342__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>In
further development, the sleeves can be joined telescopically for
rotation with the tuning spindles, and the flange is able to engage the
back side of the front plate when the sleeve is in the position in
which it is drawn out of the front plate. The sleeves constructed in
this manner, whose portions projecting from the apertures in the front
plate form the control knobs for the tuning spindles, permit easy
assembly of the tuning unit
and at the same time assure positive co-rotation of sleeves and
spindles. The sleeves can be pushed from the front side of the front
plate through the apertures onto the clutch surfaces of the spindles,
this inward pushing being easily accomplished on account of the taper,
and the dropping out of the sleeve being prevented by the flange
engaging the back of the front plate. If the control knobs project only
slightly out of the front plate, they can be operated from the outside
by inserting a tool into them. With the telescoping type of coupling,
however, it is possible to draw the sleeves or control knobs further
outwardly so that they can be rotated by hand without the use of tools. <br />
To
provide constant assurance of the axial fixation of the tuning
spindles, the tuning spindle ends farthest from the front plate can each
be provided with an annular groove engaged by a spring bracket whose
one leg is supported against the housing and whose other leg is forked
to form two spring arms, each bent in the opposite direction and each
engaging one of the two opposite walls of the annular groove. The tuning
spindles are secured against axial displacement by this construction
of the invention alone, without the need for further measures. This
facilitates the joining of the sleeves or control knobs to the tuning
spindle, because in this case there is no need for precise axial
fixation and extreme dimensional accuracy. <br />
Furthermore, the
indicators associated with each potentiometer can be mounted in windows
in the front plate which are associated with each tuning spindle or
tuning knob for visual indication at the front, the other extremities
farthest from the front plate being mounted for pivoting on pins set in
the housing; the guiding pin on the spindle nut that is driven
longitudinally on each tuning spindle can be provided with a slit
disposed parallel to the long axis of the tuning spindles and can slide
within the indicator slide lever slot, with its surface resiliently
engaging the walls of said slot. <br />
In an especially advantageous
embodiment, the tuning unit can have bandswitches each formed of a
displaceable metal rod which is in contacting engagement individually
with stationary metal rods which are common to all of the bandswitches
of a tuning unit. It contrast to the bandswitches known hitherto, which
as a rule consist of a printed circuit board with switchable contacts
thereon, this frequency bandswitch of the invention is of great
simplicity, can be manufactured simply and inexpensively, and at the
same time is very reliable in operation. <br />
The displaceable and
stationary metal rods of the bandswitches can be formed of metal wires
or they can be of stamped sheet metal. Also, in further expansion of the
concept of the invention, the stationary metal rods thus formed can be
all entirely alike and merely offset from one another, thereby further
simplifying the manufacture and stocking thereof. <br />
To permit
connection also to audiovisual apparatus, one or more of the stationary
metal rods can be divided electrically into at least two parts each. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s320/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLo4LIamyNkFT7ug39KZ5WKuZcbRhY6kGCMSiZ0LOy3JkpCOSZmBESNhc7LviGSL0NosXGHbh2GpBr2Fusr-h3-Z3rGnH8S5altJIq-ZeWez4JWk0h2J7pql1LkR8WVEKqUYTBtGNgtZKwzLFcJQHs7QTUmJRXEy52TAs6_gU_YuMSnqWftsxkuTCDbg/s1282/IMGH_12350__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>In
a special development of this concept, lugs of insulating material can
be mounted on the front ends of the displaceable metal wires, these
lugs extending through windows in the front plate of the housing which
are associated with each tuning spindle and are provided with detents,
while the opposite ends can be held fixedly at the rear end of the
housing, and the displaceable metal wires can make contact with contact
humps on the stationary metal wires, the humps being offset from one
another to correspond to the detents in the windows, and the stationary
metal wires extending in back of the front plate, parallel to the
latter and parallel to one another. <br />
To increase switching
reliability, bridges or sliding pieces made of insulating material can
be inserted between the contact humps of adjacent stationary wires
within the free space between two such parallel lying metal wires. <br />
To
achieve easy displacement of the displaceable metal wires despite the
fixed end mounting on the housing, the displaceable metal wires, in
further embodiment of the invention, can have each an articulation
adjacent their end mountings, in the form of a vertically disposed
flattened portion. This flat permits the metal wires to be deflected
horizontally against a weak spring bias. </div><div class="disp_elm_text"><br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING <br />
As
an example of the embodiment of the invention, there is represented in
the drawings a tuning unit with bandswitch for television receivers.
In these drawings, <br />
FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a tuning unit with bandswitch, <br />
FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the bandswitch of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 3 is a side elevational, cross-sectional view of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 4 is a rear elevational view of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 5 is a plan view showing the indicator means of the tuning unit of FIG. 1, <br />
FIG. 6 shows the sleeve with the operating knob and tuning spindle, <br />
FIG. 7 shows the telescoping manner in which the sleeve is joined to the tuning spindle, <br />
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary view of the bandswitch, <br />
FIG. 9 is another fragmentary view of the bandswitch, and <br />
FIG. 10 shows how the tuning spindle is fixed in position. <br />
DESCRIPTION <br />
The method of representation used in the drawings is greatly simplified, for the purpose of better del<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hXDAnBtjOjIrNeEEfXosDQshVDq0m5c8yO7zymcz5UoyM8ZmqyLKmLxBCLOvDgreVAH02kbFg1GJZOz7wtHq7VgAHFovsLnm90u1QP2EoNuT3S_ju15pZqSsQY4GTLqcWETUpjrIQgRZ/s1600/POT-KEYB-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764756443755842" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hXDAnBtjOjIrNeEEfXosDQshVDq0m5c8yO7zymcz5UoyM8ZmqyLKmLxBCLOvDgreVAH02kbFg1GJZOz7wtHq7VgAHFovsLnm90u1QP2EoNuT3S_ju15pZqSsQY4GTLqcWETUpjrIQgRZ/s320/POT-KEYB-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ineating
the features of the invention. The tuning unit with bandswitch
consists of an insulating material housing 1 with a front plate 2,
which is closed by a cover plate 3 accommodating the resistance paths.
The housing 1 is divided by parallel sidewalls 4 into chambers in which
the tuning spindles 5 are disposed. <br />
The embodiments is an 8-fold tuning unit having eight bandswitches assocated with each tuning spindle, and eight indicators. <br />
Accordingly,
there are eight apertures 6 in a central row, through which the
operating knobs 7 of the sleeves 8 coupled with the tuning spindles 5
are passed. The operating knobs 7 have recessed surfaces 9 for turning
with a turning tool. In a row extending parallel above the row of the
apertures 6 there are eight windows 10, whose upper edge is provided
with notches 11. Lugs 12 of insulating material extend through the
windows 10 and engage the upper notches 11 and are joined behind the
front plate to displaceable metal wires 13 of the bandswitch. In a row
located beneath the row of apertures 6 another eight windows 14 are
provided, through which the ends of the pointers of the indicators 15
protrude. <br />
Now, the bandswitch consists in each case of a
displaceable metal wire 13 which can be brought into working engagement
with stationary metal wires 16, which are all of the same construction
and are only disposed offset from one another. While the displaceable
metal wire 13 extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis
and thus at right angles to the front plate 2, the stationary,
parallelly disposed metal wires 16 are parallel to the front plate 2 and
are thus inserted at a right angle to the displaceable metal wire. A
departure from parallelism or from the right angle, as the case may be,
takes place substantially only when the displaceable metal wire 13 is
deflected to the two outer notches. The rearward end 18 of the
displaceable metal wire, which forms a vertical loop, is tightly
inserted into a receiver 17. Just ahead of the loop 18, the metal wire
13 is provided with a vertically disposed portion 19 by a flattening on
the metal wire 13. The movement, when the metal wire 13 is deflected
into the desired notches or detents, takes place horizontally by the
flex<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkcME3LsuGDoav9AcBuAIECMuYp54rf6P_5m_euOSwMCcEvYszaXf1Bx908QiA6XYEUxVEeoh_I8FyNVVBrPkD_TznVSghL69EM_uW2lGyvWU0KvbO4t7tpBJmhhsVUYCxSX5V058FDUdG/s1600/POT-KEYB-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764751129357794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkcME3LsuGDoav9AcBuAIECMuYp54rf6P_5m_euOSwMCcEvYszaXf1Bx908QiA6XYEUxVEeoh_I8FyNVVBrPkD_TznVSghL69EM_uW2lGyvWU0KvbO4t7tpBJmhhsVUYCxSX5V058FDUdG/s320/POT-KEYB-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ing
of these portions 19. The stationary metal wires 16 are held tightly
in their positions in projections 20 on the housing, or by lugs or the
like. Since three switch actions are provided, that is, three ranges,
for each tuning spindle, a bandswitch consists of one displaceable metal
wire and three stationary metal wires 16, which are used for all
switches. <br />
To permit each bandswitch to have exactly three
switching actions, each of the three stationary metal wires 16 has one
contact hump 21 corresponding to one of the detents 11 in the windows 10
of the front plate 2. The contact humps 21 are thus located one next
to the other as seen from the front plate 2. So that the displaceable
metal wire 13 will always come into mechanical and electrical contact
only with the desired contact hump, and prevent short circuits,
insulating bridges 22 are installed between the adjacent metal wires 16,
said insulating bridges being stationary. <br />
If more or less than
three switching actions are desired, all that need be done in the case
of the bandswitch of the invention is to change the number of
stationary metal rods or wires accordingly. <br />
The sleeves 8 with
the operating knob 7 have a flange 23 engaging the back of the front
plate 2 and tapering back to the point where it joins the tuning
spindle. This enables the sleeves to be pushed in, in the case of a
housing that has already been manufactured with the tuning spindle
installed, without creating the possibility that the sleeves 8 might
escape after they have been inserted. The sleeves 8 are connected to
the tuning spindles 5 usually by means of driving surfa<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkEBOsGUQYMuPSISxvYJa9XW9pME19-fWeCH3uQELucjs5TnCEtKSERd0QZO_yfDYzgKmKWHR0yUPnfwZRGLlhiTDW1lNOqGVQmGJupzUEm5JZxMrmASmVGclUz_LDxCObQvqDdBnL1VY_/s1600/POT-KEYB-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764749305234386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkEBOsGUQYMuPSISxvYJa9XW9pME19-fWeCH3uQELucjs5TnCEtKSERd0QZO_yfDYzgKmKWHR0yUPnfwZRGLlhiTDW1lNOqGVQmGJupzUEm5JZxMrmASmVGclUz_LDxCObQvqDdBnL1VY_/s320/POT-KEYB-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ces.
If manual operation without tools is to be possible, rather than
requiring a tool for the operation of the sleeves, the coupling of the
sleeve 8 to the tuning spindle will be a telescoping coupling (see FIG.
7). <br />
The actual firm axial fixation of the tuning spindle 5 is
located on the rear end of the housing. Here the tuning spindle 5 has an
annular groove 24 which is engaged by a spring by means of two
diametrically disposed spring arms 25 and 26. The spring arms 25 and 26
have oppositely curved lugs and are supported on the housing at their
terminal and marginal surfaces and their lugs engage opposite axial
walls 27 and 28 of the annular groove 24. <br />
Additional support is provided by the common, bent foot 29 of the spring arms 25 and 26 against the cover plate of the housing. <br />
The indic<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80cB9dq6QeLhWSlFqLhpVPDh0ZnpmvGBLjWbMu8CaoZSBZvcFR8xC6whYSWwr4y4sP9tvU6AdUcoEqnirTUYPhZIpkfNza70pfuXJf1IH0fHHqFM0ZvIIk3mzkS_JFzR26r_PHr4eNW5v/s1600/POT-KEYB-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764754475552482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80cB9dq6QeLhWSlFqLhpVPDh0ZnpmvGBLjWbMu8CaoZSBZvcFR8xC6whYSWwr4y4sP9tvU6AdUcoEqnirTUYPhZIpkfNza70pfuXJf1IH0fHHqFM0ZvIIk3mzkS_JFzR26r_PHr4eNW5v/s320/POT-KEYB-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ator
means of the tuning unit with bandswitch consists of a pointer 15
which is movable within the window 14, and a cam 30 which is a
prolongation of the pointer 15. At its rearward end, the pointer is
mounted rotatably in the housing on pin 31. Within the cam 30 slides a
guiding pin 32 which is attached to the spindle nut or carriage 40.
Upon the rotation of the tuning spindle, the spindle nut is
longitudinally displaceable therewith. In order to achieve good
guidance and hence precise indication, the guiding pin has a slit 33
extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tuning spindle 5, so
that it will resiliently engage the cam 30 within the slot thereof. <br />
The necessary soldering lugs are indicated at 34. <br />
On
the basis of the design of the tuning unit with bandswitch in
accordance with the invention, a desired frequency range--UHF, for
example--can be selected by deflecting a displaceable metal wire 13 into
one of the detents 11 by means of the lug 12 mounted thereon. Within
this range, a transmitter or channel can then be selected by turning the
tuning spindle 5. The transmitter preselected in th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUEXmim_k-oPk3hLlY_qk3TB_bBIwCgTnUNb3oWh51LDb-GYCx_T2rCnv97JFQasqi_SvG99YKyyLGH5wqnG6TCNQA4h0-OtjhiJ-jX6-wKlL1CjMyRyD8D6fzgDZUREUWISNbh8saFZVx/s1600/POT-KEYB-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5656764741252962370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUEXmim_k-oPk3hLlY_qk3TB_bBIwCgTnUNb3oWh51LDb-GYCx_T2rCnv97JFQasqi_SvG99YKyyLGH5wqnG6TCNQA4h0-OtjhiJ-jX6-wKlL1CjMyRyD8D6fzgDZUREUWISNbh8saFZVx/s320/POT-KEYB-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>is
manner can then be tuned in by means of a keyboard or by electronic
recall from a keyboard which is not shown. The fine tuning of this
tuned-in transmitter, as well as the selection of a different
transmitter within the same frequency range, is accomplished by turning
the tuning spindle 5. <br />
All of the details explained in the above description and represented in the drawings are important to the invention. </div>
</div><p>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span>
</p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnQeNwL7YKPfzqvQOT4QCqjjK0ybD7XFOpZSuZPM4yaSf5hjeiaW2WFBom5Lm5HDzYRMwESnoebhGcSmcCV6TKKR_12wBMlvcEAOk10U5NhfT9ctXB5ntqe8Tr0nbLoTcOcfeFbAigpb2xJWbYynwfhek1a2zBmCcCoIsmfdaDtxNwWVjwnt0qutBtWywp/s1282/IMGH_13466__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnQeNwL7YKPfzqvQOT4QCqjjK0ybD7XFOpZSuZPM4yaSf5hjeiaW2WFBom5Lm5HDzYRMwESnoebhGcSmcCV6TKKR_12wBMlvcEAOk10U5NhfT9ctXB5ntqe8Tr0nbLoTcOcfeFbAigpb2xJWbYynwfhek1a2zBmCcCoIsmfdaDtxNwWVjwnt0qutBtWywp/s320/IMGH_13466__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>
<b>Vision IF IC: The TDA440</b> vision i.f. strip i.c. is housed in a 16 -pin plastic pack
with a copper frame. There is a three -stage vision i.f. amplifier with
a.g.c. applied over two stages, synchronous vision demodulator, gated
a.g.c. system and a pair of video signal pre amplifiers which provide
either positive- or negative - going outputs. Fig. 2 shows the i.c. in
block diagram form. It is possible to design a very compact i.f. strip
using this device and very ex<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwMSfx_F0MN9MPSg5Fw2_8Nx8s3docB9zjYrjYIqp46XpoBeEeohaAjxQxdr9WO73r89QKoJm5EJsO9QeIiLV7z7aUH5lcq-vssNhXtlVnpdO7F5BmO8oq0cAFVrotpA9ZMnOztJf0E1k/s1600/SGS-TV-DES-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwMSfx_F0MN9MPSg5Fw2_8Nx8s3docB9zjYrjYIqp46XpoBeEeohaAjxQxdr9WO73r89QKoJm5EJsO9QeIiLV7z7aUH5lcq-vssNhXtlVnpdO7F5BmO8oq0cAFVrotpA9ZMnOztJf0E1k/s320/SGS-TV-DES-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>act
performance is claimed. Note that apart from the tuned circuits which
shape the passband at the input the only tuned circuit is the 39.5MHz
carrier tank circuit in the limiter/demodulator section. The only other
adjustments are the tuner a.g.c. delay potentiometer and a potentiometer
(the one shown on the right-hand side) which sets the white level at
the demodulator. This of course gives ease of setting up, a help to
setmaker and service department alike. For a sensitivity of 200/4V the
output is 3.3V peak - to -peak, giving an overall gain in the region of
82 to 85dB. The a.g.c. range is 55dB, a further 30 to 40dB being
provided at the tuner. The tuner a.g.c. output is intended for use with a
pnp transistor or pin diode tuner unit: an external inverter stage is
required with the npn transistor tuner units generally used. discrete
component video output stage; in a colour In a monochrome set the output
would be fed to a design the output is fed to the chrominance section
of the TDA1150 and, via the luminance delay line, to the luminance
channel in the TDA1150. Also of course in both cases to the sync
separator which in this series of i.c.s is contained in the TDA1180.<br />
<br />
Field Timebase IC :<br />
The TDA1170 field timebase i.c. is shown in block diagram form in Fig.
3. The i.c. is housed in a 12 -pin package with copper frame and heat
dissipation tabs. It is capable of supplying up to 1.6A peak -to -peak
to drive any type of saddle -wound scanning yoke but for a colour
receiver it is suggested that the toroidal deflection coil system
developed by RCA is used. In this case the i.c. acts as a driver in
conjunction with a complementary pair of output transistors. The yoke
current in this case is in the region of 6A. The TDA1170 is designed for
operation with a nominal 22V supply. It can be operated at up t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tetOknsNlC-s70fuuoGN9ETV0w0tNRPr_Yhya0cu7TGouz3LoWamDbLezZ0bU-6COsJP-OTi_gfvxXq-PLbZxenNNkymomjKh3Nppk6pyXNaSj60bLqa0ysfmVrAcs4eOu_naiwG2H4/s1600/SGS-TV-DES-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tetOknsNlC-s70fuuoGN9ETV0w0tNRPr_Yhya0cu7TGouz3LoWamDbLezZ0bU-6COsJP-OTi_gfvxXq-PLbZxenNNkymomjKh3Nppk6pyXNaSj60bLqa0ysfmVrAcs4eOu_naiwG2H4/s320/SGS-TV-DES-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>o
35V however. A voltage doubler within the i.c. is brought into action
during the flyback time to raise the supply to 70V. Good frequency
stability is claimed and the yoke current stability with changes in
ambient temperature is such that the usual thermistor in series with the
field coils is not required. For monochrome receiver use the power
supplied to the yoke would be 0-83W for a yoke current of lA peak -to
-peak with a 1012 coil impedance and 20V supply. As the power
dissipation rating of the i.c. is 2.2W no further heatsink is required.
For use in a colour receiver with a toroidal coil impedance of 1.6Ohm
the scanning current would be 7A peak -to -peak. The power supplied to
the yoke may be as much as 6.5W while the dissipation in the i.c. would
be up to 2-3W. In this case a simple heatsink can be formed from a thin
copper sheet soldered to the heat fins- an area of about 3-4 sq. in.
should be adequate. The sync circuit at the input gives good noise
immunity while the difference between the actual and ideal interlace is
less than 0-3% of the field amplitude. Because of the high output
impedance a relatively low value (1/iF or less) output coupling
capacitor can be used. This means that mylar types instead of
electrolytics can be used, reducing the problems of linearity and
amplitude stability with respect to temperature and ageing. The external
controls shown in Fig. 3 are hold, height and linearity (from left to
right). <br />
<br />
Complete Sound Channel:<br />
The TDA1190 sound channel (see Fig. 4) is housed in a 12 -pin package.
Possible radiation pick-up and thermal feedback risks have been avoided
by careful layout of the chip. This pack also has a copper frame, with
two cooling tabs which are used as the earthing terminals. The built-in
low-pass filter overcomes radiation problems and with a response 3dB
down at 3MHz allows for a flat amplitude response throughout the audio
range: this particular feature will appeal to hi-fi enthusiasts as well
since it makes the i.c. a good proposition for f.m. radio reception. The
d.c. volume control has a range of 100dB. The external CR circuit (top,
Fig. 4) sets the closed - loop gain of the power amplifier. The
external feedback c<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpCLkKoNw8au5K4Gldl8FPJ46LB1XfKQIzMPaAlbOFkQUknYWT0nyVMKyPbcXpoEyywU_w9F9Q-fqfD7clrh9YfacHmFznhs8AVm4dyGp4QktIVxqXnoG1e8i4x7UT5Pk_P7WW6QYSGRA/s1600/SGS-TV-DES-F4__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpCLkKoNw8au5K4Gldl8FPJ46LB1XfKQIzMPaAlbOFkQUknYWT0nyVMKyPbcXpoEyywU_w9F9Q-fqfD7clrh9YfacHmFznhs8AVm4dyGp4QktIVxqXnoG1e8i4x7UT5Pk_P7WW6QYSGRA/s320/SGS-TV-DES-F4__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>apacitor
network (right) provides a.f. bandwidth and frequency compensation
while the CR circuit across the output limits any r.f. which could cause
severe audio distortion. The TDA1190 does not require an extra heatsink
when operating in normal ambient temperatures-up to 55°C-because of the
new technique of soldering the chip directly on to the copper frame
that forms part of the external tabs. By doing this, SGS-Ates have
reduced the thermal resistance of the device to 12°C per watt. The
device can dissipate up to 2.2W at 55°C without using an external
heatsink other than the printed circuit pad (about 2 sq. in.) which is
soldered to the tab. The output stages of the TDA1190 are in quasi -
complementary mode (with patented features), eliminating the need for
bootstrap operation without loss of power. The absolute maximum output
power is 4.2W with a supply voltage of 24V and a nominal loudspeaker
impedance of 1612. At 12V and 812 an output of 1.8W can be achieved.
Total harmonic distortion is 0.5% for 1 mV f.m. input and 2W output into
1611 at 24V. Satisfactory operation is possible over a voltage supply
range of 9 to 28V, making this versatile i.c. suitable for a wide range
of applications. The whole audio circuit can be mounted on a p.c.b. 2in.
x 25in. without a heatsink.<br />
<br />
Mounting: The complete family of i.c.s has been designed so that it can
be incorporated in very small and simple printed circuit modules. The
use of a copper frame assists in improving the thermal stability as well
as facilitating the mounting of the i.c.s on the board. Where an extra
heatsink is required this can be a simple fin added to the mounting tabs
or a metal clamp on the top of the pack. SGS claim that insta- bility
experienced with conventional layouts in colour receivers has been
eliminated provided their recommendations are observed.<br />
<br />
Power Supplies:<br />
A simple power supply circuit without sophisticated stabilisation can be
used. The requirements are for outputs ranging between 10V and 35V with
adequate decoupling and smoothing. It was possible to provide only
three supply lines to feed the whole receiver system-plus of course the
high- voltage supplies required by the c.r.t. The power supply
requirements are simplified since the TDA1170 incorporates a voltage
regulator for its oscillator, the TDA440 incorporates a regulator for
the vision i.f. strip and the TDA1190 a regulator for the low voltage
stages and the d.c. volume control.<br />
<br />
<br />
The
tuning circuits has a large knob potentiometers tuning system
which use voltage controlled capacitances such as varactor diodes as
the frequency determining elements.</p><p><br />
<b>How AFC Circuit Works in B/W Analog Television Receiver:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCwfn-CCVZWxpiWJH_urSTsDvmalDRQk_nNaYGMYwqCGBezfubt4s16N7DI0TgtA0jrH4JZoKtbe5rRswyK1xzelAzAXuK-rZ0914D7bYW09zdGJ29S61UIauIutvW0BNl7Plhm1P9GuI/s1600/AFC_SCH-F1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCwfn-CCVZWxpiWJH_urSTsDvmalDRQk_nNaYGMYwqCGBezfubt4s16N7DI0TgtA0jrH4JZoKtbe5rRswyK1xzelAzAXuK-rZ0914D7bYW09zdGJ29S61UIauIutvW0BNl7Plhm1P9GuI/s320/AFC_SCH-F1__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>Push-Button
tuning on u.h.f. while being very convenient often leaves a margin of
mistuning, especially after some wear and tear has occurred on the
mechanism. Even dial tuning can lead to errors due to the difficulty
many people experience in judging the correct point. Oscillator drift
due to temperature changes can also cause mistuning. Automatic frequency
control (a.f.c.) will correct all these faults. The vision carrier when
the set is correctly tuned on u.h.f. is at 39.5MHz as it passes down
the i.f. strip. Thus if at the end of the i.f. strip a discriminator
tuned circuit is incorporated centred on 39.5MHz the discriminator
output will be zero at 39.5MHz and will move positively' one side of
39.5MHz and negatively the other as the tuning drifts. This response is
shown in Fig. 1.<br /><br />If the tuning is not correct then the
discriminator output is not zero and if this output is applied to change
the reverse bias on a tuning diode mounted in the oscillator section of
the u.h.f. tuner it will correct most of the error. Tuning, varicap or
varactor diodes-to give them a few of their names-are junction diodes
normally operated with reverse bias but not sufficient to bias them into
the breakdown region in which zener diodes operate. The greater the
reverse bias the lower their capacitance: a typical curve, for the
PHILIPS BB105 or STC BA141 tuning diode, is shown in Fig. 2. All diodes e<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8_Xr-B7wfoiURZdpRpGwZb6jF4Vs5LY74ZGLFwzl8RYNkhq1QS2ElPdrc4sJfsEFEgjR1mdyKv9dn5jECaXeZvdMLpQ24KtJ24yfkryzwBDKpkWdw59TX1JnuobXhLrO-0mw9qi3Di2w/s1600/AFC_SCH-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8_Xr-B7wfoiURZdpRpGwZb6jF4Vs5LY74ZGLFwzl8RYNkhq1QS2ElPdrc4sJfsEFEgjR1mdyKv9dn5jECaXeZvdMLpQ24KtJ24yfkryzwBDKpkWdw59TX1JnuobXhLrO-0mw9qi3Di2w/s320/AFC_SCH-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>xhibit
this basic type of characteristic but special diodes have to be used
for u.h.f. because they must not introduce any excessive loss into the
tuned circuits they control. In other words, just as a coil has to have a
good Q so does a varicap diode. Normally, we don't worry about the Q of
a capacitor as it is usually very good. However, a tuning diode is not a
true capacitor. It has, for example, leakage current so the Q of the
diode is a factor which has to be considered. The diode manufacturer
however will have considered these points and if you buy a diode
specified for u.h.f. use you will have no trouble. These points have
been mentioned to clear up any misunderstandings and to show why any old
diode won't do.<br /><br /><u>Basic AFC System</u><br />To return to our TV
set, if the oscillator frequency is too high then the vision carrier
frequency will also be too high and in the simple arrangement shown in
Fig. 3 the discriminator will give a negative signal to decrease the
bias on the tuning diode thus increasing its <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0LiyVnFt9VvtpMZia9HQZZliFyoM2_y6v6LoDaS51sN7IG5RShB3SsxYaX33xUwyQZkOtfQhYuwdRJs1O6lSfduI8sQWckdfnLvzdJ9d6-OBPez9kWMzD3AopPBoV_ImCL4g-djD9lJo/s1600/AFC_SCH-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0LiyVnFt9VvtpMZia9HQZZliFyoM2_y6v6LoDaS51sN7IG5RShB3SsxYaX33xUwyQZkOtfQhYuwdRJs1O6lSfduI8sQWckdfnLvzdJ9d6-OBPez9kWMzD3AopPBoV_ImCL4g-djD9lJo/s200/AFC_SCH-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a>capacitance
and in turn reducing the oscillator frequency and correcting the error.
Note that in this diagram the reverse bias on the diode is applied to
its cathode. It is therefore positive with respect to ground so that a
negative signal from the discriminator will reduce the positive voltage
on the diode thus reducing its bias and increasing its capacitance. In
this arrangement the diode is biased somewhere near the mid point of its
characteristic by the positive d.c. bias fed into one side of the
discriminator. The discriminator thus adds to or subtracts from this
d.c. bias.<br /><br /><u>AFC Loop Gain:</u><br />The amount by which the error
is reduced depends on the gain of the circuit. An estimate of the gain
required must first be made by guessing how much error is likely to be
given by your push -buttons or hand tuning: 1MHz would be an outside
figure as a tuning error of that magnitude would produce a very bad
picture of low definition in one direction and badly broken up in the
other. This error should be reduced to <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywu8a144waiAyZJ-atDcTcdsmMueu67tUwRIIy3NwdKuQsaJ69HpsXoPnzwNerbamIiMpymHxhDwfC4SHg9loEhmPX_xsHAZwuLKhiEAOdboLu6NRfODCYGbsFtKOQa5xNcyQUEvyXaM/s1600/AFC_SCH-F4__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywu8a144waiAyZJ-atDcTcdsmMueu67tUwRIIy3NwdKuQsaJ69HpsXoPnzwNerbamIiMpymHxhDwfC4SHg9loEhmPX_xsHAZwuLKhiEAOdboLu6NRfODCYGbsFtKOQa5xNcyQUEvyXaM/s320/AFC_SCH-F4__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>about
100kHz to be really unnoticeable, indicating a required gain of ten. In
fitting a.f.c. to an existing set some measure- ments should be done as
an experiment before finally deciding on the circuit gain. The first
thing to do is to add the suggested discriminator to the i.f. strip. As
the circuit (Fig. 4) shows a Foster -Seeley type discriminator is used
and with the coils specified and the driver circuit shown it should give
±4V for 0.5MHz input variation.<br /><br /><u>EXAMPLE of Circuit Description:</u><br />The
driver stage Tr1 takes a small sample signal from the i.f. strip but
this should be large enough to drive Tr1 into saturation. That is to say
Tr1 is a limiter stage so that the signal amplitude applied to the
discriminator coil L2 stays constant over the normal range of signal
levels. Trl is biased at approximately 7mA which, according to the
original report ("Simple a.f.c. system for 625 -line TV receivers" by P.
Bissmire, PHILIPS Technical Communications, March, 1970), gives the
best limiting performance. C1, R<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJyfSHQQsuEV4oAp-9JersPW3wiEdq7dUPmmY8cqNFK7LSq2xw2Ce-ibTTUU2vQ56Ixw_K8Id8TiqUyxUgb1FAGGVI83Kg545HqdT7oPJv6Eb5UDqaGd3JnCKdGY17LcCndoKhRbiyeBY/s1600/AFC_SCH-F5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJyfSHQQsuEV4oAp-9JersPW3wiEdq7dUPmmY8cqNFK7LSq2xw2Ce-ibTTUU2vQ56Ixw_K8Id8TiqUyxUgb1FAGGVI83Kg545HqdT7oPJv6Eb5UDqaGd3JnCKdGY17LcCndoKhRbiyeBY/s320/AFC_SCH-F5__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>14
and R3 damp the stage to prevent oscillation. C2 decouples the power
feed and should be close to the circuit. The coil former and can are the
normal ones used for TV sets and so should be easily obtainable: the
former diameter is 5mm. and length 40mm. and winding details are given
in Fig. 5.<br /><br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The invention being
thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many
ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the
spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would
be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within
the scope of the developed apparates both tubes or transistors.</i></blockquote>
<p>
<u><b>GENERAL BASIC TRANSISTOR LINE OUTPUT STAGE OPERATION:</b></u><br />
<br />
The
basic essentials of a transistor line output stage are shown in <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbKrLAip8mH9EZmD_UU0Xr5FPqWqmocBXi1el9MGFTs02AnMbgL6hO1xnxFRRIqOkGiYgae5NRBFkdUzM-K3E5EQR_9dAAg1GKJqvv5UANiZAiSnBPFacGHUKSFRhZusKAQc8Bh7a2RrmQvjNDA9xLHApHBJ8GEmHBQKp7p4wFsrnHdVg4UdUNV1wPuJk/s1282/IMGH_13461__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbKrLAip8mH9EZmD_UU0Xr5FPqWqmocBXi1el9MGFTs02AnMbgL6hO1xnxFRRIqOkGiYgae5NRBFkdUzM-K3E5EQR_9dAAg1GKJqvv5UANiZAiSnBPFacGHUKSFRhZusKAQc8Bh7a2RrmQvjNDA9xLHApHBJ8GEmHBQKp7p4wFsrnHdVg4UdUNV1wPuJk/s320/IMGH_13461__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLo4LIamyNkFT7ug39KZ5WKuZcbRhY6kGCMSiZ0LOy3JkpCOSZmBESNhc7LviGSL0NosXGHbh2GpBr2Fusr-h3-Z3rGnH8S5altJIq-ZeWez4JWk0h2J7pql1LkR8WVEKqUYTBtGNgtZKwzLFcJQHs7QTUmJRXEy52TAs6_gU_YuMSnqWftsxkuTCDbg/s1282/IMGH_12350__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Fig.
1(a). They comprise: a line output transformer which provides the d.c.
feed to the line output transistor and serves mainly to generate the
high -voltage pulse from which the e.h.t. is derived, and also in
practice other supplies for various sections of the receiver; the line
output transistor and its parallel efficiency diode which form a
bidirectional switch; a tuning capacitor which resonates with the line
output transformer primary winding and the scan coils to determine the
flyback time; and the scan coils, with a series capacitor which provides
a d.c. block and also serves to provide slight integration of the
deflection current to compensate for the scan distortion that would
otherwise be present due to the use of flat screen, wide deflection
angle c.r.t.s. This basic circuit is widely used in small -screen
portable receivers with little elaboration - some use a pnp output
transistor however, with its collector connected to chassis.<br />
<br />
Circuit Variations:<br />
Variations
to the basic circuit commonly found include: transposition of the scan
coils and the correction capacitor; connection of the line output
transfo<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s320/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZOPUPCzeKF1tuzUxInkoTk97Eg3bC2H_Imvl62tNDniwE7XQvsPXpZpX24CluBDA3U5pOMB8LjdB1xJ0vHlFxXRdFrxExne6WaGKJ1TgfGbL00OeXHdD8ER90Uh13359GnzQp-ulN_BJ0xHTYNS8AOxxZSjOc65O0DoL-SYvZVnihDJtbdreQFK0lXQ/s1282/IMGH_12353__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>rmer primary winding and its e.h.t. overwinding
in series; connection of the deflection components to a tap on the
transformer to obtain correct matching of the components and conditions
in the stage; use of a boost diode which operates in identical manner to
the arrangement used in valve line output stages, thereby increasing
the effective supply to the stage; omission of the efficiency diode
where the stage is operated from an h.t. line, the collector -base
junction of the line output transistor then providing the efficiency
diode action without, in doing so, producing scan distortion; addition
of inductors to provide linearity and width adjustment; use of a pair of
series -connected line output transistors in some large -screen colour
chassis; and in colour sets the addition of line convergence circuitry
which is normally connected in series between the line scan coils and
chassis. These variations on the basic circuit do not alter the basic
mode of operation however.<br />
<br />
Resonance<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUtknVpApCgwVzmmmd_40W4Gyw5YbRw19Ocq8w-udegGCLrctIVob3gH5C6Waervf1ysjGf9rb1TUHfQEjkhuNM7uRY9xG5yKPE5N0s6CvCmVki_R9dhi3NRt7D2fAX8W53gVIZG46Xw/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUtknVpApCgwVzmmmd_40W4Gyw5YbRw19Ocq8w-udegGCLrctIVob3gH5C6Waervf1ysjGf9rb1TUHfQEjkhuNM7uRY9xG5yKPE5N0s6CvCmVki_R9dhi3NRt7D2fAX8W53gVIZG46Xw/s200/LINE-DEFL-F1__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
The
most important fact to appreciate about the circuit is that when the
transistor and diode are cut off during the flyback period - when the
beam is being rapidly returned from the right-hand side of the screen to
the left-hand side the tuning capacitor together with the scan coils
and the primary winding of the line output transformer form a parallel
resonant circuit: the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 1(b). The line
output transformer primary winding and the tuning capacitor as drawn in
Fig. 1(a) may look like a series tuned circuit, but from the signal
point of view the end of the transformer primary winding connected to
the power supply is earthy, giving the equivalent arrangement shown in
Fig. 1(b).<br />
<br />
The Flyback Period:<br />
Since the operation of the
circuit depends mainly upon what happens during the line flyback period,
the simplest point at which to break into the scanning cycle is at the
end of the forward scan, i.e. with the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJhuuR9WJKIYCI2KvMMJZ0x1hmWhwAmmXr6IRb1BSkWG_IYJpT_-rF2X5GhyphenhyphenL2OtZwoqjUOHpSFv4Ef_qQpEGieE6NuZ6kzClquMqDro0lG12MsM-YIuHSbpLtLZ_vy6zmdN4eyhnGN8/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJhuuR9WJKIYCI2KvMMJZ0x1hmWhwAmmXr6IRb1BSkWG_IYJpT_-rF2X5GhyphenhyphenL2OtZwoqjUOHpSFv4Ef_qQpEGieE6NuZ6kzClquMqDro0lG12MsM-YIuHSbpLtLZ_vy6zmdN4eyhnGN8/s320/LINE-DEFL-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>
beam deflected to the right-hand side of the screen, see Fig. 2. At
this point the line output transistor is suddenly switched off by the
squarewave drive applied to its base. Prior to this action a linearly
increasing current has been flowing in the line output transformer
primary winding and the scan coils, and as a result magnetic fields have
been built up around these components. When the transistor is switched
off these fields collapse, maintaining a flow of current which rapidly
decays to zero and returns the beam to the centre of the screen. This
flow of current charges the tuning capacitor, and the voltage at A rises
to a high positive value - of the order of 1- 2k V in large -screen
sets, 200V in the case of mains/battery portable sets. The e<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlg6TFKppNfFF34T7clSQFPfJWSjv2mEvZq26gEhgwZKWWkxVGHYtlf98_qKmVBWSUiQUoBvrwYabJo8ruYlDASMm2nkNoh5xv6NWXbLrheMZfsyyRb4ZP-jmDZpnE2EBzOb6VHkqr4yU/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlg6TFKppNfFF34T7clSQFPfJWSjv2mEvZq26gEhgwZKWWkxVGHYtlf98_qKmVBWSUiQUoBvrwYabJo8ruYlDASMm2nkNoh5xv6NWXbLrheMZfsyyRb4ZP-jmDZpnE2EBzOb6VHkqr4yU/s320/LINE-DEFL-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>nergy
in the circuit is now stored in the tuning capacitor which next
discharges, reversing the flow of current in the circuit with the result
that the beam is rapidly deflected to the left-hand side of the screen -
see Fig. 3. When the tuning capacitor has discharged, the voltage at A
has fallen to zero and the circuit energy is once more stored in the
form of magnetic fields around the inductive components. One half -cycle
of oscillation has occurred, and the flyback is complete.<br />
<br />
Energy Recovery: <br />
First
Part of Forward Scan The circuit then tries to continue the cycle of
oscillation, i.e. the magnetic fields again collapse, maintaining a
current flow which this time would charge the tuning capacitor
negatively (upper plate). When the voltage at A reaches about -0.6V
however the efficiency diode becomes forward biased and switches on.
This damps the circuit, preventing further oscillation, but the magnetic
fields continue to collapse and in doing so produce a linearly decaying
current flow which provides the first part of the forward s<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8VstlYyKelGqXik5iv8Aymvt0kxlLbAwGJ0F4TnHfohTgmrkPay3hJ18-wBzOKQlO3yrVXtzI-axPvnP1pxFSF0uTSqW5W-GB6dh5L3sdFBN1RCNJhGr4_YHSbp22uZJgd4xIpN1Qtg/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F4__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8VstlYyKelGqXik5iv8Aymvt0kxlLbAwGJ0F4TnHfohTgmrkPay3hJ18-wBzOKQlO3yrVXtzI-axPvnP1pxFSF0uTSqW5W-GB6dh5L3sdFBN1RCNJhGr4_YHSbp22uZJgd4xIpN1Qtg/s320/LINE-DEFL-F4__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>can,
the beam returning towards the centre of the screen - see Fig. 4. The
diode shorts out the tuning capacitor but the scan correction capacitor
charges during this period, its right-hand plate becoming positive with
respect to its left-hand plate, i.e. point A. Completion of Forward Scan
When the current falls to zero, the diode will switch off. Shortly
before this state of affairs is reached however the transistor is
switched on. In practice this is usually about a third of the way
through the scan. The squarewave applied to its base drives it rapidly
to saturation, clamping the vol<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI43IcQl0tcPZboUdYX8bFLcO0PVRAc4g9nV42gDfJDz0aF-kMzsyG0T1eDPOcGyQnW8BwcESh5FubBfJOO0vI2yxQLpABkan1OKT-f9jEK_HsE0lvPru2vPpf7Byv6DKOi1u5DU95aX8/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI43IcQl0tcPZboUdYX8bFLcO0PVRAc4g9nV42gDfJDz0aF-kMzsyG0T1eDPOcGyQnW8BwcESh5FubBfJOO0vI2yxQLpABkan1OKT-f9jEK_HsE0lvPru2vPpf7Byv6DKOi1u5DU95aX8/s320/LINE-DEFL-F5__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>tage
at point A at a small positive value - the collector emitter saturation
voltage of the transistor. Current now flows via the transistor and the
primary winding of the line output transformer, the scan correction
capacitor discharges, and the resultant flow of current in the line scan
coils drives the beam to the right-hand side of the screen see Fig. 5.<br />
<br />
Efficiency:<br />
The
transistor is then cut off again, to give the flyback, and the cycle of
events recurs. The efficiency of the circuit is high since there is
negligible resistance present. Energy is fed into the circuit in the
form of the magnetic fields that build up when the output transistor is
switched on. This action connects the line output transformer primary
winding across the supply, and as a result a linearly increasing current
flows through it. Since the width is<br />
dependent on the supply voltage, this must be stabilised.<br />
<br />
Harmonic Tuning:<br />
There
is another oscillatory action in the circuit during the flyback period.
The considerable leakage inductance between the primary and the e.h.t.
windings of the line output transformer, and the appreciable self
-capacitance present, form a tuned circuit which is shocked into
oscillation by the flyback pulse. Unless this oscillation is controlled,
it will continue into and modulate the scan. The technique used to
overcome this effect is to tune the leakage inductance and the
associated capacitance to an odd harmonic of the line flyback
oscillation frequency. By doing this the oscillatory actions present at
the beginning of the scan cancel. Either third or fifth harmonic tuning
is used. Third harmonic tuning also has the effect of increasing the
amplitude of the e.h.t. pulse, and is generally used where a half -wave
e.h.t. rectifier is employed. Fifth harmonic tuning results in a
flat-topped e.h.t. pulse, giving improved e.h.t. regulation, and is
generally used where an e.h.t. tripler is employed to produce the e.h.t.
The tuning is mainly built into the line output transformer, though an
external variable inductance is commonly found in colour chassis so that
the tuning can be adjusted. With a following post I will go into the
subject of modern TV line timebases in greater detail with other models
and technology shown here at Obsolete Technology Tellye ! <br /></p><p><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPT5u69Xw_Tzn3zid0ybLnQBLZOzVIr-Xs2CqmYvIcZog9UGLozBea24_DHfQzokrRhZF6qZBQm7hdLbxz1schcYWGNPSPxSXO3JmKB_Ezf2bvjJJylCyiZ4S2cqSXmTHOv0L7hsTidUY/s1600/IMGH_05708.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
</a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s320/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPT5u69Xw_Tzn3zid0ybLnQBLZOzVIr-Xs2CqmYvIcZog9UGLozBea24_DHfQzokrRhZF6qZBQm7hdLbxz1schcYWGNPSPxSXO3JmKB_Ezf2bvjJJylCyiZ4S2cqSXmTHOv0L7hsTidUY/s1600/IMGH_05708.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">TDA1170 </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">verti</span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">cal deflection </span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">FRAME DEFLECTION INTEGRATED CIRCUIT</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;">GENERAL DESCRIPTION f T</span><span style="font-style: italic;">he TDA1170 and TDA1270 are monolithic integrated<br />circuits designed for use in TV vertical deflection systems. They are manufactured using<br />the Fairchild Planar* process.<br />Both devices are supplied in the 12-pin plastic power package with the heat sink fins bent<br />for insertion into the printed circuit board.<br />The TDA1170 is designed primarily for large and small screen black and white TV<br />receivers and industrial TV monitors. The TDA1270 is designed primarily for driving<br />complementary vertical deflection output stages in color TV receivers and industrial<br />monitors.<br />APPLICATION INFORMATION (TDA1170)<br />The vertical oscillator is directly synchronized by the sync pulses (positive or negative); therefore its free<br />running frequency must be lower than the sync frequency. The use of current feedback causes the yoke<br />current to be independent of yoke resistance variations due to thermal effects, Therefore no thermistor is<br />required in series with the yoke. The flyback generator applies a voltage, about twice the supply voltage, to<br />the yoke. This produces a short flyback time together with a high useful power to dissipated power<br />ratio.</span><br />
<br />
Field Timebase IC :<br />
The <b>TDA1170</b> field timebase i.c. is shown in block diagram form in Fig.
3. The i.c. is housed in a 12 -pin package with copper frame and heat
dissipation tabs. It is capable of supplying up to 1.6A peak -to -peak
to drive any type of saddle -wound scanning yoke but for a colour
receiver it is suggested that the toroidal deflection coil system
developed by RCA is used. In this case the i.c. acts as a driver in
conjunction with a complementary pair of output transistors. The yoke
current in this case is in the region of 6A. The TDA1170 is designed for
operation with a nominal 22V supply. It can be operated at up t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tetOknsNlC-s70fuuoGN9ETV0w0tNRPr_Yhya0cu7TGouz3LoWamDbLezZ0bU-6COsJP-OTi_gfvxXq-PLbZxenNNkymomjKh3Nppk6pyXNaSj60bLqa0ysfmVrAcs4eOu_naiwG2H4/s1600/SGS-TV-DES-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1tetOknsNlC-s70fuuoGN9ETV0w0tNRPr_Yhya0cu7TGouz3LoWamDbLezZ0bU-6COsJP-OTi_gfvxXq-PLbZxenNNkymomjKh3Nppk6pyXNaSj60bLqa0ysfmVrAcs4eOu_naiwG2H4/s320/SGS-TV-DES-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>o
35V however. A voltage doubler within the i.c. is brought into action
during the flyback time to raise the supply to 70V. Good frequency
stability is claimed and the yoke current stability with changes in
ambient temperature is such that the usual thermistor in series with the
field coils is not required. For monochrome receiver use the power
supplied to the yoke would be 0-83W for a yoke current of lA peak -to
-peak with a 1012 coil impedance and 20V supply. As the power
dissipation rating of the i.c. is 2.2W no further heatsink is required.
For use in a colour receiver with a toroidal coil impedance of 1.6Ohm
the scanning current would be 7A peak -to -peak. The power supplied to
the yoke may be as much as 6.5W while the dissipation in the i.c. would
be up to 2-3W. In this case a simple heatsink can be formed from a thin
copper sheet soldered to the heat fins- an area of about 3-4 sq. in.
should be adequate. The sync circuit at the input gives good noise
immunity while the difference between the actual and ideal interlace is
less than 0-3% of the field amplitude. Because of the high output
impedance a relatively low value (1/iF or less) output coupling
capacitor can be used. This means that mylar types instead of
electrolytics can be used, reducing the problems of linearity and
amplitude stability with respect to temperature and ageing. The external
controls shown in Fig. 3 are hold, height and linearity (from left to
right). <br />
</p><p><b><br /></b>
<b>TDA1180P TV HORIZONTAL PROCESSOR</b>:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplcfeQ7zK1BQ6GMh6o-uaUD-ic6KCodPMfZQ-sgaapU_ePTi4KYGRdpfvCK9YxDJdQ0pRrUGj06LfK7Ag4mONmbXw4DHbZ7tejXAi2H1Pl2Nk31TEanffV7QNunQlNRv3LvaskXiRftap28-htIc5zfUGAEpeskyvVSE5JTHxeIuOy1bGGOqgx6gfVa-u/s1282/IMGH_13459__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhplcfeQ7zK1BQ6GMh6o-uaUD-ic6KCodPMfZQ-sgaapU_ePTi4KYGRdpfvCK9YxDJdQ0pRrUGj06LfK7Ag4mONmbXw4DHbZ7tejXAi2H1Pl2Nk31TEanffV7QNunQlNRv3LvaskXiRftap28-htIc5zfUGAEpeskyvVSE5JTHxeIuOy1bGGOqgx6gfVa-u/s320/IMGH_13459__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUMjXarCFR0YE0MyjOuhDdrPn1m03FRS-EMOwDBnZmK5NT9ln_JZ6DEGWNmR8ypIlXGTPlbwKBjDuzvLGq54HJLGsWJXlHIxchYwxtRUbWiLLCh910XB1xI8lQmX0kz6Pz4k3dXt_5AVbc/s1600/IMGH_04992.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>DESCRIPTION<br />
The SGS TDA1180P is a horizontal processor circuit for<br />
b.w. and colour monitors. It is a monolithic inte-<br />
grated circuit encapsulated in 16-lead dual in-line<br />
plastic package.<br />
<br />
INOISE GATED HORIZONTAL SYNC SEPARA-<br />
TOR<br />
INOISE GATED VERTICAL SYNC SEPARATOR<br />
IHORIZONTAL<br />
OSCILLATOR<br />
WITH<br />
FREQUENCY RANGE LIMITER<br />
PHASE COMPARATOR BETWEEN SYNC<br />
PULSES AND OSCILLATOR PULSES (PLL)<br />
PHASE COMPARATOR BETWEEN FLYBACK<br />
PULSES AND OSCILLATOR PULSES (PLL)<br />
LOOP GAIN AND TIME CONSTANT SWITCHING ( VCR)<br />COMPOSITE BLANKING AND KEY PULSE<br />
GENERATOR<br />
PROTECTION CIRCUITS<br />
OUTPUT STAGES WITH HIGH CURRENT CAPABILITY.<br />
<br />
APPLICATION INFORMATION<br />
Pin 1 - Positive supply<br />
The operating supply voltage of the device ranges<br />
from 10V to 13.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s320/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcVUpppVBr-4Pk0KnBEpaBjOjXV2dLq0Xjka8EyHNjtM9gdUnkR2bhDeL7gVpACwhOM7gotcvRMj-35BAsuDLA9WTkvXjWw4LrCVH5CSujr7u6_RuTUM8N7TlKEErf-RBs7udVW6ZvpD4/s1600/IMGH_04997.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>2V<br />
Pin 2 and 3 - Output<br />
The outputs of TDA1180P are suitable for driving<br />
transistor output stages, they deliver positive pulse<br />
at Pin 3 and negative pulse at Pin 2.<br />
The negative pulse is used for direct driving of the<br />
output stage, while positive pulse is useful when a<br />
driver stage is required.<br />
The rise and fall times of the output pulses are<br />
about 150 ns so that interference due to radiation<br />
are avoided.<br />
Furthermore the output stages are internally pro-<br />
tected against short circuit.<br />
Pin 4 - Protection circuit input<br />
By connecting Pin 4 of the IC to earth the output<br />
pulses at Pin 2 and 3 are shut off ; this function has<br />
been introduced to produced to protect the final<br />
stages from overloads.<br />
The same pulses are also shut off when the supply<br />
voltage falls below 4V.<br />
Pin 5 - Phase shifter filter<br />
To compensate for the delay introduced by the line<br />
final stages, the flyback pulses to Pin 6 and the<br />
oscillator waveform are compared in the oscillator-<br />
flyback pulse phase comparator.<br />
The result of the comparison is a control current<br />
which, after it has been filtered by the external<br />
capacitor connected to Pin 5, is sent to a phase<br />
shifter which adequately regulates the phase of the<br />
output pulses.<br />
The maximum phase shift allowed is: td = tp - tf<br />
where tf is the flyback pulse duration.<br />
Pin 5 has high input and output resistance (current<br />
generator).<br />
Pin 6 - Flyback input<br />
The flyback pulse drives the high impedance input<br />
through a resistor in order to limit the input current<br />
to suitable maximum values.<br />
The flyback input pulses are processed by a double<br />
threshold circuit; this generates the blanking pulses<br />
by sensing low level flyback voltage and the pulses<br />
to drive the phase comparator by sensing high level<br />
flyback voltage, therefore phase jitter caused by<br />
ringing normally associated with the flyback pulse,<br />
is avoided.<br />
Pin 7 - Key and blanking pulse output<br />
The key pulse for taking out the burst from the<br />
chrominance signal is generated from the oscillator<br />
ramp and has therefore a fixed phase position with<br />
respect to the sync.<br />
The key pulse is then added internally to the blank-<br />
ing pulse obtained by correctly forming the flyback<br />
pulse present at Pin 6.<br />
The sum of the two signals (sandcastle pulse) is<br />
available on low impedance at output Pin 7.<br />
Pin 8 and 9 - Sync separators inputs<br />
The video signal is applied by means of two distinct<br />
biasing networks to pins 8 and 9 of the IC and<br />
therefore to the respective vertical and horizontal<br />
sync separators.<br />
The latter take the sync pulses out of the video<br />
signal and make them available to the rest of the<br />
circuit for further processing.<br />
<br />
Pin 10 - Vertical sync output<br />
The vertical sync pulse, obtained by internal inte-<br />
gration of the synchronizing signal, is available at<br />
this pin.<br />
The output impedance is typically 10kΩ and the<br />
lowest amplitude without load is 11V.<br />
Pin 11 - Coincidence detector<br />
From the oscillator waveform a gate pulse 7 µs<br />
wide is taken whose phase position is centered on<br />
the horizontal synchronism.<br />
The gate pulse not only controls a logic block which<br />
permits the sync to reach the oscillator-sync phase<br />
comparator only for as long as its duration, but also<br />
allows the latching and de-latching conditions of<br />
the oscillator to be established.This function is<br />
obtained by a coincidence detector which com-<br />
pares the phase of the gate pulses with that of the<br />
sync.<br />
When the two signals are not accurately aligned in<br />
time it means that the oscillator is not synchronized.<br />
In this case the detector acts on the logic block to<br />
eliminate its filtering effect and on the time constant<br />
switching block to establish a high impedance on<br />
Pin 12 (small time constant of low-pass filter).<br />
This latter block also acts on the oscillator-sync<br />
phase detector to increase its sensitivity and with it<br />
the loop gain of the synchronizing system.<br />
In this conditions the phase lock has low noise<br />
immunity (wide equivalent noise bandwidth) and<br />
rapid pull-in time which allows fairly short synchro-<br />
nization times.<br />
Once locking has taken place the coincidence de-<br />
tector enables the logic block, causes a low imped-<br />
ance on Pin 12 and reduces the s<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s1282/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg29ew0c2K1IrXfCOKka5KGOJlZDa0ju2yau75LrQ4rhQB6hRC6rmeVNWMUkCMrZeYuehmvmSPQrbLg1ixzFk54XMDvJA0pP83UlqylaUgfE9YrWP6YGoxK8R1VnN7ELaKi6h34gvv1WtR4fPUVW0WYzDLncsTjB3-YM-fysdxWVrJs0HCm8HzWwzl-hQTa/s320/IMGH_13464__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcVUpppVBr-4Pk0KnBEpaBjOjXV2dLq0Xjka8EyHNjtM9gdUnkR2bhDeL7gVpACwhOM7gotcvRMj-35BAsuDLA9WTkvXjWw4LrCVH5CSujr7u6_RuTUM8N7TlKEErf-RBs7udVW6ZvpD4/s1600/IMGH_04997.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>ensitivity of the<br />
phase comparator.<br />
In these conditions the phase lock has high noise<br />
immunity ( narrow equivalent noise bandwidth) due<br />
to the complete elimination of interference which<br />
occurs during the scanning period and the greater<br />
inertia with which the oscillator can change its<br />
frequency.<br />
To optimize the behaviour of the IC if a video<br />
recorder is used, the state of the detector can be<br />
forced by connecting Pin 11 to earth or to + VS. The<br />
characteristics of the phase lock thus correspond<br />
to the lack of synchronization.<br />
Pin 12 - Time constant switch, (see Pin 11)<br />
Pin 13 - Control current output<br />
The oscillator is synchronized by comparing the<br />
phase of its waveform with that of the sync pulses<br />
in the oscillator-sync phase comparator and send-<br />
ing its output current I13 (proportional to the phase<br />
difference between the two signals) to Pin 15 of the<br />
oscillator after it has been filtered properly with an<br />
external low-pass circuit.<br />
The time constant of the filter can be switched<br />
between two values according to the impedance<br />
presented by Pin 12.<br />
The voltage limiter at the output of the phase<br />
comparator limits the voltage excursion on Pin 13<br />
and therefore the frequency range in which the<br />
oscillator remains held-in.<br />
The output resistance of Pin 13 is:<br />
G low when V13 > 4.3 or V13 < 1.6V<br />
G high when 1.6V < V13 < 4.3V<br />
To prevent the vertical sync from reaching the<br />
oscillator-sync phase comparator along with the<br />
horizontal sync,a signal which inhibits the phase<br />
detector during the vertical interval is taken from<br />
the vertical output stage; inhibition remain even if<br />
the video signal is not present.<br />
The free running frequenc of the oscillator is deter-<br />
mined by the values of the capacitor and of the<br />
resistor connected to Pins 14 and 15 respectively.<br />
To generate the line frequency output pulses, two<br />
theresholds are fixed along the fall ramp of the<br />
triangular waveform of the oscillator.<br />
Pin14 - Oscillator (see Pin 13)<br />
Pin 15 - Oscillator control current input (see<br />
Pin 13)<br />
Pin 16 - Ground.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-89083845706606317332024-01-03T17:00:00.000+01:002024-01-03T17:00:00.137+01:00SELECO 14SX201 (ZANUSSI) CHASSIS BS410.3 CRT TUBE PHILIPS A34-510W<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbKrLAip8mH9EZmD_UU0Xr5FPqWqmocBXi1el9MGFTs02AnMbgL6hO1xnxFRRIqOkGiYgae5NRBFkdUzM-K3E5EQR_9dAAg1GKJqvv5UANiZAiSnBPFacGHUKSFRhZusKAQc8Bh7a2RrmQvjNDA9xLHApHBJ8GEmHBQKp7p4wFsrnHdVg4UdUNV1wPuJk/s1282/IMGH_13461__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrbKrLAip8mH9EZmD_UU0Xr5FPqWqmocBXi1el9MGFTs02AnMbgL6hO1xnxFRRIqOkGiYgae5NRBFkdUzM-K3E5EQR_9dAAg1GKJqvv5UANiZAiSnBPFacGHUKSFRhZusKAQc8Bh7a2RrmQvjNDA9xLHApHBJ8GEmHBQKp7p4wFsrnHdVg4UdUNV1wPuJk/s320/IMGH_13461__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxdsgpwicQAkD_gpee0IcuSL2GVYZmJugVF5UjGsdezixMD2mUB7oVa68HxiZPzBRL4-PaOx5K4WzTFodgcpRmJnc0eMNTqpgxnJfhhcoVxhWd48f_9jPWbKiknBtraHHIK0s2zaDi5c0QYrWDMpgKYWJ1NFi7YQG6QcdANiXrMgLkjlTtPY-D2A7c8ik_/s1282/IMGH_13469__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxdsgpwicQAkD_gpee0IcuSL2GVYZmJugVF5UjGsdezixMD2mUB7oVa68HxiZPzBRL4-PaOx5K4WzTFodgcpRmJnc0eMNTqpgxnJfhhcoVxhWd48f_9jPWbKiknBtraHHIK0s2zaDi5c0QYrWDMpgKYWJ1NFi7YQG6QcdANiXrMgLkjlTtPY-D2A7c8ik_/s320/IMGH_13469__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguJzmuj7y5NHf5x9Z7tokgBBu_TJ2h7WDfm2-4xiXcDiCBoKMKWAdfmEWKVm-EEMOuOee4v4PuIKArCOgLOmQjabxmkOMwy0xMm0fhLZvA9d94H_QlHn0UsJ7DFXAQOPXEXl4vMr5XJYw6mSwFduakVJMOBMdkmOq2-_LKbo49JN44B-vVpFFWPG5Zz_TE/s1282/IMGH_13470__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguJzmuj7y5NHf5x9Z7tokgBBu_TJ2h7WDfm2-4xiXcDiCBoKMKWAdfmEWKVm-EEMOuOee4v4PuIKArCOgLOmQjabxmkOMwy0xMm0fhLZvA9d94H_QlHn0UsJ7DFXAQOPXEXl4vMr5XJYw6mSwFduakVJMOBMdkmOq2-_LKbo49JN44B-vVpFFWPG5Zz_TE/s320/IMGH_13470__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcLrnz15TzYSwr95CkcaHijTfx3Iw7Djv9MjMuLYKbkCnOwQPrJT70RhqpK6QMZ8niU_QpBYiYwUT3QZVaXRn1ca-N7rY3-_hYvq5sqSpvsqqerFH331Gk0U8YZNkjeWmGfVN3NjSAbww02J_Tm4gaMsvlylfBIv4SCaKWp7_XROUft3UD84yV4OZufUV/s3565/PHILIPS%20_A34-510W__1__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="3535" data-original-width="1210" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqTm1x933XNJbEdf1zGKedrcBQFD13Vq44XVF3Lrrpttm-qSAVd5rkSTmLcKKVhcq9IK3zcv1txEL9MN41rxTue4a1FIKp0Z5xfTxol5dJ65cmCXWsPnu0MYs3rBq4NHsKwNU1G8P32re0tck2h0Tk_D_06BR2B4VJF6yeVabtnXHMJshCGLwACw4QSXQS/s320/PHILIPS%20_A34-510W__3__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkpyda90zUP1VstB-Cql6oaLB-KPhAIl27oCAQjGNDQFA0kPHyciBr9qRx14TQIYd9snNo7Yoq8eWFcZAHyqyUduLPHiQTYkAiBNJg2mgrhmOrZEaXcUwCWoab1htUcPOK6VsHVB8m2Qtr5Kw3MFMMUq7pX4hU8uZxNS7LmzPy0HjNLRgHcihfqlqKPHOU/s3563/PHILIPS%20_A34-510W__4__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="3563" data-original-width="1205" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkpyda90zUP1VstB-Cql6oaLB-KPhAIl27oCAQjGNDQFA0kPHyciBr9qRx14TQIYd9snNo7Yoq8eWFcZAHyqyUduLPHiQTYkAiBNJg2mgrhmOrZEaXcUwCWoab1htUcPOK6VsHVB8m2Qtr5Kw3MFMMUq7pX4hU8uZxNS7LmzPy0HjNLRgHcihfqlqKPHOU/s320/PHILIPS%20_A34-510W__4__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhexP11Sg7c8r_CILwjmlgvvTaHp8g0yrKrJVaHf4CkVXlQKcsJ-Y8lDC00jROHLz9XggEc4ETV7PEIVoZRaRWpSGFwyupaTA4qX1W0YpL1uSVipY-84Jlq9WhglH3NvF1Fjvt3-4mYEarspVlpFGjPru9h_2oHnRUYJ8DifjBUYwE8ft37s43RzHPm0YZu/s3547/PHILIPS%20_A34-510W__5__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="3547" data-original-width="1197" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhexP11Sg7c8r_CILwjmlgvvTaHp8g0yrKrJVaHf4CkVXlQKcsJ-Y8lDC00jROHLz9XggEc4ETV7PEIVoZRaRWpSGFwyupaTA4qX1W0YpL1uSVipY-84Jlq9WhglH3NvF1Fjvt3-4mYEarspVlpFGjPru9h_2oHnRUYJ8DifjBUYwE8ft37s43RzHPm0YZu/s320/PHILIPS%20_A34-510W__5__TVMS.jpg" /></a></div><p> </p><p> </p><p>TV PI(:TURE TUBE PHILIPS A34-510W<br />34 cm (14 in), 110 0, rectangular direct vision picture tube with integral protection for black and white TV. The 20 mm neck diameter ensures a low deflection energy. A special feature of this tube is its short cathode heating time. The tube is designed for "push through" application and is provided with four metal lugs for mounting into a cabinet.<br /><br />PICTURE CENTRING MAGNET<br />Field intensity perpendicular to the tube axis adjustable from 0 to 800 A/m (0 to 10 Oe).<br />Maximum distance between centre of field of this magnet and reference line: 47 mm.<br /><br /></p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-46654505472296743302023-12-27T18:00:00.114+01:002023-12-27T18:00:00.166+01:00SINUDYNE XANTOS N (20036) YEAR 1982<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRfYaphX-Oqo6KRmsQIKw9OmiB8vTL-SSI-Qx0C1XnljgMgUJklW2Ng9zlPkDzm8-8dogzF2HkuKEXx6DGdd8THfKFBMrf4ELIygOCt9TsqbUFAmsb4Rh8vx9mzsmDDuZRdRStXdhhfWgw4eNDFxlz0-UMrir0irE22glLNZ9IzV1-A_ER8BEb5ZeIo4dn/s1282/IMGH_13416b__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRfYaphX-Oqo6KRmsQIKw9OmiB8vTL-SSI-Qx0C1XnljgMgUJklW2Ng9zlPkDzm8-8dogzF2HkuKEXx6DGdd8THfKFBMrf4ELIygOCt9TsqbUFAmsb4Rh8vx9mzsmDDuZRdRStXdhhfWgw4eNDFxlz0-UMrir0irE22glLNZ9IzV1-A_ER8BEb5ZeIo4dn/s320/IMGH_13416b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0gG3zzg4ymNndteW9jZ_1z_H4SjiAHP_0BSHze3CPPjTrA0PkbwKsqcmL8jUN9TPiJeKU760fhD0HlWc6MZ6Z7nugs3Pup_ROZk9wgaTrllEIXjQ4K9uBkeCr0mV8Ls7Q-uNGeLs-dT8beAnyG_HSVGoY_gH4NKCqf0ml1laiu6hlkv8Ra-Ai4qzjXFZl/s1282/IMGH_13417__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz7BnibxnI_Ee08HyhhyphenhyphenP4cVEnO8Bea2cjbaNoc2lBRhP5vbHb10Lip3-HE-WLhdjOVjuTTW5GkL0zb1NewnoZLzwrJKa_b16AYyk4HCLAK_rahqfEM-brqRiT0qWsH-6VH2XOUSD7mH8k369JdvnuGFt7inv4v19ifHQ1xLWGrStp_AqIiCUykQOO7LgV/s320/IMGH_13423__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> The SINUDYNE XANTOS N is a heavvy portable compact 20 inches (51cm)color television with 32 Porgrams PLL synthesized 99 channels,</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It has a 4 digit OSD display for program and channels indications.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>It has remote and a local right placed keyboard which is almost replicating all basic functions of the set. <br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
These sets were offering ultra bright pictures with very superb colors and sharp pictures.<br />
<br /><ul><li>
Was a SINUDYNE tv model featuring PLL Synthesizer tuning system
(ITT) and was first Italian color television set featuring first time
the PLL Synthesizer tuning system, a frequency synthesizer controlled
channel selection means which includes a fine tuning arrangement; means
for initiating a sweep of available channels by the channel selection
means; means for stopping the sweep on reception of a signal and means,
operable on cessation of sweeping and responsive to the frequency of
the signal, and arranged to control the fine tuning arrangement to
compensate for frequency drift of the signal.</li></ul>
Television receivers of the type under consideration frequently
include a frequency synthesizer for tuning the receiver's local
oscillator to the nominal carrier frequency of a selected television
channel. Generally, the frequency synthesizer compares the local
oscillator frequency to a reference frequency associated with the
selected channel, and then varies the local oscillator frequency until
it equals the reference frequency. Presumably, the receiver will now be
correctly tuned to the selected channel. <br />
This method of tuning
the receiver relies, of course, on the frequency of the incoming
television signal being equal to its nominal or standard frequency. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLQXVcFt9Y8PPhqqH_HuRH6nEEoIWlOc-gTOAYLnBhEIjsLFROCRiW-AXQKQUzKhosabdp423NCNRqW2VxMf_-lhkEAIsokMjg-UVX95evolxWadzVD8YvSNJsmAV5XCwglgIkdB3mWg6v3b0HOJohJM9u2APPVOBqpd3ZqE827V_va4F71LC7v6pSNtU/s1282/IMGH_13420__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKLQXVcFt9Y8PPhqqH_HuRH6nEEoIWlOc-gTOAYLnBhEIjsLFROCRiW-AXQKQUzKhosabdp423NCNRqW2VxMf_-lhkEAIsokMjg-UVX95evolxWadzVD8YvSNJsmAV5XCwglgIkdB3mWg6v3b0HOJohJM9u2APPVOBqpd3ZqE827V_va4F71LC7v6pSNtU/w200-h150/IMGH_13420__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3w3hpoAKtAoySi6SnFqv7eW5X366tWXddy4eSinFSE8PMgVrCaIOtgqCKZAD7n-6wWTNPcDe1Iu9kwThy4LTYcVByi6kO0IuAAYhGnF8SRqoZbPM743ajZiEiV8cOCYG24mUyyTe2amE/s1600/IMGH_1694.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>In
accordance with the invention, a digital signal representative of the
tuner local oscillator frequency is supplied to one input of a
comparator with a digital signal representative of a desired channel
number being supplied to the other input. The local oscillator frequency
and, hence the system tuning, is varied in accordance with a
correction signal which is dependent upon the state of the comparator.
As a result of the desired channel number input, a driving ramp voltage
is applied to the varactor and effectively results in a systematic
channel-by-channel search for a predetermined acceptable region of
frequencies about the desired channel frequency. The search is carried
out at a very high speed, with a repetitive time sampling and comparison
technique and, as far as the viewer is concerned, is practically
instantaneous. The acceptance region is defined by a "window" which is
made narrow enough to define the desired channel without adjacent
channel interference, yet broad enough to permit minor deviations in
carrier frequency without initiating corrective action. <br />
In the
preferred implementation of the invention, the tuning system
incorporates a presettable modular scaler which drives presettable units
and tens counters. Any base for the modular scaler may be chosen in
conjunction with its preset information and the other counters and their
preset information) to provide correct decoding of the oscillator
frequency into the corresponding channel number regardless of its
frequency band location. Thus, having a predetermined modulus (base),
the modular scaler preset determines how many counts are required to
provide a pulse to the units counter. The units counter functions in a
similar manner to supply pulses to the tens counter. The base of the
modular scaler is selected to produce a desired relationship for the
intrachannel frequency spacing. Within the frequency window maintained
by the tuning system, a normal automatic frequency control (AFC) in the
receiver operates to lock the local oscillator frequency to the picture
IF carrier. Since the tuning system operates on the local oscillator
frequency, there is no dependence on individual characteristics of the
varactor other than the requirement that the tuner drive system must be
capable of tuning the varactor tuner over all channels.This invention
relates to a digitally controlled, electronic tuner that
can be tuned to any of several different channels at different
frequencies and which includes an automatic fine tuning (AFT) circuit to
adjust the tuning precisely when the frequency to which the tuner is
tuned is within a predetermined frequency range close to the exact
desired frequency. In particular, the invention relates to a television
signal tuner for a receiver having an AFT circuit to maintain the tuning
at a selected frequency according to one of the available channels and
further including means to overcome the effect of the AFT circuit when
it is desired to shift the tuner to a different channel.<br />
<br /><ul><li>
<b><u>First SINUDYNE using the PHILIPS 30AX </u><u>110° </u><u>CRT TUBE in a 20" compact tv format !</u></b></li></ul>
The 30AX system, which Philips introduced in 1979, is an important
landmark in the development of colour picture systems. With previous
systems the assembly technician had to workthrough a large number of
complicated setting-up procedures whenever he fitted a television
picture tube with aset of coils for deflecting the electron beams. These
procedures were necessary to ensure that the beams for the three
colours would converge at thescreen for every deflection. They are no
longer necessary with the 30AX system: for a given screen format any
deflection unit can be combined with any tube to form a single
'dynamically convergent' unit. A colour-television receiver can thus be
assembled from its components almost as easily as a monochrome
receiver. The colour picture tube of the PHILIPS 30AX system displays a
noticeably sharper picture over the entire screen surface. This will
be particularly noticeable when data transmissions such as Viewdata and
Teletext are displayed. This has been achieved by a reduction in the
size of the beam spot by about 30%. Absence of coma and the retention of
the 36.5 mm neck diameter have both contributed to increased picture
sharpness. Coma has been eliminated by means of corrective field shapers
embedded in the deflection coils which are sectionally wound saddle
types. The new deflection unit has no rear flanges. enabling uniform
self-convergence to be obtained for all screen sizes. without special
corrections, adjustments, or tolerance compensations. Horizontal raster
distortion is reduced and no vertical correction is required. One of
the inventions in 30AX is an internal magnetic c<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3G2uJTHj87QDeREAHEUNfi0UfgdR1mzTthaXzuLUNIOAlJf3T1cBHghig7BJn9hYrSo9_9K9N6wtdXRqt7_pzXTSmIcXrQzjsEFMsR9rSdlciJGMkBFwf3jjmalFHMfl2Lu2hRFwb5kY/s1600/30AX_PHILIPS-CRT__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3G2uJTHj87QDeREAHEUNfi0UfgdR1mzTthaXzuLUNIOAlJf3T1cBHghig7BJn9hYrSo9_9K9N6wtdXRqt7_pzXTSmIcXrQzjsEFMsR9rSdlciJGMkBFwf3jjmalFHMfl2Lu2hRFwb5kY/s320/30AX_PHILIPS-CRT__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>orrection
system which obviates static convergence and colour purity errors.
This enables the usual multiple unit to be dispensed with. together
with the need for its adjustment ! New techniques have been employed
to achieve close tolerance construction of the glass envelope. In
addition, the 30AX picture tube incorporates two features whereby it
can be accurately adjusted during the last stages of manufacture. One
is the internal magnetic correction system. The other is an array of
bosses on the cone that establish a precise reference for the axial
purity positioning of the deflection unit on the tube axis and for
raster orientation. During its manufacture, each deflection unit is
individually adjusted for optimum convergence. The coil carrier also
incorporates reference bosses that co-operate with those on the cone of
the tube. ' Since every picture tube and every deflection unit is
individually pre-aligned, any deflection unit automatically matches
with any picture tube of the appropriate size. The deflection unit has
only to be pushed onto the neck of the tube unit it seats. Once the
reference bosses are engaged, the combination is accurately aligned and
requires no adjustment for convergence, colour purity or raster
orientation. With no multiple unit and a flangeless deflection unit,
there is more space in the receiver cabinet. Higher deflection
sensitivity means that less current is consumed, and consequently less
heat is produced. This increases the reliability of the TV receiver
again. 30AX means simple assembly. Any picture tube is compatible with
any deflection unit of the appropriate size and is automatically
self-aligning as well as being self-convergent.
<br />
The
well-known 20AX features of HI-Bri, Soft-Flash and Quick-vision are
maintained in the new 30AX systern. In their work on the design of
deflection coils in the last few years the developers have expanded
the magnetic deflectionfields into 'multipoles', This approach has
improved the understanding of the relations between coil and field and
between field and deflection to such an extent that designing
deflection units is now more like playing a difficult but fascinating
game of chess than carrying out the obscure computing procedure once
necessary.<br />
<br /><ul><li>
<b>Was first Sinudyne TV set featuring the Motorola TDA3300</b> A bipolar
linear PAL colour decoder, with provision for multi-standard
operation, on-screen display and an automatic C.R.T. current set-up
system, is described. This device uses a 40 pin DIL plastic package.This
invention relates to a system for stabilizing the cathode emissions
from an in-line gun cathode ray tube and for maintaining the ratio of
the beam currents in the cathodes within a predetermined desired range.
The system includes a subsystem that can be linked to each of the
cathodes of an in-line gun or delta gun CRT comprising means for
interrupting the flow of a video signal to the cathodes of a cathode ray
tube; means for imposing a predetermined test signal on each or any of
the cathodes; means for detecting the actual current flowing to each or
any of the cathodes of a cathode ray tube independently of the others;
means for sampling the actual current; means for detecting the
difference between the sampled actual current and a predetermined,
desired current; means for developing a signal representing the
difference, if any, between the sampled actual current and the
predetermined current; and means for using the differential signal to
drive the actual current to the predetermined value.Motorola's third
generation PAL decoder system (Chroma III) employs a single 40 -pin
i.c., type TDA3300. Amongst the features of this i.c. are low
dissipation, typically 600mW, with a single 12V supply; a patented 90°
phase - shift system requiring no adjustment; and direct inputs for on
-screen (data, TV games, etc.) displays, with a complementary fast
blanking input. Of particular interest is the beam limiting and
automatic black -level adjustment system, the latter making it
unnecessary to incorporate preset controls to set up the black level.
These arrangements rely on three high -voltage transistors to monitor
the beam currents, providing feedback signals for the i.c. If the
reference voltage is exceeded, the beam current limiting action comes
into operation, reducing the contrast. The system has been designed to
enhance the set's video and digital signal handling capability. During
the flyback time the feedback input impedance rises, activating a
further internal comparator. This compares the tube's cut-off current (a
hot cathode doesn't cut off completely) with another internal reference
voltage. The resultant signal is integrated and added to the output (at
the output clamp) to provide the automatic black -level correction.
Readers may recall that a similar idea, using discrete circuitry, is
employed in certain B and 0 colour chassis. The advantage is that the
black level is held constant throughout the tube's life, with no grey
scale drift.</li></ul>
In the past, it has been generally necessary to provide separate
drive controls for each of the three signal paths in a color video
display. Further, inasmuch as the respective guns of a CRT picture tube
age differently, it has been necessary to adjust the drive controls of
the CRT throughout its life, particularly during the first twenty-four
hours. In this respect, it has been necessary to "burn-in" the set to
stabilize operation of the guns such that a final manual adjustment
could be made of the respective gain controls. <br />
In this regard,
several integrated circuits for television receivers have introduced
automatic setting of the CRT operating point, or its dc (black)
reference level. However, there has heretofore been no provision for
automatic setting of the video gain or contrast (gray) operating point. <br />
Further,
the brightness control of a television or video display receiver is
usually accomplished by shifting the bias or dc reference level of the
video display. This operation has the effect of changing both the
average luminance of the display as well as the contrast ratio of the
picture. In like manner, the contrast control is normally an amplitude
control, the operation of which will also affect average luminance as
well as the contrast ratio. In a color television or data display
system, saturation and hue may also be affected. Previously, there has
been no provision for compensating the brightness control signal such
that the picture black level remains unaffected by the contrast control
signal. <br />
<br /><ul><li>
<b>Was featuring first time the PROFESSIONAL 5000 MODULAR CHASSIS CONCEPT.</b></li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH376Vl4eOzGI17lrvsphAvs5u7RZUMwh7bKNS2GEzocBEuXb1VqIk5JRnyaFwaB0MDqsxCec6cQfDbywTq_uZer_LKRmPy-kLQQhoJI9VPIZ9UqGQG0SIfejfYK2qqh_5s30UZqX-ITbU/s1600/IMGH_1722.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH376Vl4eOzGI17lrvsphAvs5u7RZUMwh7bKNS2GEzocBEuXb1VqIk5JRnyaFwaB0MDqsxCec6cQfDbywTq_uZer_LKRmPy-kLQQhoJI9VPIZ9UqGQG0SIfejfYK2qqh_5s30UZqX-ITbU/s200/IMGH_1722.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
The
television receiver also includes a wiring harness including a
plurality of wires interconnecting the electronic chassis and picture
tube within the cabinet. A plurality of connectors are positioned on the
main electronic chassis and are interconnected by the wires within the
wiring harness. A plurality of electronic modules are positioned
within the electronic chassis with each of the modules having at least
one connector thereon. The connectors on the electronic modules care
placed so as to mate with the connectors mounted on the electronic
chassis for interconnection between the electronic modules and the
picture tube. By this means the various electronic modules can be
removed by unplugging the connectors and without requiring soldering or
unsoldering of any wires in the set.<br />
<br /><ul><li>
<b>Was</b> <b>first
Sinudyne portable TV set featuring a Switching power supply based on SIemens
TDA4600</b>. Switching regulators serve as efficient and compact power
supplies for
instruments such as television receivers. A switching regulator may
typically comprise a power transformer having a primary winding coupled
to an input voltage source and to a power switch and a secondary winding
coupled to a rectifier arrangement for developing a DC supply voltage
for the instrument. A regulator control circuit generates pulse width
modulated control signals that control the duty cycle of the power
switch. A power switch is coupled to an inductance and a source of input
voltage. A control circuit is coupled to the power switch for producing
the switching thereof to transfer energy from the input voltage source
to a load circuit coupled to the inductance. The control circuit is
responsive to control voltages for varying the duty cycle of the power
switch to control the transfer of energy to the load. A first control
voltage representative of a variation in an energy level of the load
circuit is developed to control the duty cycle in a manner that
regulates the energy level. </li></ul>
<br /><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1q8ZYoatIyY-NPDhvqD9p2YSGuBJWxdgX7WBxgo6UuFQE3Dw0o9NFg8WAeJp7obfiixuyjnz99l_9OOpIrvqUMP33jcaYQDJxpBqaeCxmUn8mAPymMTr4eMxxUnfq-5qZCQewp0eiP22pfjHhLQBcSvxVvBcKIzwxGK1pI64pgzZQYiCgjef1UEe_MCYe/s1282/IMGH_13451__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1q8ZYoatIyY-NPDhvqD9p2YSGuBJWxdgX7WBxgo6UuFQE3Dw0o9NFg8WAeJp7obfiixuyjnz99l_9OOpIrvqUMP33jcaYQDJxpBqaeCxmUn8mAPymMTr4eMxxUnfq-5qZCQewp0eiP22pfjHhLQBcSvxVvBcKIzwxGK1pI64pgzZQYiCgjef1UEe_MCYe/s320/IMGH_13451__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH376Vl4eOzGI17lrvsphAvs5u7RZUMwh7bKNS2GEzocBEuXb1VqIk5JRnyaFwaB0MDqsxCec6cQfDbywTq_uZer_LKRmPy-kLQQhoJI9VPIZ9UqGQG0SIfejfYK2qqh_5s30UZqX-ITbU/s1600/IMGH_1722.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
IN
general the set is build with a Modular chassis design because as
modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver. <br />
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required. <br />
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman. <br />
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors. <br />
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and
will require more highly qualified servicemen. <br />
The primary
symptoms of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture
tube of the television receiver while the components causing the
malfunction are located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to
the receiver require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the
serviceman must use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the
electronic chassis from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task.
Further many components are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other
components so that they are difficult to remove and replace without
damage to other components in the receiver. <br />
Repairing a modern
color television receiver often requires that the receiver be removed
from the home and carried to a repair shop where it may remain for many
weeks. This is an expensive undertaking since most receivers are bulky
and heavy enough to require at least two persons to carry them.
Further, two trips must be made to the home, one to pick up the
receiver and one to deliver it. For these reasons, the cost of
maintaining the color television receiver in operating condition often
exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and is an important factor in
determining whether a receiver will be purchased. <br />
Therefore, the
object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this
invention is to provide a transistorized color television receiver in
which the electronic circuits are divided into a plurality of modules
with the modules easily removable for service and maintenance. The
main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the cabinet so that
it may be withdrawn, in the same manner as a drawer, to expose the
electronic circuitry therein for maintenance and adjustment from the
rear closure panel after easy removal. Another aspect is the capability
to be serviced at eventually the home of the owner.<br />
<br /><ul><li>Components and Semiconductors parts are naturally from PHILIPS - MOTOROLA -SIEMENS-ITT-THOMSON.</li></ul><br /> <ul><li>
It has a Transistorized horizontal deflection circuits made up of a
horizontal switching or output transistor, a diode, one or more
capacitors and a deflection winding. The output transistor, operating as
a switch, is driven by a horizontal rate square wave signal and
conducts during a portion of the horizontal trace interval. A diode,
connected in parallel with the transistor, conducts during the remainder
of the trace interval. A retrace capacitor and the deflection yoke
winding are coupled in parallel across the transistor-diode combination.
Energy is transferred into and out of the deflection winding via the
diode and output transistor during the trace interval and via the
retrace capacitor during the retrace interval. </li></ul>
In some television
receivers, the collector of the horizontal output transistor is coupled
to the B+ power supply through the primary windings of the high voltage
transformer. </li></ul><p> </p><p> </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-weight: bold;">SINUDYNE</span> was an Italian manufacturer of radio and television sets.<br />
<br />
It was founded in 1946 <b>SEI-Società Elettronica Italiana S.p.A.</b>, by two mates : Antonio Longhi and Bruno Berti, and they started manufacturing radio apparates with tubes.<br />
<br />
In 1954 the started producing television sets which was in the 70's theyr primary activity.<br />
<br />
In 1959 the production was transferred at Ozzano dell'Emilia near Bologna.<br />
<br />
SINUDYNE
have had a good success in Italy were it have had large diffusion
and lots of service centers because a good quality of product and
design.<br />
<br />
In 1983 SINUDYNE realized the first Italian Digital Television employing the <a href="http://obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com/2011/02/graetz-kongress-stereo-4486-digivision_2897.html">ITT DIGIVISION Technology</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
SINUDYNE was in the 1980's and in the 1990's even importer of brands like NORDMENDE and<br />
ORION.<br />
<br />
SINUDYNE was even known for it's product design which was quite remarcable some times.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The slogan of SINUDYNE in the 80's was "SINUDYNE COLORE STUPORE ! " and it was meaning " SINUDYNE COLOR ASTONISHMENT " </span> in English.<br />
<br />
In
2002 SINUDYNE was aquired by another Italian group called Merloni
which introduced productions of appliances like air conditioning
clima systems.<br />
<br />
In 2003 SINUDYNE started marketing LCD (Crap) displays.<br />
<br />
In 2006 SINUDYNE closed his production factory landing to fail !!<br />
<div style="color: red; text-align: center;">
<u><b><br />
</b></u></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black;"><u><b>TODAY'S SINUDYNE IS NO MORE .................. DEAD ! </b></u><br /></span>
<ul><h2>
<span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Note">Further readings and more Notes:</span></span></span></span></h2><li><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012327/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1983.asp" rel="nofollow">Sinudyne.com</a></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">fonte <a class="external free" href="http://www.angelinidesign.eu/" rel="nofollow">http://www.angelinidesign.eu/</a> e <i>catalogo Sinudyne 2004</i>)</span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012305/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1991-92.asp" rel="nofollow">Sinudyne.com</a></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://www.virtuspedia.it/sponsor/sinudyne/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne :: Virtuspedia</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">www.virtuspedia.it</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> Biblioteca Salaborsa, <a class="external text" href="https://www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it/cronologia/bologna/1976/584" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">homepage</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">Biblioteca salaborsa</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.laesferaempresarial.es/articulos.php?id=1237" rel="nofollow">Articolo sullo stabilimento spagnolo Sinudyne</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227033834/http://www.laesferaempresarial.es/articulos.php?id=1237" rel="nofollow">Archiviato</a> il 27 dicembre 2009 in <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="chiarimento" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cellulari.it/1608/schede-tecniche/sinudyne-s300.html" rel="nofollow">schede tecniche</a></span><sup class="noprint chiarimento-apice" title="A volte può capitare che un link presente su Wikipedia non sia più raggiungibile. Se possibile ritrova il link e inserisci il collegamento corretto, comunque non rimuovere il collegamento e inserisci il template {{Collegamento interrotto}}">[<i><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Collegamenti_interrotti" title="Aiuto:Collegamenti interrotti">collegamento interrotto</a></i>]</sup></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131194214/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=8170" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">History of the radio manufacturer Sinudyne - Bologna</span></a>, Radiomuseum.org. URL consultato il 1º luglio 2018 (archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=8170">url originale</abbr> il 31 gennaio 2015).</cite></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) Duesse Communication S.r.l., <a class="external text" href="http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Sinudyne-in-arrivo-il-televisore-con-combinato-Dvd-Vhs" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: in arrivo il televisore con combinato Dvd+Vhs</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E2S</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-autogenerato1-10"> <span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text">pag. 34 della rivista <i>Trade Consumer Electronics</i> del Settembre 2006</span></span></span></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-11"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://www.milanofinanza.it/archivio/merloni-e-mister-panini-cercano-un-socio-cinese-per-i-televisori-sinudyne-1203699" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Merloni e Mister Panini cercano un socio cinese per i televisori Sinudyne - MilanoFinanza.it</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">www.milanofinanza.it</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-12"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) Duesse Communication S.r.l., <a class="external text" href="http://sellout.it/News/Bianco-Ped/Sinudyne-l-azienda-chiude" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: l’azienda chiude</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Editoriale Duesse</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span></span>
</li><li id="cite_note-13"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <a class="external text" href="http://www.sassuolo2000.it/2006/08/31/sinudyne-lazienda-chiude-accordo-per-mobilit-lavoratori/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: l’azienda chiude. Accordo per mobilità lavoratori</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Sassuolo 2000</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span></span>
</li></ul><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) Duesse Communication S.r.l., <a class="external text" href="http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Sinudyne-delocalizzata-in-Lituania-la-produzione-di-Crt-e-Lcd" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: delocalizzata in Lituania la produzione di Crt e Lcd</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E2S</span>. URL consultato il 22 agosto 2018.</cite></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> </cite></span></span></span></span><br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/09/01/la-crisi.html?ref=search" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">la crisi</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a> - Sezione di Bologna</span>, 1º settembre 2006, p. 2. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /> <br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505011316/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/storia_46-70.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Chi siamo 1946-1970</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/storia_46-70.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://www.virtuspedia.it/dirigenti/bruno-berti/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Bruno Berti</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">virtuspedia.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012212/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1950.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1950</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1950.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012204/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1953.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1953</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1953.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Quale futuro per la tv Made in Italy?</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Trade Consumer Electronics</span>, E2S, settembre 2006, p. 34.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012147/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1954.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1954</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1954.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012228/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1956.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1956</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1956.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style: normal;"> R. Ferretti, <span style="font-style: italic;">L'industrializzazione: dalla comunità locale ai mercati mondiali</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Dalla
guerra al "boom". Territorio, economia, società e politica nei comuni
della pianura orientale bolognese. Industrializzazione e società.
Economia, demografia e stili di vita</span>, vol. 3, 2006, p. 177.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012139/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1964.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1964</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1964.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012156/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1969.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1969</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1969.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012221/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1970.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1970</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1970.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012259/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1975.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1975</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1975.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012320/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1980.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1980</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1980.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style: normal;"> R. Cominotti, S. Mariotti, <span style="font-style: italic;">Italia
multinazionale 1990. L'integrazione internazionale e le prospettive del
Mercato Unico Europeo. III rapporto R&P al CNEL</span>, Franco Angeli, 1990, pp. 304, 421.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=8170" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne, Societá Elettronica Italiana</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">radiomuseum.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140319/https://www.radiomuseum.org/dsp_hersteller_detail.cfm?company_id=8170" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 1º luglio 2018)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012327/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1983.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1983</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1983.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/S.E.I.-Sinudyne-il-marchio-Orion-sara-distribuito-da-Euronics" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">S.E.I. Sinudyne: il marchio Orion sarà distribuito da Euronics</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 1º maggio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706121113/https://www.e-duesse.it/cons-electronics/s-e-i-sinudyne-il-marchio-orion-sara-distribuito-da-euronics/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012245/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1992.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1992</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1992.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505011309/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/storia_93-02.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1993-2002</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/storia_93-02.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012032/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1996.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1996</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1996.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012132/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1997.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1997</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1997.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012109/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1998.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1998</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1998.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012048/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1999.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">1999</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/1999.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20091227033834/http://www.laesferaempresarial.es/articulos.php?id=1237" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Audiotecnic, televisores para todo el mundo</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Laesfera</span>, 21 dicembre 2003. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.laesferaempresarial.es/articulos.php?id=1237">url originale</abbr> il 27 dicembre 2009)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;">(<span style="font-size: 80%; font-weight: bolder;"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://ania.urcm.net/spip.php?article11367" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">La plantilla de Audiotecnic (antigua Thomson) se concentra en San Sebastián de los Reyes (Madrid), en defensa de sus empleos</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">ANIA</span>, 16 novembre 2004. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505012117/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/2000.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">2000</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/2000.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Sinudyne-l-azienda-acquisita-da-Panini" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: l'azienda acquisita da Panini</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 1º maggio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706123508/https://www.e-duesse.it/cons-electronics/sinudyne-l-azienda-acquisita-da-panini/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-31"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://motopress.it/eicma-berti-moto-morini-si-risveglia/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">EICMA: BERTI, MOTO MORINI SI RISVEGLIA</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Motor Press</span>, 17 novembre 2005. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20210728044243/http://motopress.it/eicma-berti-moto-morini-si-risveglia/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 28 luglio 2021)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-32"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> L. Nigro, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2003/12/05/rinasce-un-marchio-storico-torna-la-moto.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Rinasce un marchio storico torna la Moto Morini</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a> - Sezione di Bologna</span>, 5 dicembre 2003, p. 5. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20180811133415/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2003/12/05/rinasce-un-marchio-storico-torna-la-moto.html" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> l'11 agosto 2018)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-33"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Synudine vuole licenziare 83 dipendenti</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">L'Unità</a></span>, 25 giugno 2005, p. 14.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-34"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/11/12/fineldo-lo-scrigno-di-famiglia-che-ha.html" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Fineldo, lo scrigno di famiglia che ha fatto il peno di utili</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica_%28quotidiano%29" title="La Repubblica (quotidiano)">La Repubblica</a></span>, 12 novembre 2007, p. 19. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20130308130429/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2007/11/12/fineldo-lo-scrigno-di-famiglia-che-ha.html" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> l'8 marzo 2013)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-35"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Sinudyne-esordio-nella-telefonia-mobile-e-nell-audio" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">SINUDYNE: L'AZIENDA ACQUISITA DA PANINI</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 9 aprile 2003. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-36"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20060505011330/http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/storia_03.asp" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Storia 2003</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sinudyne.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinudyne.com/ita/sec/chi_siamo/storia_03.asp">url originale</abbr> il 5 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-37"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Duesse Communication S.r.l., <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Sinudyne-in-arrivo-il-televisore-con-combinato-Dvd-Vhs" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: in arrivo il televisore con combinato Dvd+Vhs</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E2S</span>, 19 novembre 2002. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706133608/https://www.e-duesse.it/cons-electronics/sinudyne-in-arrivo-il-televisore-con-combinato-dvd-vhs/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-38"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style: normal;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Lamberto Angelini</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottagono_%28periodico%29" title="Ottagono (periodico)">Ottagono</a></span>, n. 174, Editrice Co.P.IN.A, ottobre 2004, p. 174.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-39"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://angelinidesign.eu/product/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Product</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">angelinidesign.eu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-40"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Bianco-Ped/Merloni-Progetti-nasce-la-linea-ped-a-marchio-Sinudyne" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Merloni Progetti: nasce la linea ped a marchio Sinudyne</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 1º maggio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706135132/https://www.e-duesse.it/bianco-ped/merloni-progetti-nasce-la-linea-ped-a-marchio-sinudyne/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-41"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Cons.-Electronics/Sinudyne-delocalizzata-in-Lituania-la-produzione-di-Crt-e-Lcd" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: delocalizzata in Lituania la produzione di Crt e Lcd</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 1º maggio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706142335/https://www.e-duesse.it/cons-electronics/sinudyne-delocalizzata-in-lituania-la-produzione-di-crt-e-lcd/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-42"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> F. Allegra, <span style="font-style: italic;">Merloni e Mister Panini cercano un socio cinese per i televisori Sinudyne</span>, in <span style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano_Finanza" title="Milano Finanza">Milano Finanza</a></span>, n. 181, 14 settembre 2005, p. 10.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-43"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Bianco-Ped/Merloni-Progetti-joint-venture-con-Joycare/%28language%29/ita-IT" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">MERLONI PROGETTI: JOINT VENTURE CON JOYCARE</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 21 febbraio 2006. <small>URL consultato il 21 febbraio 2021</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><br /> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> Redazione, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.e-duesse.it/News/Bianco-Ped/Sinudyne-l-azienda-chiude" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: l'azienda chiude</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">E-Duesse.it</span>, 1º maggio 2009. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706143855/https://www.e-duesse.it/bianco-ped/sinudyne-l-azienda-chiude/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-45"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20200923134523/http://www.sassuolo2000.it/2006/08/31/sinudyne-lazienda-chiude-accordo-per-mobilit-lavoratori/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne: l'azienda chiude. Accordo per mobilità lavoratori</span></a>, in <span style="font-style: italic;">Sassuolo 2000</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sassuolo2000.it/2006/08/31/sinudyne-lazienda-chiude-accordo-per-mobilit-lavoratori/">url originale</abbr> il 23 settembre 2020)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-46"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://www.sabatosera.it/2021/03/02/capannoni-ex-sinudyne-di-ozzano-demoliti-entro-2-mesi/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Capannoni ex Sinudyne di Ozzano demoliti entro 2 mesi | Sabato Sera</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">sabatosera.it</span>, 2 marzo 2021. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20220706151030/https://www.sabatosera.it/2021/03/02/capannoni-ex-sinudyne-di-ozzano-demoliti-entro-2-mesi/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-47"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.comune.ozzano.bo.it/notizie/iniziati-i-lavori-di-abbattimento-dei-capannoni-dellex-sinudyne" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Iniziati i lavori di abbattimento dei capannoni dell'ex Sinudyne. | Comune di Ozzano dell'Emilia</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">comune.ozzano.bo.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20220619152250/http://www.comune.ozzano.bo.it/notizie/iniziati-i-lavori-di-abbattimento-dei-capannoni-dellex-sinudyne" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 19 giugno 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-48"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/http://www.carlobramantiradio.it/ditte_anni.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ditte anni 60</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">carlobramantiradio.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://archive.today/20220706154251/http://www.carlobramantiradio.it/ditte_anni.htm" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 6 luglio 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-49"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://www.virtuspedia.it/sponsor/sinudyne/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sinudyne</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">virtuspedia.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 6 luglio 2022</small> <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://web.archive.org/web/20220425155912/https://www.virtuspedia.it/sponsor/sinudyne/" rel="nofollow">archiviato</a> il 25 aprile 2022)</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-50"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: normal;"> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://www.bibliotecasalaborsa.it/bolognaonline/cronologia-di-bologna/1976/la_virtus_sinudyne_vince_il_campionato_di_basket" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-style: italic;">La Virtus Sinudyne vince il campionato di basket, 4 aprile 1976</span></a>, su <span style="font-style: italic;">bibliotecasalaborsa.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 13 gennaio 2023</small>.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327121354/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinudyne#cite_ref-51"><b>^</b></a><span style="color: black;"> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style: normal;"> M. Bertuzzi, F. Monti, <span style="font-style: italic;">La maglia del Bologna. Storia delle divise rossoblù</span>, Edizioni Minerva, 2017, pp. 156-159.</cite></span><span style="color: black;">
</span><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTapUW44CI-urwFwKcQ82gLOqzSmmqgRS4abqCqW4QauufZ79ckCRB25vsxn9c-b_Rn33GJtq9VQ1REJMEY6FQ1FChGww6Yrsx2byPNkQFlkmaD3ySdqD3qNitiQJIBErwSfY8d4LpsIqhjQ5It6J50_XG7H3-bRj4qhE4AiU0cYTmyMUBDwwrsNiSMoYg/s800/stamford-rejects-5g-health-risk-feature-800x417.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="800" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTapUW44CI-urwFwKcQ82gLOqzSmmqgRS4abqCqW4QauufZ79ckCRB25vsxn9c-b_Rn33GJtq9VQ1REJMEY6FQ1FChGww6Yrsx2byPNkQFlkmaD3ySdqD3qNitiQJIBErwSfY8d4LpsIqhjQ5It6J50_XG7H3-bRj4qhE4AiU0cYTmyMUBDwwrsNiSMoYg/s320/stamford-rejects-5g-health-risk-feature-800x417.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></li></ul>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-6897530409207251532023-12-27T17:30:00.118+01:002024-02-22T17:51:41.277+01:00SINUDYNE XANTOS N (20036) CHASSIS PROFESSIONAL 5000 INTERNAL VIEW<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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The SINUDYNE CHASSIS PROFESSIONAL 5000 is a unique example of modularity.<br />
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The units are fitted like "cards" above and under the chassis structure divided by power parts and signal parts.<br />
<br />
The chassis was introducing the use of the MOTOROLA TDA3300 instead of
the PHILIPS VIDEO COMBINATION used in previous PROFESSIONAL 2000 CHASSIS
with even a redesigned horizontal output unit.</p><p><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>CHASSIS PROFESSIONAL 5000 Switched mode power supply</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Supply is based on TDA4600 (SIEMENS).</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Power supply Description based on TDA4601d (SIEMENS)</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-cO48gK81AxLieUwTaXghJSDd0sM3_1C4nfV1eh39tPyx6_c4EomLFkLLB17Vu7Q4Lm_RHRC_mFstkH3Xe3-vcY8xiGnkLZCAR2hNxF_vfJjiZIWbkukKGNFBWsnE8LiWjE6TFlgxBCY/s1600/tda4601.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5572569732717420082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-cO48gK81AxLieUwTaXghJSDd0sM3_1C4nfV1eh39tPyx6_c4EomLFkLLB17Vu7Q4Lm_RHRC_mFstkH3Xe3-vcY8xiGnkLZCAR2hNxF_vfJjiZIWbkukKGNFBWsnE8LiWjE6TFlgxBCY/s320/tda4601.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">TDA4601 Operation.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">* The TDA4601 device is a single in line, 9 pin chip. Its predecessor was the TDA4600</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">device, the TDA4601 however has improved switching, better protection and cooler running.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The (SIEMENS) TDA4601 power supply is a fairly standard parallel chopper switch mode type,</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">which operates on the same basic principle as a line output stage. It is turned on and off by a</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">square wave drive pulse, when switched on energy is stored in the chopper transformer</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">primary winding in the form of a magnetic flux; when the chopper is turned off the magnetic</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">flux collapses, causing a large back emf to be produced. At the secondary side of the chopper</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">transformer this is rectified and smoothed for H.T. supply purposes.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The advantage of this type of supply is that the high chopping frequency (20 to 70 KHz</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">according to load) allows the use of relatively small H.T. smoothing capacitors making</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">smoothing easier. Also should the chopper device go short circuit there is no H.T. output.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">In order to start up the TDA4601 I.C. an initial supply of 9v is required at pin 9, this voltage</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">is sourced via R818 and D805 from the AC side of the bridge rectifier D801, also pin 5</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">requires a +Ve bias for the internal logic block. (On some sets pin 5 is used for standby</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">switching). Once the power supply is up and running, the voltage on pin 9 is increased to 16v</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">and maintained at this level by D807 and C820 acting as a half wave rectifier and smoothing</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">circuit.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">PIN DESCRIPTIONS</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 1 This is a 4v reference produced within the I.C.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 2 This pin detects the exact point at which energy stored in the chopper transformer</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">collapses to zero via R824 and R825, and allows Q1 to deliver drive volts to the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">chopper transistor. It also opens the switch at pin 4 allowing the external capacitor</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">C813 to charge from its external feed resistor R810.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 3 H.T. control/feedback via photo coupler D830.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The voltage at this pin control</span><span style="font-style: italic;">s the on time of the chopper transistor and hence the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">output voltage. Normally it runs at Approximately 2v and regulates H.T. by sensing a</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">proportion of the +4v reference at pin 1, offset by conduction of the photo coupler</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">D830 which acts like a variable resistor. An increase in the conduction of transistor</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">D830 and therefor a reduction of its resistance will cause a corresponding reduction</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">of the positive voltage at Pin 3. A decrease in this voltage will result in a shorter</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">on time for the chopper transistor and therefor a lowering of the output voltage and</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">vice versa, oscillation frequency also varies according to load, the higher the load the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">lower the frequency etc. should the voltage at pin 3 exceed 2.3v an internal flip</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">flop is triggered causing the chopper drive mark space ratio to extend to 244 (off</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">time) to 1 (on time), the chip is now in over volts trip condition.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 4 At this pin a sawtooth waveform is generated which simulates chopper current, it is</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">produced by a time constant network R810 and C813. C813 charges when the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">chopper is on and is discharged when the chopper is off, by an internal switch</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">strapping pin 4 to the internal +2v reference, see Fig 2.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The amplitude of the ramp is proportional to chopper drive. In an overload</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">condition it reaches 4v amplitude at which point chopper drive is reduced to a</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">mark-space ratio of 13 to 1, the chip is then in over current trip.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The I.C. can easily withstand a short circuit on the H.T. rail and in such a case the</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">power supply simply squegs quietly. Pin 4 is protected by internal protection</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">components which limit the maximum voltage at this pin to 6.5v.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Should a fault occur in either of the time constant components, then the cho</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s320/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iHJKydTf_jY/US-FysAAphI/AAAAAAAAOJo/O3vNPGST1-U/s1600/IMGH_04358.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-style: italic;">pper</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">transistor will probably be destroyed.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 5 This pin can be used for remote control on/off switching of the power supply, it is</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">normally held at about +7v and will cause the chip to enter standby mode if it falls</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">below 2v.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 6 Ground.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 7 C</span><span style="font-style: italic;">hopper switch off pin. This pin clamps the chopper drive voltage to 1.6v in order to</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">switch off the chopper.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 8 Chopper base current output drive pin.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Pin 9 L.T. pin, approximately 9v under start-up conditions and 16v during normal running,</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Current consumption of the I.C. is typically 135mA. The voltage at this pin must</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">reach 6.7v in order for the chip to start-up.
<br />
</span>Semiconductor circuit for supplying power to electrical
equipment, comprising a transformer having a primary winding connected,
via a parallel connection of a collector-emitter path of a transistor
with a first capacitor, to both outputs of a rectifier circuit supplied,
in turn, by a line a-c voltage; said transistor having a base
controlled via a second capacitor by an output of a control circuit
acted upon, in turn by the rectified a-c line voltage as actual value
and by a reference voltage; said transformer having a first secondary
winding to which the electrical equipment to be supplied is connected;
said transformer having a second secondary winding with one terminal
thereof connected to the emitter of said transistor and the other
terminal thereof connected to an anode of a first diode leading to said
control circuit; said transformer having a third secondary winding with
one terminal thereof connected, on the one hand, via a series connection
of a third capacitor with a first resistance, to the other terminal of
said third secondary winding and connected, on the other hand, to the
emitter of said transistor, the collector of which is connected to said
primary winding; a point between said third capacitor and said first
resistance being connected to the cathode of a second diode; said
control circuit having nine terminals including a first terminal
delivering a reference voltage and connected, via a voltage divider
formed of a third and fourth series-connected resistances, to the anode
of said second diode; a second terminal of said control circuit serving
for zero-crossing identification being connected via a fifth resistance
to said cathode of said second diode; a third terminal of said
control-circuit serving as actual value input being directly connected
to a divider point of said voltage divider forming said connection of
said first terminal of said control circuit to said anode of said second
diode; a fourth terminal of said control circuit delivering a sawtooth
voltage being connected via a sixth resistance to a terminal of said
primary winding of said transformer facing away from said transistor; a
fifth terminal of said control circuit serving as a protective input
being connected, via a seventh resistance to the cathode of said first
diode and, through the intermediary of said seventh resistance and an
eighth resistance, to the cathode of a third diode having an anode
connected to an input of said rectifier circuit; a sixth terminal of
said control circuit carrying said reference potential and being
connected via a fourth capacitor to said fourth terminal of said control
circuit and via a fifth capacitor to the anode of said second diode; a
seventh terminal of said control circuit establishing a potential for
pulses controlling said transistor being connected directly and an
eighth terminal of said control circuit effecting pulse control of the
base of said transistor being connected through the intermediary of a
ninth resistance to said first capacitor leading to the base of said
transistor; and a ninth terminal of said control circuit serving as a
power supply input of said control circuit being connected both to the
cathode of said first diode as well as via the intermediary of a sixth
capacitor to a terminal of said second secondary winding as well as to a
terminal of said third secondary winding.
<br />
<br />
<br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdsCuKy_THLHNKQcLFB1dz6JTDcazMSQHzfgCASONffm_SGAl9akhW9q2K7ubhwg0X4Vu486X7WY8O1uF16eHIdIWc1IVPe21nWxmsvYLOZMoGREmoNsHYnT6GAlMRztQB8cvgUxZmIAYb27mR3mNyEU8kzBGHGtcgLjW2GRJdM8G9K3QLJAofT6bc_-0k/s2114/IMGH_13528__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1586" data-original-width="2114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdsCuKy_THLHNKQcLFB1dz6JTDcazMSQHzfgCASONffm_SGAl9akhW9q2K7ubhwg0X4Vu486X7WY8O1uF16eHIdIWc1IVPe21nWxmsvYLOZMoGREmoNsHYnT6GAlMRztQB8cvgUxZmIAYb27mR3mNyEU8kzBGHGtcgLjW2GRJdM8G9K3QLJAofT6bc_-0k/s320/IMGH_13528__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmrTR6tRdQmwgTs2STYdXc9IdZKxf17gY8UM47tDbuycxMcuBp2c5dsVs-d8hxNVEfdN04eG4nb0t_MZ41DEMk-Bld_5W-WSG3ntfxcdDIiWDU1oxvMTAX9ThP-S19Gtxx3VC_I7K24jU7/s1600/cuc70supplyPRIM.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></div>
The
invention relates to a blocking oscillator type switching power supply
for supplying power to electrical equipment, wherein the primary winding
of a transformer, in series with the emitter-collector path of a first
bipolar transistor, is connected to a d-c voltage obtained by
rectification of a line a-c voltage fed-in via two external supply
terminals, and a secondary winding of the transformer is provided for
supplying power to the electrical equipment, wherein, furthermore, the
first bipolar transistor has a base controlled by the output of a
control circuit which is acted upon in turn by the rectified a-c line
voltage as actual value and by a set-point transmitter, and wherein a
starting circuit for further control of the base of the first bipolar
transistor is provided. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T62kdwdT6e4/US-F3HKRkUI/AAAAAAAAOKQ/Kg98R7awRx8/s1600/IMGH_04361.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>Such a blocking oscillator switching
power supply is described in the German periodical, "Funkschau" (1975)
No. 5, pages 40 to 44. It is well known that the purpose of such a
circuit is to supply electronic equipment, for example, a television
set, with stabilized and controlled supply voltages. Essential for such
switching power supply is a power switching transistor i.e. a bipolar
transistor with high switching speed and high reverse voltage. This
transistor therefore constitutes an important component of the control
element of the control circuit. Furthermore, a high operating frequency
and a transformer intended for a high operating frequency are provided,
because generally, a thorough separation of the equipment to be supplied
from the supply naturally is desired. Such switching power supplies may
be constructed either for synchronized or externally controlled
operation or for non-synchronized or free-running operation. A blocking
converter is understood to be a switching power supply in which power is
delivered to the equipment to be supplied only if the switching
transistor establishing the connection between the primary coil of the
transformer and the rectified a-c voltage is cut off. The power
delivered by the line rectifier to the primary coil of the transformer
while the switching transistor is open, is interim-stored in the
transformer and then delivered to the consumer on the secondary side of
the transformer with the switching transistor cut off. <br />
In the
blocking converter described in the aforementioned reference in the
literature, "Funkschau" (1975), No. 5, Pages 40 to 44, the power
switching transistor is connected in the manner defined in the
introduction to this applic<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTWI-aj9nWpwQlGroJXEzHvcqRFZlpKF0DXVRogMvBtEZPZa7rRlNS6wENkjVX7nUumOnhQ1cxB5A7tfCuQuG-UlKvo7_pgOsqB0qyGvzxhEMrfYe-YLX_WKqDOI2wxs8f59AnSmF-XNDBeYc7og1NkqoiZ_TPVhPh6ZmC3gCyKwbHR9V2_3MsIxirwSu6/s1282/IMGH_13428__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTWI-aj9nWpwQlGroJXEzHvcqRFZlpKF0DXVRogMvBtEZPZa7rRlNS6wENkjVX7nUumOnhQ1cxB5A7tfCuQuG-UlKvo7_pgOsqB0qyGvzxhEMrfYe-YLX_WKqDOI2wxs8f59AnSmF-XNDBeYc7og1NkqoiZ_TPVhPh6ZmC3gCyKwbHR9V2_3MsIxirwSu6/s320/IMGH_13428__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iHJKydTf_jY/US-FysAAphI/AAAAAAAAOJo/O3vNPGST1-U/s1600/IMGH_04358.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>ation. In addition, a so-called starting
circuit is provided. Because several diodes are generally provided in
the overall circuit of a blocking oscillator according to the definition
provided in the introduction hereto, it is necessary, in order not to
damage these diodes, that due to the collector peak current in the case
of a short circuit, no excessive stress of these diodes and possibly
existing further sensitive circuit parts can occur. <br />
Considering
the operation of a blocking oscillator, this means that, in the event of
a short circuit, the number of collector current pulses per unit time
must be reduced. For this purpose, a control and regulating circuit is
provided. Simultaneously, a starting circuit must bring the blocking
converter back to normal operation when the equipment is switched on,
and after disturbances, for example, in the event of a short circuit.
The starting circuit shown in the literature reference "Funkschau" on
Page 42 thereof, differs to some extent already from the conventional
d-c starting circuits. It is commonly known for all heretofore known
blocking oscillator circuits, however, that a thyristor or an equivalent
circuit replacing the thyristor is essential for the operation of the
control circuit. <br />
It is accordingly an object of the invention to
provide another starting circuit. It is a further object of the
invention to provide a possible circuit for the control circuit which is
particularly well suited for this purpose. It is yet another object of
the invention to provide such a power supply which is assured of
operation over the entire range of line voltages from 90 to 270 V a-c,
while the secondary voltages and secondary load variations between
no-load and short circuit are largely constant. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>With
the foregoing and other objects in view, there is provided, in
accordance with the invention, a blocking oscillator-type switching
power supply for supplying power to electrical equipment wherein a
primary winding of a transformer, in series with an emitter-collector
path of a first bipolar transistor, is connected to a d-c voltage
obtained by rectification of a line a-c voltage fed-in via two external
supply terminals, a secondary winding of the transformer being
connectible to the electrical equipment for supplying power thereto, the
first bipolar transistor having a base controlled by the output of a
control circuit acted upon, in turn, by the rectified a-c line voltage
as actual value and by a set-point transmitter, and including a starting
circuit for further control of the base of the first bipolar
transistor, including a first diode in the starting circuit having an
anode directly connected to one of the supply terminals supplied by the
a-c line voltage and a cathode connected via a resistor to an input
serving to supply power to the control circuit, the input being directly
connected to a cathode of a second diode, the second diode having an
anode connected to one terminal of another secondary winding of the
transformer, the other secondary winding having another terminal
connected to the emitter of the first bipolar transmitter. <br />
In
accordance with another feature of the invention, there is provided a
second bipolar transistor having the same conduction type as that of the
first bipolar transistor and connected in the starting circuit with the
base thereof connected to a cathode of a semiconductor diode, the
semiconductor diode having an anode connected to the emitter of the
first bipolar transistor, the second bipolar transistor having a
collector connected via a resistor to a cathode of the first diode in
the starting circuit, and having an emitter connected to the input
serving to supply power to the control circuit and also connected to the
cathode of the second diode which is connected to the other secondary
winding of the transformer. <br />
In accordance with a further feature
of the invention, the base of the second bipolar transistor is connected
to a resistor and via the latter to one pole of a first capacitor, the
anode of the first diode being connected to the other pole of the first
capacitor. <br />
In accordance with an added feature of the invention,
the input serving to supply power to the control circuit is connected
via a second capacitor to an output of a line rectifier, the output of
the line rectifier being directly connected to the emitter of the first
bipolar transistor. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s320/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqwKBdciLOh5qBJXq9V4fu4QEXpu6er5kOUrEtyUybgm7xO07AwST5j5yw25B_vGRG2HArzHVCUU8NOGwQoa6m1MyLZWY9AtuIlba3rURZCuR50A0K87dKEIMdMiU7AS-tlkOXJgwghCig/s1600/IMGH_04356.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
In accordance with an additional feature of
the invention, the other secondary winding is connected at one end to
the emitter of the first bipolar transistor and to a pole of a third
capacitor, the third capacitor having another pole connected, on the one
hand, via a resistor, to the other end of the other secondary winding
and, on the other hand, to a cathode of a third diode, the third diode
having an anode connected via a potentiometer to an actual value input
of the control circuit and, via a fourth capacitor, to the emitter of
the first bipolar transistor. <br />
In accordance with yet another
feature of the invention, the control circuit has a control output
connected via a fifth capacitor to the base of the first bipolar
transistor for conducting to the latter control pulses generated in the
control circuit. <br />
In accordance with a concomitant feature of the
invention, there is provided a sixth capacitor shunting the
emitter-collector path of the first transistor. <br />
Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claim. <br />
Although
the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a
blocking oscillator type switching power supply, it is nevertheless not
intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications
and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the
spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of
the claims. The construction and method of operation of the invention, however,
together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best
understood from the following description of specific embodiments when
read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:<br />
<br />
FIGS. 1 and 2 are circuit diagrams of the blocking oscillator type switching power supply according to the invention; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the control unit RS of FIGS. 1 and 2.<br />
<br />
Referring
now to the drawing and, first, particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, there is
shown a rectifier circuit G in the form of a bridge current, which is
acted upon by a line input represented by two supply terminals 1' and
2'. Rectifier outputs 3' and 4' are shunted by an emitter-collector path
of an NPN power transistor T1 i.e. t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkSd0ni7PPihhd1l_A4igQkMjqmURVEuo5XK-SAWbt9MGlHKbzaXiwRkSQBlcMIieK5Rmobzg2qDZmJ6xxufk9wHex8wN7ZQQGcNdxYwJBJc9S1ZqjnUPZwiBreRF2bURY2lV-39kXxo/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkSd0ni7PPihhd1l_A4igQkMjqmURVEuo5XK-SAWbt9MGlHKbzaXiwRkSQBlcMIieK5Rmobzg2qDZmJ6xxufk9wHex8wN7ZQQGcNdxYwJBJc9S1ZqjnUPZwiBreRF2bURY2lV-39kXxo/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-1__TVMS.jpg" width="217" /></a>he
series connection of the so-called first bipolar transistor referred to
hereinbefore with a primary winding I of a transformer Tr. Together
with the inductance of the transformer Tr, the capacitance C1 determines
the frequency and limits the opening voltages of the switch embodied by
the first transistor T1. A capacitance C2, provided between the base of
the first transistor T1 and the control output 7,8 of a control circuit
RS, separates the d-c potentials of the control or regulating circuit
RS and the switching transistor T1 and serves for addressing this
switching transistor T1 with pulses. A resistor R1 provided at the
control output 7,8 of the control circuit RS is the negative-feedback
resistor of both output stages of the control circuit RS. It determines
the maximally possible output pulse current of the control circuit RS. A
secondary winding II of the transformer Tr takes over the power supply
of the control circuit, in steady state operation, via the diode D1. To
this end, the cathode of this diode D1 is directly connected to a power
supply input 9 of the control circuit RS, while the anode thereof is
connected to one terminal of the secondary winding II. The other
terminal of the secondary winding II is connected to the emitter of the
power switching transistor T1.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
The cathode of the diode D1 and,
therewith, the power supply terminal 9 of the control circuits RS are
furthermore connected to one pole of a capacitor C3, the other pole of
which is connected to the output 3' of the rectifier G. The capacitance
of this capacitor C3 thereby smoothes the positive half-wave pulses and
serves simultaneously as an energy storage device during the starting
period. Another secondary winding
III of the transformer Tr is connected by one of the leads thereof
likewise to the emitter of the first transistor T1, and by the other
lead thereof via a resistor R2, to one of the poles of a further
capacitor C4, the other pole of which is connected to the
first-mentioned lead of the other secondary winding III. This second
pole of the capacitor C4 is simultaneously connected to the output 3' of
the rectifier circuit G and, thereby, via the capacitor C3, to the
cathode of the diode D1 driven by the secondary winding II of the
transformer Tr as well as to the power supply input 9 of the control
circuit RS and, via a resistor R9, to the cathode of a second diode D4.
The second pole of the capacitor C4 is simultaneously connected directly
to the terminal 6 of the control circuit RS and, via a further
capacitor C 6, to the terminal 4 of the control circuit RS as well as,
additionally, via the resistor R6, to the other output 4' of the
rectifier circuit G. The other of the poles of the capacitor C4 acted
upon by the secondary winding II is connected via a further capacitor C5
to a node, which is connected on one side thereof, via a variable
resistor R4, to the terminals 1 and 3 of the control circuit RS, with
the intermediary of a fixed resistor R5 in the case of the terminal 1.
On the other side of the node, the latter and, therefore, the capacitor
C5 are connected to the anode of a third diode D2, the cathode of which
is connected on the one hand, to the resistor R2 mentioned hereinbefore
and leads to the secondary winding III of the transformer Tr and, on the
other hand, via a resistor R3 to the terminal 2 of the control circuit
RS.<br />
<br />
The nine terminals of the control circuit RS have the following purposes or functions:<br />
<br />
Terminal
1 supplies the internally generated reference voltage to ground i.e.
the nominal or reference value required for the control or regulating
process;<br />
<br />
Terminal 2 serves as input for the oscillations provided
by the secondary winding III, at the zero point of which, the pulse
start of the driving pulse takes place;<br />
<br />
Terminal 3 is the control
input, at which the existing actual value is communicated to the
control circuit RS, that actual value being generated by the rectified
oscillations at the secondary winding III;<br />
<br />
Terminal 4 is
responsive to the occurrence of a maximum excursion i.e. when the
largest current flows through the first transistor T1 ;<br />
<br />
Terminal 5
is a protective input which responds if the rectified line voltage
drops too sharply; Terminal 6 serves for the power supply of the control
process and, indeed, as ground terminal;<br />
<br />
Terminal 7 supplies the
d-c component required for charging the coupling capacitor C2 leading
to the base of the first transistor T1 ;<br />
<br />
Terminal 8 supplies the control pulse required for the base of the first transistor T1 ; and<br />
<br />
Terminal 9 serves as the first terminal of the power supply of the control circuit RS.<br />
<br />
Further details of the control circuit RS are described hereinbelow.<br />
<br />
The
capacity C3 smoothes the positive half-wave pulses which are provided
by the secondary winding II, and simultaneously serves as an energy
storage device during the starting time. The secondary winding III
generates the control voltage and is simultaneously used <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>as
feedback. The time delay stage R2 /C4 keeps harmonics and fast
interference spikes away from the control circuit RS. The resistor R3 is
provided as a voltage divider for the second terminal of the control
circuit RS. The diode D2 rectifies the control pulses delivered by the
secondary winding III. The capacity C5 smoothes the control voltage. A
reference voltage Uref, which is referred to ground i.e. the potential
of terminal 6 is present at the terminal 1 of the control circuit RS.
The resistors R4 and R5 form a voltage divider of the input-difference
control amplifier at the terminal 3. The desired secondary voltage can
be set manually via the variable resistor R4. A time-delay stage R6 /C6
forms a sawtooth rise which corresponds to the collector current rise of
the first bipolar transistor T1 via the primary winding I of the
transformer Tr. The sawtooth present at the terminal 4 of the control
circuit RS is limited there between the reference voltage 2 V and 4 V.
The voltage divider R7 /R8 (FIG. 2), brings to the terminal 5 of the
control circuit RS the enabling voltage for the drive pulse at the
output 8 of the control circuit RS.<br />
<br />
The diode D4, together with
the resistor R9 in cooperation with the diode D1 and the secondary
winding II, forms the starting circuit provided, in accordance with the
invention. The operation thereof is as follows:<br />
<br />
After the
switching power supply is switched on, d-c voltages build up at the
collector of the switching transistor T1 and at the input 4 of the
control circuit RS, as a function in time of the predetermined time
constants. The positive sinusoidal half-waves charge the capacitor C3
via the starting diode D4 and the starting resistor R9 in dependence
upon the time constant R9.C3. Via the protective input terminal 5 and
the resisto<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkSd0ni7PPihhd1l_A4igQkMjqmURVEuo5XK-SAWbt9MGlHKbzaXiwRkSQBlcMIieK5Rmobzg2qDZmJ6xxufk9wHex8wN7ZQQGcNdxYwJBJc9S1ZqjnUPZwiBreRF2bURY2lV-39kXxo/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkSd0ni7PPihhd1l_A4igQkMjqmURVEuo5XK-SAWbt9MGlHKbzaXiwRkSQBlcMIieK5Rmobzg2qDZmJ6xxufk9wHex8wN7ZQQGcNdxYwJBJc9S1ZqjnUPZwiBreRF2bURY2lV-39kXxo/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-1__TVMS.jpg" width="217" /></a>r
R11 not previously mentioned and forming the connection between the
resistor R9 and the diode D1, on the one hand, and the terminal 5 of the
control circuit RS, on the other hand, the control circuit RS is biased
ready for switching-on, and the capacitor C2 is charged via the output
7. When a predetermined voltage value at the capacitor C3 or the power
supply input 9 of the control circuit RS, respectively, is reached, the
reference voltage i.e. the nominal value for the operation of the
control voltage RS, is abruptly formed, which supplies all stages of the
control circuit and appears at the output 1 thereof. Simultaneously,
the switching transistor T1 is switched into conduction via the output
8. The switching of the transistor T1 at the primary winding T of the
transformer Tr is transformed to the second secondary winding II, the
capacity C3 being thereby charged up again via the diode D1. If
sufficient energy is stored in the capacitor C3 and if the re-charge via
the diode D1 is sufficient so that the voltage at a supply input 9 does
not fall below the given minimum operating voltage, the switching power
supply then remains connected, so that the starting process is
completed. Otherwise, the starting process described is repeated several
times.<br />
<br />
In FIG. 2, there is shown a further embodiment of the
circuit for a blocking oscillator type switching power supply, according
to the invention, as shown in FIG. 1. Essential for this circuit of
FIG. 2 is the presence of a second bipolar transistor T2 of the type of
the first bipolar transistor T1 (i.e. in the embodiments of the
invention, an npn-transistor), which forms a further component of the
starting circuit and is connected with the collector-emitter path
thereof between the resistor R9 of the starting circuit and the current
supply input 9 of the control circuit RS. The base of this second
transistor T2 is connected to a node which leads, on the one hand, via a
resistor R10 to one electrode of a capacitor C7, the other electrode of
which is connected to the anode of the diode D4 of the starting circuit
and, accordingl<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj03jQlxhF3-eFvhwebY68JFF73kRllEOetFiIxbOfcbGEmvVS1Jf92eMDyCn26Yvidi6PpuPBfIDG0xLbWSct7w5xz0IKL4xjDan5Cb_i3I6FbNWJJGIiLXp8WeQfwZBsFiK8q3vlwZNA/s1600/IMGH_08738__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>y,
to the terminal 1' of the supply input of the switching power supply G.
On the other hand, the last-mentioned node and, therefore, the base of
the second transistor T2 are connected to the cathode of a Zener diode
D3, the anode of which is connected to the output 3' of the rectifier G
and, whereby, to one pole of the capacitor C3, the second pole of which
is connected to the power supply input 9 of the control circuit RS as
well as to the cathode of the diode D1 and to the emitter of the second
transistor T2. In other respects, the circuit according to FIG. 2
corresponds to the circuit according to FIG. 1 except for the resistor
R11 which is not necessary in the embodiment of FIG. 2, and the missing
connection between the resistor R9 and the cathode of the diode D1,
respectively, and the protective input 5 of the control circuit RS.<br />
<br />
Regarding the operation of the starting circuit according to FIG. 2,<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijzyGU0_lSC-XTQ5wSxYNtF8ZnZ4-3TCmndscWl78TJsUetgZCCObAgJoM795edIX8vH5ePtGDK9wUTdP8KLGnBIWKdlefe_2s9O8OPns9oiMzpZMCAoWTVCzA4NXaKcGc6yzlsOCWCG4/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijzyGU0_lSC-XTQ5wSxYNtF8ZnZ4-3TCmndscWl78TJsUetgZCCObAgJoM795edIX8vH5ePtGDK9wUTdP8KLGnBIWKdlefe_2s9O8OPns9oiMzpZMCAoWTVCzA4NXaKcGc6yzlsOCWCG4/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-2__TVMS.jpg" width="217" /></a>
it can be stated that the positive sinusoidal half-wave of the line
voltage, delayed by the time delay stage C7, R10 drives the base of the
transistor T2 in the starting circuit. The amplitude is limited by the
diode D3 which is provided for overvoltage protection of the control
circuit RS and which is preferably incorporated as a Zener diode. The
second transistor T2 is switched into conduction. The capacity C3 is
charged, via the serially connected diode D4 and the resistor R9 and the
collector-emitter path of the transistor T2, as soon as the voltage
between the terminal 9 and the terminal 6 of the control circuit RS i.e.
the voltage U9, meets the condition U9 <[UDs -UBE (T2)].<br />
<br />
Because
of the time constant R9.C3, several positive half-waves are necessary
in order to increase the voltage U9 at the supply terminal 9 of the
control circuit RS to such an extent that the control circuit RS is
energized. During the negative sine half-wave, a partial energy
chargeback takes place from the capacitor C3 via the emitter-base path
of the transistor T2 of the starting circuit and via the resistor R10
and the capacitor C7, respectively, into the supply network. At
approximately 2/3 of the voltage U9, which is limited by the diode D3,
the control circuit RS is switched on. At the terminal 1 thereof, the
reference voltage Uref then appears. In addition, the voltage divider R5
/R4 becomes effective. At the terminal 3, the control amplifier
receives the voltage forming the actual value, while the first bipolar
transistor T1 of the blocking-oscillator type switching power supply is
addressed pulsewise via the terminal 8.<br />
<br />
Because the capacitor C6
is charged via the resistor R6, a higher voltage than Uref is present at
the terminal 4 if the control circuit RS is activated. The control
voltage then discharges the capacitor C6 via the terminal 4 to half the
value of the reference voltage Uref, and immediately cuts off the
addressing input 8 of the control circuit RS. The first driving pulse of
the switching transistor T1 is thereby limited to a minimum of time.
The power for switching-on the control circuit RS and for driving the
transistor T1 is supplied by the capacitor C3. The voltage U9 at the
capacitor C3 then drops. If the voltage U9 drops below the switching-off
voltage value of the control circuit RS, the latter is then
inactivated. The next positive sine half-wave would initiate the
starting process again.<br />
<br />
By switching the transistor T1, a voltage
is transformed in the secondary winding II of the transformer Tr. The
positive component is rectified by the diode D1, recharing of the
capacitor C3 being thereby provided. The voltage U9 at the output 9 does
not, therefore, drop below the minimum value required for the operation
of the control circuit RS, so that the control circuit RS remains
activated. The power supply continues to operate in the rhythm of the
existing conditions. In operation, the voltage U9 at the supply terminal
9 of the control circuit RS has a value which meets the condition U9
>[UDs -UBE (T2)], so that the transistor T2 of the starting circuit
remains cut off.<br />
<br />
For the internal layout of the control circuit
RS, the construction shown, in particular, from FIG. 3 is advisable.
This construction is realized, for example, in the commercially
available type TDA 4600 (Siemens AG).<br />
<br />
The block diagram of the control circuit according to FIG. 3 <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>shows
the power supply thereof via the terminal 9, the output stage being
supplied directly whereas all other stages are supplied via Uref. In the
starting circuit, the individual subassemblies are supplied with power
sequentially. The d-c output voltage potential of the base current gain
i.e. the voltage for the terminal 8 of the control circuit RS, and the
charging of the capacitor C2 via the terminal 7 are formed even before
the reference voltage Uref appears. Variations of the supply voltage U9
at terminal 9 and the power fluctuations at the terminal 8/terminal 7
and at the terminal 1 of the control circuit RS are leveled or smoothed
out by the voltage control. The temperature sensitivity of the control
circuit RS and, in particular, the uneven heating of the output and
input stages and input stages on the semiconductor chip containing the
control circuit in monolithically integrated form are intercepted by the
temperature compensation provided. The output values are constant in a
specific temperature range. The message for blocking the output stage,
if the supply voltage at the terminal 9 is too low, is given also by
this subassembly to a provided control logic.<br />
<br />
The outer voltage divider of the terminal 1 via the r<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s320/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T62kdwdT6e4/US-F3HKRkUI/AAAAAAAAOKQ/Kg98R7awRx8/s1600/IMGH_04361.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>esistors
R5 and R4 to the control tap U forms, via terminal 3, the variable side
of the bridge for the control amplifier formed as a differential
amplifier. The fixed bridge side is formed by the reference voltage Uref
via an internal voltage divider. Similarly formed are circuit portions
serving for the detection of an overload short circuit and circuit
portions serving for the "standby" no-load detection, which can be
operated likewise via terminal 3.<br />
<br />
Within a provided trigger
circuit, the driving pulse length is determined as a function of the
sawtooth rise at the terminal 4, and is transmitted to the control
logic. In the control logic, the commands of the trigger circuit are
processed. Through the zero-crossing identification at input 2 in the
control circuit RS, the control logic is enabled to start the control
input only at the zero point of the frequency oscillation. If the
voltages at the terminal 5 and at the terminal 9 are too low, the
control logic blocks the output amplifier at the terminal 8. The output
amplifier at the terminal 7 which is responsible for the base charge in
the capacitor C2, is not touched thereby.<br />
<br />
The base current gain
for the transistor T1 i.e. for the first transistor in accordance with
the definition of the invention, is formed by two amplifiers which
mutually operate on the capacitor C2. The roof inclination of the base
driving current for the transistor T1 is impressed by the collector
current simulation at the terminal 4 to the amplifier at the terminal 8.
The control pulse for the transistor T1 at the terminal 8 is always
built up to the potential present at the terminal 7. The amplifier
working into the terminal 7 ensures that each new switching pulse at the
terminal 8 finds the required base level at terminal 7.<br />
<br />
Supplementing
the comments regarding FIG. 1, it should also be mentioned that the
cathode of the diode D1 connected by the anode thereof to the one end of
the secondary winding II of the transformer Tr is connected via a
resistor R11 to the protective input 5 of the control circuit RS
whereas, in the circuit according to FIG. 2, the protective input 5 of
the control circuit RS is supplied via a voltage divider R8, R7 directly
from the output 3', 4' of the rectifier G delivering the rectified line
a-c voltage, and which obtains the voltage required for executing its
function. It is evident that the first possible manner of driving the
protective input 5 can be used also in the circuit according to FIG. 2,
and the second possibility also in a circuit in accordance with FIG. 1.<br />
<br />
The
control circuit RS which is shown in FIG. 3 and is realized in detail
by the building block TDA 4600 and which is particularly well suited in
conjunction with the blocking oscillator type switching power supply
according to the invention has 9 terminals 1-9, which have the following
characteristics, as has been explained in essence hereinabove:<br />
<br />
Terminal
1 delivers a reference voltage Uref which serves as the
constant-current source of a voltage divider R5.R4 which supplies the
required d-c voltages for the differential amplifiers provided for the
functions control, overload detection, short-circuit detection and
"standby"-no load detection. The dividing point of the voltage divider
R5 -R4 is connected to the terminal 3 of the control circuit RS. The
terminal 3 provided as the control input of RS is controlled in the
manner described hereinabove as input for the actual value of the
voltage to be controlled or regulated by the secondary winding III of
the transformer Tr. With this input, the lengths of the control pulses
for the switching transistor T1 are determined.<br />
<br />
Via the input
provided by the terminal 2 of the control circuit RS, the zero-point
identification in the control circuit is addressed for detecting the
zero-point o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s1600/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheCIbsbnLlfNwo802wwtosa_5nloibVBEEwkHjUZJyQnYPEMuVzCcqitrkgHEdvXN9-O1XRGYaU4D5G2CV7eHh-qzwQ77i9iqrQJX-GsdoxkBIZXlNWhrnNjAoCwVhgAA0sh0pJaznMWU/s320/SIEMENS-TDA4600-DRW-3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>f
the oscillations respectively applied to the terminal 2. If this
oscillation changes over to the positive part, then the addressing pulse
controlling the switching transistor T1 via the terminal 8 is released
in the control logic provided in the control circuit.<br />
<br />
A
sawtooth-shaped voltage, the rise of which corresponds to the collector
current of the switching transistor T1, is present at the terminal 4 and
is minimally and maximally limited by two reference voltages. The
sawtooth voltage serves, on the one hand as a comparator for the pulse
length while, on the other hand, the slope or rise thereof is used to
obtain in the base current amplification for the switching transistor
T1, via the terminal 8, a base drive of this switching transistor T1
which is proportional to the collector current.<br />
<br />
The terminal 7 of
the control circuit RS as explained hereinbefore, determines the
voltage potential for the addressing pulses of the transistor T2. The
base of the switching transistor T1 is pulse-controlled via the terminal
8, as described hereinbefore. Terminal 9 is connected as the power
supply input of the control circuit RS. If a voltage level falls below a
given value, the terminal 8 is blocked. If a given positive value of
the voltage level is exceeded, the control circuit is activated. The
terminal 5 releases the terminal 8 only if a given voltage potential is
present.<br />
<br />
Forei<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s320/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB89jzefDMFFLiPSAJzKjNQSwtBtaH_jQ4hB_37T4Q3KmhJJeDdo6HUWvnsLq_lWXMffrCIG7qXbxbhUlNd7cvCEAdPjxkV-U5vKHPdO-sDcmbL5QA84P826Wb5IbgvsgqdTro_iGhte7yK88DAhlnnk2IAvGJRLnNnCaL3lEs9mwfmmz144EDRTi3WmGt/s1282/IMGH_13438b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T62kdwdT6e4/US-F3HKRkUI/AAAAAAAAOKQ/Kg98R7awRx8/s1600/IMGH_04361.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>gn References:<br />
DE2417628A1 1975-10-23 363/37 <br />
DE2638225A1 1978-03-02 363/49 <br />
Other References:<br />
Grundig Tech. Info. (Germany), vol. 28, No. 4, (1981).<br />
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 978, 979, Aug. 1976.<br />
German Periodical, "Funkschau", (1975), No. 5, pp. 40 to 44.<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Inventors:</div><p>
Peruth, Gunther (Munich, DE) Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Berlin and Munich, DE)</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><h2>
<span style="font-size: 100%;">BU208(A)</span></h2>
Silicon NPN<br />
npn transistors,pnp transistors,transistors<br />
Category: N<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioBzT1r0DP995gQzjdn5BxSnUQUDfbTsyvDdaZo-a9hzzXWSZJKCICF1JL1xuah42nLHHVDUfvcKFG8-7H_Xi-TpkHR1tR4jYu_dF589p_9t6MDENv1w0fHkri5qzOmtoCVO35BaaWJ6U/s1600/img_1139.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5529850578824293458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioBzT1r0DP995gQzjdn5BxSnUQUDfbTsyvDdaZo-a9hzzXWSZJKCICF1JL1xuah42nLHHVDUfvcKFG8-7H_Xi-TpkHR1tR4jYu_dF589p_9t6MDENv1w0fHkri5qzOmtoCVO35BaaWJ6U/s320/img_1139.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>PN Transistor, Transistor<br />
MHz: <1 MHz<br />
Amps: 5A<br />
Volts: 1500V<br />
HIGH VOLTAGE CAPABILITY<br />
JEDEC TO-3 METAL CASE.<br />
<br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
The BU208A, BU508A and BU508AFI are<br />
manufactured using Multiepitaxial Mesa<br />
technology for cost-effective high performance<br />
and use a Hollow Emitter structure to enhance<br />
switching speeds.<br />
<br />
APPLICATIONS:<br />
* HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION FOR COLOUR TV With 110° or even 90° degree of deflection angle.<br />
<br />
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS<br />
Symbol Parameter Value Unit<br />
VCES Collector-Emit ter Voltage (VBE = 0) 1500 V<br />
VCEO Collector-Emit ter Voltage (IB = 0) 700 V<br />
VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage (IC = 0) 10 V<br />
IC Collector Current 8 A<br />
ICM Collector Peak Current (tp < 5 ms) 15 A<br />
TO - 3 TO - 218 ISOWATT218<br />
Ptot Total Dissipation at Tc = 25 oC 150 125 50 W<br />
Tstg Storage Temperature -65 to 175 -65 to 150 -65 to 150 oC<br />
Tj Max. Operating Junction Temperature 175 150 150 °C<br />
<br />
<u><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s320/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>GENERAL BASIC TRANSISTOR LINE OUTPUT STAGE OPERATION:</b></u><br /><br />The
basic essentials of a transistor line output stage are shown in Fig.
1(a). They comprise: a line output transformer which provides the d.c.
feed to the line output transistor and serves mainly to generate the
high -voltage pulse from which the e.h.t. is derived, and also in
practice other supplies for various sections of the receiver; the line
output transistor and its parallel efficiency diode which form a
bidirectional switch; a tuning capacitor which resonates with the line
output transformer primary winding and the scan coils to determine the
flyback time; and the scan coils, with a series capacitor which provides
a d.c. block and also serves to provide slight integration of the
deflection current to compensate for the scan distortion that would
otherwise be present due to the use of flat screen, wide deflection
angle c.r.t.s. This basic circuit is widely used in small -screen
portable receivers with little elaboration - some use a pnp output
transistor however, with its collector connected to chassis.<br /><br />Circuit Variations:<br />Variations
to the basic circuit commonly found include: transposition of the scan
coils and the correction capacitor; connection of the line output
transformer primary winding and its e.h.t. ove<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s320/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglOALY6sYa9qaJq7fZcyhDKK8cOZQynhhR3yCvkGknej421qOp629l3pyS8XCqCnXhFAKQcteaVFm1F9sfVE9w5u4R_dxKGtXsb2CdzTy9gibtAdLcIV3WhcHKILFOw0fHRmxv4n4G1nuz/s1600/img_2200.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>rwinding
in series; connection of the deflection components to a tap on the
transformer to obtain correct matching of the components and conditions
in the stage; use of a boost diode which operates in identical manner to
the arrangement used in valve line output stages, thereby increasing
the effective supply to the stage; omission of the efficiency diode
where the stage is operated from an h.t. line, the collector -base
junction of the line output transistor then providing the efficiency
diode action without, in doing so, producing scan distortion; addition
of inductors to provide linearity and width adjustment; use of a pair of
series -connected line output transistors in some large -screen colour
chassis; and in colour sets the addition of line convergence circuitry
which is normally connected in series between the line scan coils and
chassis. These variations on the basic circuit do not alter the basic
mode of operation however.<br /><br />Resonance<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUtknVpApCgwVzmmmd_40W4Gyw5YbRw19Ocq8w-udegGCLrctIVob3gH5C6Waervf1ysjGf9rb1TUHfQEjkhuNM7uRY9xG5yKPE5N0s6CvCmVki_R9dhi3NRt7D2fAX8W53gVIZG46Xw/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxUtknVpApCgwVzmmmd_40W4Gyw5YbRw19Ocq8w-udegGCLrctIVob3gH5C6Waervf1ysjGf9rb1TUHfQEjkhuNM7uRY9xG5yKPE5N0s6CvCmVki_R9dhi3NRt7D2fAX8W53gVIZG46Xw/s200/LINE-DEFL-F1__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />The
most important fact to appreciate about the circuit is that when the
transistor and diode are cut off during the flyback period - when the
beam is being rapidly returned from the right-hand side of the screen to
the left-hand side the tuning capacitor together with the scan coils
and the primary winding of the line output transformer form a parallel
resonant circuit: the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 1(b). The line
output transformer primary winding and the tuning capacitor as drawn in
Fig. 1(a) may look like a series tuned circuit, but from the signal
point of view the end of the transformer primary winding connected to
the power supply is earthy, giving the equivalent arrangement shown in
Fig. 1(b).<br /><br />The Flyback Period:<br />Since the operation of the
circuit depends mainly upon what happens during the line flyback period,
the simplest point at which to break into the scanning cycle is at the
end of the forward scan, i.e. with the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJhuuR9WJKIYCI2KvMMJZ0x1hmWhwAmmXr6IRb1BSkWG_IYJpT_-rF2X5GhyphenhyphenL2OtZwoqjUOHpSFv4Ef_qQpEGieE6NuZ6kzClquMqDro0lG12MsM-YIuHSbpLtLZ_vy6zmdN4eyhnGN8/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="85" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJhuuR9WJKIYCI2KvMMJZ0x1hmWhwAmmXr6IRb1BSkWG_IYJpT_-rF2X5GhyphenhyphenL2OtZwoqjUOHpSFv4Ef_qQpEGieE6NuZ6kzClquMqDro0lG12MsM-YIuHSbpLtLZ_vy6zmdN4eyhnGN8/s320/LINE-DEFL-F2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>
beam deflected to the right-hand side of the screen, see Fig. 2. At
this point the line output transistor is suddenly switched off by the
squarewave drive applied to its base. Prior to this action a linearly
increasing current has been flowing in the line output transformer
primary winding and the scan coils, and as a result magnetic fields have
been built up around these components. When the transistor is switched
off these fields collapse, maintaining a flow of current which rapidly
decays to zero and returns the beam to the centre of the screen. This
flow of current charges the tuning capacitor, and the voltage at A rises
to a high positive value - of the order of 1- 2k V in large -screen
sets, 200V in the case of mains/battery portable sets. The e<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlg6TFKppNfFF34T7clSQFPfJWSjv2mEvZq26gEhgwZKWWkxVGHYtlf98_qKmVBWSUiQUoBvrwYabJo8ruYlDASMm2nkNoh5xv6NWXbLrheMZfsyyRb4ZP-jmDZpnE2EBzOb6VHkqr4yU/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlg6TFKppNfFF34T7clSQFPfJWSjv2mEvZq26gEhgwZKWWkxVGHYtlf98_qKmVBWSUiQUoBvrwYabJo8ruYlDASMm2nkNoh5xv6NWXbLrheMZfsyyRb4ZP-jmDZpnE2EBzOb6VHkqr4yU/s320/LINE-DEFL-F3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>nergy
in the circuit is now stored in the tuning capacitor which next
discharges, reversing the flow of current in the circuit with the result
that the beam is rapidly deflected to the left-hand side of the screen -
see Fig. 3. When the tuning capacitor has discharged, the voltage at A
has fallen to zero and the circuit energy is once more stored in the
form of magnetic fields around the inductive components. One half -cycle
of oscillation has occurred, and the flyback is complete.<br /><br />Energy Recovery: <br />First
Part of Forward Scan The circuit then tries to continue the cycle of
oscillation, i.e. the magnetic fields again collapse, maintaining a
current flow which this time would charge the tuning capacitor
negatively (upper plate). When the voltage at A reaches about -0.6V
however the efficiency diode becomes forward biased and switches on.
This damps the circuit, preventing further oscillation, but the magnetic
fields continue to collapse and in doing so produce a linearly decaying
current flow which provides the first part of the forward s<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8VstlYyKelGqXik5iv8Aymvt0kxlLbAwGJ0F4TnHfohTgmrkPay3hJ18-wBzOKQlO3yrVXtzI-axPvnP1pxFSF0uTSqW5W-GB6dh5L3sdFBN1RCNJhGr4_YHSbp22uZJgd4xIpN1Qtg/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F4__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8VstlYyKelGqXik5iv8Aymvt0kxlLbAwGJ0F4TnHfohTgmrkPay3hJ18-wBzOKQlO3yrVXtzI-axPvnP1pxFSF0uTSqW5W-GB6dh5L3sdFBN1RCNJhGr4_YHSbp22uZJgd4xIpN1Qtg/s320/LINE-DEFL-F4__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>can,
the beam returning towards the centre of the screen - see Fig. 4. The
diode shorts out the tuning capacitor but the scan correction capacitor
charges during this period, its right-hand plate becoming positive with
respect to its left-hand plate, i.e. point A. Completion of Forward Scan
When the current falls to zero, the diode will switch off. Shortly
before this state of affairs is reached however the transistor is
switched on. In practice this is usually about a third of the way
through the scan. The squarewave applied to its base drives it rapidly
to saturation, clamping the vol<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI43IcQl0tcPZboUdYX8bFLcO0PVRAc4g9nV42gDfJDz0aF-kMzsyG0T1eDPOcGyQnW8BwcESh5FubBfJOO0vI2yxQLpABkan1OKT-f9jEK_HsE0lvPru2vPpf7Byv6DKOi1u5DU95aX8/s1600/LINE-DEFL-F5__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI43IcQl0tcPZboUdYX8bFLcO0PVRAc4g9nV42gDfJDz0aF-kMzsyG0T1eDPOcGyQnW8BwcESh5FubBfJOO0vI2yxQLpABkan1OKT-f9jEK_HsE0lvPru2vPpf7Byv6DKOi1u5DU95aX8/s320/LINE-DEFL-F5__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a>tage
at point A at a small positive value - the collector emitter saturation
voltage of the transistor. Current now flows via the transistor and the
primary winding of the line output transformer, the scan correction
capacitor discharges, and the resultant flow of current in the line scan
coils drives the beam to the right-hand side of the screen see Fig. 5.<br /><br />Efficiency:<br />The
transistor is then cut off again, to give the flyback, and the cycle of
events recurs. The efficiency of the circuit is high since there is
negligible resistance present. Energy is fed into the circuit in the
form of the magnetic fields that build up when the output transistor is
switched on. This action connects the line output transformer primary
winding across the supply, and as a result a linearly increasing current
flows through it. Since the width is<br />dependent on the supply voltage, this must be stabilised.<br /><br />Harmonic Tuning:<br />There
is another oscillatory action in the circuit during the flyback period.
The considerable leakage inductance between the primary and the e.h.t.
windings of the line output transformer, and the appreciable self
-capacitance present, form a tuned circuit which is shocked into
oscillation by the flyback pulse. Unless this oscillation is controlled,
it will continue into and modulate the scan. The technique used to
overcome this effect is to tune the leakage inductance and the
associated capacitance to an odd harmonic of the line flyback
oscillation frequency. By doing this the oscillatory actions present at
the beginning of the scan cancel. Either third or fifth harmonic tuning
is used. Third harmonic tuning also has the effect of increasing the
amplitude of the e.h.t. pulse, and is generally used where a half -wave
e.h.t. rectifier is employed. Fifth harmonic tuning results in a
flat-topped e.h.t. pulse, giving improved e.h.t. regulation, and is
generally used where an e.h.t. tripler is employed to produce the e.h.t.
The tuning is mainly built into the line output transformer, though an
external variable inductance is commonly found in colour chassis so that
the tuning can be adjusted. With a following post I will go into the
subject of modern TV line timebases in greater detail with other models
and technology shown here at Obsolete Technology Tellye ! <br />
<br />
<b>CHASSIS PROFESSIONAL 5000 Simplified horizontal / line deflection circuit.</b><br />
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnAMgwvHgc3Ou0lCe0oli8B0tEJTsbe_64NvyGWPEwR0CZa8kyWYGNq5TlG0qjqAwhKHqBkJoa6ss6d0Sfm-yOIGOByrgoTJs7m1ttj-g6IdBaawl57obpLv68uvq3Yg7OWK2pa3rZhHBW/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-1.jpg" width="300" /></a><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSzxC70ZXupLKIO95MCVGGZJv_wAUiUSGfBywV4-Qhw1As0NGC5qIrlhwALbyeskW1g30KQtN-TNQlm6DxMJ3tD4W_GlvgshHEs90K4LpoGVXr04zvHBUmCx8YTGe5SEEK3ru9GO6Wgnlr/s320/HOR-DEF-WAV-1.jpg" width="320" />A horizontal deflection circuit makes a sawtooth<br />
current flow through a deflection coil. The current<br />
will have equal amounts of positive and negative<br />
current. The horizontal switch transistor conducts<br />
for the right hand side of the picture. The damper<br />
diode conducts for the left side of the picture.<br />
Current only flows through the fly back capacitor<br />
during retrace time.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
For time 1 the transistor is turned on. Current<br />
ramps up in the yoke. The beam is moved from the<br />
center of the picture to the right edge. Energy is<br />
stored on the inductance of the yoke.<br />
E=I2L/2<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-xy1krVNdX4I54jj1qymqfdQw7CN397ZijyO22927Z3myk0UXQFb81MvFEfobgYvJGiP53_xhw-lD914cNmdn3WrzxSfHkpfyxsYzrZnOK-wBVX57CeEtVxNMa_6Xe6-awD3qFq25v5Iv/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-xy1krVNdX4I54jj1qymqfdQw7CN397ZijyO22927Z3myk0UXQFb81MvFEfobgYvJGiP53_xhw-lD914cNmdn3WrzxSfHkpfyxsYzrZnOK-wBVX57CeEtVxNMa_6Xe6-awD3qFq25v5Iv/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-2.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
For time 2 the transistor is turned off. Energy<br />
transfers from the yoke to the flyback capacitor. At<br />
the end of time two all the energy from the yoke is<br />
placed on the flyback capacitor. There is zero<br />
current in the yoke and a large voltage on the<br />
capacitor. The beam is quickly moved from the<br />
right edge back to the middle of the picture.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEislnERhUO3rfuwCFjyNp1u1qzOCVS5AKohwhPiX2lgrvUI1Snm7PiB9tPvCqGUWN01eH3GF3nbk8d4m3L3UJpo7oA6xbJjP-Cxr2joR-EzYDTH5cOPE3862TKM8UEj8WzRoLpWe5wVR-ef/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEislnERhUO3rfuwCFjyNp1u1qzOCVS5AKohwhPiX2lgrvUI1Snm7PiB9tPvCqGUWN01eH3GF3nbk8d4m3L3UJpo7oA6xbJjP-Cxr2joR-EzYDTH5cOPE3862TKM8UEj8WzRoLpWe5wVR-ef/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-3.jpg" width="320" /></a>During time 3 the energy on the capacitor flows<br />
back into the yoke. The voltage on the flyback<br />
capacitor decreases while the current in the yoke<br />
builds until there is no voltage on the capacitor. By<br />
the end of time 3 the yoke current is at it's<br />
maximum amount but in the negative direction.<br />
The beam is quickly deflected form the center to the<br />
left edge.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyNYCPn6ml-F4cnBBBkrhJdrI_CzmZKLFND_ZK93M47UHC_SJ_rSJwcYJIi3VxNXVxjBKOx9R-t-qOPwJ1OU2hKh-M8m0OoMyaUmKqgNeDHr3Tl6SCOhK8smCIqgHZMif3B9-uMxW9P_a/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-4.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyNYCPn6ml-F4cnBBBkrhJdrI_CzmZKLFND_ZK93M47UHC_SJ_rSJwcYJIi3VxNXVxjBKOx9R-t-qOPwJ1OU2hKh-M8m0OoMyaUmKqgNeDHr3Tl6SCOhK8smCIqgHZMif3B9-uMxW9P_a/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-4.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
Time 4 represents the left hand half of the picture.<br />
Yoke current is negative and ramping down. The<br />
beam moves from the left to the center of the<br />
picture.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The current that flows when the horizontal switch is<br />
closed is approximately:<br />
Ipk ≅ Vcc T / Ldy<br />
Ipk = collector current<br />
T = 1/2 trace time<br />
Ldy = total inductance (yoke + lin coil + size coil)<br />
note:The lin coil inductance varies with current.<br />
______<br />
Tr ≅ 3.14 √ L C<br />
The current that flows during retrace is produced by<br />
the C and L oscillation. The retrace time is 1/2 the<br />
oscillation frequency of the L and C.<br />
I2L /2 ≅ V2C /2 or I2L = V2C As stated earlier the energy in the yoke moves to the<br />
flyback capacitor during time 2.<br />
V= the amount of the flyback pulse that is above the<br />
supply voltage.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzh3AB_p2FO5zzcpLABY4xx-qq6O99VKfavkO6yxvtj7XQNbat3npXziBAmOjKZIC-jbzs4UTVt55lPERLNGOudFA2De29Q9fYYnCDnR1_CRjyAQ2MMbtcFBleFvUqVnseO5r3LD-q1Yzz/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-5.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzh3AB_p2FO5zzcpLABY4xx-qq6O99VKfavkO6yxvtj7XQNbat3npXziBAmOjKZIC-jbzs4UTVt55lPERLNGOudFA2De29Q9fYYnCDnR1_CRjyAQ2MMbtcFBleFvUqVnseO5r3LD-q1Yzz/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
D.C. annualizes is inductors are considered<br />
shores, capacitors are open and generally<br />
semiconductors are removed. The voltage at the<br />
point “B+” is the supply voltage. The collector<br />
voltage of Q1 is also at the supply voltage. The<br />
voltage across C2 is equal to the supply voltage.<br />
When we A.C. annualize this circuit we will find<br />
that the collector of Q1 has a voltage that ranges<br />
from slightly negative to 1000 volts positive. The<br />
average voltage must remain the same as the D.C.<br />
value.<br />
In the A.C. annualizes of the circuit, the<br />
inductance of the yoke (DY) and the inductance of<br />
the flyback transformer are in parallel. The<br />
inductance of T2 is much larger than that if the<br />
DY. This results is a total system inductance of<br />
about 10% to 20% less than that of the DY it’s<br />
self.<br />
The voltage across the Q1 is a half sinusoid pulse during the flyback or retrace period and close to zero at<br />
all other times. It is not possible or safe to observe this point on an oscilloscope without a proper high<br />
frequency high voltage probe. Normally use a 100:1 probe suitable for 2,000V peak. The probe must have<br />
been high frequency calibrated recently.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>HORIZONTAL SIZE / E/W AMPLITUDE - CORRECTION CIRCUIT:</b><br />
<br />
There are several different methods of adjusting horizontal size.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipTe81vtYC6RNMJ4LamrBf3THzg1audacj7Us5VrQ7qEmh-A-7tUc9ID1vEra8n7BTECjcxaKt3D1EJA3Usz0Ptjc9S07Aggb8IG_kHn33ADFSNvwtCdIPi3LIifcJlM9us45u6fy7Yw0/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-SIZE-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipTe81vtYC6RNMJ4LamrBf3THzg1audacj7Us5VrQ7qEmh-A-7tUc9ID1vEra8n7BTECjcxaKt3D1EJA3Usz0Ptjc9S07Aggb8IG_kHn33ADFSNvwtCdIPi3LIifcJlM9us45u6fy7Yw0/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-SIZE-1.jpg" width="320" /></a>SIZE COIL<br />
Add a variable coil to the yoke current path<br />
causes the total inductance to vary with the coils<br />
setting.<br />
The yoke current is related to supply voltage,<br />
trace time and total inductance. This method<br />
has a limited range!<br />
The horizontal section uses a PWM to set the<br />
horizontal size. One DAC sets the horizontal<br />
size and another DAC sets the pincushion and<br />
trap.<br />
The Raster Centering (D.C. centering) is<br />
controlled by a DAC.<br />
On small monitors the retrace time is fixed. On<br />
large monitors or wide frequency range monitors<br />
two different retrace times are available. The flyback time is set by the micro computer by selecting two<br />
different flyback capacitors. At slow frequencies the longer retrace time is selected.<br />
Different S corrector capacitor values are selected by the micro computer. At the highest frequency the<br />
smallest capacitor is selected.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5yVjId6w1cC0tq3GKAxIPf9EPoiuvE88fRNP1ufO4kK1Gp_laRexkH1ZR8t-mZ34Kg3PmqMTh76W6pMp2EfUC-WOZ6hXhsSwtskPLlXHEzv9uJfG_hAxhKS_w2wAqdiuU8iPZp94_bv3-/s1600/HOR-DEF-CIR-SIZE-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5yVjId6w1cC0tq3GKAxIPf9EPoiuvE88fRNP1ufO4kK1Gp_laRexkH1ZR8t-mZ34Kg3PmqMTh76W6pMp2EfUC-WOZ6hXhsSwtskPLlXHEzv9uJfG_hAxhKS_w2wAqdiuU8iPZp94_bv3-/s320/HOR-DEF-CIR-SIZE-2.jpg" width="320" /></a>SPLIT DIODE MODULATOR<br />
This horizontal circuit consists of two parts. D1, C1, C2 and DY are the components as described above.<br />
D2, C3, C4 and L1 are a second “dummy” horizontal section that does not cause deflection current. By the<br />
D.C. analyzing this circuit the voltage across C2 + C4 must equal the supply voltage (B+). Deflection<br />
current in the DY is related to the supply voltage minus the voltage across C4. For a maximum horizontal<br />
size the control point must be held at ground. This causes the dummy section to not operate and the DY<br />
section will get full supply voltage. If the control point is at 1/3 supply then the DY section will be<br />
operating at 2/3 supply.<br />
Note: The impedance of (D1,C1,C2 and DY) and (D2,C3,C4 and L1) makes a voltage divider. If the<br />
control point is not connected then there is some natural voltage on C4. Most split diode monitors are built<br />
to pull power from the dummy section through L2 to ground. A single power transistor shunts from the<br />
control point to ground. It is true that power can be supplied from some other supply through L2 to rise the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6MsYNutrt4SWE3eUU3gQr6bjHwY3KjCPhcjHxQAZop6hsJnHjvhc-p81YwbFB5veU6Jv_qkc0rdpuoADKBrUgOXLIhkwhFKnMBduezHOaAk57SamPbRszxvG2C9aw6qrGexqpPhLpk1EEKg__Yrd2N_8WJLP-PL77jtIzQmCosUpkIK6RAtexBgH4jbl/s1282/IMGH_13444__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6MsYNutrt4SWE3eUU3gQr6bjHwY3KjCPhcjHxQAZop6hsJnHjvhc-p81YwbFB5veU6Jv_qkc0rdpuoADKBrUgOXLIhkwhFKnMBduezHOaAk57SamPbRszxvG2C9aw6qrGexqpPhLpk1EEKg__Yrd2N_8WJLP-PL77jtIzQmCosUpkIK6RAtexBgH4jbl/s320/IMGH_13444__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIYOV55xCr16bSNsICL_rqtVmBT54OqUKK1wNWtDQJ8acrNQxqLMTIMdV1GFSQ5Vnovu1b39Piq9Ym7aOLCFeJbqVigmImJDmA02YzD4TjiJ0aaMgk1WmiBsleLpiScWTe8Sz2FNiqbnn1/s1600/IMG_2499.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a> voltage on C4. For maximum range a bi-directional power amplifier can drive the control point.<br />
The most exciting feature if the split diode modulator is that the flyback pulse, as seen by the flyback <br />
transformer, is the same size at all horizontal size settings.<br />
<br />
<br />
HORIZONTAL SWITCH/DAMPER DIODE<br />
On the right hand side of the screen, the H. switch transistor conducts current through the deflection yoke.<br />
This current comes from the S correction capacitors, which have a charge equal to the effective supply<br />
voltage. The damper diode allows current for the left hand side of the screen to flow back through the<br />
deflection yoke to the S capacitors.<br />
FLYBACK CAPACITOR<br />
The flyback capacitor connects the hot side of the yoke to ground. This component determines the size and<br />
length of the flyback pulse. ‘Tuning the flyback capacitor’ is done to match the timing of the flyback pulse<br />
to the video blanking time of the video signal. The peak flyback voltage on the horizontal switch must be<br />
set to less that 80% if the Vces specification. The two conditions of time and voltage can be set by three<br />
variables (supply voltage, retrace capacitor and yoke inductance) .<br />
S CAPACITOR<br />
The S capacitors corrects outside versus center linearity in the horizontal scan. The voltage on the S cap<br />
has a parabola plus the DC horizontal supply. Reducing the value of S cap increases this parabola thus<br />
reducing the size of the outside characters and increasing the size of the center characters.<br />
S Capacitor value: Too low: picture will be squashed towards edges.<br />
Too high: picture will be stretched towards edges.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s1282/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVhOosqaiqViiioClwTEEmDZP-IDCXZkCfZTq0-7j6RGv5qDls-9VIzSEQ59AcElSsZTbL6TO0BR5oS9tCiYPr0iDNYAeW2RM_50d3egJKgwrga7KhkyK7cSi4Vzl6laVICaQdF6q99a1U8xZ6Ugo_xuIGorADwohM85NqBgTxTS8Oef0jbmLYY961X_x4/s320/IMGH_13424__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqwKBdciLOh5qBJXq9V4fu4QEXpu6er5kOUrEtyUybgm7xO07AwST5j5yw25B_vGRG2HArzHVCUU8NOGwQoa6m1MyLZWY9AtuIlba3rURZCuR50A0K87dKEIMdMiU7AS-tlkOXJgwghCig/s1600/IMGH_04356.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<br />
By simply putting a capacitor in series with each coil, the sawtooth waveform is<br />
modified into a slightly sine-wave shape. This reduces the scanning speed near the<br />
edges where the yoke is more sensitive. Generally the deflection angle of the electron<br />
beam and the yoke current are closely related. The problem is the deflection angle<br />
verses the distance of movement on the CRT screen does not have a linear effect.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
DEFLECTION NPN TRANSISTOR BASE DRIVE CURRENT<br />
T<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6MsYNutrt4SWE3eUU3gQr6bjHwY3KjCPhcjHxQAZop6hsJnHjvhc-p81YwbFB5veU6Jv_qkc0rdpuoADKBrUgOXLIhkwhFKnMBduezHOaAk57SamPbRszxvG2C9aw6qrGexqpPhLpk1EEKg__Yrd2N_8WJLP-PL77jtIzQmCosUpkIK6RAtexBgH4jbl/s1282/IMGH_13444__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM6MsYNutrt4SWE3eUU3gQr6bjHwY3KjCPhcjHxQAZop6hsJnHjvhc-p81YwbFB5veU6Jv_qkc0rdpuoADKBrUgOXLIhkwhFKnMBduezHOaAk57SamPbRszxvG2C9aw6qrGexqpPhLpk1EEKg__Yrd2N_8WJLP-PL77jtIzQmCosUpkIK6RAtexBgH4jbl/s320/IMGH_13444__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIYOV55xCr16bSNsICL_rqtVmBT54OqUKK1wNWtDQJ8acrNQxqLMTIMdV1GFSQ5Vnovu1b39Piq9Ym7aOLCFeJbqVigmImJDmA02YzD4TjiJ0aaMgk1WmiBsleLpiScWTe8Sz2FNiqbnn1/s1600/IMG_2499.JPG" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>he base drive resistor determines the amount of<br />
base drive. If the transistor is over driven the Vsat<br />
looks very good, but the current fall time is poor.<br />
If
the base current is too small the current fall time is very fast. The
problem is that the transistor will have many volts across C-E when
closed.<br />
The best condition is found by placing the transistor in
the heaviest load condition. Adjust the base resistor for the least
power consumption then increase the base drive a small amount. This will
slightly over drive the base.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<p>SINUDYNE XANTOS N (20036) <span style="font-weight: bold;"> VIDEO CHROMA PROCESSING WITH TDA3300 (MOTOROLA)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQGKnSRfrgBza7jG3rCcwilSvjns-796ROkuaQOOYhjSbdDhLSR14gSBfH5ixfx6HqLQF4QV6QdnlnR2vO00oZcZ08WY6oRrJyGiszyUn-Xp40bxYqYfls2wuQt5iMoSosoTGls1nfCM/s1600/tda3301.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5541375310572033330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPQGKnSRfrgBza7jG3rCcwilSvjns-796ROkuaQOOYhjSbdDhLSR14gSBfH5ixfx6HqLQF4QV6QdnlnR2vO00oZcZ08WY6oRrJyGiszyUn-Xp40bxYqYfls2wuQt5iMoSosoTGls1nfCM/s320/tda3301.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 224px;" /></a><br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s1282/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s320/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXBp2RU0b9aIHPwfvTjyf7Q5lVIlO-emdYzlUOgmGbVkUgziCqZAG_iIeqZ-nNVmWgRRajg3s5kvov8SrrUFSoi9uOmQb07mC5DGogflg4bRskz49TEbAZbyl7MdrPJDneokDxuE9rfI6R/s1600/IMG_9469.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
TDA3300 3301 TV COLOR PROCESSOR<br />
<br />
This device will accept a PAL or NTSC composite video signal and output the<br />
three color signals, needing only a simple driver amplifier to interface to the pic-<br />
ture tube. The provision of high bandwidth on-screen display inputs makes it<br />
suitable for text display, TV games, cameras, etc. The TDA3301 B has user con»<br />
trol laws, and also a phase shift control which operates in PAL, as well as NTSC.<br />
0 Automatic Black Level Setup<br />
0 Beam Current Limiting<br />
0 Uses Inexpensive 4.43 MHZ to 3.58 MHz Crystal<br />
0 No Oscillator Adjustment Required<br />
0 Three OSD Inputs Plus Fast Blanking Input<br />
0 Four DC, High Impedance User Controls<br />
0 lnterlaces with TDA33030B SECAM Adaptor<br />
0 Single 12 V Supply<br />
0 Low Dissipation, Typically 600 mW<br />
The brilliance control operates by adding a pedestal to the output<br />
signals. The amplitude of the pedestal is controlled by Pin 30.<br />
During CRT beam current sampling a standard pedestal is<br />
substituted, its value being equivalent tothe value given by V30 Nom<br />
Brightness at black level with V30 Nom is given by the sum of three gun<br />
currents at the sampling level, i.e. 3x20 |.1A with 100 k reference<br />
resistors on Pins 16, 19, and 22.<br />
During picture blanking the brilliance pedestal is zero; therefore, the<br />
output voltage during blanking is always the minimum brilliance black<br />
level (Note: Signal channels are also gain blanked).<br />
<br />
Chrominance Decoder<br />
The chrominance decoder section of the TDA3301 B<br />
consists of the following blocks:<br />
Phase-locked reference oscillator;<br />
Phase-locked 90 degree servo loop;<br />
U and V axis decoders<br />
ACC detector and identification detector; .<br />
Identification circuits and PAL bistable; .<br />
Color difference filters and matrixes with fast blanking<br />
Circuits.<br />
The major design considerations apart from optimum<br />
performance were:<br />
o A minimum number of factory adjustments,<br />
o A minimum number of external components,<br />
0 Compatibility with SECAM adapter TDA3030B,<br />
0 Low dissipation,<br />
0 Use of a standard 4.433618 Mhz crystal rather<br />
than a 2.0 fc crystal with a divider.<br />
<br />
The crystal VCO is of the phase shift variety in which the<br />
frequency is controlled by varying the phase of the feedback.<br />
A great deal of care was taken to ensure that the oscillator loop<br />
gain and the crystal loading impedance were held constant in<br />
order to ensure that the circuit functions well with low grade<br />
crystal (crystals having high magnitude spurious responses<br />
can cause bad phase jitter). lt is also necessary to ensure that<br />
the gain at third harmonic is low enough to ensure absence of<br />
oscillation at this frequency.<br />
<br />
It can be seen that the<br />
necessary 1 45°C phase shift is obtained by variable addition<br />
ol two currents I1 and I2 which are then fed into the load<br />
resistance of the crystal tuned circuit R1. Feedback is taken<br />
from the crystal load capacitance which gives a voltage of VF<br />
lagging the crystal current by 90°.<br />
The RC network in the T1 collector causes I1 to lag the<br />
collector current of T1 by 45°.<br />
For SECAM operation, the currents I1 and I2 are added<br />
together in a fixed ratio giving a frequency close to nominal.<br />
When decoding PAL there are two departures from normal<br />
chroma reference regeneration practice:<br />
a) The loop is locked to the burst entering from the PAL<br />
delay line matrix U channel and hence there is no<br />
alternating component. A small improvement in signal<br />
noise ratio is gained but more important is that the loop<br />
filter is not compromised by the 7.8 kHz component<br />
normally required at this point for PAL identification<br />
b) The H/2 switching of the oscillator phase is carried out<br />
before the phase detector. This implies any error signal<br />
from the phase detector is a signal at 7.8 kHz and not dc.<br />
A commutator at the phase detector output also driven<br />
from the PAL bistable coverts this ac signal to a dc prior<br />
to the loop filter. The purpose ot this is that constant<br />
offsets in the phase detector are converted by the<br />
commutator to a signal at 7.8 kHz which is integrated to<br />
zero and does not give a phase error.<br />
When used for decoding NTSC the bistable is inhibited, and<br />
slightly less accurate phasing is achieved; however, as a hue<br />
control is used on NTSC this cannot be considered to be a<br />
serious disadvantage.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s1282/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s320/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXBp2RU0b9aIHPwfvTjyf7Q5lVIlO-emdYzlUOgmGbVkUgziCqZAG_iIeqZ-nNVmWgRRajg3s5kvov8SrrUFSoi9uOmQb07mC5DGogflg4bRskz49TEbAZbyl7MdrPJDneokDxuE9rfI6R/s1600/IMG_9469.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
<br />
90° Reference Generation<br />
To generate the U axis reference a variable all-pass network<br />
is utilized in a servo loop. The output of the all-pass network<br />
is compared with the oscillator output with a phase detector of<br />
which the output is filtered and corrects the operating point of<br />
the variable all»pass network .<br />
As with the reference loop the oscillator signal is taken after<br />
the H/2 phase switch and a commutator inserted before the<br />
filter so that constant phase detector errors are cancelled.<br />
For SECAM operation the loop filter is grounded causing<br />
near zero phase shift so that the two synchronous detectors<br />
work in phase and not in quadralure.<br />
The use of a 4.4 MHz oscillator and a servo loop to generate<br />
the required 90° reference signal allows the use of a standard,<br />
high volume, low cost crystal and gives an extremely accurate<br />
90° which may be easily switched to 0° for decoding AM<br />
SECAM generated by the TDA3030B adapter.<br />
<br />
ACC and Identification Detectors<br />
During burst gate time the output components of the U and<br />
also the V demodulators are steered into PNP emitters. One<br />
collector current of each PNP pair is mirrored and balanced<br />
against its twin giving push-pull current sources for driving the<br />
ACC and the identification filter capacitors.<br />
The identification detector is given an internal offset by<br />
making the NPN current mirror emitter resistors unequal. The<br />
resistors are offset by 5% such that the identification detector<br />
pulls up on its filter capacitor with zero signal.<br />
Identification<br />
See Figure 11 for definitions.<br />
Monochrome I1 > I2<br />
PAL ldent. OK I1 < lg<br />
PAL ldent_ X l1 > I2<br />
NTSC I3 > I2<br />
Only for correctly identified PAL signal is the capacitor<br />
voltage held low since I2 is then greater than I1.<br />
For monochrome and incorrectly identified PAL signals l1>l2<br />
hence voltage VC rises with each burst gate pulse.<br />
When V,ef1 is exceeded by 0.7 V Latch 1 is made to conduct<br />
which increases the rate of voltage rise on C. Maximum<br />
current is limited by R1.<br />
When Vref2 is exceeded by 0.7 V then Latch 2 is made to<br />
conduct until C is completely discharged and the current drops<br />
to a value insufficient to hold on Latch 2.<br />
As Latch 2 turns on Latch 1 must turn off.<br />
Latch 2 turning on gives extra trigger pulse to bistable to<br />
correct identification.<br />
The inhibit line on Latch 2 restricts its conduction to alternate<br />
lines as controlled by the bistable. This function allows the<br />
SECAM switching line to inhibit the bistable operation by firing<br />
Latch 2 in the correct phase for SECAM. For NTSC, Latch 2<br />
is fired by a current injected on Pin 6.<br />
lf the voltage on C is greater than 1.4 V, then the saturation<br />
is held down. Only for SECAM/NTSC with Latch 2 on, or<br />
correctly identified PAL, can the saturation control be<br />
anywhere but minimum.<br />
NTSC Switch<br />
NTSC operation is selected when current (I3) is injected into<br />
Pin 6. On the TDA33O1 B this current must be derived<br />
externally by connecting Pin 6 to +12 V via a 27 k resistor (as<br />
on TDA33OOB). For normal PAL operation Pin 40 should be<br />
connected to +12 V and Pin 6 to the filter capacitor.<br />
<br />
4 Color Difference Matrixing, Color Killing,<br />
and Chroma Blanking<br />
During picture time the two demodulators feed simple RC<br />
filters with emitter follower outputs. Color killing and blanking<br />
is performed by lifting these outputs to a voltage above the<br />
maximum value that the color difference signal could supply.<br />
The color difference matrixing is performed by two<br />
differential amplifiers, each with one side split to give the<br />
correct values of the -(B-Y) and -(Ft-Y) signals. These are<br />
added to give the (G-Y) signal.<br />
The three color difference signals are then taken to the<br />
virtual grounds of the video output stages together with<br />
luminance signal.<br />
Sandcastle Selection<br />
The TDA3301B may be used with a two level sandcastle<br />
and a separate frame pulse to Pin 28, or with only a three level<br />
(super) sandcastle. In the latter case, a resistor of 1.0 MQ is<br />
necessary from + 12 V to Pin 28 and a 70 pF capacitor from<br />
Pin 28 to ground.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s1282/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdC5Fo8u8SI92UavhqrRZ0_6ukco-P2CKW4T1V6T3SjaOlXqZcNPoBTLFYFVOVJkQoFbxrPgSs6zdF43KigJNsTNazMeH81gjg_mALlw0IPz_ur8zDncTChKqeasEK-ws1ITCMtMDi6YHpbpBnIDTVpv1uLqkoLceFamAZdEwg5D54ncDwCyaaxei4PjN/s320/IMGH_13442__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><p><br />
Timing Counter for Sample Control<br />
In order to control beam current sampling at the beginning<br />
of each frame scan, two edge triggered flip-flops are used.<br />
The output K ofthe first flip-flop A is used to clock the second<br />
tlip-flop B. Clocking of A by the burst gate is inhibited by a count<br />
of A.B.<br />
The count sequence can only be initiated by the trailing<br />
edge of the frame pulse. ln order to provide control signals for:<br />
Luma/Chroma blanking<br />
Beam current sampling<br />
On-screen display blanking<br />
Brilliance control<br />
The appropriate flip-flop outputs ar matrixed with sandcastle<br />
and frame signals by an emitter-follower matrix.<br />
<br />
Video Output Sections<br />
Each video output stage consists of a feedback amplifier in A further drive current is used to control the DC operating<br />
which the input signal is a current drive to the virtual earth from point; this is derived from the sample and hold stage which<br />
the luminance, color difference and on-screen display stages. samples the beam current after frame flyback.</p><br /><p><b>TDA1670A VERTICAL DEFLECTION CIRCUIT</b><br />.SYNCHRONISATION CIRCUIT<br />.ESD PROTECTED<br />.PRECISION OSCILLATOR AND RAMP<br />GENERATOR<br />.POWER OUTPUT AMPLIFIER WITH HIGH<br />CURRENT CAPABILITY<br />.FLYBACK GENERATOR<br />.VOLTAGE REGULATOR<br />.PRECISION BLANKING PULSE GENERATOR<br />.THERMAL SHUT DOWN PROTECTION<br />.CRT SCREEN PROTECTION CIRCUIT<br />WHICH BLANKS THE BEAM CURRENT IN<br />THE EVENT OF LOSS OF VERTICAL DEFLECTION CURRENT.</p><p><br />DESCRIPTION<br />The TDA1670A is a monolithic integrated circuit in 15-lead Multiwatt® package. It is a full performance and very efficient vertical deflection circuit intended for direct drive of the yoke of 110o colour TV picture tubes. It offers a wide range of applications also in portable CTVs, B&W TVs, monitors and displays.</p><p><br />APPLICATION INFORMATION<br />Oscillator and sync gate (Clock generation) The oscillator is obtained by means of an integrator driven by a two threshold circuit that switches Ro high or low so allowing the charge or the discharge of Co under constant current conditions. The Sync input pulse at the Sync gate lowers the level of the upper threshold and than it controls the period duration. A clock pulse is generated. Pin 4 is the inverting input of the amplifier used as integrator. Pin 6 is the output of the switch driven by the internal clock pulse generated by the threshold circuits. Pin 3 is the output of the amplifier. Pin 5 is the input for sync pulses (positive) Ramp generator and buffer stage A current mirror, the current intensity of which can be externally adjusted, charges one capacitor producing a linear voltage ramp. The internal clock pulse stops the increasing ramp by a very fast discharge of the capacitor a new voltage ramp is immediately allowed. The required value of the capacitance is obtained by means of the series of two capacitors Ca and Cb, which allow the linearity control by applying a feedback between the output of the buffer and the tapping from Ca and Cb. Pin 7 The resistance between pin 7 and ground defines the current mirror current and than the height of the scanning. Pin 9 is the output of the current mirror that charges the series of Ca and Cb. This pin is also the input of the buffer stage. Pin 10 is the output of the buffer stage and it is internally coupled to the inverting input of the power amplifier through R1. Power amplifier This amplifier is a voltage-to-current power converter, the transconductance of which is externally defined by means of a negative current feedback. The output stage of the power amplifier is supplied by the main supply during the trace period, and by the flyback generator circuit during the most of the duration of the flyback time. The internal clock turns off the lower power output stage to start the flyback. The power output stage is thermally protected by sensing the junction temperature and then by putting off the current sources of the power stage. Pin 12 is the inverting input of the amplifier. An external network, Ra and Rb, defines the DClevel across Cy so allowing a correct centering of the output voltage. The series network Rc and Cc, in conjunction with Ra and Rb, applies at the feedback input I2 a small part of the parabola, available across Cy, and AC feedback voltage, taken across Rf. The external components Rc, Ra and Rd, produce the linearity correction on the output scanning currentIy and their values must be optimized for each type of CRT. Pin 11 is the non-inverting input. At this pin the non-inverting input reference voltage supplied by the voltage regulator can be measured. A capacitor must be connected to increase the performances from the noise point of view. Pin 1 is the output of the power amplifier and it drives the yoke by a negative slope current ramply. Re and the Boucherot cell are used to stabilize the power amplifier. Pin 2 The<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s320/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" /></a> supply of the power output stage is forced at this pin. During the trace time the supply voltage is obtained from the main supply voltage VS by a diode, while during the retrace time this pin is supplied from the flyback generator. Flyback generator This circuit supplies both the power amplifier output stage and the yoke during the most of the duration of the flyback time (retrace). The internal clock opens the loop of the amplifier and lets pin 1 floating so allowing the rising of the flyback. Crossing the main supply voltage at pin 14, the flyback pulse front end drives the flyback generator in such a way allowing its output to reach and overcome the main supply voltage, starting from a low condition forced during the trace period. An integrated diode stops the rising of this output increase and the voltage jump is transferred by means of capacitor Cf at the supply voltage pin of the power stage (pin 2). When the current across the yoke changes its direction, the output of the flyback generator falls down to the main supply voltage and it is stopped by means of the saturated output darlington at a high level. At this time the flyback generator starts to supply the power output amplifier output stage by a diode inside the device. The flyback generator supplies the yoke too. Later, the increasing flyback current reaches the peak value and then the flyback time is completed: the trace period restarts. The output of the power amplifier (pin 1) falls under the main supply voltage and the output of the flyback generator is driven for a low state so allowing the flyback capacitor Cf to restore the energy lost during the retrace. Pin 15 is the output of the flyback generator that, when driven, jumps from low to high condition. An external capacitor Cf transfers the jump to pin 2 (see pin 2). Blanking generator and CRT protection This circuit is a pulse shaper and its output goes high during the blanking period or for CRT protection. The input is internally driven by the clock pulse that defines the width of the blanking time when a flyback pulse has been generated. If the flyback pulse is absent (short cirucit or open cirucit of the yoke), the blanking output remains high so allowing the CRT protection. Pin 13 is an open collector output where the blanking pulse is available. Voltage regulator The main supply voltage VS, is lowered and regulated internally to allow the required reference voltages for all the above described blocks. Pin 14 is the main supply voltage input VS (positive). Pin 8 is the GND pin or the negative input of VS.</p><p><br />MOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS<br />The power dissipated in the circuit must be<br />removed by adding an external heatsink. Thanks<br />to the MULTIWATT ® package attaching the<br />heatsink is very simple, a screw or a compression<br />spring (clip) being sufficient. Between the heatsink<br />and the package, it is better to insert a layer of<br />silicon grease, to optimize the thermal contact; no<br />electrical isolation is needed between the two<br />surfaces.<br />
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</p><p>SINUDYNE XANTOS N (20036) <span style="font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold;">CHASSIS PROFESSIONAL 5000 Digital phase locked loop tuning system </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">/ PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s320/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEqD0Gjk2bVpUkST8tSJsxGsASzRwy89RJlKvHQKqO4NkrGsWb8hFhH8ArV7BNpyUSmZVqFxXpXBRU2CJwHvodZKUfjDUbTAYpFFBIGAoSFhtSjekEKiTBkq6_Yo0lQ7HI_n_IYxyxxsYa/s1600/IMG_9470.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
A phase locked loop circuit for use in an automatic frequency
synthesizing system. The system includes a programmer circuit which is
responsive to a channel number input signal and generates a first
digital control signal which is representative of the selected channel
number and a second digital control signal which is representative of a
predetermined group of channel numbers. A programmable divider is
controlled by the programming circuit and generates a digital output
signal which causes the phase locked loop circuit to generate a desired
system output frequency corresponding to the selected channel number
input signal. The phase locked loop circuit includes automatic fine
tuning and manual fine tuning features.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A digital phase locked loop tuning system responsive to a local
oscillator signal for producing a frequency synthesized digital output
signal which is utilized to control the frequency of the local
oscillator, the local oscillator having a plurality of frequencies
associated therewith corresponding, respectively, to a plurality of
selectable channels, each of the channels being allocated to one of at
least two channel groups with each channel in a particular channel group
being separated from an adjacent channel in the particular channel
group by a predetermined frequency spacing of the local oscillator,
comprising: <br />
programming means responsive to an input signal representing a selected
channel number of a particular channel group for generating a first
digital control signal having a value corresponding to the selected
channel number and for generating a second digital control signal
representative of said particular channel group, said second digital
control signal being a constant predetermined value for all of said
channel numbers that are within said group; and <br />
programmable divider means coupled to said programming means being
responsive to said first, second digital control signals and the local
oscillator signal, in a local oscillator mode, for generating the
digital output signal which is representative of a desired frequency
corresponding to said selected channel number, said programmable divider
means including means for dividing the local oscillator signal by first
and second factors, said first factor being related to the frequency
separation between local oscillator signals by an integral number, the
local oscillator signal being divided by said first factor during a
first interval for a first number of periods of the output signal and
being divided by said second factor for a second number of periods of
the output signal, said first number of periods being related to the
number of the channel selected, said second number being related to the
channel group within which the selected channel lies.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Phase locked loop system according to claim 1, wherein said
programming means including means coupled to said programming means for
receiving an MFT signal and being responsive to said MFT signal for
altering said first and second digital control signals, and said
programmable divider means being responsive to said altered digital
control signals for generating an altered system output frequency.
<br />
<br />
3. Phase locked loop system according to claim 2, wherein said
programming means includes first terminal means coupled to said
programming means for receiving an AFT control signal, and first logic
means responsive to the input signal and the AFT control signal for
generating the first digital control signal.
<br />
<br />
4. Phase locked loop system according to claim 3, wherein said
programming means includes second logic means coupled to said first
logic means and responsive to the AFT control signal for generating the
second digital control signal. <br />
<br />
5. Phase locked loop system according to claim 4, wherein said second
logic means includes group decoder means coupled to said first logic
means. <br />
<br />
6. Phase locked loop circuit means according to claim 5, wherein said
second logic means includes memory means coupled to said group decoder
means and to said first terminal means. <br />
<br />
7. Phase locked loop system according to claim 6, wherein said second
logic means includes second terminal means for receiving an MFT signal,
and up/down counter latch means coupled to said memory means and to said
second terminal means for altering said first and second digital
control signals in response to said MFT signal.
<br />
<br />
8. Phase locked loop system according to claim 7, wherein said second
logic means includes adder means coupled to said up/down counter latch
means to said memory means. <br />
<br />
9. Phase locked loop system according to claim 3, wherein said first
logic means includes channel number generator means coupled to said
first terminal means and responsive to said input signal.
<br />
<br />
10. Phase locked loop system according to claim 9, wherein said channel
number generator means includes first and second data selector means
coupled to said first terminal means, and adder means coupled to said
second data selector means and to said up/down counter latch means.
<br />
<br />
11. Phase locked loop system according to claim 1, wherein said means
for dividing the local oscillator signal includes programmable counter
means for generating a modulus control output signal, and variable
modulus prescaler divider means coupled to and responsive to said
programmable counter means, said variable modulus prescaler divider
means dividing the local oscillator signal by said first and second
factors. <br />
<br />
12. Phase locked loop system according to claim 11, wherein said
programmable counter means includes third data selector means coupled to
receive said first and second digital control signals and said modulus
control signal. <br />
<br />
13. Phase locked loop system according to claim 12, wherein said
programmable counter means includes a programmable counter coupled to
said third data selector means and to said variable modulus prescaler
divider means. <br />
<br />
14. Phase locked loop system according to claim 13, wherein said
programmable counter means includes look ahead circuit means coupled to
said programmable counter, and divide by two circuit means coupled to
said look ahead circuit means for generating said modulus control output
signal. <br />
<br />
15. Phase locked loop tuning system according to claim 1 including digital automatic fine tuning (AFT) means wherein: <br />
said programmable divider means includes switching means responsive to
an AFT control signal to inhibit the local oscillator signal to said
programmable divider means and to provide an input signal thereto of a
different frequency than the local oscillator signal; and <br />
said programming means including logic means responsive to said AFT
control signal for altering said first and second digital control
signals to predetermined values to cause the phase locked loop tuning
system to be operable in an automatic fine tuning mode.<br />
<br />
<br />
16. Phase locked loop tuning system of claim 15 wherein said programmable divider means includes: <br />
programmable counter means for generating first and second modulus control signals; and <br />
dual modulus prescaler means responsive to said first modulus control
signal for dividing the local oscillator signal in said local oscillator
mode and said input signal of a different frequency in said automatic
fine tuning mode by said first factor which is equal to the integer six
and being responsive to said second modulus control signal for dividing
said local oscillator signal and said input signal of a different
frequency by said second factor which is equal to the integer five
respectively.<br />
<br />
<br />
17. Phase locked loop tuning system of claim 16 wherein said signal of a
different frequency is an intermediate frequency signal provided by the
tuning system and supplied to said switching means.
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s320/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEqD0Gjk2bVpUkST8tSJsxGsASzRwy89RJlKvHQKqO4NkrGsWb8hFhH8ArV7BNpyUSmZVqFxXpXBRU2CJwHvodZKUfjDUbTAYpFFBIGAoSFhtSjekEKiTBkq6_Yo0lQ7HI_n_IYxyxxsYa/s1600/IMG_9470.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
18. In a phase locked loop tuning system for receiving a channel number
input signal and a local oscillator signal having groups of selectable
frequencies wherein the frequency spacing between each adjacent local
oscillator frequency within a single group is uniform, the improvement
comprising programmable divider means for generating a digital output
signal representative of a desired tuning system output frequency
including variable modulus prescaler divider means having a prescaler
division ratio being equal to P = S/Y' for dividing the local oscillator
frequency by said prescaler division ratio during a first interval for a
first number of periods of the digital output signal and for dividing
the local oscillator frequency by a second prescaler division ratio
during a second interval for a second number of periods, said second
ratio being related to said first ratio, where S is the frequency
spacing between each adjacent local oscillator frequency within a single
group (i), Y<sub>i</sub> =D<sub>i</sub> -X<sub>i</sub> S, where D<sub>i</sub> is said desired tuning system output frequency within said selected group; X<sub>i</sub> =D<sub>i</sub> /S rounded off to the nearest integer; Y' is chosen such that Y<sub>i</sub> /Y' is an integer and S/Y' is an integer and Y' is the smallest value of all values of Y<sub>i</sub>. <br />
<br />
19. In a receiver including a tuning apparatus for providing a plurality
of local oscillator signals each corresponding to a respective one of a
plurality of selectable channels, each of the channels being allocated
to one of at least two channel groups wherein each channel is separated
from an adjacent channel in the respective channel group by a
predetermined frequency spacing, a phase locked loop tuning system for
producing a frequency synthesized output signal for controlling the
frequency of the local oscillator, comprising: <br />
variable modulus divider means for selectively dividing the frequency of
the local oscillator signal by first and second factors in response to a
modulus control signal to provide an output signal, said first factor
being related to the frequency separation between local oscillator
signals by an integral number; and <br />
programmable means for generating said modulus control signal to cause
said variable modulus divider means to divide by said first factor
during a first interval for a first number of periods of said output
signal and to divide by said second factor during a second interval for a
second number of periods of said output signal, said first number of
periods being related to the number of the channel selected, said second
number of periods being related to the channel group corresponding to
the selected channel.<br />
<br />
<br />
20. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 19 wherein said programmable means includes: <br />
programming means responsive to a selected channel input signal for
producing first and second digital output signals, said first digital
output signal being related to the selected channel number plus one of
two constant values which are determined in accordance within which
channel group the selected channel input signal lies, said second
digital signal being a constant value for all selected channels within a
channel group; and <br />
programmable divider means responsive to said first and second digital
output signals from said programming means for providing said variable
modulus control signal and the frequency synthesized output signal.<br />
<br />
<br />
21. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 20 wherein said
programming means includes automatic fine tuning (AFT) means responsive
to a AFT control signal being applied thereto when the receiver is
placed in an AFT mode wherein: <br />
said variable modulus divider means is caused to receive a input signal different from the local oscillator signal; <br />
said programming means being responsive to the AFT control signal for
altering said first and second digital signals such that the receiver is
finely tuned to the frequency of the received signal applied to the
receiver.<br />
<br />
<br />
22. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 21 wherein said
programming means includes means for receiving a manual fine tuning
(MFT) signal for altering said first and second digital output signals,
and said programmable divider means being responsive to said altered
digital control signals for generating an altered output signal.
<br />
<br />
23. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 19 wherein the one of
said first and second factors is an even number and the other is an odd
number. <br />
<br />
24. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 23 wherein said first
factor is the integer six and said second factor is the integer five.
<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
This invention relates to digital tuning systems, and more particularly,
to a simplified digital phase locked loop (PLL) tuning system
incorporating unique digital automatic fine tuning and manual fine
tuning schemes. <br />
Since the appearance of varactor tuners for television, many tuning
address schemes have evolved for controlling them. PLL techniques have
maintained a performance advantage but have suffered a cost disadvantage
due to complexity, the high frequencies involved, the need for
automatic fine tuning and in some localities, the need for a manual fine
tuning arrangement. With the advances that have taken place in
semiconductor technology in the last several years, the high operating
frequencies no longer present a significant problem. <br />
Prior art PLL systems for use in television tuners have not yet been
able to incorporate an automatic fine tuning feature, nor have they been
able to incorporate a manual fine tuning system which would enable the
PLL tuning system to be intentionally offset in predetermined
increments. Television sets normally have an automatic fine tuning (AFT)
feature, but this is normally incorporated as a separate circuit which
is not directly incorporated into the television tuner. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s320/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEqD0Gjk2bVpUkST8tSJsxGsASzRwy89RJlKvHQKqO4NkrGsWb8hFhH8ArV7BNpyUSmZVqFxXpXBRU2CJwHvodZKUfjDUbTAYpFFBIGAoSFhtSjekEKiTBkq6_Yo0lQ7HI_n_IYxyxxsYa/s1600/IMG_9470.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
An additional disadvantage of prior art PLL systems which are designed
for use in a television tuner environment is that they are highly
complex and relatively expensive. In order to convert the channel number
input into the proper digital control signals for the PLL, a relatively
large ROM having a capacity on the order of 82 words by 12 bits was
required. The best prior art PLL tuning systems require two high speed
programmable counters which greatly increase the system complexity. This
together with the large ROM which the system required, greatly
decreased the cost effectiveness of the system so that commercial
manufacturers were able to use these prior art PLL systems only in their
most expensive commercial television receivers. <br />
Therefore, it is a feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL
tuning system which incorporates design techniques that vastly simplify
the complexity of the PLL while at the same time allowing the system to
meet the latest needs of a television tuning system or any other PLL
tuning system which is addressed by a channel number. <br />
It is another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL tuning
system that has the ability to automatically tune nonprecise station
frequencies and the ability to be manually fine tuned. <br />
It is yet another feature of the present invention to provide a digital
PLL tuning system having only a single high speed programmable counter
and requiring a ROM capacity of only 5 words by 9 bits. <br />
It is still another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL
tuning system which performs the automatic fine tuning feature by
utilizing the PLL tuning system as a digital discriminator. <br />
It is yet another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL
tuning system incorporating a manual fine tuning (MFT) arrangement which
is capable of intentionally offsetting the local oscillator frequency
of a TV tuner in one megahertz steps or of offsetting TV IF frequency in
steps of 125 kilohertz. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
The preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a phase
locked loop circuit means for an automatic frequency synthesizing
system. The phase locked loop circuit means includes programming means
which is responsive to an input signal representing a selected channel
number for generating a first digital control signal representative of
the selected channel number and for generating a second digital control
signal representative of a predetermined group of channel numbers. A
programmable divider means is coupled to the first and second digital
control signals and generates a digital output signal representative of a
desired system output frequency corresponding to the selected channel
number. <br />
The phase locked loop circuit means further includes an automatic fine
tuning feature for fine tuning the phase locked loop output frequency to
the exact frequency of the received signal. The system further includes
a manual fine tuning provision which allows the phase locked loop
operating frequency to be intentionally offset in predetermined
increments. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div><p> <span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA2541 IF AMPLIFIER WITH DEMODULATOR AND AFC</span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjheBBZDGCZRj8s1oFosUaCcO-CEPKsvBFzrhLDv09lpe4GtyAY-jcuEMzgS6rkSPe4OsmfUqtB9tAy0tjRCjzqpK3mZLaHXFv_94ukpJyG0whBvNiM-8VeuAzfZARlHG-AeorRxoaQuq3H/s1600/tda2541.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5630056887048066498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjheBBZDGCZRj8s1oFosUaCcO-CEPKsvBFzrhLDv09lpe4GtyAY-jcuEMzgS6rkSPe4OsmfUqtB9tAy0tjRCjzqpK3mZLaHXFv_94ukpJyG0whBvNiM-8VeuAzfZARlHG-AeorRxoaQuq3H/s320/tda2541.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s1282/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2J6UJbm9zpWZ95OvxjcWmOXE60JaBxlQSxaa91v3TOXXbyMZUTOWAvfEOED-c4Bu09lHxQqrVM0GhBEVy_33L7IQASOQEqGuxgt2AMnvaK94P2ngiYxvX_L0TH39cOmytta1R0AFVeGg7wHJdk4_Q6d045_PlTWZAEajWVlz9c8qo1F4_KJn9XAt6QGOU/s320/IMGH_13440__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEqD0Gjk2bVpUkST8tSJsxGsASzRwy89RJlKvHQKqO4NkrGsWb8hFhH8ArV7BNpyUSmZVqFxXpXBRU2CJwHvodZKUfjDUbTAYpFFBIGAoSFhtSjekEKiTBkq6_Yo0lQ7HI_n_IYxyxxsYa/s1600/IMG_9470.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvUEhaoBLnryb6vDSztc8DEllP8DTGtOQPw8P4JD6SNPCxr-iAdiLNHRUDPan65FD66ZckCpc2r8m9Kp5nBH1H_KOg0iF2esyd4SSw0uFQk9DUSE3C9iwdqygnaQ-n1XnM_xMjHyjnR2TI/s1600/IMGH_1703.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-style: italic;">DESCRIPTION<br />The TDA2540 and 2541 are IF amplifier and A.M.<br />demodulator circuits for colour and black and white<br />television receivers using PNP or NPN tuners. They<br />are intended for reception of negative or positive<br />modulation CCIR standard.<br />They
incorporate the following functions : .Gain controlled amplifier
.Synchronous demodulator .White spot inverter .Video preamplifier with
noise protection .Switchable AFC .AGC with noise gating .Tuner AGC
output (NPN tuner for 2540)-(PNP<br />tuner for 2541) .VCR switch for video output inhibition (VCR<br />play back).</span>An
automatic fine tuning (AFT) circuit is provided which generates an AFT
control signal in response to a video intermediate frequency (I.F.)
signal. The I.F. signal is supplied to the inputs of two buffer
amplifiers, which couple signals of like phase relationship to two
inputs of a discriminator network. The discriminator network is tuned to
the desired frequency of the video I.F. signal, and is responsive to
the buffered I.F. signals for causing respective signal voltages to be
developed at its inputs which vary differentially in magnitude in
response to the frequency deviation of the I.F. signals from the desired
I.F. frequency. The differentially related signals are detected by two
peak detector networks for use as AFT control signals. The buffer
amplifiers and peak detectors may be conveniently fabricated on a single
I.C. chip. The discriminator network is coupled to the buffer
amplifiers by two external I.C. terminals. <br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></p><p>ITT TDA1236 AUDIO AMPLIFIER. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPC_4u3S9PIauEHZXmuKgXG5dPOc7PA5IrHODUj7vMUs9dYHCVFC47sNloD8If87J28DWpwjVtkks_TYvLUidi1xh095ql1ypq3ZskRO-RCVs4Fq_LdwkUiQW8f-FrH02jXBtHVz8eYCTzPFPNzKtylk4LxTH71GL3cuuSeviW6bMy_3ztrgTTXikWfk2J/s1282/IMGH_13436__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPC_4u3S9PIauEHZXmuKgXG5dPOc7PA5IrHODUj7vMUs9dYHCVFC47sNloD8If87J28DWpwjVtkks_TYvLUidi1xh095ql1ypq3ZskRO-RCVs4Fq_LdwkUiQW8f-FrH02jXBtHVz8eYCTzPFPNzKtylk4LxTH71GL3cuuSeviW6bMy_3ztrgTTXikWfk2J/s320/IMGH_13436__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBE2WWK-Golgnis9_GRVeLOCKu09iTciRRFGX519mWyL4UpLajyLXkxCAs0yd4Czmv-ZhMjR1ID_8zCIAk5ZRAFo9X0KISlif5QHbJl155sGvDlCrmKMmCG7Y640_A-6aILkpPqM0lb9W-42IuYTICEDvYkJ5LGO47sNIFc6VIMsTJfoTDfeERArnTOIFP/s1601/ITT_TDA1236__TVMS.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1030" data-original-width="1601" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBE2WWK-Golgnis9_GRVeLOCKu09iTciRRFGX519mWyL4UpLajyLXkxCAs0yd4Czmv-ZhMjR1ID_8zCIAk5ZRAFo9X0KISlif5QHbJl155sGvDlCrmKMmCG7Y640_A-6aILkpPqM0lb9W-42IuYTICEDvYkJ5LGO47sNIFc6VIMsTJfoTDfeERArnTOIFP/s320/ITT_TDA1236__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA1950 (itt), Line Circuits for TV Receivers</span> (18-Pin Plastic Package)<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-COxK42EVAq4/ThNqXD4iNuI/AAAAAAAAIP8/yHGSV0F90A0/s1600/tda1950.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5625957303927846626" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-COxK42EVAq4/ThNqXD4iNuI/AAAAAAAAIP8/yHGSV0F90A0/s320/tda1950.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 170px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
These integrated circuits are advanced versions of the well-known types TDA1940, TDA1940F, TDA1950 and TDA1950F are identical<br />
TBA940/950, TDA9400/9500 etc. integrated line oscillator circuits.
except the following: at pin 2 the types having the suffix "F"
supply ,<br />
They comprise all stages for sync separation and line
synchronisation horizontal output pulses of longer duration
compared with the basic I<br />
in TV receivers in one single silicon chip. Due to their high
degree of types Integration, the number of external components is
very small.<br />
This integrated circuit contains the horizontal sweep generator
(HO), the amplitude filter (AS), the sync-signal separating circuit
(SA) and the frequency/phase comparator (FP). For the purpose of
suppressing noise pulses which are caused via the operating voltage
during the upper and the lower inversion point of the horizontal
sweep generator (HO) which contains a single capacitor (C) and a
first threshold stage circuit (SS1) with two fixed thresholds,
there are provided a second and a third threshold stage circuit
(SS2, SS3), to the inputs of which the sawtooth signal is applied,
and with the thresholds thereof, approximately 2 μs prior to
reaching the upper or the lower peak value of the sawtooth signal,
are being passed through thereby. The output signal of the second
threshold circuit (SS2) and the output signal of the third
threshold stage circuit (SS3) which is applied via the pulse shaper
circuit (IF), are superimposed linearly and, via the stopper
circuit (blocking stage) (SP) serve to control the application of the
composite video signal (BAS) to the amplitude filter (AS), or else
they are applied to a clamping circuit which serves to apply the
operating points of the amplitude filter (AS) and/or of the
sync-signal separating circuit (SA) to such a potential that these
two stages, for the time duration of these output pulses, are
prevented from operating.<br />
1. An integrated circuit for color television receivers, comprising
a voltage- or current-controlled horizontal sweep generator (HO),
an amplitude filter (AS), a synchronizing-signal separating circuit
(SA) and a frequency/phase comparator (FP) which serves to
synchronize the horizontal sweep generator (HO), with said
generator being a sawtooth generator containing a single capacitor<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s320/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCN7gBavMuoQf6-hEqarA1nEn92OoSeMHIY236iXraJnqbu1D0i0DJwDneuS3VyNGr2A8xa1MEcpC-5p5e3cxLfW8DQPrj1_sO7OSLpEeEIk9Ui9RebP1oKcqQ7KX_LMIyrvj2zO2_D-z/s1600/IMG_5499.jpg"></a> (C) and a first threshold stage circuit (SS1) having two fixed thresholds, said integrated circuit further comprising: <br />
a second and a third threshold stage circuit (SS2, SS3) each being
supplied with the sawtooth signal on the input side, comprising each
time one threshold which, approximately 2μs prior to the reaching
of the upper or the lower peak value of the sawtooth signal, is
being passed thereby; <br />
a pulse shaper circuit (IF) coupled to the output of said third
threshold stage circuit (SS3) which pulse shaper circuit reduces
the duration of the output pulse thereof to about the duration of
the output pulse of said second threshold stage circuit (SS2), and <br />
a stopper circuit (blocking stage) (SP) coupled to the outputs of
both said pulse shaper circuit (IF) and said second threshold stage
circuit (SS2), said stopper circuit having a signal input to which
there is applied a composite video signal (BAS) and a signal
output which is coupled to the input of said amplitude filter (AS).<br />
<br />
<br />
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein the outputs of both said pulse
shaper circuit (IF) and said second threshold stage circuit (SS2)
are coupled to a clamping circuit which applies the operating points
of said amplitude filter (AS) and said sync-separating signal (SA)
to such a potential that they are prevented from operating.
<br />
<br />
3. An integrated horizontal sweep circuit comprising: <br />
a generator for generating a sawtooth signal; <br />
an amplitude filter having an input for receiving a composite video signal and having an output; <br />
a sync-signal separating circuit having an input coupled to said amplitude filter output and having an output; <br />
a frequency/phase comparator having a first input coupled to said separating circuit output, <br />
a second input receiving said sawtooth signal and an output for controlling said generator; and <br />
a control circuit responsive to said sawtooth signal for inhibiting
said composite video signal when said sawtooth signal is within
predetermined signal level ranges about the upper and lower inversion
points of said sawtooth signal.<br />
<br />
<br />
4. An integrated circuit in accordance with claim 3 wherein: <br />
said generator comprises a capacitor, circuit means for charging and
discharging said capacitor, and a first threshold circuit
controlling said circuit means in response to said sawtooth signal
reaching a first level corresponding to said first inversion point
and a second level corresponding to said second inversion point.<br />
<br />
<br />
5. An integrated horizontal sweep circuit comprising: <br />
a sawtooth signal generator; <br />
an amplitude filter having an input receiving a composite video signal and having an output; <br />
a sync-signal separating circuit having an input coupled to said amplitude filter output and having an output; <br />
a frequency/phase comparator having a first input coupled to said
separating circuit output, a second input receiving said sawtooth
signal and an output for controlling said generator; and <br />
a control circuit responsive to said sawtooth signal for inhibiting
operation of said amplitude filter and/or said sync-signal
separating circuit when said sawtooth signal is within
predetermined signal level ranges about the upper and lower
inversion point of said sawtooth signal.<br />
<br />
<br />
6. An integrated circuit in accordance with claim 5 wherein: <br />
said generator comprises a capacitor, circuit means for charging and
discharging said capacitor and a first threshold circuit controlling
said circuit means in response to said sawtooth signal reaching a
first level corresponding to said first inversion point and a
second level corresponding to said second inversion point.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div><p>
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <br />
The invention relates to an integrated circuit for (color)
television receivers, comprising a voltage- or current-controlled
horizontal-sweep generator, an amplitude filter, a synchronizing
signal separating circuit (sync-separator) and a frequency/phase
comparator which serves to synchronize the horizontal sweep
generator which is a sawtooth generator consisting of a single
capacitor and of a first threshold stage having two fixed switching
thresholds, cf. preamble of the patent claim. Such types of
integrated circuits, for example, are known from th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s320/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCN7gBavMuoQf6-hEqarA1nEn92OoSeMHIY236iXraJnqbu1D0i0DJwDneuS3VyNGr2A8xa1MEcpC-5p5e3cxLfW8DQPrj1_sO7OSLpEeEIk9Ui9RebP1oKcqQ7KX_LMIyrvj2zO2_D-z/s1600/IMG_5499.jpg"></a>e technical journal "Elektronik aktuell", 1976, No. 2, pp. 7 to 14 where they are referred to as TDA 9400 and TDA 9500. <br />
Especially on account of the fact that the amplitude filter as well
as the horizontal sweep generator in the form of the
aforementioned sawtooth generator, are integrated on a single
semiconductor body, it is likely that noise interference pulses
coming from the individual stages, and via the supply voltage line,
may have a disturbing influence upon the horizontal sweep
generator, i.e. upon the threshold stage thereof, in such a way
that either the lower or the upper or successively both switching
thresholds are exceeded before the time by the voltage at the
capacitor, owing to the noise superposition, so that the generator
will show to have a "wrong" frequency or phase position. This
frequency/phase variation, of course, is compensated for by the
circuit, with the aid of the synchronzing pulses, but only in such a
way that the noise effect remains visible in the television
picture. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <br />
The invention is characterized in the claim is aimed at overcoming
this drawback by solving the problem of designing an integrated
circuit of the type described in greater detail hereinbefore, in
such a way that noise pulses acting upon the capacitor voltage or
the internal reference voltages for the switching thresholds (see
below) in the proximity of the two switching thresholds, are
prevented from having the described disadvantageous effect.
Accordingly, an advantage of the invention results directly from
solving the given problem. <br />
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention
will become more fully apparent from the following detailed
description of the preferred embodiment, the appended claims and
the accompanying drawing in which: <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION <br />
The invention will now be described in greater detail with
reference to the accompanying drawing. This drawing, in the form of
a schematical circuit diagram, shows the construction of an
integrated circuit according to the invention. </p><p><br />
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION</p><p><br />
T<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s1026/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzb9RIwq58j7tqCkhr4-RCDDRCZlfKqAvCmFKOnAHuL-mTxZ5kHYD5HCDl8oD3V6odN-yGA3wrh9Mwqrs5-b0VTJ2Ryxk5g34QBX7riNY5002AaUDxg-1DX-KMluF93LdyYE5HWQf9Pv_xuRYujgjZXutcADX5Hkt2ebbHbfqbhAaIyShrHWgivYGmjLFW/s320/IMGH_13448b__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUCN7gBavMuoQf6-hEqarA1nEn92OoSeMHIY236iXraJnqbu1D0i0DJwDneuS3VyNGr2A8xa1MEcpC-5p5e3cxLfW8DQPrj1_sO7OSLpEeEIk9Ui9RebP1oKcqQ7KX_LMIyrvj2zO2_D-z/s1600/IMG_5499.jpg"></a>he
horizontal sweep generator HO comprises the capacitor C as
connected to the zero point of the circuit, and which is charged and
discharged via the two shown constant current sources CS1 and CS2,
thus causing the intended sawtooth voltage to appear thereat.
Moreover, the horizontal sweep generator HO comprises the first
threshold stage circuit SS1, having an upper and a lower threshold.
As soon as the capacitor voltage exceeds one of the thresholds, the
first threshold stage circuit SS1 switches over to the other
threshold. The two thresholds are defined by the voltage divider P as
connected to the operating voltage U, and in which the
corresponding threshold inputs are connected to corresponding
tapping points. The output of the threshold stage circuit SS1
controls the electronic switch S, so that the constant current
source CS2 as connected thereto, is either disconnected from or
connected to the zero point of the circuit. Accordingly, in the
disconnected state, the capacitor C is charged via the constant
current source CS1 arranged in series therewith while in the
connected state the capacitor C is discharged across the
aforementioned constant current source CS2 arranged in parallel
therewith, if, as a matter of fact, the current of the constant
current source CS1 arranged in series with the capacitor C, is
smaller than that of the parallel-arranged constant current source
CS2. <br /></p><p>
Now, for the purpose of avoiding the aforementioned drawbacks,
there is provided a second and a third threshold stage circuit SS2
and SS3, respectively, as well as the pulse shaper circuit IF. To
the respective input of the two threshold stage circuits SS2, SS3,
there is applied the capacitor voltage, in the form of the sawtooth
signal, and these stages have a threshold voltage which,
approximately 2 μs prior to the reaching of the upper or the lower
peak value of the sawtooth voltage, is being passed thereby. This
means to imply that the threshold voltage of the second threshold
stage circuit SS2 is somewhat lower than the voltage of the upper
threshold of the first threshold stage circuit SS1, and that the
threshold voltage of the third threshold stage circuit SS3 is
somewhat higher than the voltage of the lower threshold of the first
threshold stage circuit SS1. The two thresholds of the threshold
stage circuits SS2, SS3 can thus be realized in a simple way by
providing further tapping points at the voltage divider P, as is
shown in the accompanying drawing. Thus, the second threshold stage
circuit SS2 is provided for at a voltage divider tapping point below
the tapping point chosen for the upper threshold, and the tapping
point for the third threshold stage circuit SS3 is provided for above
the tapping point which has been chosen for the lower threshold of
the first threshold stage circuit SS1. <br />
Since, within the area of the lower inversion point of the sawtooth
signal there results an excessively wide output pulse of the third
threshold stage circuit SS3, the pulse shaper circuit IF is
arranged subsequently thereto, for reducing the duration of the
output pulse as applied to its input, to about the duration of the
output pulse of the second threshold stage circuit SS2. This pulse
shaper circuit IF, for example, may be realized by a monoflop, in
particular by a digital monoflop (=monostable circuit). <br />
The output pulses of the second threshold stage circuit SS2 and of
the pulse shaper circuit IF are then super-positioned linearly,
with this being denoted in the drawing by a simple interconnection
of the two respective lines. The combined signal is applied to the
input of the stopper circuit (blocking stage) SP, to the signal
input of which there is fed the composite video signal BAS, and the
output thereof controls both the amplitude filter AS and the
synchronizing signal separating circuit SA. <br />
The combined signal may also be used to control a clamping circuit
applying the operating points of the amplitude filter AS and/or of
the sync-signal-separating circuit SA to such a potential which
prevents it from operating. <br />
If now the sawtooth signal reaches the range of its upper or its
lower inversion point, the composite video signal BAS is not
applied to either the amplitude filter AS or the sync-signal
separating circuit SA, so that shortly before and shortly after the
inversion points, signals are prevented from being processed in
the two stages AS, SA. This, in turn, has the consequence that
during these times noise pulses are prevented from superimposing
upon the operating voltage U, so that there is also prevented an
unintended triggering of the first threshold stage circuit SS1. <br />
Moreover, it is still shown in the drawing that the amplitude
filter AS, the sync-signal separating circuit SA and the
frequency/phase comparator FP are arranged in series in terms of
signal flow, with the latter, in addition, receiving the sawtooth
signal, and with the output signal thereof acting upon the two
current sources in a regulating sense. In the drawing, this is
indicated by the setting arrows at the two current sources. <br />
While the present invention has been disclosed in connection with
the preferred embodiment thereof, it should be understood that
there may be other embodiments which fall within the spirit and
scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.</p><p> </p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-1540493003944705532023-12-27T17:00:00.037+01:002023-12-27T17:00:00.131+01:00SINUDYNE XANTOS N (20036) CHASSIS PROFESSIONAL 5000 CRT TUBE PHILIPS A51-540X 30AX SYSTEM<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe-fK3nva42QbIcitO07iYjMA7xeig5RR6eJ_kdK8vGAb6lUvG0Xf5MpWDaVbsmhGHX8z23XN9s9CllvBH9lzoaz2mMp3fJNIViYRaCIPusaGbgJNVeGxeoVCpjAvlixL7mNLMH5IMuJCny4-vRTfGTZ-cjdAgqXSch8A8VxIFjzKJxjBE97Z7n5U-sr3W/s1282/IMGH_13425__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe-fK3nva42QbIcitO07iYjMA7xeig5RR6eJ_kdK8vGAb6lUvG0Xf5MpWDaVbsmhGHX8z23XN9s9CllvBH9lzoaz2mMp3fJNIViYRaCIPusaGbgJNVeGxeoVCpjAvlixL7mNLMH5IMuJCny4-vRTfGTZ-cjdAgqXSch8A8VxIFjzKJxjBE97Z7n5U-sr3W/s320/IMGH_13425__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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PHILIPS A51-540X 30AX COLOUR PICTURE TUBE<br /><br />• Automatic snap-in raster orientation<br />• Push-on axial purity positioning<br />• Internal magneto-static beam alignment<br />• Hi-Bi gun with quadrupole cathode lens<br />• Self-aligning, self-converging assembly with low power consumption, when combined with deflection unit AT 1850<br />• North-south pin-cushion distortion-free<br />• 1100 deflection<br />• Hi-Bri screen<br />• Pigmented phosphors: enhanced contrast<br />• Phosphor lines follow glass contour<br />• In-line gun<br />• Standard 36,5 mm neck<br />• Soft-Flash technology<br />• Slotted shadow mask optimized for minimum moire<br />• Fine pitch over entire screen<br />• Quick-heating cathodes<br />• Internal magnetic shield<br />• Anti-crackle coating<br />• Reinforced envelope for push-through mounting<br /><br />GENERAL OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />INTRODUCTION<br />Equipment design should be based on the characteristics as stated in the data sheets. Where deviations from these general recommendations are permissible or necessary, statements to that effect will be made. If applications are considered which are not referred to in the data sheets of the relevant tube type, extra care should be taken with circuit design to prevent the tube being overloaded due to unfavourable operating conditions.<br /><br />SPREAD IN TUBE CHARACTERISTICS<br />The spread in tube characteristics is the difference between maximum and minimum values. Values not qualified as maximum or minimum are nominal ones. It is evident that average or nominal values, as well as spread figures, may differ according to the number of tubes of a certain type that are being checked. No guarantee is given for values of characteristics in settings substantially differing from those specified in the data sheets.<br /><br />SPREAD AND VARIATION IN OPERATING CONDITIONS<br />The operating conditions of a tube are subject to spread and/or variation. Spread in an operating condition is a permanent deviation from an average condition due to, e.g.. component value deviations. The average condition is found from such a number individual cases taken at random that an increase of the number will have a negligible influence. Variation in an operating condition is non-permanent (occurs as a function of time). e.g .. due to supply voltage fluctuations. The average value is calculated over a period such that a prolongation of that period will have negligible influence.<br /><br />LIMITING VALUES<br />Limiting values are in accordance with the applicable rating system as defined by IEC publication 134. Reference may be made to one of the following 3 rating systems. Absolute maximum rating system. Absolute maximum ratings are limiting values of operating and environmental conditions applicable to any electronic device of a specified type as defined by its published data, and should not be exceeded under the worst probable conditions. These values are chosen by the device manufacturer to provide acceptable serviceability of the device, taking no responsibility for equipment variations, environmental variations, and the effects of changes in operating conditions due to variations in the characteristics of the device under consideration and of all other electronic devices in the equipment. The equipment manufacturer should design so that, initially and throughout life, no absolute maximum value for the intended service is exceeded with any device under the worst probable operating condit- ions with respect to <br />supply voltage variation, equipment components spread and variation, equipment control adjustment, load variations, signal variation, environmental .conditions, and spread or variations in characteristics of the device under considerations and of all other electronic devices in the equipment.<br /><br />Design-maximum rating system. <br />Design-maximum ratings are limiting values of operating and environ- mental conditions applicable to a bogey electronic device* of a specified type as defined by its pub- lished data, and should not be exceeded under the worst probable conditions. These values are chosen by the device manufacturer to provide acceptable serviceability of the device, taking responsibility for the effects of changes in operating conditions due to variations in the charac- teristics of the electronic device under consideration. The equipment manufacturer should design so that, initially and thoughout life, no design-maximum value for the intended service is exceeqed with a bogey device under the worst probable operating conditions with respect to supply-voltage variation, equipment component variation, variation in char- acteristics of all other devices in the equipment, equipment control adjustment, load variation, signal variation and environmental conditions.<br /><br />Design-centre rating system. <br />Design-centre ratings are limiting values of operating and environmental conditions applicable to a bogey electronic device* of a specified type as defined by its published data, and should not be exceeded under average conditions. These values are chosen by the device manufacturer to provide acceptable serviceability of the device in average applications, taking responsibility for normal changes in operating conditions due to rated supply-voltage variation, equipment component spread and variation, equipment control adjustment, load variation, signal variation, environmental conditions, and variations or spread in the characteristics of all electronic devices. The equipment manufacturer should design so that, initially, no design-centre value for the intended service is exceeded with a bogey electronic device* in equipment operating at the stated normal supply voltage.<br /><br />If the tube data specify limiting values according to more than one rating system the circuit has to be<br />designed so that none of these limiting values is exceeded under the relevant conditions.<br />In addition to the limiting values given in the individual data sheets the directives in the following<br />paragraphs should be observed.<br /><br />HEATER SUPPLY<br />For maximum cathode life and optimum performance it is recommended that the heater supply be designed at the nominal heater voltage at zero beam current. Any deviation from this heater voltage has a detrimental effect on tube performance and life, and should therefore be kept to a minimum. Jn any case the deviations of the heater voltage must not exceed+ 5% and -10% from the nominal value at zero beam current. Such deviations may be caused by:<br /><br />• mains voltage fluctuations;<br />• spread in the characteristics of components such as transformers, resistors, capacitors, etc.;<br />• spread in circuit adjustments;<br />• operational variations.<br /><br />• A bogey tube is a tube whose characteristics have the published nominal values for the type. A bogey tube for any particular application can be obtained by considering only those characteristics which are directly related to the application.<br /><br />CATHODE TO HEATER VOLTAGE<br />The voltage between cathode and heater should be as low as possible and never exceed the limiting values given in the data sheets of the individual tubes. The limiting values relate to that side of the heater where the voltage between cathode and heater is greatest. The voltage between cathode and heater may be d.c., a.c., or a combination of both. Unless otherwise stated, the maximum values quoted indicate the maximum permissible d.c. voltage. If a combination of d.c. and a.c. voltages is applied, the peak value may be twice the rated Vkf; however, unless otherwise stated, this peak value shall never exceed 315 V. Unless otherwise stated, the Vkf max. holds for both polarities of the voltage; however, a positive cathode is usually the most favourable in view of insulation during life. A d.c. connection should always be present betweeh heater and cathode. Unless otherwise specified the maximum resistance should not exceed 1 M.Q; the maximum impedance at mains frequency shou Id be less than 100 k.OHM.<br /><br />INTERMEDIATE ELECTRODES (between cathode and anode)<br />In no circumstances should the tube be operated without a d.c. connection between each electrode and the cathode. The total effective impedance between each electrode and the cathode shou Id never exceed the published maximum value. However, no electrode should be connected directly to a high energy source. When such a connection is required, it should be made via a series resistor of not less<br />than 1 k.OHM.<br /><br />CUT-OFF VOLTAGE<br />Curves showing the limits of the cut-off voltage as a function of grid 2 voltage are generally included in the data. The brightness control should be so dimensioned that it can handle any tube within the limits shown, at the appropriate grid 2 voltage. The published limits are determined at an ambient illumination level of 10 lux. Because the brightness of a spot is in general greater than that of a raster of the same current, the cut-off voltage determined with the aid of a focused spot will be more negative by about 5 Vas compared with that of a focused<br />raster.<br /><br />LUMINESCENT SCREEN<br />To prevent permanent screen damage, care should be taken: - not to operate the tube with a stationary picture at high beam currents for extended periods; - not to operate the tube with a stationary or slowly moving spot except at extremely low beam currents; - if no e.h.t. bleeder is used, to choose the time constants of the cathode, grid 1, grid 2, and deflection circuits, such that sufficient beam current is maintained to discharge the e.h.t. capacitance before deflection has ceased after equipment has been switched off.<br /><br />EXTERNAL CONDUCTIVE COATING<br />The external conductive coating must be connected to the chassis. The capacitance of this coating to the final accelerating electrode may be used to provide smoothing for the e.h.t. supply. The coating is not a perfect conductor and in order to reduce electromagnetic radiation caused by the line time base and the picture content it may be necessary to make multiple connections to the coating.<br />See also 'Flashover'.<br /><br />METAL RIMBAND<br />An appreciable capacitance exists between the metal rimband and the internal conductive coating of the tube; its value is quoted in the individual data sheets.To avoid electric shock, a d.c. connection should be provided between the metal band and the external conductive coating. In receivers where the chassis ,can be connected directly to the mains there is a risk of electric shock if access is made to the metal band. To reduce the shock to the safe limit, it is suggested that a 2 Mil resistor capable of handling the peak voltages be inserted between the metal band and the point of contact with the external con- ductive coating. This safety arrangement will provide the necessary insulation from the mains but in the event of flashover high voltages will be induced on the metal band. It is therefore recommended that the 2 Mil resistor be bypassed by a 4, 7 n F capacitor capable of withstanding the peak voltage determined by the voltage divider formed by this capacitor and the capacitance of the metal rimband <br />to the internal conductive coating, and the anode voltage. The 4, 7 n F capacitor also serves to improve e.h.t. smoothing by addingthe rimband capacitance to the capacitance of the outer conductive coating.<br /><br />FLASHOVER<br />High electric field strengths are present between the gun electrodes of picture tubes. Voltages between gun electrodes may reach values of 20 kV over approx. 1 mm. Although the utmost precautions are taken in the design and manufacture of the tubes, there is always a chance that flashover will occur. The resulting transient currents and voltages may be of sufficient magnitude to cause damage to the tube itself and to various components on the chassis. Arcing terminates when the e.h.t. capacitor is discharged. Therefore it is of vital importance to provide protective circuits with spark gaps and series resistors, which should be connected according to Fig. 1. No other connections between the outer conductive coating and the chassis are permissible. As our picture tubes are manufactured in Soft-Flash technology, the peak discharge currents are limited to approx. 60 A, offering higher set reliability, optimum circuit protection and component savings (see also Technical Note 039). However this limited value of <br />60 A is still too high for the circuitry which is directly connected to the tube socket. Therefore Soft-Flash picture tubes should also be provided with spark gaps.<br /><br />IMPLOSION PROTECTION<br />All picture tubes employ integral implosion protection and must be replaced with a tube of the same type number or recommended replacement to assure continued safety.<br /><br />HANDLING<br />Although all picture tubes are provided with integral implosion protection, which meets the intrinsic protection requirements stipulated in the relevant part of IEC 65, care should be taken not to scratch or knock any part of the tube. The tube assembly should never be handled by the neck, deflection unit or other neck components. A picture tube assembly can be lifted from the edge-down position by using the two upper mounting lugs. An alternative lifting method is firmly to press the hands against the vertical sides of the rimband. When placing a tube assembly face downwards ensure that the screen rests on a soft pad of suitable material, kept free from abrasive substances. When lifting from the face-down position the hand should be placed under the areas of the faceplate close to the mounting lugs at diagonally opposite corners of the faceplate.<br /><br />When lifting from the face-up position the hands should be placed under the areas of the cone close<br />to the mounting lugs at diagonally opposite corners of the cone.<br /><br />In all handling procedures prior to insertion in the receiver cabinet there is a risk of personal injury as a result of severe accidental damage to the tube. It is therefore recommended that protective clothing shou Id be worn, particularly eye shielding. When suspending the tube assembly from the mounting lugs ensure that a minimum of 2 are used; UNDER NO Cl RCUMSTANCES HANG THE TUBE ASSEMBLY FROM ONE LUG. If provided the slots in the rimband of colour picture tubes are used in the mounting of the degaussing coils. it is not recommended to suspend the tube assembly from one or more of these slots as permanent deformation to the rimband can occur. Remember when replacing or servicing the tube assembly that a residual electrical charge may be carried by the anode contact and also the external coating if not earthed. Before removing the tube assembly from the equipment, earth the external coating and short the anode contact to the coating.<br /><br />PACKING<br />The packing provides protection against tube damage under normal conditions of shipment or handling. Observe any instructions given on the packing and handle accordingly. The tube should under no circumstances be subjected to accelerations greater than 350 m/s2.<br /><br />MOUNTING<br />Unless otherwise specified on the data sheets for individual tubes there are no restrictions on the position of mounting. The tube socket should not be rigidly mounted but should have flexible leads and be allowed to move freely. It is very desirable that tubes should not be exposed to strong electrostatic and magnetic fields.<br /><br />DIMENSIONS<br />In designing the equipment the tolerances given on the dimensional drawings should be considered. Under no circumstances should the equipment be designed around dimensions taken from individual tubes.<br /><br />
<p></p><div style="color: #333333;">
30AX
is a new in-line color TV display system with 110
deflection angle and interchangeable tubes and yokes.
It is based on the production experience gained
with the 20AX system introduced in 19741,2,3) and the
results of further investigation in the field of tube
technology and deflection yoke design. For the tube, this
meant a new reference system, an internal magnetic
correction ring and an improved gun design. For the
yoke, the most important elements are a new
"flangeless" winding technology, a change in the shape of
the windings at the screen side of the line deflection
coil and the use of field shapers embedded in the
deflection coil.</div>
<br />
A deflector for a
cathode ray tube (called herein "CRT"), and more
particularly a stator type deflector in which a
plurality of slots for windings are formed in the inner
surface of a tubular core and deflecting coils are
positioned in these slots.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The deflection Joke is a HIGH PRECISION MONO TOROIDAL TYPE.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold;">
PHILIPS 30AX SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION </div>
<div style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">
This
invention relates to self-converging color picture
tube or kinescope display systems that do not
require precise transverse, or tilt, alignment
between the deflection yoke and the electron beams of
the kinescope. </div>
<div style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">
Color
television kinescopes or picture tubes create color
images by causing electrons to impinge upon
phosphors having different-wavelength emissions.
Normally, phosphors having red, green and blue-light
emission are used, grouped into trios or triads of
phosphor areas, with each triad containing one phosphor
area of each of the three colors. </div>
<div style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s320/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvpWx5pNWxPNUsL_wzN6Lkdlz-UirJRehyPzsZBztd1_ZpqexYTdsnnIvweeKlCGWbgeYOFPGTAbpYFBKFW5erGPI2QPV1IAP-LNorObAB2uCGd_YVvwcGUiXRaoGVQ1JXjZVFNth9i3k/s1600/IMG_9471.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
In
the kinescope, the phosphors of each of the three
colors are excited by an electron beam which is
intended to impinge upon phosphors emitting only one
color. Thus, each electron beam may be identified by
the color emitted by the phosphor which the beam is
intended to excite. The area impinged on by each electron
beam is relatively large compared with a phosphor
triad, and at any position on the screen, each beam
excites a particular color phosphor in each of several
triads. The three electron beams are generated by three
electron guns located in a neck portion of the
kinescope opposite the viewing screen formed by the
phosphors. The electron guns are oriented so that the
undeflected beams leave the gun assembly in converging
paths directed towards the viewing screen. For the
viewing screen to display a faithful color reproduction
of a scene it is necessary that the beam position
relative to the kinescope be adjusted for producing color
purity and static beam convergence at the center of
the screen. The purity adjustment involves causing
each of the red, green and blue beams to excite only
its respective phosphor. This is accomplished by the
shadow mask. The shadow mask is a screen or grill having
large numbers of perforations through which the electron
beams may pass. Each perforation is in a fixed
position relative to each triad of color phosphor
areas. The electron beams pass through one or more of the
perforations and fall upon the appropriate color
phosphors based upon their directions of incidence. Color
purity depends upon a high order of accuracy in the
placement of the phosphor triads relative to the
perforations and the apparent source of the electron beams. </div>
<div style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">
Static
convergence involves causing the three beams to
converge at one scanning spot at or near the center of
the viewing screen. Convergence at the center of the
screen may be accomplished by the use of a static
convergence assembly mounted relative to the neck of the
kinescope and adjusted or magnetized to produce a static
magnetic field which causes the three beams to
converge at the center of the viewing screen. </div>
<div style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">
In
order to form a two-dimensional image, the
luminescent spot excited on the viewing screen by the
three converged electron beams must be scanned both
horizontally and vertically over the viewing screen to
form a luminescent raster area. This is accomplished by
means of magnetic fields produced by a deflection
yoke mounted upon the neck of the kinescope. The
deflection yoke deflects the electron beams with
substantially independent horizontal and vertical
deflection systems. Horizontal deflection of the
electron beams is provided by coils of the yoke which
produce a magnetic field having mainly
vertically-directed field lines. The magnetic field
intensity is varied with time at a relatively high
rate. Vertical deflection of the electron beams is
accomplished by coils producing mainly a
horizontally-directed magnetic field which varies with time
at a relatively low rate. A permeable magnetic core is
associated with the yoke coils. The conductors of the
coils may enclose the core to form a toroidal deflection
winding, or the conductors may form saddle coils
which do not enclose the core. </div>
<div style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">
The
kinescope viewing screen is relatively flat. The
electrons of each electron beam will traverse a
greater distance when deflected towards the edge of
the viewing screen than when directed toward the center.
Due to the separation of the electron guns, this may
result in a separation of the landing points of the
three electron beams when near or deflected towards
the edge of the screen. In addition, prior art
almost-uniform magnetic deflection fields caused the electron
beams to be overconverged when deflected away from
the center of the screen. These effects combine to
cause the light spots of the three beams at points on
the viewing screen away from the center to be
separated. This is known as misconvergence and results
in color fringes about the edges of the displayed
images. A certain amount of misconvergence is tolerable,
but complete separation of the three illuminated spots
is generally not acceptable. Misconvergence may be
measured as a separation of the ideally superimposed
red, green and blue lines of a crosshatch pattern of
lines appearing on the screen when an appropriate test
signal is applied to the picture tube. Each of the three
electron beams scans a raster, which may be
identified by its color. Thus, a green raster is
ordinarily scanned by the center electron beam, and the
outside beams scan red and blue rasters. The crosshatch
pattern is formed in each of the red, green and blue
rasters. The crosshatch pattern outlines the raster
with vertical and horizontal lines, and also includes
other vertically and horizontally-directed lines, some
of which pass through the center of the raster. </div>
<br />
<b>PHILIPS 30AX Deflection unit for a color television display tube:</b><br />
<span style="color: #666666; text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span>
A deflection unit for a color television display
tube 1 having a field deflection coil 8 and a line
deflection coil 7, in which the line deflection coil
is formed by two diametrically oppositely positioned
coil portions which, on the side adjacent the tube's
screen, have a flared end 17 having a profile with a path
length 22 which is longer than the path length 23 of
the contour of the outer surface of the tube, so
that raster defects are smaller than when the profile
of the flared ends conforms to the contour of the tube
surface.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW3xsLc9wxbmrR293O7NmGXMe6CLxH-NTt2cTHxNh_VLFoJRcPUdKpqm3XpSkImMdSXTiTU0pB1jjHHcIMLz5cEYnpNmp4FaWNqDXSBnsBqAZFLcPDXggYKDcb3P9pcItcYcY38_e33I0/s1600/DEFL-1.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW3xsLc9wxbmrR293O7NmGXMe6CLxH-NTt2cTHxNh_VLFoJRcPUdKpqm3XpSkImMdSXTiTU0pB1jjHHcIMLz5cEYnpNmp4FaWNqDXSBnsBqAZFLcPDXggYKDcb3P9pcItcYcY38_e33I0/s320/DEFL-1.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
1.
A deflection unit for a color television display
tube having a neck portion a display screen and a
partly flared outer surface portion therebetween,
said deflection unit comprising a field deflection coil, a
line deflection coil, each of said deflection coils
being formed by a pair of diametrically oppositely
positioned coil portions, and an annular core of a
magnetically permeable material surrounding at least the
line deflection coil, each line deflection coil portion
being in the form of a saddle coil and having
conductors wound to produce first and second side members, a
front end and a rear end which together define a
window, said front end being in the form of a flange,
the front ends of the coil portions of said line
deflection coil, when said deflection unit is mounted on
a display tube, being closer to the display screen
than are the rear ends, with said front ends substantially
surrounding a part of the flared portion of the
display tube and the plane of the flange-like front
ends being at an angle to the longitudinal axis of said
display tube, and said first and second side members
extending mainly parallel to the tube axis characterized
in that the front ends of the line deflection coil
portions together define a path whose length is greater
than the length of a path around the flared portion of
the display tube at which said front ends are intended
to surround. 2. A deflection unit as claimed in claim
1, characterized in that the front ends of the line
deflection coil portions together define a polygon. 3. A
deflection unit as claimed in claim 2, characterized in
that the polygon is a hexagon. 4. The combination
of a deflection unit as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3,
and a color television display tube having a neck
portion, a display screen and a flared outer surface
portion therebetween, said deflection unit being mounted
on said display tube such that the front ends of the
line deflection coil portions are closer to the
display screen than are the rear ends, with the said
front ends surrounding a part of the flared portion of
the display tube and the flange-like front ends lying
substantially at right angles to the longitudinal axis
of the display tube, the path length around said
flared portion of said display tube being shorter than
the path length of the front ends of the line
deflection coil portions surrounding said flared
portion, so that defects in a raster formed on the display
screen are smaller than when the said path lengths
are equal.<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The
invention relates to a deflection unit for a color
television display tube having a neck portion, a
display screen, and a flared outer surface portion
therebetween, said deflection unit comprising a field
deflection coil and a line deflection coil each formed by a
pair of diametrically oppositely positioned coil
portions, and an annular core of a magnetically permeable
material surrounding at least the line deflection
coil, each line deflection coil portion being in the form
of a saddle coil and having conductors wound to
produce first and second side members, a front end and a
rear end which together define a window, with the front
end forming a flange, the front end of the coil
portions of said line deflection coil, when said
deflection unit is mounted on a display tube, being closer
to the display screen than are the rear ends, with
said front ends substantially surrounding a part of the
flared portion of the display tube and the flanges,
lying at an angle to the longitudinal axis of said
display tube.<br />
Such a deflection unit is commonly
used for deflecting the electron beams in color
television display tubes. In this known unit, the two coil
portions which form the field deflection coil and the
two coil portions which form the line deflection
coil are both adapted, as regards their shape, to the
flared profile of the display tube for which the
deflection unit is destined. This means that the
individual conductors of the coils engage the glass of the
display tube as closely as possible when the
deflection unit is mounted on the display tube for which
it is intended. This applies in particular to the line
deflection coil, since the sensitivity of the line
deflection system is an important parameter with
respect to the quality of a deflection device. For that
purpose it is usual to make the front ends of the coil
portions of the line deflection coil arc-like in shape
such that they closely follow the contour of the
display tube at its flared portion. This contour is
often rotationally symmetrical so that the front ends
in that case are of circular shape.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s1600/img_2260.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168144250157810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s320/img_2260.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>More
rectangular shapes of this contour are also known,
involving a corresponding shape for the front end so
that in that case also they optimally conform to the
contour of the display tube.<br />
Parameters, known so
far which are suitable to spatially shape the magnetic
field of a deflection coil of the saddle type and
which fully satisfy the requirements with respect to
an optimum sensitivity, are provided by the wire
distribution of notably the two substantially axially
extending parts of each coil portion of which parts
the front end forms the connection. Known techniques
for this purpose are profiling of the space in the
winding mould, profiling of the press die and the insertion
of pins in the mould during the winding process.
Furthermore it is known that the shape of the
soft-magnetic core may also be used as a parameter to some
extent.<br />
It is known that in general a color
television display system may present errors which may
be distinguished as coma, astigmatism, raster defects
and linearity defects. For so-called "three in-line
guns" display systems it has proved generally possible,
by using the above-mentioned design parameters, to
make deflection coils by which astigmatism defects are
sufficiently minimised.<br />
Coma can also be
minimised often in a corresponding manner. The situation is
different for the raster defects and the linearity
defects. The raster defects are divided into the
North-South and the East-West defects. In "in-line"
systems the North-South raster defect produces horizontal
lines at the lower and upper edges of the picture which
show a slight undulating distortion, while the
East-West raster defect produces a
strong-pin-cushion-like distortion which may be typically
between 8 and 14%. Corrections for raster defects and
linearity defects are obtained in general by suitable
modulations of the line and field deflection currents.
In addition, static magnets may alternatively be used
for the correction of the undulating distortion.<br />
A
known disadvantage of modulating deflection
currents, however, is that complicated electronic
deflection circuits are required, which moreover consume
additional energy and hence provide an expensive
solution. In addition to a higher cost-price, the
disadvantage of the use of static correction magnets is
that, when the correction has to be larger than a few
mm, problems arise with regard to the color purity.<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AcXKdBy0Wc2_LYBqqdHhZj49buEqHihvspSWC-Mjm4MhGiIwLYBHAKdDLyIy158VLotN_8AXUhjbna6LMxRnwfrV3N8Es5nJ-MWYIkUJwbhJYbPa69ScvlS3UNav440bZ6gLAa5cqdE/s1600/DEFL-2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AcXKdBy0Wc2_LYBqqdHhZj49buEqHihvspSWC-Mjm4MhGiIwLYBHAKdDLyIy158VLotN_8AXUhjbna6LMxRnwfrV3N8Es5nJ-MWYIkUJwbhJYbPa69ScvlS3UNav440bZ6gLAa5cqdE/s320/DEFL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a>It
is an object of the invention to provide a
deflection unit and a color display tube/deflection
unit combination which reduces at least one of the
above distortions.<br />
According to one aspect of the
invention there is provided a deflection unit as
described in the opening paragraph of this
specification, characterized in that the front ends of
the line deflection coil portions together define a path
whose length is greater than the length of a path around
the flared portion of the display tube at the part
thereof which said front ends are intended to
surround.<br />
The invention also provides a color display tube in combination with a deflection unit as described above.<br />
The
invention is based on the use of a real coil design
parameter by means of which the undulating
distortion and the pin cushion-like East-West raster
defect, respectively, can be favorably influenced,
and is achieved by the shape of the front end of the
line deflection coil being no longer made as short as
possible, as has been usual so far. As a result of
this, the resulting sensitivity of the line deflection
coil is slightly less than in conventional designs
having the shortest possible length of front end, but,
since, compared with designs in which the defects are
removed by means of modulation of the deflection
currents, the modulation becomes less, the electronic
deflection circuits may be simpler which results in a
lower overall energy consumption than that required
with line deflection coils having a minimum front end
length. The simplification of the circuits and their
lower overall energy consumption both result in a lower
cost-price. When, for the correction of any remaining
"undulation effect," a static magnet is required, a
weaker magnet may be used than would otherwise be
necessary. Furthermore the sensitivity loss is at a
minimum if the front end is bent towards the screen over
such a distance as to engage the flared part of the
display tube.<br />
When using the shape of the front end
as a design parameter, it has proved particularly
efficacious to shape the profile of the front end along
a path which encloses a polygon. In particular if this
path according to a preferred form of the deflection
unit according to the invention encloses a trapeziu<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nCx2fMQAh9FpFCoKwv2uLV5TILEpvX_XchjS4MIid4hnOILuSQjtpUampHkW85bf0E3vEhEd16NZyLPbG52tDBTOMUGTx_rYP-nEomU8k2Y9MCJcLlvYYM7HxTxtlQDXPRUX_o3rU44X/s1600/img_2255.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167385038091106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nCx2fMQAh9FpFCoKwv2uLV5TILEpvX_XchjS4MIid4hnOILuSQjtpUampHkW85bf0E3vEhEd16NZyLPbG52tDBTOMUGTx_rYP-nEomU8k2Y9MCJcLlvYYM7HxTxtlQDXPRUX_o3rU44X/s320/img_2255.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>m,
the frame defects as mentioned above prove to be
correctable effectively. (In this case the longer of the
two parallel sides of the trapezium should be deemed to
be nearest to the tube axis).<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING<br />
The
above and other features of the invention will now
be described in greater detail, by way of example,
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in
which:<br />
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view of a display tube having a deflection unit.<br />
FIG. 2 shows part of a line deflection coil of a known type for use in the deflection unit shown in<br />
FIG. 3 shows diagrammatically the location of the front end of the coil shown in FIG. 2 when mounted on a display tube.<br />
FIG. 4 shows a part of a line deflection coil for use in a deflection unit according to the invention.<br />
FIG. 5 shows diagrammatically the location of the front end of the coil shown in FIG. 4 when mounted on a display tube.<br />
FIG. 6 shows in principle the errors to be corrected by the invention.<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AcXKdBy0Wc2_LYBqqdHhZj49buEqHihvspSWC-Mjm4MhGiIwLYBHAKdDLyIy158VLotN_8AXUhjbna6LMxRnwfrV3N8Es5nJ-MWYIkUJwbhJYbPa69ScvlS3UNav440bZ6gLAa5cqdE/s1600/DEFL-2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AcXKdBy0Wc2_LYBqqdHhZj49buEqHihvspSWC-Mjm4MhGiIwLYBHAKdDLyIy158VLotN_8AXUhjbna6LMxRnwfrV3N8Es5nJ-MWYIkUJwbhJYbPa69ScvlS3UNav440bZ6gLAa5cqdE/s320/DEFL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a>FIG.
1 is a longitudinal sectional view through a color
television display tube 1 having a longitudinal tube
axis Z, a display screen 2 and three electron guns 4
situated in one plane. An electromagnetic deflection
unit 5 is mounted on the tube neck 3. The deflection
unit 5 comprises a pair of saddle coils 8 which form
the coil portions of the field deflection coil for the
field deflection, a pair of saddle coils 7 which form
the coil portions of the line deflection coil for the
line deflection, and a magnet core 6 surrounding the
coils in the form of a ring. The saddle coils 7 and 8
shown are of the so-called sherl type, which means that
their end sections adjacent the electron guns are not
situated in a plane perpendicular to the tube axis 6, as
are the end sections on the screen side, but are
situated in a plane parallel to the tube axis Z.
However, the invention is not restricted to the use of
this type of saddle coil.<br />
FIG. 2 shows a saddle
shaped coil 9 of a conventional type having an arcuate
shaped front end section 10, an arcuate shaped rear end
section 11 and substantially axially extending
intermediate sections 12 and 13 which sections together
define a window 14. The profile of the front end
section 10 follows a path 15 which is accurately
adapted to the contour of the outer surface of the
display tube 1 for which the coil 9 is destined. FIG. 3
which is a diagrammatic sectional view of the coil 9 at
the area of the front end section 10 illustrates this.
Up till now, pairs of such coils 9 have been used as
the line deflection coil in conventional deflection
units.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0U3SMUv8FsmkCwiUCZXIfz88VsaslTgLbkd1CGdd_gti1KP3-ADo1USAvTbbDX4eACzuE0CaRAlsrxFXFvEKozlPZkCVFgd8fJ62a3t6v3nYuCBOqWxk83WjX8EEpwYVBK-OMxrqcrs/s1600/DEFL-3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0U3SMUv8FsmkCwiUCZXIfz88VsaslTgLbkd1CGdd_gti1KP3-ADo1USAvTbbDX4eACzuE0CaRAlsrxFXFvEKozlPZkCVFgd8fJ62a3t6v3nYuCBOqWxk83WjX8EEpwYVBK-OMxrqcrs/s320/DEFL-3.jpg" width="218" /></a>FIG.
4 shows a saddle shaped coil 16 which is used in a
line deflection coil in a deflection unit according
to the invention. The coil 16 consists of a front
end section 17, a rear end section 18 and
substantially axially extending conductors 19 and 20 which
sections and conductors define a window 21. In this
case the profile of the front end section 17 is formed
along a path 22 which is longer than a path which is
adapted to the contour of the outer surface of the
display tube 1 for which the coil 16 is destined. All
this is illustrated in FIG. 5 which is a diagrammatic
sectional view of the coil 16 at the area of the front
end section 17 and in which the contour of the outer
surface of the display tube is denoted by 23. The path 22
in this case encloses a trapezium shaped space the
longest parallel side of which faces the tube axis Z,
but in general the space to be enclosed may be in the
form of a polygon. In this case the rear end section
18 is shown to be horizontal, that is to say it does
not lie in a plane which is at an angle to the tube axis
as does the front end section 17. This coil shape is
sometimes referred to as "shell" coil, but the
invention is not restricted to this shape of coil.<br />
The
favorable effect of the use of this shape of the
front end section 17 to correct raster defects may be
considered as follows. It is known that raster defects
are sensitive to variations of coil parameters on
notably the screen side of the deflection unit, while
the sensitivity to changes of parameters in the center
of the deflection unit and on the gun side is
directly reduced. However astigmatism is sensitive in
particular to coil parameters in the center and on the
screen side of the deflection unit and coma is
influenced in particular by coil parameters on the gun
side.<br />
In coils of a "conventional" shape of the
front end section where the enclosed path length is a
minimum, the raster defects are produced<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPh_kVwZsQR4kKuYlNfeXiA7-pa6O4TF4NFs_By-Uf7j10k8PbFG9bLRaLKQctApfhxtWiJL92q1VX4FbP6HgDaeJ8X2to1BvucZ0N_EONw5dcei6_DviEU86PyULW4N0UGYOGVzvMDeQ/s1600/img_2256.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167381252829714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPh_kVwZsQR4kKuYlNfeXiA7-pa6O4TF4NFs_By-Uf7j10k8PbFG9bLRaLKQctApfhxtWiJL92q1VX4FbP6HgDaeJ8X2to1BvucZ0N_EONw5dcei6_DviEU86PyULW4N0UGYOGVzvMDeQ/s320/img_2256.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
as follows. Primarily the deflection coil is
designed so that certain minimum requirements as
regards astigmatism and possibly also coma are
satisfied (in as far as this latter error is not
corrected for by means of provisions in the display
tube). This means that the coil parameters in the center
of the deflection coils are controlled optimally with
respect to the astigmatism. With respect to the
raster defects no further parameter variations are
possible and these errors are then to be taken as they
present themselves following the astigmatism control.<br />
In
coils in which the shape of the front end section
may be freely chosen, extra design parameters are
available by which the astigmatism and also the raster
defects can be influenced.<br />
It has been found
that several combinations of the coil parameters in the
center of the deflection coils and of the front end
section shape are possible which result in an
acceptable level of astigmatism while the raster defects
are always different. In this manner it is possible
to find a front end shape - coil parameter combination
with which the ultimate raster defects, for example, the
"undulation effect" has fully disappeared or has
been greatly reduced or that the pin-cushion
distortion in the East-West direction has been reduced
by a few percent, while it is even possible to deal
with both types of errors simultaneously.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0U3SMUv8FsmkCwiUCZXIfz88VsaslTgLbkd1CGdd_gti1KP3-ADo1USAvTbbDX4eACzuE0CaRAlsrxFXFvEKozlPZkCVFgd8fJ62a3t6v3nYuCBOqWxk83WjX8EEpwYVBK-OMxrqcrs/s1600/DEFL-3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0U3SMUv8FsmkCwiUCZXIfz88VsaslTgLbkd1CGdd_gti1KP3-ADo1USAvTbbDX4eACzuE0CaRAlsrxFXFvEKozlPZkCVFgd8fJ62a3t6v3nYuCBOqWxk83WjX8EEpwYVBK-OMxrqcrs/s320/DEFL-3.jpg" width="218" /></a>FIG.
6 shows diagrammatically, with reference to a
display screen 24, the raster defects on the upper
and lower sides of the display screen to be corrected
by a deflection unit according to the invention having
line deflection coils of the type shown in FIG. 4.
The raster lines 25 shown have an undulating variation
which is a frequently occurring shortcoming of
in-line display systems. By using line coils of the type
shown in FIG. 4 it was found that the raster lines
were influenced so that they formed a straight line in
the desired manner. </div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>PHILIPS
30AX Cathode ray tube deflection unit comprising means
for compensating for misalignment of the line and
field deflection coil systems:</b></span>A cathode
ray tube deflection unit comprising a field coil system
with two diametrically opposite field deflection
coils and a line coil system with two diametrically
opposite line deflection coils. Each coil has a front
end segment (15, 18), a rear-end segment (16, 19) and
conductors (17, 20) extending between such segments. In
order to prevent rotation of the horizontal lines of
the raster on the CRT display screen with respect to
the horizontal axis, which rotation is caused by
tolerance errors in alignment of the two coil systems, a
pair of plate-shaped parts (21, 21') of soft magnetic
material are arranged respectively extending across
the front end segment (15, 15') of the respective line
deflection coils (11, 11') in positions coinciding
with diametrically opposite vertices of a rectangle
whose diagnonals intersect substantially on the
longitudinal axis of the deflection unit, and at which
positions a portion of the front end segment of a line
deflection coil overlaps a portion of the front end
segment of a field deflection coil.<br />
<br />
1. An
improved deflection unit for a cathode ray tube having a
longitudinal axis, a neck portion at one end of such
axis and a display<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nCx2fMQAh9FpFCoKwv2uLV5TILEpvX_XchjS4MIid4hnOILuSQjtpUampHkW85bf0E3vEhEd16NZyLPbG52tDBTOMUGTx_rYP-nEomU8k2Y9MCJcLlvYYM7HxTxtlQDXPRUX_o3rU44X/s1600/img_2255.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167385038091106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nCx2fMQAh9FpFCoKwv2uLV5TILEpvX_XchjS4MIid4hnOILuSQjtpUampHkW85bf0E3vEhEd16NZyLPbG52tDBTOMUGTx_rYP-nEomU8k2Y9MCJcLlvYYM7HxTxtlQDXPRUX_o3rU44X/s320/img_2255.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
screen at the other end thereof, and a flared portion
connecting the neck portion with the display screen;
such deflection unit being adapted to be arranged
around said flared portion concentrically with said
longitudinal axis and comprising a field coil system
and a line coil system for deflecting an electron beam in
said tube in mutually orthogonal directions; the field
coil system comprising a pair of diametrically
opposite saddle-type field deflection coils located on
either side of a vertical axis of said deflection unit
and the line deflection coil system comprising a
pair of diametrically opposite saddle-type line
deflection coils located on either side of a horizontal
axis of said deflection unit; each of said coils having
a front end segment, a rear end segment and
conductors extending between such segments; such improvement
being characterized in that: said deflection unit
comprises a pair of plate-shaped parts of soft magnetic
material respectively extending across the front end
segment of respective ones of said pair of line
deflection coils in positions coinciding with
diametrically opposite vertices of a rectangle whose
diagonals intersect substantially on the longitudinal
axis of the deflection unit, and at each of which
positions a portion of a front end segment of a line
deflection coil overlaps a portion of a front end segment
of a field deflection coil. 2. A deflection unit as
claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the
plate-shaped parts have a width of approximately 3 mm, a
length which is substantially equal to the width of
the front end segment of the line deflection coil, and a
thickness of less than 0.5 mm.<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
1. Field of the Invention<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtC3KzETczHAflFh5APyYvOjZei91nVVFaywliNmAK2wkPI6ukxbGAw4N6ayQ-KOKqM-GQ4FMMODv0ANYs8rXrhFuDn6LLB4Ewr_dUQ2dGU5l4n-TXjJ8EnOIW2VHtXWKBTypRLo7hUtI/s1600/DEFL-4.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtC3KzETczHAflFh5APyYvOjZei91nVVFaywliNmAK2wkPI6ukxbGAw4N6ayQ-KOKqM-GQ4FMMODv0ANYs8rXrhFuDn6LLB4Ewr_dUQ2dGU5l4n-TXjJ8EnOIW2VHtXWKBTypRLo7hUtI/s320/DEFL-4.jpg" width="320" /></a>The
invention relates to a deflection unit for a
cathode ray tube having a neck portion and a display
screen, the deflection unit being arranged between
the neck portion and the display screen and around the
flared portion of the tube connecting the neck portion
and the display screen, the deflection unit comprising a
field coil system and a line coil system for
deflecting an electron beam produced in the neck
portion in mutually orthogonal directions; the field coil
system having a pair of diametrically opposite saddle
type field deflection coils located on either side
of a vertical axis and the line coil system having a pair
of diametrically opposite saddle type line
deflection coils located on either side of a horizontal
axis extending at right angles to the vertical axis;
each coil having a front end segment, a rear end segment
and conductors extending between the front and the
rear end segments.<br />
2. Description of the Related Art<br />
A
deflection unit of the above described type is known
from U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,720, issued Oct. 21, 1980,
which corresponds to Netherlands patent specification
No. 170,573 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No.
4,229,720, issued Oct. 21, 1988 and from the magazine
"Funkschau" No. 23, 1980, pages 88-92 published in West
Germany by Fanzis-Verlag GmbH published in West Germany.<br />
In
a deflection unit of this type the line deflection
coils which generate a vertical magnetic field for the
horizontal deflection must be arranged at right angles
to the field deflection coils which generate a
horizontal magnetic field for the vertical deflection.
In the case of mutually orthogonal positions the
magnetic coupling between the coil pairs is equal to zero so
that no voltage is induced in the field deflection
coils as a result of the magnetic field generated by
the line deflection coils.<br />
However, in practice
it may occur that due to mechanical inaccuracies and/or
manufacturing tolerances of the components during assembly
the line deflection coils are not arranged exactly at
right angles to the field deflection coils. In such a
case a voltage will be induced in the field
deflection coil as a result of the magnetic field of the
line deflection coils. Detrimental consequences
thereof are:<br />
(a) the induced voltage reaches the
field deflection circuit and the high voltage thus
generated will disturb the operation of this field
deflection circuit,<br />
(b) the induced voltage produces a
current through the field deflection coil via the
field deflection circuit so that a rotation of the
horizontal lines of the raster with respect to the
horizontal axis becomes visible on the display screen. The
convergence is also affected (twist errors).<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy61S5hp8nOehhUvEFo8wioBDr5U113yRx1ebMJuAbjo3rda_pyRMefJHtn0_A4EnW92G-Xw1j4v9j1qeQvDCQQgRfhpmZ0_1zejoZ54J-T5oilcIsX4SftmaPkbppcuh-cVj26Hnm5Mg/s1600/DEFL-5.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy61S5hp8nOehhUvEFo8wioBDr5U113yRx1ebMJuAbjo3rda_pyRMefJHtn0_A4EnW92G-Xw1j4v9j1qeQvDCQQgRfhpmZ0_1zejoZ54J-T5oilcIsX4SftmaPkbppcuh-cVj26Hnm5Mg/s320/DEFL-5.jpg" width="218" /></a>It
is an object of the invention to provide a means
which provides correction in a simple manner for the
possibility that in a deflection unit the line
deflection coils and the field deflection coils may not be
arranged exactly at right angles.<br />
According to
the invention this is achieved by providing two
plate-shaped parts of a soft magnetic material near
the front end segments of the two line deflection coils
in positions which coincide with two diametrically
opposite vertices of a rectangle whose diagonals
intersect each other at least substantially on the
longitudinal axis of the deflection unit and at which
positions a portion of the front end segment of a line
deflection coil overlaps a portion of the front end
segment of a field deflection coil.<br />
By
providing the soft-magnetic plate-shaped parts in the above
described manner the field lines are locally bundled
in such a manner that the flux through the field
deflection coils, and hence the coupling between the
field deflection coils and the line deflection coils,
is influenced so that the drawback mentioned above
under (a) is eliminated and the drawback mentioned under
(b) is greatly reduced.<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying Figures wherein:<br />
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section (taken on the y-z plane) of a cathode ray tube with a deflection unit mounted thereon;<br />
FIG.
2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the field
deflection coils and line deflection coils, shown at a
distance from each other, of the deflection unit of
the cathode ray tube-deflection unit combination
shown in FIG. 1;<br />
FIG. 3 is a front elevation on a
larger scale of a deflection unit consisting of the field
deflection coils and line deflection coils,<br />
FIG.
4 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of the
conductors taken on the line IV--IV in FIG. 3 showing the
arrangement of a plate-shaped part with respect to
the conductors and;<br />
FIG. 5 is an elevational view
of the display screen of the cathode ray tube of
FIG. 1, showing a rotation to be corrected by means of the
invention of the horizontal lines of the raster relative
to the horizontal axis X.<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy61S5hp8nOehhUvEFo8wioBDr5U113yRx1ebMJuAbjo3rda_pyRMefJHtn0_A4EnW92G-Xw1j4v9j1qeQvDCQQgRfhpmZ0_1zejoZ54J-T5oilcIsX4SftmaPkbppcuh-cVj26Hnm5Mg/s1600/DEFL-5.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy61S5hp8nOehhUvEFo8wioBDr5U113yRx1ebMJuAbjo3rda_pyRMefJHtn0_A4EnW92G-Xw1j4v9j1qeQvDCQQgRfhpmZ0_1zejoZ54J-T5oilcIsX4SftmaPkbppcuh-cVj26Hnm5Mg/s320/DEFL-5.jpg" width="218" /></a>FIG.
1 is a cross-sectional view of a display device
comprising a cathode ray tube 1 having an envelope 6
extending from a narrow neck portion 2 in which an
electron gun system 3 is mounted to a wide cone-shaped
portion 4 which is provided with a display screen. A
deflection unit 7 is mounted on the tube at the transition
between the narrow and the wide portion. This
deflection unit 7 has a support 8 of insulating material
with a front end 9 and a rear end 10. Between these
ends 9 and 10 there are provided on the inside of the
support 8 a system of deflection coils 11, 11' for
generating a line deflection magnetic field for
deflecting electron beams produced by the electron gun
system 3 in the horizontal direction, and on the
outside of the support 8 a system of deflection coils 12,
12' for generating a field deflection magnetic field
for deflecting electron beams procuced by the electron
gun system 3 in the vertical direction. The systems
of deflection coils 11, 11' and 12, 12' are surrounded
by an annular core 14 of a magnetisable material. The
separate coils 12, 12' of the system of field
deflection coils, as well as the coils 11, 11' of the system
of line deflection coils are of the saddle-type with
rear end segments positioned flat against the tube
wall. Deflection coils of the saddle type are
self-supporting coils comprising a number of conductors
which<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nCx2fMQAh9FpFCoKwv2uLV5TILEpvX_XchjS4MIid4hnOILuSQjtpUampHkW85bf0E3vEhEd16NZyLPbG52tDBTOMUGTx_rYP-nEomU8k2Y9MCJcLlvYYM7HxTxtlQDXPRUX_o3rU44X/s1600/img_2255.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167385038091106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0nCx2fMQAh9FpFCoKwv2uLV5TILEpvX_XchjS4MIid4hnOILuSQjtpUampHkW85bf0E3vEhEd16NZyLPbG52tDBTOMUGTx_rYP-nEomU8k2Y9MCJcLlvYYM7HxTxtlQDXPRUX_o3rU44X/s320/img_2255.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
are wound to form longitudinal first and second
side packets, an arcuate front end segment and an
arcuate rear end segment together defining a window
aperture. In such deflection coils the rear end
segments may be flared with respect to the profile of
the display tube (the original type of saddle coil) or
they may be arranged flat against the tube wall (in
this type of saddle coil the rear end segments
follows, as it were, the tube profile).<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGHuMfEhjjuVFm9iE5Im15wifV2DFkTh-NX4Qgk_On7GXbZU4dgLL2mhRR_vENSFNdLj-rOhfOb5IxQsYZt1WilPkGw7mUdnQz5Wig3nyNS3qVoaC_qtv2FiZ__kMAUoj_vkXD9yu_2Vc/s1600/DEFL-6.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGHuMfEhjjuVFm9iE5Im15wifV2DFkTh-NX4Qgk_On7GXbZU4dgLL2mhRR_vENSFNdLj-rOhfOb5IxQsYZt1WilPkGw7mUdnQz5Wig3nyNS3qVoaC_qtv2FiZ__kMAUoj_vkXD9yu_2Vc/s320/DEFL-6.jpg" width="218" /></a>As
has been shown in greater detail in FIGS. 2 and 3,
the deflection unit 7 has two line deflection coils
11 and 11' which are diametrically opposite to each
other and are arranged on either side of a horizontal
axis H, and two field deflection coils 12 and 12'
which are located diametrically opposite to each other
and are arranged on either side of a vertical axis V
extending at right angles to the horizontal axis H.<br />
Each
line deflection coil consists of a front end
segment 15, a rear end segment 16 and conductors 17
connecting the front end segment 15 and the rear end
segment 16. Similarly, a field deflection coil 12 consists
of a front end segment 18, a rear end segment 19 and
conductors 20 connecting the front end segment 18 and
the rear end segment 19.<br />
As explained and shown
in the Netherlands patent specification No. 170,573
mentioned in the preamble, the coils constituting the
deflection device are arranged in conventional manner
around a trumpet-shaped portion of a colour
television display tube, which trumpet-shaped portion
connects a display screen of the television display
tube to a neck portion of the relevant television display
tube. The arrangement is such that the longitudinal
axis of the deflection unit which is constituted by
the coils coincides with the longitudinal axis of the
display tube, whilst the front end segments 15 and 18 of
the line and field deflection coils are located at
the end of the deflection unit facing the display screen.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPh_kVwZsQR4kKuYlNfeXiA7-pa6O4TF4NFs_By-Uf7j10k8PbFG9bLRaLKQctApfhxtWiJL92q1VX4FbP6HgDaeJ8X2to1BvucZ0N_EONw5dcei6_DviEU86PyULW4N0UGYOGVzvMDeQ/s1600/img_2256.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167381252829714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPh_kVwZsQR4kKuYlNfeXiA7-pa6O4TF4NFs_By-Uf7j10k8PbFG9bLRaLKQctApfhxtWiJL92q1VX4FbP6HgDaeJ8X2to1BvucZ0N_EONw5dcei6_DviEU86PyULW4N0UGYOGVzvMDeQ/s320/img_2256.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
In
the following elaboration the quadrant in FIG. 3
located above the horizontal axis H and to the right of
the vertical axis V will be denoted the frist
quadrant, the quadrant located below the horizontal
axis H and to the right of the vertical axis V will be
denoted the second quadrant, the quadrant located below
the horizontal axis H and to the left of the vertical
axis V will be denoted the third quadrant and the
quadrant located above the horizontal axis H and to the
left of the vertical axis V will be denoted the fourth
quadrant.<br />
Assuming that the current flows
through the line deflection coils as is indicated by the
arrows I and the line and field deflection coils are
arranged exactly at right angles to each other, line
deflection flux will enter the first quadrant in the
field deflection coil, which flux is equal to the line
deflection flux leaving the field deflection coil in
the second quadrant, so that the net line deflection flux
in the field deflection coil is equal to zero in this
case. The same applies to the line deflection coil
located in the third and fourth quadrants.<br />
If,
however the symmetry plane of the two line deflection
coils 11, 11' has been slightly rotated clockwise with
respect to the horizontal axis H (for example, as a
result of manufacturing tolerances or the like) the
line flux entering the field deflection coil 12 in the
first quadrant will slightly decrease and the flux
leaving the second quadrant will slightly increase, so
that there is a net line deflection flux leaving the
field deflection coil 12. Correspondingly, a net line
deflection flux is obtained entering the field
deflection coil 12' located in the third and fourth
quadrants.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGHuMfEhjjuVFm9iE5Im15wifV2DFkTh-NX4Qgk_On7GXbZU4dgLL2mhRR_vENSFNdLj-rOhfOb5IxQsYZt1WilPkGw7mUdnQz5Wig3nyNS3qVoaC_qtv2FiZ__kMAUoj_vkXD9yu_2Vc/s1600/DEFL-6.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGHuMfEhjjuVFm9iE5Im15wifV2DFkTh-NX4Qgk_On7GXbZU4dgLL2mhRR_vENSFNdLj-rOhfOb5IxQsYZt1WilPkGw7mUdnQz5Wig3nyNS3qVoaC_qtv2FiZ__kMAUoj_vkXD9yu_2Vc/s320/DEFL-6.jpg" width="218" /></a>The
(unwanted) result is that the horizontal lines of
the raster present a rotation with respect to the
horizontal (x) axis on the display screen 5 as shown in
FIG. 5.<br />
In order to counteract this effect,
plate-shaped parts 21, 21' manufactured from a soft
magnetic material are provided near the transition of the
front end segments 15 into the conductors 17, on
diagonal D which extends through the longitudinal axis
of the deflection unit and across those ends of the front
end segments 15 of the line deflection coils 11, 11'
which are located furthest away from the horizontal
axis H as a result of the rotation in the direction of
the arrows C. Such plate-shaped parts, as shown in
FIG. 4, may have a L-shaped structure and whose long
limbs extend along the a portion of the front end
segments 15 of the line deflection coils which overlaps a
portion of the front end segments 18 of the field
deflection coils. The length of these limbs corresponds
with the width of the front end segment 15 at this
region. The short limbs of the L-shaped plate-shaped
parts extends over the edge of the relevant front end
segments of the line deflection coils towards the front
end segment 18 of the field deflection coil.<br />
By
providing these plate-shaped parts or field conductors
manufactured from a soft magnetic material, the line
deflection flux entering the field deflection coil is
intensified in the first quadrant and the line
deflection flux leaving the field deflection coil in the
third quadrant is intensified, so that the above
described effect caused by the rotation of the line
deflection coils in the direction of the arrows C is
counteracted.<br />
It will be evident from the foregoing
that in the case of a rotation of the symmetry plane of
the line deflection coils in an anti-clockwise
direction relative to the horizontal axis the
plate-shaped parts have to be pr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s1600/img_2260.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168144250157810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s320/img_2260.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>ovided on the line deflection coils at two diametrically opposite points located on the diagonal D'.<br />
A
rotation of the line deflection coils with respect
to their desired position is mentioned above as an
example. However, the field deflection coils may deviate
from their symmetrical location, or both the line
deflection coils and the field deflection coils may have a
deviating location. In all these cases the present
invention provides a correction by arranging two
plate-shaped soft magnetic parts near the front end segments
of the two line deflection coils in positions which
coincide with two diametrically opposite vertices of a
rectangle whose diagonals intersect each other at
least substantially on the longitudinal axis of the
deflection unit and in which positions a portion of a
front end segment of a line deflection coil overlaps a
portion of the front end segments of a field deflection
coil. And in all these cases the explanation given for
their operation remains valid.<br />
In one embodiment
parts 21, 21' were manufactured from an Si Fe alloy
having a thickness of 0.35 mm and a width of 3 mm,
which in a deflection unit as described in the article
mentioned in the preamble resulted in a coupling
influence of 9 mV at a voltage of 1 V across the line
deflection coils.<br />
The influence of spreading, if not
corrected, is, for example, 6 mV in the case of an
incorrect arrangement, which results in a total range of
between -18 mV and +18 mV.<br />
In this case this will be reduced to ±9 mV by using the correction means according to the invention.<br />
In
practice the position of the correction means (the
plates 21, 21'), and hence the choice of the correct
diagonal, can be determined by measuring the phase
of the voltage produced across the field deflection
coil with respect to the voltage applied across the line
deflection coil. </div>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "lucida grande";">Cathode-ray tube for displaying coloured pictures PHILIPS IN-LINE ELECTRON GUN SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY 30AX SYSTEM :</span></b></span>By
deflecting the electron beams before the focusing
lenses in an electron gun system for a color display
tube towards the tube axis by non-symmetrical lens
fields so that they converge on the display screen,
it has proved possible to obtain symmetrical focusing lens
fields by means of mechanically non-symmetrical
electrodes the axes of which are parallel, if the beams
enclose a given angle with the gun axes. This enables
an easy manufacture of the electrodes and an accurate
assembly of the guns. In these guns the focusing of the
beams is independent of the convergence.<br />
<br />
<br />
1.
An electric discharge tube comprising an envelope
having a main axis, a display screen and an electron
gun system for producing a plurality of electron
beams and converging the beams on the display screen,
the electron gun system comprising first electrode
means for generating the electron beams, the first
electrode means being situated along axes parallel to
the main axis of said tube; second electrode means
situated along the path of the electron beams between the
first electrode means and the display screen, said
second electrode means comprising respective last
electrodes situated on the side toward the dislay
screen and an associated preceding electrode, with
electrodes in use constitute a lens field which focuses
the electron beams symmetrically; and third
electrode means between the first and the second
electrode means for forming an asymmetric lens field to
coverge the electron beam<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>s on the display screen, characterized in that<br />
the axes of the electrodes of all electrode means are parallel to said axes of the first electrode means; and<br />
the
last electrodes (76, 96, 106), situated on the side toward
the display screen, of those second electrode means
which are situated eccentrically with respect to
the main axis of the tube, have axes (54) which are
situated eccentrically with respect to the axes (55) of
the associated preceding electrodes (75, 95, 105) and to
the axes (62) of the associated first electrode
means, the axes (55) of said preceding electrodes
(75, 95, 105) having a smaller distance to the main
axis of the tube than the axes (54) of the associated
last electrodes (76, 96, 106) situated on the side
toward the display screen, said axes (54) of said last
electrodes in turn having a smaller distance to the main
axis of the tube than the axes (62) of the associated
first electrode means (71, 72, 73, 91, 92, 93).<br />
2.
An electric discharge tube as claimed in claim 1,
characterized in that all said axes are situated in one
plane, the axes of one of the first electrode means and
the associated second electrode means coincide with
the main axis of the tube, and the axes of two other
first and second electrode means are situated
symmetrically with respect to the main axis of the tube.<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s320/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvpWx5pNWxPNUsL_wzN6Lkdlz-UirJRehyPzsZBztd1_ZpqexYTdsnnIvweeKlCGWbgeYOFPGTAbpYFBKFW5erGPI2QPV1IAP-LNorObAB2uCGd_YVvwcGUiXRaoGVQ1JXjZVFNth9i3k/s1600/IMG_9471.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
The
invention relates to a colour display tube
comprising first electrode means to generate
plurality of electron beams, situated along axes
parallel to the main axis of said tube; a display screen
on which said electron beams converge; second electrode
means situated along the path of the electron beams
between the first electrode means and the display
screen, which second electrode means form a lens field
which focuses the electron beams symmetrically; and
third electrode means between the first and the second
electrode means with which, if desired in cooperation with
the first electrode means, an asymmetric lens field
is formed to converge the electron beams on the display
screen.<br />
Such a colour display tube is
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,957,106. Such display tubes
are used inter alia as tubes to display coloured
pictures, as oscilloscope tubes, etc. In such tubes it
is desired for the electron beams to be converged in
one point on the display screen. In U.S. Pat. No.
2,957,106 an asymmetric electron lens is provided in the
path of the electron beams which do not coincide with
the main axis of the tube between the triode part of
the electron gun formed by the cathode, the first and
second grids, and the focusing lens, so that <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPh_kVwZsQR4kKuYlNfeXiA7-pa6O4TF4NFs_By-Uf7j10k8PbFG9bLRaLKQctApfhxtWiJL92q1VX4FbP6HgDaeJ8X2to1BvucZ0N_EONw5dcei6_DviEU86PyULW4N0UGYOGVzvMDeQ/s1600/img_2256.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167381252829714" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPh_kVwZsQR4kKuYlNfeXiA7-pa6O4TF4NFs_By-Uf7j10k8PbFG9bLRaLKQctApfhxtWiJL92q1VX4FbP6HgDaeJ8X2to1BvucZ0N_EONw5dcei6_DviEU86PyULW4N0UGYOGVzvMDeQ/s320/img_2256.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>the
beams are deflected towards each other and converge
on the display screen. The focusing lens is formed by
a lens field between two electrodes. These
electrodes consist of curved electrode plates having
apertures therein. The plates are curved so as to be
always perpendicular to the electron path. By applying a
potential difference between the plates an electron
lens is formed which is symmetrical for the electron
beams and which has a focusing effect and focuses each
electron beam on the display screen. It is very
difficult to manufacture such very accurately curved
electrode plates and assemble them with respect to each
other. Electrodes of such electron guns are assembled
by means of assembly pins which have to enclose a very
accurate angle with respect to each other. In order
to be able to remove the guns from the assembly pins it
is necessary for these pins to be connected
detachably in a jig as a result of which their mutual
angle becomes less accurate as a result of detrition,
diurt, bending an breaking of the pins.<br />
This
problem is recognized in U.S. Pat. No. 3,906,279 and a
solution to this problem is given. This patent teaches a
construction for the convergence of three electron
beams from three assembled electron guns whch operate
independently of each other and the axes of which are
parallel and hence parallel assembly pins can be used.
This construction is characterized in that of each
electron gun which is situated eccentrically with
respect to the main axis of the tube, the last
electrode situated on the side of the display screen has an
axis which is situated eccentrically with respect to
the axis of the relevant electron gun in a plane
through the main axis of the tube and the axis of the
electron gun and at a larger distance from the main
axis of the tube than the axis of the electron gun. This
last electrode also has a larger diameter than the other
electrodes of the electron gun. As a result of the
eccentrically placed last electrodes, convergence of
the electron beams is obtained in a simple manner and
at the same time the electron beams are each focused
separately.<br />
U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,554 discloses an integrated syste<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNS7scfeMAjDBmf5FxdSOMU8HinEBSjgbRXtiupU9kcs-C41tKflhTDr5FhURkOhnWioxT4R5WhgRQCyOkGtiSTF6J-Dwj4wNqiwF0ttID68r_iphUuxZ5vCywBxjod1AAKvE2Uy84NRGZ/s1600/img_2257.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167397186024610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNS7scfeMAjDBmf5FxdSOMU8HinEBSjgbRXtiupU9kcs-C41tKflhTDr5FhURkOhnWioxT4R5WhgRQCyOkGtiSTF6J-Dwj4wNqiwF0ttID68r_iphUuxZ5vCywBxjod1AAKvE2Uy84NRGZ/s320/img_2257.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>m
of electron guns operating in an analogous manner. A
system of electron guns operating in an analogous
manner and in which the focusing lenses of the guns not
situated on the tube axis are asymmetrical is known
from German Patent Application 2,406,443 laid open to
public inspection. All these constructions are less
attractive because they exhibit a very important
disadvantage. A variation of the strength of the focusing
lens in such guns at the same time has a direct
influence on the convergence of the electron beams,
which is not desired.<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
It
is therefore the object of the invention to provide a
simple construction for focusing and converging
electron beams independently of each other by means
of electron guns the axes of which are parallel so
that a simple, rapid and accurate manufacture and
assembly are possible.<br />
According to the invention, a
colour display tube of the kind mentioned in the
opening paragraph is characterized in that the axes of
the electrodes of all electrode means are parallel to the
axes axes and that of the second electrode means
which are eccentric with respect to the main axis of
the tube, the last electrodes (76, 96, 106) situated on
the side of the display screen have axes (54) which
are eccentric with respect to the axes (55) of the
associated preceding electrodes (75,95, 105) and to the
axes (62) of the associated first electrode means, the
axes (55) of those preceding electrodes (75, 95, 105)
having a smaller distance to the main axis of the
tube than the axes (54) of the associated last
electrodes (76, 96, 106) situated on the side of the
display screen, the last-electrode axes (54) in turn
having a smaller distance to the main axis of the tube than
the axes (62) of the associated first electrode means
(71, 72, 73, 91, 92, 93).<br />
The invention is
based on the recognition that, when an electron beam is
incident in such a mechanically non-symmetric electrode
system at a given angle with the gun axis, a
symmetric focusing of the electron beam can nevertheless
be obtained so that a variation of the strength of the
focusing lens has no influence on<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s1600/img_2260.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168144250157810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s320/img_2260.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
the convergence. This given angle which depends on
the gun dimensions can be determined experimentally on
an optical bench.<br />
A preferred embodiment of such a
colour display tube embodying the invention is
characterized in that all these axes are situated in
one plane and the axes of one of the first electrode
means and the associated second electrode means coincide
with the main axis of the tube and the axis of two other
first and second electrode means are situated
symmetrically with respect to the main axis of the tube.<br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to a drawing, in which:<br />
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a colour display tube embodying the invention,<br />
FIGS. 2 and 3 are cross-sectional views of prior-art electron guns, and<br />
FIGS.
4 to 6 are cross-sectional views of a number of
embodiments of electron guns used in colour display
tubes embodying the invention.<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br />
FIG.
1 is a cross-sectional view of a colour display
tube embodying the invention. In a neck 4 of a glass
envelope 1 further composed of a display window 2
and a conical part 3, three electron guns 5, 6 a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNuvV-vVBT-yaqvFayxVntTfJ0XYQJg8B9xmioDYl2WrbKfUZyMBF58a3bHsHgMuRSc_UD3WZEYP96ErjGMenWrZcZ956_oJuY6JUdG17YV0qVN19guoegVp-t21CRjgwxuQDFUMXvj4KD/s1600/PHILIPS-30AX-GUN-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653785462570556802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNuvV-vVBT-yaqvFayxVntTfJ0XYQJg8B9xmioDYl2WrbKfUZyMBF58a3bHsHgMuRSc_UD3WZEYP96ErjGMenWrZcZ956_oJuY6JUdG17YV0qVN19guoegVp-t21CRjgwxuQDFUMXvj4KD/s320/PHILIPS-30AX-GUN-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>nd
7 are provided which generate the electron beams 8,
9 and 10. The axes of these electron guns are
situated in one plane, the plane of the drawing. The
axis of the central electron gun 6 coincides with the
main axis 11 of the envelope. The three electron guns
consist of a number of cylindrical electrodes placed
along an axis. As is known, it is possible to construct
one or more of the juxtaposed electrodes of the guns
as one assembly. A large number of triplets of phosphor
lines are provided on the inside of the display
window. Each triplet comprises a line consisting of a
green luminescing phosphor, a line consisting of a blue
luminescing phosphor and a line consisting of a red
luminescing phosphor. All triplets together constitute
the display screen 12. The phosphor lines extend
perpendicularly to the plane of the drawing. A shadow mask
13 having a large number of elongate apertures 14
parallel to the phosphor lines, through which apertures
the electron beams 8, 9 and 10 pass, is placed before
the display screen. Since the electron beams
enclose a small angle with each other and converge on the
display screen, each beam is incident only on phosphor
lines of one colour via the elongate apertures. As is
known, it is alternatively possible to provide the
electron guns in a triangular arrangement in the tube,
each gun being situated at the corner of an
equilateral triangle. In that case the shadow mask has
circular apertures and the display screen is composed
of triplets of phosphor dots.<br />
FIG. 2 is a
cross-sectional view of a prior-art electron gun (U.S. Pat.
No. 3,957,106). The means to generate the electron
beams each consist of a cathode 15, a grid electrode 16
and an accelerating electrode 17. The convex portion
19 of electrode 18 is provided with apertures 20 and
21. As a result of the convex portion 19 of
electrode 18 a non-symmetrical electrostatic field is formed
between the electrodes 17 and 18 so that the
electrode beams 22 and 23 are bent towards the axis 24
in such manner that these beams converge on the
display screen 12. The apertures 25 and 26 in electrode 27
and the apertures 28 and 29 in electrode 30 are
provided so that they are placed in the path of the
electron beams. The curvature of the convex portions of
the electrodes 27 and 30 in which said apertures are
provided is such that their surfaces always extend
perpendicularly to the paths of the electron beams. As a
result of this and by applying a sufficiently large
potential difference between the electrodes 27 and 30 a
symmetrical lens field is obtained between the
electrodes which has a symmetric focusing effect on the
electron beams. As a rsult of this, variations in strength
of the lens field have no influence on the
convergence. The manufacture of electrodes having such
accurately curved surfaces is very difficult and the
assembly is inaccurate because assembly pins have to be
used which enclose an angl<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>e
with each other. FIG. 3 shows a system of electron
guns (U.S. Pat. No. 3,906,279) in which all the axes 31,
32 and 33 of the electron guns 34, 35 and 36 extend
parallel to each other and are situated in one
plane. The gun 34 has a cathode 37 and a grid 38 and an
anode 39 and grids 40 and 41. The corresponding
electrodes of gun 35 are referenced 47 to 51. The
corresponding electrodes of gun 36 are referenced 57 to
61.<br />
As is shown in this Figure, the grids 41
and 61 have a larger diameter than the associated
grids 40 and 60 and the axes 42 and 43 are situated
farther away from the axes 32 than the gun axes 31 and 33.
The lens fields between the electrodes 40 and 41 and
between the electrodes 60 and 61 are hence not
symmetrical and deflect the beams 44 and 45 towards
the central beam 46. These lens fields and the lens
field between the grids 50 and 51 also serve to focus the
electron beams. A small variation in the voltage
difference between the electrodes 40 and 41 and
between the electrodes 60 and 61 hence has an influence
on the convergence and also on the focusing of the
electron beams. It will be obvious that this is
undesired since it should be possible to provide
variations in the focusing and convergence preferably
independently of each other.<br />
FIG. 4 shows a first
embodiment of an electron gun system in which no curved
parts are necessary, all the axes of the electrodes
extend parallel to each other and nevertheless a
convergence is poss<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicCSrAFVAgqD7XCwFdzAAtk-bMcC57zBtLzsJJURgNxKtQT3j-AYTMzSNyxxjCl_4pKbhH9mzjF1E8NtlE8NjuwKgz8hqjiAsd-Ctk3BOxSUDt8DVRLIbDk9xIyZRVnlfZN8hg0mUCjjZc/s1600/PHILIPS-30AX-GUN-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653785462323552178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicCSrAFVAgqD7XCwFdzAAtk-bMcC57zBtLzsJJURgNxKtQT3j-AYTMzSNyxxjCl_4pKbhH9mzjF1E8NtlE8NjuwKgz8hqjiAsd-Ctk3BOxSUDt8DVRLIbDk9xIyZRVnlfZN8hg0mUCjjZc/s320/PHILIPS-30AX-GUN-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ible
which is independent of the focusing voltage (the
voltage difference between the last two electrodes in
an electron path). It consists of three guns 70, 80
and 90 having the cathodes 71, 81 and 91 in grids 72,
82 and 92 and opposite to the electrodes 73, 83 and
93. By means of these electrode means, three electron
beams 74, 84 and 94 are generated which initially
extend parallel to each other. By providing the grids
75 and 95 with apertures 52 and 53 which are situated so
as to be not symmetrical with respect to the beams 74
and 94, the electron beams 74 and 94 are deflected
towards the central electron beam 84 in a manner
analogous to that of U.S. Pat. No. 2,957,106. The
focusing is done by the lens fields between the
electrodes 75 and 76, 85 and 86 and 95 and 96. In
contrast with the construction disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
3,906,279, any variation of the focusing lens fields
between the electrodes 75 and 76 and between the
electrodes 95 and 96 of the outermost electron guns has
no influence at all on the convergence because the
electron beams 74 and 94 are incident through said lens
fields at a given angle with the gun axes. As a result
of this, a focusing lens acting symmetrically on the
beam is obtained by means of a few electrodes which are
situated non-symmetrically.<br />
An example of the
electric voltages (in Volts) applied to the various
electrodes is shown in FIG. 4 for gun 70. A number of
dimensions of electrodes and their mutual distances are
recorded in the table below:<br />
<table> <tbody>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>electrode length diameter mutual dis- diameter open- no. (mm) (mm) tance (mm) ing (mm) </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
<br />
76 8 7.6<br />
<br />
76-75 1<br />
<br />
75 16.2 7.4 1.5<br />
<br />
75-73 1.4<br />
<br />
73 5.4 0.75<br />
<br />
73-72 0.35<br />
<br />
72 0.75<br />
<br />
72-71 0.12<br />
<br />
71<br />
<br /></td></tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
The distance from axis 54 of
electrode 76 to the gun axis 62 is 0.3 mm. The
distance from axis 55 to axis 62 is 0.4 mm and the distance
from axis 56 to axis 62 is 0.2 mm. For other gun
dimensions, other mutual axial distances are necessary.
These can be determined experimentally on an optical
bench or can be calculated. The thickness of the
material (Cr-Ni-steel) from which the varous electrodes
are manufactured is in this embodiment 0.13 to 0.2 mm.
The distance between two gun axes is 10 mm. FIG. 5
is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an
electron gun system according to the invention.<br />
For
clarity, the same reference numerals are used as in
FIG. 4. The convergence of the electron beams 74, 84
and 94 is obtained in this embodiment by causing the
ends of the electrodes 75 and 95 situated oppositely to
the electrodes 73 and 93 to enclose an angle of
approximately 87° with the gun axis. This convergence
method is also disclosed already in U.S. Pat. No.
2,957,106. The various dimensions correspond
approximately to the dimensions indicated with reference
to FIG. 4. The electron beams 74, 84 and 94 also
converge on the display screen 12. The convergence is
independent of the strength of the focusing lens. The
convergence of the electron beams can alternatively be
obtained by shifting and/or tilting the electrodes 73
and 93 as a result of which the non-symmetrical
deflecting lenses are obtained in cooperation with the
electrodes 75 and 95. This will not be further
described.<br />
FIG. 6 is a cr<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG-32px9tHEBnATDIlqNNB9aPkur0p-SIGNLfvvx-uYXSixm1DHwg9sTZgFMTqYGjj_VsQBh1ExxsUO1MaS4ATKJcYuEy-0buFxM41S_pTaZZler-Mq45pL5T9Qec7hBJ3R0ocPqTfpfpR/s1600/PHILIPS-30AX-GUN-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5653785459581882802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG-32px9tHEBnATDIlqNNB9aPkur0p-SIGNLfvvx-uYXSixm1DHwg9sTZgFMTqYGjj_VsQBh1ExxsUO1MaS4ATKJcYuEy-0buFxM41S_pTaZZler-Mq45pL5T9Qec7hBJ3R0ocPqTfpfpR/s320/PHILIPS-30AX-GUN-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>oss-sectional
view of a third embodiment of an electron gun
system embodying the invention. The electron gun
system comprises a number of electrodes 102, 103,
105 and 106 which are constructed so as to be common for
the three electron beams. The Figure is drawn
approximately to the same scale as FIGS. 4 and 5. For
clarity, the same reference numerals are used as much
as possible as in FIGS. 4 and 5. It will be obvious that
one of the electrodes may be divided into two
sub-electrodes or that an extra electrode may be added
without this influencing the essence of the invention. </div>
</div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">CRT TUBE PHILIPS 30AX </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>TECHNOLOGY
Method of Production / manufacturing a color
display CRT tube and color display tube manufactured
according to said method.</b></span>A ring is
provided to correct the convergence, color purity and
frame errors of a color display tube which ring is
magnetized as a multipole and which is secured in or
around the tube neck and around the paths of the
electron beams.<br />
The magnetization of such a ring can
best be carried out by energizing a magnetization unit
with a combination of direct currents thereby
generating a multipole magnetic field and then
effecting the magnetization by generating a decaying
alternating magnetic field which preferably varies its
direction continuously.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>1.
A method of manufacturing a color display tube in
which magnetic poles are provided in or around the
neck of said tube and around the paths of the electron
beams, which poles generate a permanent static
multipole magnetic field for the correction of errors in
convergence, color purity and frame of the display
tube, which magnetic poles are formed by the magnetisation
of a configuration of magnetisable material provided
around the paths of the electron beams, the method
comprising energizing a magnetisation device with a
combination of direct currents with which a static
multipole magnetic field is generated, and superimposing a
decaying alternating magnetic field over said static
multipole magnetic field which initially drives said
magnetisable material into saturation on either side of
the hysteresis curve thereof, said decaying
alternating magnetic field being generated by a decaying
alternating current. 2. The method as claimed in claim 1,
6 or 7, wherein the decaying alternating magnetic
field is generated by means of a separate system of
coils in the magnetisation device. 3. The method as
claimed in claim 2, wherein the decaying alternating
magnetic field varies its direction continuously. 4. The
method as claimed in claim 3 wherein the frequency of
the decaying alternating current is approximately the
standard line frequency. 5. A colour display tube
manufactured by means of the method as claimed in claim
4. 6. The method as claimed in claim 1 which further
comprises erasing any residual magnetism in said
configuration, prior to said magnetisation, with an
alternating magnetic field. 7. The method as claimed in
claim 6 which further comprises correcting the errors in
convergence, color purity and frame of the display
picture with a combination of direct currents applied
to said magnetisation device and then reversing said
direct currents while increasing the magnitudes thereof
and applying these adjusted direct currents to said
magnetisation device for the magnetisation of said
configuration.<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br />
The
invention relates to a method of manufacturing a
color display tube in which magnetic poles are
provided in or around the neck of the envelope and
around the paths of the electron beams, which poles
generate a permanent multipole magnetic field for the
correction of the occurring errors in convergence, color
purity and frame of the color display tube, which
magnetic poles are formed by the magnetisation of a
configura<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>tion
of magnetisable material provided around the paths of
the electron beams, which configuration is
magnetized by energising a magnetising device with a
combination of currents with which a static multipole
magnetic field is generated.<br />
The invention also relates to a color display tube manufactured according to said method.<br />
In
a color display tube of the "delta" type, three
electron guns are accommodated in the neck of the tube
in a triangular arrangement. The points of
intersection of the axes of the guns with a plane
perpendicular to the tube axis constitute the corner points
of an equilateral triangle.<br />
In a color display
tube of the "in-line" type three electron guns are
arranged in the tube neck in such manner that the axes
of the three guns are situated mainly in one plane
while the axis of the central electron gun coincides
substantially with the axis of the display tube. The
two outermost electron guns are situated symmetrically
with respect to the central gun. As long as the
electron beams generated by the electron guns are not
deflected, the three electron beams, both in tubes of
the "delta" type and of the "in-line" type, must
coincide in the center of the display screen (static
convergence). Because, however, as a result of defects
in the manufacture of the display tube, for example,
the electron guns are not sealed quite symmetrically
with respect to the tube axis, deviations of the frame
shape, the color purity and the static convergence
occur. It should be possible to correct said
deviations.<br />
Such a color display tube of the
"in-line" type in which this correction is possible,
is disclosed in Netherlands Pat. application No.
7,503,830 laid open to public inspection. Said
application describes a color display tube in which the
deviations are corrected by the magnetisation of a ring
of magnetisable material, as a result of which a
static magnetic multipole is formed around the paths of
the electron beams. Said ring is provided in or around
the tube neck. In the method described in said patent
application, the color display tube is actuated after
which data, regarding the value and the direction of
the convergence<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s1600/img_2260.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168144250157810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMLREn2WvhPci93jgsAuoVkko8k4crHX7Tu7Dmm1t8VrYR-Ot8fOnIwKJhuNN1P_yzT8rzf8dZTTTYbpBqG5syFbRvnb6110p76pQdQwcOwrg2nAywS4yxEBRTNHlhnRbCNDbrcJK_bs1/s320/img_2260.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
errors of the electron guns, are established, with
reference to which the polarity and strength of the
magnetic multipole necessary to correct the frame,
color purity and convergence errors are determined. The
magnetisation of the configuration, which may consist
of a ring, a ribbon or a number of rods or blocks
grouped around the electron paths, may be carried out in
a number of manners. It is possible, for example,
first to magnetise the configuration to full
saturation, after which demagnetisation to the desired
value is carried out with an opposite field. A
disadvantage of this method is that, with a
combination of, for example, a 2, 4, and 6-pole field, the
polarity and strength of the demagnetisation vary
greatly and frequently, dependent on the place on the
ring, and hence also the polarity and strength of the
full magnetisation used in this method. Moreover it
appears that the required demagnetising field has no
linear relationship with the required correction field.
Due to this non-linearity it is not possible to use a
combined 2, 4 and 6-pole field for the
demagnetisation. It is impossible to successively carry
out the 2, 4 and 6-pole magnetisation since, for each
magnetisation, the ring has to be magnetised fully,
which results in the preceding magnetisation being erased
again. The possibility of successively magnetising
various places on the ring is very complicated and is not
readily possible if the ring is situated in the tube
neck since the stray field of the field necessary for
the magnetisation again demagnetizes, at least partly,
the already magnetised places.<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>It
is therefore an object of the invention to provide a
method with which a combined multipole can be
obtained by one total magnetisation.<br />
According to
the invention, a method, of the kind described in the
first paragraph with which this is possible, is
characterized in that the magnetisation is effected
by means of a decaying alternating magnetic field which
initially drives the magnetisable material on either side
of the hysteresis curve into saturation. After the
decay of the alternating magnetic field, a hard
magnetisation remains in the material of the
configuration which neutralizes the externally applied
magnetic field and is, hence, directed oppositely thereto.
After switching off the externally applied magnetic
field, a magnetic multipole field remains as a result
of the configuration magnetized as a multipole. The
desired magnetisation may be determined in a number of
manners. By observing and/or measuring the deviations
in the frame shape, color purity and convergence, the
desired multipole can be determined experimentally and
the correction may be carried out by magnetisation of
the configuration. If small deviations are then
still found, the method is repeated once or several times
with corrected currents. In this manner, by repeating
the method according to the invention, it is possible
to produce a complete correction of the errors in
frame, color purity and convergence. Preceding the
magnetisation, residual magnetism, if any, in the
configuration is preferably erased by means of a
magnetic field.<br />
The method is preferably carried out by determining the required correction field prior to the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>magnetisation
and, after the erasing of the residual magnetism,
by correcting the errors in the convergence, the
color purity and the frame of the displayed picture by
means of a combination of currents through the
magnetising device, after which the magnetisation is
produced by reversing the direction of the
combination of currents, increasing the current strength
and simultaneously producing the said decaying
alternating magnetic field.<br />
The correction field,
obtained with the magnetizing device and measured along
the axis of the electron beams, is generally longer
than the multipole correction field generated by the
configuration. So the correction of the deviations will
have to be carried out over a shorter distance along
the axis of the tube, which is possible only with a
stronger field. During the magnetisation, a combination
of currents, which in strength and direction is in the
proportion of m:1 to the combination of currents
which is necessary to generate a correction multipole
field with the device, where m is, for example, -3,
should flow through the magnetisation device. The value of
m depends on the ratio between the length of the
correction multipole field, generated by the magnetizing
device, to the effective field length of the
magnetized configuration. This depends upon a number of
factors, for example, the diameter of the neck, the kind
of material, the shape and the place of the
configuration, etc., and can be established
experimentally. If it proves, upon checking, that the
corrections with the magnetized configuration are too large
or too small, the magnetisation process can be repeated
with varied magnetisation currents.<br />
The
decaying alternating magnetic field can be generated
by superimposing a decaying alternating current on the
combination of currents through the magnetisation device
(for example, a device as disclosed in Netherlands
Pat. application No. 7,503,830 laid open to public
inspection). The decaying alternating magnetic field is
preferably generated in the magnetisation device by means
of a separate system of coils. In order to obtain a
substantially equal influence of all parts of the
configuration by the decaying alternating field, it is
recommendable not only to cause the alternating field to
decay but also to cause it to vary its direction
continuously. The system of coils therefore consists
preferably of at least two coils and the decaying
alternating currents through the coils are shifted in
phase with respect to each other. Standard line frequency
(50 or 60 Hz) has proven to give good results. The
phase shift, when using coils or coil pairs, the axes
of which enclose angles of 120° with each other, can
simply be obtained from a three-phase line.<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br />
The inve<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s320/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvpWx5pNWxPNUsL_wzN6Lkdlz-UirJRehyPzsZBztd1_ZpqexYTdsnnIvweeKlCGWbgeYOFPGTAbpYFBKFW5erGPI2QPV1IAP-LNorObAB2uCGd_YVvwcGUiXRaoGVQ1JXjZVFNth9i3k/s1600/IMG_9471.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>ntion will now be described in greater detail with reference to a drawing, in which<br />
FIG.
1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a known color
display tube of the "in-line" type having an
external static convergence unit,<br />
FIG. 2 shows the pinion transmission used therein,<br />
FIGS.
3 and 4 are two diagrammatic perpendicular
cross-sectional views of the color display tube with a
ring, which has not yet been magnetized, and in which
the outermost electron beams do not converge
satisfactorily,<br />
FIGS. 5 and 6 are two diagrammatic
perpendicular sectional views of a color display tube in
which convergence by means of the magnetisation device
has been obtained,<br />
FIGS. 7 and 8 show the magnetisation of a ring arranged in the system of electron guns,<br />
FIGS.
9 and 10 show two diagrammatic perpendicular
sectional views of a color display tube with a
magnetized ring with which the convergence error, as
shown in FIG. 4, is removed,<br />
FIGS. 11 and 12 show two types of devices suitable for magnetisation according to the invention, and<br />
FIGS. 13 to 18 show parts of another type of magnetisation unit.<br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAf-I2Ngq7hnkGYP80QSUkQo8lzUBn9cwhGUv3kDeOZDcHi6Km_K7SI7wGcGUXKhewPZec42BZduZiE2pQXxch1QhcNQrQPChsgdXaXfyub4gVgJBkKRAjzYaK5CL00OINTbSA64i6qolo/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883142922859538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAf-I2Ngq7hnkGYP80QSUkQo8lzUBn9cwhGUv3kDeOZDcHi6Km_K7SI7wGcGUXKhewPZec42BZduZiE2pQXxch1QhcNQrQPChsgdXaXfyub4gVgJBkKRAjzYaK5CL00OINTbSA64i6qolo/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a known color
display tube of the "in-line" type. Three electron
guns 5, 6 and 7, generating the electron beams 8, 9
and 10, respectively, are accommodated in the neck 4
of a glass envelope 1 which is composed of a display
window 2, a funnel-shaped part 3 and a neck 4. The axes
of the electron guns 5, 6 and 7 are situated in one
plane, the plane of the drawing. The axis of the central
electron gun 6 coincides substantially with the tube
axis 11. The three electron guns are seated in a
sleeve 16 which is situated coaxially in the neck 4.
The display window 2 has on the inner surface thereof
a large number of triplets of phosphor lines. Each
triplet comprises a line of a phosphor luminescing green, a
line of a phosphor luminescing blue, and a line of a
phosphor luminescing red. All of the triplets
together constitute a display screen 12. The phosphor
lines are normal to the plane of the drawing. A shadow
mask 12, in which a very large number of elongate
apertures 14 are provided through which the electron
beams 8, 9 and 10 pass, is arranged in front of the
display screen 12. The electron beams 8, 9 and 10 are
deflected in the horizontal direction (in the plane of
the drawing) and in the vertical direction (at right
angles thereto) by a system 15 of deflection coils. The
three electron guns 5, 6 and 7 are assembled so that
the axes thereof enclose a small angle with respect to
each other. As a result of this, the generated electron
beams 8, 9 and 10 pass through each of the apertures
14 at said angle, the so-called color selection angle,
and each impinge only upon phosphor lines of one color.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>A
display tube has a good static convergence if the
three electron beams, when they are not being
deflected, intersect each other substantially in the
center of the display screen. It has been found,
however, that the static convergence often is not good,
no more than the frame shape and the color purity,
which may be the result of an insufficiently accurate
assembly of the guns, and/or sealing of the electron
guns, in the tube neck. In order to produce the static
convergence, so far, externally adjustable correction
units have been added to the tube. They consist of a
number of pairs of multipoles consisting of magnetic
rings, for example four two-poles (two horizontal and two
vertical), two four-poles and two six-poles. The
rings of each pair are coupled together by means of a
pinion transmission (see FIG. 2), with which the rings are
rotatable with respect to each other to an equal
extent. By rotating the rings with respect to each
other and/or together, the strength and/or direction of
the two-, four- or six-pole field is adjusted. It
will be obvious that the control of a display tube
with such a device is complicated and time-consuming.
Moreover, such a correction unit is material-consuming
since, for a combination of multipoles, at least
eight rings are necessary which have to be provided
around the neck so as to be rotatable with respect to each
other.<br />
In the Netherlands Pat. application No.
7,503,830, laid open to public inspection, the
complicated correction unit has, therefore, been
replaced by one or more magnetized rings, which rings
are situated in or around the tube neck or in or
around the electron guns.<br />
However, it has proved
difficult with the magnetising methods known so far to
provide a combination of multipoles in the ring by
magnetisation.<br />
The method according to the invention provides a solution.<br />
For clarity, identical components in the following figures will be referred to by the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3Ib64478yhplYRg0_9NNF3Y1ef4EbgodKDGoKz6A0VTUUaF8vVqOV77GW_bqkmTMsLbMYtuMBL9xcUQ8cxujaUv5niq-eNSz_AF_Brl5ykC-14hk_V1Yty_aKj6GNDPRd80JFWBURwtw/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883134905390258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3Ib64478yhplYRg0_9NNF3Y1ef4EbgodKDGoKz6A0VTUUaF8vVqOV77GW_bqkmTMsLbMYtuMBL9xcUQ8cxujaUv5niq-eNSz_AF_Brl5ykC-14hk_V1Yty_aKj6GNDPRd80JFWBURwtw/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a display
tube in which the electron beams do not converge in
the horizontal direction. As is known, the outermost
electron beams can be deflected more or less in the
opposite direction by means of a four-pole, for example,
towards the central beam or away therefrom. It is also
possible to move the beams upwards and downwards. By
means of a six-pole the beams can be deflected more
or less in the same direction. For simplicity, the
invention will be described with reference to a display
tube which requires only a four-pole correction. The
convergence errors in the horizontal direction of the
electron beams 8 and 10 are in this case equally large
but opposite.<br />
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of FIG.
3. On the bottom of sleeve 16, a ring 18 is provided
of an alloy of Fe, Co, V and Cr (known as Vicalloy)
which can be readily magnetized. It will be obvious
that the ring may alternatively be provided in other
places around the guns or in or around the tube neck.
Instead of a ring it is alternatively possible to use a
ribbon or a configuration of rods or blocks of
magnetisable material.<br />
In FIG. 5 a device 19 for
generating a controllable multipole magnetic field is
provided around the neck 4 and the ring 18 according to
the method of the invention. 2-, 4- or 6-poles and co<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijG4vqVeLFUEbceG_xb7UYMKZ5osYFb7M4KQwiZ0N1Oo20xdofZcGM3sy2IGiFTMJAI_02Xkq8XwpqlZfealWYYgk4HfDaa2qcMQ9rNx87OglmX0xEBso7Lp2LS5tIayv8VsV5iWKhmBvo/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883131095084658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijG4vqVeLFUEbceG_xb7UYMKZ5osYFb7M4KQwiZ0N1Oo20xdofZcGM3sy2IGiFTMJAI_02Xkq8XwpqlZfealWYYgk4HfDaa2qcMQ9rNx87OglmX0xEBso7Lp2LS5tIayv8VsV5iWKhmBvo/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>mbinations
thereof can be generated by means of the device 19.
For the tube shown in FIG. 3, only a four-pole
correction is necessary. The coils of the device 19,
which device will be described in detail hereinafter,
are in this case energized as four-poles until the point
of intersection S of the three electron beams 8, 9
and 10, which in FIG. 3 was situated outside the tube
1, lies on the display screen 12. The current I
through the coils of the device originates from a
direct current source B which supplies a current -mI <sub>1 </sub>
(m being an experimentally determined constant
>1) to the coils via a current divider and
commutator A. The current can be adjusted per coil so as
to generate the desired multipole. In this phase of the
method, an alternating current source C does not yet
supply current (i=0).<br />
FIG. 6 is a perpendicular sectional view of FIG. 5. The current I <sub>1 </sub>
is a measure of the strength of the required
correction field. The correction field of the multipole
of the device 19 extends over a larger length of
the electron paths than the magnetic field generated
later by the magnetized ring. Therefore the field of
the ring is to be m-times stronger.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcmrhGFDqR6CBzbpRS05WaHUkOTWczwQJ0xxbQAoFk90NiOZm5H1tgQDTjbzncGhr8nr0pCdezrszOwNOk3BGvdgE3mUofcZDYS41GCa9ftbkkgHoLe8PYCHeVy2yxstMPaJD9pr1Wzb1/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883132140971138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcmrhGFDqR6CBzbpRS05WaHUkOTWczwQJ0xxbQAoFk90NiOZm5H1tgQDTjbzncGhr8nr0pCdezrszOwNOk3BGvdgE3mUofcZDYS41GCa9ftbkkgHoLe8PYCHeVy2yxstMPaJD9pr1Wzb1/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
7 shows the step of the method in which the ring 18
is magnetized as a four-pole. As follows from the
above, in this preferred embodiment of the method,
the current through the coils of the device must be -mI
<sub>1 </sub> during the magnetisation, so must
traverse in the reverse direction and be m-times as
large as the current through the coils during the
correction. Moreover, the alternating current source C
supplies a decaying alternating current (i=i <sub>1 </sub>
>0) to the device 19, with which current the
decaying alternating field is generated. When the
alternating current is switched on, it must be so large
that the ring 18 is fully magnetized on either side of
the hysteresis curve. When the alternating field has
decayed, the ring 18 is magnetized, in this case as a
four-pole. It is, of course, alternatively possible to
magnetise the ring 18 as a six-pole or as a two-pole or
to provide combinations of said multipoles in the
ring 18 and to correct therewith other convergence
errors or color purity and frame errors. It is also
possible to use said corrections in color display tubes of
the "delta" type.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9zye0vE3jVanRvTJBWcjYwRmhjqIQYfKDkdeVMCO6jO_r3zUgVdvUEoPu8JPXLPT1iVqKXGTwNdXxu1fSbbkYCRAl7jZHAoidyKeOcyI_y0wpQNTvyXD0WbS3HvPU6zbgGvU6vz8ro9g/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882836710611410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9zye0vE3jVanRvTJBWcjYwRmhjqIQYfKDkdeVMCO6jO_r3zUgVdvUEoPu8JPXLPT1iVqKXGTwNdXxu1fSbbkYCRAl7jZHAoidyKeOcyI_y0wpQNTvyXD0WbS3HvPU6zbgGvU6vz8ro9g/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
9 shows the display tube 1 shown in FIG. 3, but in
this case provided with a ring 18 magnetized
according to the method of the invention as shown in
FIGS. 5 and 7. The convergence correction takes place
only by the magnetized ring 18 present in sleeve 16. The
provision of the required multipole takes place at
the display tube 1 factory and complicated adjustments
and adjustable convergence units (FIG. 2) may be
omitted.<br />
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view
perpendicular to FIG. 9. FIG. 11 shows a magnetisation
device 19 comprising eight coils 20 with which the
convergence (see FIG. 5) and the magnetisation (see
FIG. 7) are carried out. For generating the decaying
alternating magnetic field, two pairs of coils 21 and
22, extending in this case at right angles to each
other, are incorporated in the device 19. The current i
<sub>a </sub> through the pair of coils 21 is shifted in phase through 90° with respect to the current i <sub>b </sub>
through the other pair of coils 22, so that the
decaying alternating magnetic field changes its
direction during the decay and is a field circulating
through the ring 18. FIG. 12 shows a magnetisation device
known from Netherlands Pat. application No.
7,503,830 laid open to public inspection. In t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzz-2cdP714S5Qrezw0HAwhBH_MMbVUF8Q5Npm_pL4EM-gwk3p3SyYXqzO6UoDbAcMLNg4N1w8OJbXbkT3r3HVqCb26Brx8mbAkFX5CJYGSy-0NqYZcvNyoIy28UxGVl4jUkAiC577AI0N/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-6.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882831149592386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzz-2cdP714S5Qrezw0HAwhBH_MMbVUF8Q5Npm_pL4EM-gwk3p3SyYXqzO6UoDbAcMLNg4N1w8OJbXbkT3r3HVqCb26Brx8mbAkFX5CJYGSy-0NqYZcvNyoIy28UxGVl4jUkAiC577AI0N/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>his
case, the decaying alternating current may be
superimposed on the direct current through the coils 23
so that extra coils are not necessary in the device.
The coils 23 are wound around a yoke 24.<br />
The
magnetisation device 19 may alternatively be composed of a
combination of electrical conductors and coils, as
is shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 13 to 18.<br />
FIG.
13 is a sectional view of the neck 4 of a display
tube 1 at the area of a ring 18 to be magnetised. A
two-pole field for corrections in the horizontal
direction is generated in this case by causing currents
to flow through the conductors 25, 26, 27 and 28 in the
direction as shown in the figure. Said conductors may
be single wires or wire bundles forming part of one
or more coils or turns, and extending parallel to
the tube axis at the area of the ring 18.<br />
FIG. 14
shows how, in an analogous manner, a four-pole field for
corrections of the outermost beams 8 and 10 in the
horizontal direction can be generated by electrical
conductors 29, 30, 31 and 32. A four-pole field for
corrections of the outermost beams 8 and 10 in the vertic<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882829609449266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>al
direction is substantially the same. However, the
system of conductors 29, 30, 31 and 32 is rotated
through 45° with respect to the neck 4 and the axis of
the tube 1.<br />
FIG. 15 shows, in an analogous
manner, a six-pole for corrections in the horizontal
direction with conductors 33 to 38. By means of a
combination of conductors (wires or wire bundles) with
which 2-, 4- and 6-poles can be generated, all
combinations of two-, four- and six-pole fields with
the desired strength can be obtained by variations of the
currents through said conductors 33 to 38.<br />
The
decaying alternating magnetic field in a magnetisation
unit with conductors as shown in FIGS. 13, 14 and 15
can be obtained by means of coils positioned
symmetrically around the neck 4 and the conductors as
shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 or 18. By energizing the coils 3<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882829609449266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>9
and 40, shown in FIG. 16, with a decaying
alternating current, a decaying alternating magnetic
field is generated. A better influencing of the ring
18 by the decaying alternating field is obtained when a
system of coils having coils 41 and 42 in FIG. 17 is
provided which is rotated 90° with respect to the coils
39. In this case, 40 and the decaying alternating
current through the coils 41 and 42 should then
preferably be shifted 90° in phase with respect to the
decaying alternating current through the coils 39 and 40.<br />
It is alternatively possible to generate the decaying al<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMWBsxyWszLg_5qLd5UN_lv3jUZ4TPnsy01vHhH2GjOWvdQWmw1cUTT2lW_73S_afKSlg9uE1NjVRvZLQ0afdmaERQV1kiArLZMwJJ76-PIyHp2KnGqwcnzVJLxv0FUi0qswTyC0E9veQ3/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-8.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882829263216978" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMWBsxyWszLg_5qLd5UN_lv3jUZ4TPnsy01vHhH2GjOWvdQWmw1cUTT2lW_73S_afKSlg9uE1NjVRvZLQ0afdmaERQV1kiArLZMwJJ76-PIyHp2KnGqwcnzVJLxv0FUi0qswTyC0E9veQ3/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-8.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ternating
magnetic field with one or more systems of coils as
shown in FIG. 18. The coils 43, 44 and 45 are
situated symmetrically around the tube axis and are
energized with decaying alternating currents which are
shifted 120° in phase with respect to each other (for
example from a three-phase line). </div>
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5lRrDfkmZUhh9bBv_ARpGC0APgUgVJCvrJjMqOr7yP8A3ye71WcBSzAjO4G14nTjR5yAiLMo7UHE7jRKCFkhLIlJPMZB1lDIsMHlgaW68UK0_y84s_n7-PUxJxM0VhoAuou8CKAdShA02/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-9.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882824931042578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5lRrDfkmZUhh9bBv_ARpGC0APgUgVJCvrJjMqOr7yP8A3ye71WcBSzAjO4G14nTjR5yAiLMo7UHE7jRKCFkhLIlJPMZB1lDIsMHlgaW68UK0_y84s_n7-PUxJxM0VhoAuou8CKAdShA02/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-9.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CRT TUBE PHILIPS 30AX </span><b>TECHNOLOGY</b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>
Method of manufacturing a static convergence unit,
and a color display tube comprising a convergence
unit manufactured according to the method, </b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>PHILIPS 30AX INTERNAL STATIC CONVERGENCE SYSTEM Application technology:<br />IMACO RING (Integrated Magnetic Auto Converging )</b></span>T<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>he
method according to the invention consists in the
determination of data of the convergence errors of a
color display tube, data being derived from the said
determinations for determining the polarity and the
intensity of magnetic poles of a structure. The structure
thus obtained generates a static, permanent,
multipole magnetic field adapted to the convergence
errors occurring, so that the errors are connected.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>What
is claimed is: 1. A method of producing a magnetic
convergence structure for the static convergence of
electron beams which extend approximately in one plane
in a neck of a color display tube of the kind in which
the neck merges into a flared portion adjoined by a
display screen, said method comprising providing around
the neck of the color display tube an auxiliary
device for generating variable magnetic fields in the
neck of the color display tube, activating the color
display tube, adjusting the auxiliary device to produce
a magnetic field for converging the electron beams,
determining from data derived from the adjustment of
the auxiliary device the extent and the direction of
the convergence error of each electron beam, and using
such data to determine the polarity and the intensity
of magnetic poles of said magnetic convergence
structure for generating a permanent multi-pole static
magnetic field for the correction of the convergence
errors occuring in the color display tube. 2. A method
as claimed in claim 1, wherein the auxiliary device
comprises an electromagnet convergence unit which
comprises a number of coils, said generating step
comprising passing electrical currents through said
coils for generating a magnetic field required for the
static convergence of the electron beams, and said
determining step comprising using the values of the
electrical currents for determining the permanent magnetic
structure. 3. A method as claimed in claim 2, further
comprising storing the data from the auxiliary
device in a memory. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2,
wherein said using step comprises controlling a
magnetizing unit for magnetizing an annular
magnetizable convergence structure. 5. A method as claimed
in claim 2, further comprising converting the data into a
code, and constructing said annular permanent
magnetic convergence structure having a desired
magnetic field strength from a set of previously
magnetized structural parts. 6. A method as claimed in
claim 1, further comprising forming the convergence
structure from a magnetizable mass which is annularly
arranged on at least one wall of the neck of the
color display tube. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1,
further comprising forming the convergence structure from a
magnetizable ring which is arranged on the neck of
the color display tube. 8. A method as claimed in
claim 1, wherein the convergence structure comprises a
non-magnetizable support and a number of permanent
magnetic dipoles. 9. A method as claimed in claim 4,
wherein said magnetizing step cofmprises polarizing
the magnetizable material of the annular convergence
structure at one location after the other by means of
the magnetizing unit. 10. A method as claimed in claim 4,
further comprising assemblying the auxiliary device and<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>
the magnetizing unit in one construction, and then
enclosing a convergence structure to be magnetized
with said magnetizing unit. 11. A method as claimed in
claim 10, further comprising displacing said
construction with respect to said tube after said
determining step. </div>
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
The
invention relates to a method of manufacturing a
magnetic convergence device for the static convergence
of electron beams which extend approximately in one
plane in a neck of a colour display tube, and to a
colour display tube provided with a permanent magnetic
device for the static convergence of electron beams in
the colour display tube. A known device, described in
U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,831, consists of at least four
permanent magnetic rings arranged in pairs which generate a
magnetic field that can be adjusted as regards
position and intensity. The adjustability is obtained by
turning the two rings of a pair in the same direction
with respect to the electron beams and by turning the
one ring in the opposite direction with respct to the
other ring. The adjustability necessitates that the
rings be arranged on a support which is arranged about
the neck of the colour display tube and which should
include facilities such that the adjustability of each
pair of rings, independent of the position of the other
rings, is ensured. The invention has for its object
to provide a method whereby a device for converging
electron beams can be manufactured which need not be
mechanically adjustable, so that it can have a very
simple construction, and to provide a colour display
tube including such a device.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>To
this end, the method according to the invention is
characterized in that the colour display tube is
activated, after which data concerning the extent and
the direction of the convergence error of each electron
beam are determined, on the basis of which is
determined the polarity and intensity of magnetic
poles of a structure for generating a permanent,
multi-pole, static magnetic field for the correction of the
convergence errors occurring in the colour display
tube, about the neck of the colour display tube there
being provided an auxiliary device for generating
variable magnetic fields in the neck of the colour
display tube, the auxiliary device being subsequently
adjusted such that a magnetic field with converges the
electron beams is produced, data being derived from the
adjustment of the auxiliary device thus obtained, the
said data being a measure for the convergence errors and
being used for determining the structure generating
the permanent static magnetic field.<br />
Using the
described method, a device can be manufactured which
generates a magnetic field adapted to the colour display
tube and which thus constitutes one unit as if it
were with the colour display tube. If desired colour
purity errors as well as convergence errors can be
eliminated by this method. The convergence errors visible
on the screen can be measured and expressed in
milimeters of horizontal and vertical errors. The
errors thus classified represent data whereby, using
magnetic poles of an intensity to be derived from the errors,
there can be determined a structure of a magnetic
multi-pole which generates a permanent magnetic field
adapted to the determined convergence errors.<br />
As a
result of the generation of a desired magnetic
field by means of an auxiliary device and the derivation
of data therefrom, it is possible to determine a device
adapted to the relevant colour display tube.
Simultaneously, it is ensured that the convergence of
the electron beams can be effected.<br />
A preferred
version of the method according to the invention is
characterized in that for the auxiliary device is used an
electromagnetic convergence unit which comprises a
number of coils wherethrough electrical currents are
conducted in order to generate a magnetic field
required for the convergence of the electron beams, the
values of the electrical currents producing the data
for determining an annular permanent magnetic
structure. Because the electrical currents whereby the
auxiliary device is actuated are characteristic of the
magnetic field generated, the intensity and the
position of the poles of the magnetic multi-poles to be
used for the colour display tube are determined by the
determination of the values of the electrical currents.<br />
The
data obtained from the auxiliary device can be used
in various manners. The data from the auxiliary device
can be store<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>d
in a memory, or the data from the auxiliary device can
be used immediately for controlling a magnetizing
unit which magnetizes an annular magnetizable structure.
Alternatively it is possible to convert the data
into a code; on the basis thereof an annular permanent
magnetic structure having a desired magnetic field
strength can be taken or composed from a set of already
magnetized structural parts. Obviously, the latter two
possibilities can be performed after the data have
been stored in a memory.<br />
A simplification of the
method is achieved when the device is formed from a
magnetizable mass which is provided in the form of a ring
on at least one wall of the neck of the colour
display tube. The device to be magnetized is thus arranged
around the electron beams to be generated.
Subsequently, a construction which comprises the
auxiliary device and the magnetizing unit is arranged
around the neck of the colour display tube. The auxiliary
device is then adjusted, after which the construction
can possibly be displaced, so that the magnetizing unit
encloses the device. The magnetizing unit is
actuated on the basis of the data received from the
auxiliary device, and magnetizes the device.<br />
In
order to make the construction of a magnetizing unit as
simple and as light as possible, it is advantageous to
polarize material of the structure to be magnetized
one area after the other by means of the magnetizing
unit. A suitable alternative of the method for which use
can be made of the described construction of the
magnetizing unit is characterized in that the device
consists of a non-magnetizable support and a number of
permanent magnetic bipoles. It was found that any
feasible magnetic field required for the static
convergence of electron beams in a neck of a colour
display tube can be comparatively simply generated using at
least one eight-pole electromagnetic convergence
unit. Similarly, any desired magnetic field can be
generated using a twelve-pole electromagnetic
convergence unit. It is to be noted that
electromagnetic convergence units have already been proposed
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,219.<br />
The invention will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to a drawing.<br />
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a first version of the method according to the invention.<br />
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a second version of the method according to the invention.<br />
FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of an auxiliary device.<br />
FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a first embodiment of a device manufactured using the method according to the invention.<br />
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4.<br />
FIG. 6 is a side elevation of a further embodiment of a device manufactured using the method according to the invention.<br />
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in FIG. 6.<br />
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a magnetizing device and a convergence unit arranged therein.<br />
FIG. 9a is a cross-sectional view of a convergence unit manufactured using a method according to the invention.<br />
FIG. 9b is a partial side elevation of part of a support of the convergence unit shown in FIG. 9a.<br />
FIG. 9c shows a permanent magnetic structural part of the device shown in FIG. 9a.<br />
The method according to the invention will be described with reference of FIG. 1. An elec<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDw3cxN_3F_s_dPAMOQ81c1Kan-pJIehQ0f2PDlhVVCtWVwbMELhE_mkQu_qvbsznAVc36-n901mzN_5TNf7Jke7vIH2FYvDWswUGVJOBSEU_3YNcV77UQYbhlAH8RL654dXfHFLJ2Uf8i/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885566747185490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDw3cxN_3F_s_dPAMOQ81c1Kan-pJIehQ0f2PDlhVVCtWVwbMELhE_mkQu_qvbsznAVc36-n901mzN_5TNf7Jke7vIH2FYvDWswUGVJOBSEU_3YNcV77UQYbhlAH8RL654dXfHFLJ2Uf8i/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>tromagnetic
auxiliary device 5 is arranged around the neck 3 of
the colour display tube 1. The auxiliary device 5
will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 3.
Electrical currents which generate a magnetic field
are applied to the auxiliary device 5. When the
electrical currents are adjusted to the correct value, a
magnetic field adapted to the colour display tube 1 as
regards position and intensity is generated. The
electrical currents are measured by means of the
measuring unit 9. The electrical currents represent data
which completely describe the magnetic field generated by
the auxiliary device 5. The data are stored in a
memory 19 (for example, a ring core memory) in an
adapted form (digitally). The data can be extracted
from the memory 19 again for feeding a control unit 11.
The control unit 11 actuates a magnetizing unit 13. A
magnetic field is impressed on the device 15 arranged
inside the magnetizing unit 13 (shown to be arranged
outside this unit in FIG. 1), the said magnetic field
equalling the magnetic field generated by the auxiliary
device 5 at the area of the electron beams. The auxiliary
device 5 is then removed from the neck 3 and
replaced by the device 15.<br />
The method is
suitable for the application of an automatic process
controller 17. The storage of the data in the memory 19,
the retrieval thereof, the determination and the feeding
of the data to the control unit 11 are operations
which are very well suitable for execution by an
automatic controller. Similarly, the process controller
17 can dispatch commands at the correct instants to
mechanisms which inter alia arrange the auxiliary
device 5 on the display tube 1, arrange the device 15 to
be magnetized in the magnetizing unit 13, remove the
auxiliary device 5 from the display tube 1, and arrange
the device 15 on the neck 3 of the display tube 1.
Besides these controlling functions, checking functions
can also be performed by the process controller, such
as the checking of:<br />
the position of the display tube 1 with respect to the auxiliary device 5.<br />
the determination of the number of data by the measuring unit 9.<br />
the actuation of the magnetizing unit 13.<br />
the position of the device 15 with respect to the display tube 1.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzZE6QsJ2xLCG3aMHqFGqm45hfQBdnqIFj_T-tKVtlSDnMchhy2muAFZ3RjfZk1zpw9GfcvrTDmmWVlQSnta4XPUvEepvPVWZDTzPCLSVV_kQKOtuNrv2Nl3vrMNjDaUcu2N8_n9PwEJ5S/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885563710074034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzZE6QsJ2xLCG3aMHqFGqm45hfQBdnqIFj_T-tKVtlSDnMchhy2muAFZ3RjfZk1zpw9GfcvrTDmmWVlQSnta4XPUvEepvPVWZDTzPCLSVV_kQKOtuNrv2Nl3vrMNjDaUcu2N8_n9PwEJ5S/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>The
method shown in FIG. 2 is an alternative to the
method described with reference to FIG. 1. The
auxiliary device 5 and the magnetizing unit 13 are
accommodated together in one construction 6. Before the
auxiliary device 5 and the magnetizing unit 13 are
arranged around the neck 3 of the colour display tube 1,
the as yet unmagnetized device 15 is arranged in a
desired position. The auxiliary device 5 is activated and
adjuste so that a magnetic field converging the
electron beams is produced. Subsequently, the measuring
unit 9 determines the necessary data whereby the
control unit 11 is adjusted. The auxiliary device 5
may be shifted so that the magnetizing unit 13 encloses
the device 15. After the current to the auxiliary
device 5 has been interrupted, the magnetizng unit 13 is
activated by the control unit 11. After magnetization
of the device 15, the auxiliary device 5 and the
magnetizing unit 13 are removed. A convergence unit which
has been exactly adjusted as regards position and
strength has then been arranged on the neck 3 of the
tube 1.<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 more or less
diagrammatically shows an embodiment of an auxiliary device
5. The auxiliary device 5 comprises an annular
ferromagnetic core 21 having formed thereon eight pole
shoes a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h which are <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC3HKBEudQ1ZpxpSIGuW0ZeHYQxBjNBsY87PO5GHUFRgagPNY_ANdPUMxzJ2JtgXkevkpJtXVg5SYoO_9LIGqxcUjpLS_fCA8F3eZx35qjTluGZznhgDMG5XshJPQkB4PQ5Gbt1d8Ak1-x/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885565565125026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC3HKBEudQ1ZpxpSIGuW0ZeHYQxBjNBsY87PO5GHUFRgagPNY_ANdPUMxzJ2JtgXkevkpJtXVg5SYoO_9LIGqxcUjpLS_fCA8F3eZx35qjTluGZznhgDMG5XshJPQkB4PQ5Gbt1d8Ak1-x/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>situated
in one plane and radially orientated. Each pole
shoe has provided thereabout a winding wherethrough a
direct current I to be adjusted is to be conducted.<br />
In
the space enclosed by the core 21 an eight-pole
static magnetic field is generated whose polarity and
intensity can be controlled. The value and the direction
of the direct currents Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie, If, Ig and
Ih can be adjusted on the basis of the value and the
direction of the deviations of the electron beams to
be converged. The corrections required for achieving
colour purity and convergence can be derived from the
value and the direction of the direct currents Ia
and Ih which form the data from which the necessary
corrections are determined.<br />
A similar embodiment can
be used for the magnetizing unit, but because the
electrical currents required for converging electron
beams are smaller than the currents required for
magnetizing the device, the conductors of the coils of
the magnetizing unit must be constructed in a
different manner which takes account the higher current
intensities. If a similar embodiment of the auxiliary
device has been made suitable for higher current
intensities, it can also operate at lower current
intensities. It follows that it is possible also to
use the magnetizing unit as the auxiliary device, which
is in one case connected to the measuring unit and in the
other case to the control unit.<br />
FIG. 4 shows a partly cut-away neck 3 having an envelope 31 of a colour display tube, the flared <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAwBnmG222b9XTcdbP8tTMxlyIU4ssvuIcvfTsSUS2giPpChKYalCJor7OJAGKG90PZdgpNeImlwtbncF67cv8jtzZpZ9eyTVncNIalk93lGX1zkXNgBaREEEL6fe3mS2EURAiDjQVGVZ/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885561412396450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAwBnmG222b9XTcdbP8tTMxlyIU4ssvuIcvfTsSUS2giPpChKYalCJor7OJAGKG90PZdgpNeImlwtbncF67cv8jtzZpZ9eyTVncNIalk93lGX1zkXNgBaREEEL6fe3mS2EURAiDjQVGVZ/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>portion
and the adjoining display screen not being shown.
At the end of the neck 3 there are provided contact
pins 33 to which cathodes and electrodes of the
system of electron guns 35 are connected. The device
15 for the static convergence of the electron beams
generated by the system of guns 35 consists of a support
15A of synthetic material and a ferrite ring 15B. On
the jacket surface of the support 15A is provided a
ridge 15c which extends in the longitudinal direction;
the ferrite ring 15B is provided with a slot which
co-operates therewith and which opens into the edge of
the ring on only one side, so that the ring 15B can be
secured to the carrier 15A in only one way. FIG. 5 is a
cross-sectional view which clearly shows the ridge 15C
and the slot of the device 15. The references used in
FIG. 5 correspond to those used in FIG. 4.<br />
FIG. 6
shows the same portions of the neck 3 of a colour
display tube as FIG. 4. Instead of a support on which a
ferrite ring is secured, the device consists only of
a layer of ferrite 15 which is secured directly to the
inner wall 37 of the neck 3 by means of a binding
agent. This offers the advantage that a support which
requires space and material can be dispensed with. FIG. 7
is a cross-sectional view and illustrates the
simplicity of the device 15. The references used
correspond to the references of FIG. 6. The device 15
can also be mounted (not shown in the Figure) on the
rear of a deflection unit of the colour display tube.
It is alternatively possible to arrange the device on
grids or on the cathodes in the neck of the colour
display tube.<br />
FIG. 8 diagrammatically shows a
magnetizing unit 13 whereby the device 15 arranged thereon
is magnetically polarized one location after the
other. The extent of the polarization is dependent of the
value and direction of the used direct current Im
and of the number of ampere-turns of the coil 41
arranged about the core of the magnetizing unit 13. The
core consists of two portions 43 and 45 which form a
substantially closed magnetic circuit. Between a
concave pole shoe 47 and a convex pole shoe 49 of the
core portions 43 and 45, respectively, there is a space
wherein a portion of the device 15 to be magnetized is
arranged. The concave and convex pole shoes 47 and
49 preferably are shaped to follow the curved faces 51
and 53 of the device substantially completely. In
order to enable easy arrangement and displacement of
the device between the pole shoes 47 and 49, the core
portions 43 and 45 are provided with ground contact
faces 55 and 57 which are perpendicular to each other.
The pole shoes 4<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s1600/img_2250.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168169352304194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ7fYuAYGpqvyKNubYXpv1HJElJ7LB7Cl0f-2da0-Yb3fpRL_AdBH6qE2Iae3_rAgTnfsFjB639HLzUlrXzrONoHeTPUSNCrEiJqQvkL9BndzDPIK-ELNdl4GRLuEu521oQM5AT6FkeQm/s320/img_2250.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>7
and 49 can be moved away from and towards each other,
the core portions 43 and 45 always returning to the
same position relative to each other due to the
faces 55 and 57 perpendicularly extending to each
other. At the same time, the magnetic contact resistance
at the faces 55 snd 57 is low and constant, so that the
necessary unambiguous relationship between the
current Im and the magnetic field generated in the core
is ensured.<br />
FIGS. 9a, b and c show a preferred embodiment and details of a static convergence device 15. The device 1<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlxrJpcLKbRHyrPtMk9LeVrRhV0694psERKR_IikPE9E-uqzWO3QX50Iow2SrKdY-tQhvlEvo1R_C_xLEV4B5UYumfvxtS4TvMXNBLiaFB4SZOVYnGAzFZWqmnoSRTIznSQP3EnPixHFY/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885554180916674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlxrJpcLKbRHyrPtMk9LeVrRhV0694psERKR_IikPE9E-uqzWO3QX50Iow2SrKdY-tQhvlEvo1R_C_xLEV4B5UYumfvxtS4TvMXNBLiaFB4SZOVYnGAzFZWqmnoSRTIznSQP3EnPixHFY/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>5
consists of a support 61 of synthetic material, for
example, polycarbonate, wherein eight ferromagnetic
discs (or "inserts") 63 are equidistantly arranged
along the circumference. It will be obvious that
this embodiment is particularly suitable for being
actuated in a magnetizing unit as shown in FIG. 8. The
holes 65 provided in the support 61 are slightly
elliptical so as to lock the capsules 63 firmly in
the holes 65. To this end, the width b is chosen to be
slightly smaller than the height h which equals the
diameter d of the round discs (or "inserts") 63. The
narrow portions 67 of the support 61 with clamp the
disc 63 in the hole 65 due to their elastic action. It
is, of course, possible to magnetize the disc 63
before they are arranged in the support 61; the
sequence in which the disc 63 are arranged in the
support 61 should then be carefully checked.<br />
If a
method is used where the most suitable structure is
selected from a series of permanent magnetic structures
on the basis of the adjusting data, it is
advantageous to compose this structure from a number of
permanent rin<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s1600/img_2261.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549167412049967314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifvAqTuEdwM7WyksTZNHUDDHx58whbi2qS-eBZo5hklfujFLbOnupQ1ubaugm0WAx_wlrdGtVYoDtMJsehScIaYu6SdlxCtwHS2yeYznKPZGXMFzpRMXkaSYVrwelLE8-zbTV8yP-pcudr/s320/img_2261.jpg" style="float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>gs.
This will be illustrated on the basis of an example
involving superimposition of a four-pole field and a
six-pole field. Assume that the magnetic fields can
each have M different intensities, and that the on field
can occupy N different positions with respect to the
other field. If the magnetic structure consists of
one permanent magnetic ring, the series from which
selection can be made consists of M×M×N rings. If the
structure consists of two rings, the series comprises M+M
rings, but it should then be possible for the one ring
to be arranged in N different positions with respect
to the other ring. If the static convergence device
is composed as shown in FIG. 9a, b and c or similar,
only M kinds of structural parts (discs) having a
different magnetical intensity are required for achieving
any desired structure.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b> Getter connected to cathode ray tube high voltage contact:</b></span>Disclosed is a picture display tube comprising an envelope having a display window, a cone and a neck<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtITtudt0qfhwB0KtXg0EvxsBdd-M7eb6opekQ4feMTBZ9dymuM0TNSpMmW6owyIKNhb-FyYrzoNdGl1LuoobNLuQ2xh8rpGmqQO5Z4pT84wkJx5VG8Pz1tQL9KdljPeStJvvVR4uxw9c/s1600/img_2253.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5549168157828876242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrtITtudt0qfhwB0KtXg0EvxsBdd-M7eb6opekQ4feMTBZ9dymuM0TNSpMmW6owyIKNhb-FyYrzoNdGl1LuoobNLuQ2xh8rpGmqQO5Z4pT84wkJx5VG8Pz1tQL9KdljPeStJvvVR4uxw9c/s320/img_2253.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 240px;" /></a>.
An electrode system to generate at least one
electron beam is mounted in the neck and an
electrical resistive layer extends over an internal
wall portion of the envelope to a point near the electrode
system. The tube comprises a getter which is
detachably secured to a connecting member projecting
internally from the wall of the tube at a location
remote from the electrode system by means of a resilient
connection strip. The portion of the connection member
projecting from the tube wall has a gradually
widening end having a largest transverse dimension D
and a smallest transverse dimension d and the connection
strip of the getter has a first aperture whose
dimensions are larger than the dimension D. The first
aperture debouches via a passage of width b into a
second aperture of dimensions A in a manner such that
D>A>b>d, so that the gradually
widening end of the connecting member in cooperation
with the said second aperture forms a detachable
coupling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A display
tube comprising an envelope having a conical portion
terminating in a generally cylindrical neck and a
window portion secured to the end of said conical
portion opposite said neck and having a display screen on
the inner surface thereof, an electrode system
positioned in said neck for generating at least one
electron beam directed onto said display screen, an
electrically conductive layer extending between said
display screen and said electrode system over the inner
surface of said conical portion, at least a portion
of said layer near said electrode system being an
electrical resistive layer and electrically connected
to the conductive layer, a high voltage contact
provided in said conical portion between said window
portion and said electrode system, a getter and means for
detachably mounting, in said envelope, said getter
inserted into said conical portion through said neck
after said window portion is secured to said conical
portion and prior to positioning said electrode system
in said neck, said mounting means including a
connecting member affixed to a wall of said conical
portion and projecting into the interior of said
envelope, said connecting member having a gradually
widening end with a largest transverse dimension D and
a smallest transverse dimension d, and a resilient
metal strip affixed to said getter, said strip having a
first aperture of a dimension larger than <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s320/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvpWx5pNWxPNUsL_wzN6Lkdlz-UirJRehyPzsZBztd1_ZpqexYTdsnnIvweeKlCGWbgeYOFPGTAbpYFBKFW5erGPI2QPV1IAP-LNorObAB2uCGd_YVvwcGUiXRaoGVQ1JXjZVFNth9i3k/s1600/IMG_9471.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>said
dimension D, a second aperture of dimension A, and
an opening of width b extending between said first and
second apertures in a manner such that
D>A>b>d, so that said end of said
connecting member in cooperation with said second
aperture form a coupling for detachably mounting said
getter in said envelope. 2. A picture display tube as
claimed in claim 1, wherein the portion of the
connecting member projecting from the tube wall widens
conically. 3. A picture display tube as claimed in claim
1, wherein the portion of the connecting member
projecting from the tube wall widens spherically. 4. A
picture display tube as claimed in claim 1, wherein
the portion of the connecting member projecting from the
tube wall widens in the form of a pyramid. 5. A picture
display tube as claimed in claim 1 wherein said metal
strip affixed to the getter has an indentation at
the region of the second aperture. 6. A picture
display tube as claimed in claim 5 wherein the shape of
said indentation corresponds to the shape of the
gradually widening end of the connecting member. 7. A
picture display tube as claimed in claim 1, wherein the
connection strip of the getter is locked against
rotation with respect to the connecting member. 8. A
picture display tube as claimed in claim 1 wherein the
connecting member is secured to the high voltage
contact. 9. A picture display tube as claimed in claim 8
wherein the connecting member and the high voltage
contact are integral and are made from sheet material.
10. A device for connecting a getter in a picture
display tube in which the getter is inserted via the
tube neck and is secured so as to be detachable to a
connection member projecting internally from the tube
wall by means of a resilient connection strip,
characterized in that the device comprises a strip of
resilient material which at one end is secured to a rigid
member and at the other end has a holder on which a
number of studs are present between which the
connection strip of the getter can be clamped
temporarily and which holder comprises means to detach
the connection strip from the holder, which device has
an abutment limiting the depth of insertion of the
strip in the tube and furthermore has a cable which is
guided along the strip and is secured near the holder to
bend the strip and thus to transport the getter which
is temporarily secured to the holder towards the
connection member projecting internally from the tube
wall.<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s320/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwvpWx5pNWxPNUsL_wzN6Lkdlz-UirJRehyPzsZBztd1_ZpqexYTdsnnIvweeKlCGWbgeYOFPGTAbpYFBKFW5erGPI2QPV1IAP-LNorObAB2uCGd_YVvwcGUiXRaoGVQ1JXjZVFNth9i3k/s1600/IMG_9471.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
The invention relates to
a picture display tube comprising an envelope
including a display screen, an electrode system to
generate at least one electron beam directed onto the
display screen, an electrically conductive layer which
extends at least between the display screen and the
electrode system over the inner surface of the envelope.
At least the portion of the conductive layer situated
near the electrode system is an electrical resistive
layer. The tube further comprises a high voltage
contact which is provided in the envelope between the
display screen and the electrode system and which is
electrically connected to the conductive layer, and a
getter which is secured to a connection member
projecting internally from the tube wall by means of a
resilient metal strip.<br />
Such a picture display tube is disclosed in British patent specification No. 1,226,728.<br />
As
a result of the large voltage differences between
certain electrodes of the electrode system,
electrical flashovers in the tube may occur which
are associated with currents rising rapidly in time and
reaching high values. As a result of this, damage may be
done, in particular, to semiconductor components in
the electronic circuit of the television receiver
via inductive or capacitive coupling. A known solution
for avoiding such damage is to provide an electrically
resistive layer on an internal wall portion of the
tube envelope near the electrode system. The result of
this solution, however, is that the getter usually
connected to the electrode system by means of a metal strip
has to be secured elsewhere in the tube to prevent the
gettering material released from the getter by
heating from depositing on and shortcircuiting the
resistive layer or prevent the layer from being
shortcircuited by the metal strip. Thus the getter should
be mounted in the tube at a location remote from the
electrode system.<br />
In FIG. 3 of the
above-mentioned British patent specification the getter is
secured to the high voltage contact. The getter is
connected to the contact prior to securing the glass cone to
the glass window of the tube. An advantage of this
method is that the getter is mounted in the tube during a
phase of the manufacturing process of the tube when
the location in the tube at which the getter is to be
mounted is still readily accessible. The detrimental
effects of gases and vapours on the getter during
subsequent phases in the manufacturing process can be
avoided by using a protective getter or a chemically
resistant getter.<br />
The method disclosed in the
British patent specification would be satisfactory if
there were no need at all for mounting a getter in the
tube after the cone and the window are secured to
each other as is the case with black-and-white display
tubes. However, during manufacture of colour tubes the
envelope is stored for some time after the window is
secured to the cone. In that case, therefore, it is
undesirable to mount the getter at the time the tube
envelope is assembled. Furthermore if the tube has to be
repaired it has to be provided with a new getter.<br />
It
is the object of the invention to provide a picture
display tube in which a getter can be introduced
through the neck of the tube and in which, in a
location remote from the electrode system, the tube is
provided with a connection member to which the getter can
be easily secured, as well as easily detached.<br />
According
to the invention, a picture display tube of the
kind mentioned in the preamble is provided with a
connecting member which projects from the tube wall. The
connecting member has a gradually widening end having a
largest transverse dimension D and a smallest
transverse dimension d. The getter has a metal
connection strip with a first aperture whose dimensions are
larger than the largest transverse dimension D. The
first aperture debouches via a passage of width b into a
second aperture having dimensions A, in a manner
such that D>A>b>d, so that the
gradually widening end of the connection member in
cooperation with the second aperture forms a detachable
coupling.<br />
The getter is secured by inserting the
widening end of the connecting member through the
first aperture in the connecting strip and then moving
the connection strip in its longitudinal direction in a
manner such that the second aperture is made to
cooperate with the widening end of the connecting
member. The coupling thus produced is locked in that
the connection strip bears on the tube wall on either
side of the second aperture and, as a result of the
resilience in the strip, the strip is pressed against
the widening end of the connection member at the area of
the second aperture. It has been found that a good
coupling between the connection member and the
connection strip is obtained even with low resilience of
the strip. Hence no large resilient forces need be
overcome for producing the coupling. As a result of this,
the auxiliary tool for mounting the getter can be of
an extremely simple construction and minimizing the
possibility of damage to the tube during mounting of
the getter. The removal of the getter during repair
of the tube can also be carried out in an extremely simple
manner and without exerting great forces with the
coupling mechanism of the invention.<br />
The
gradually widening end of the connection member may
have several shapes. The end preferably is in the form of
a sphere, a cone or a pyramid. In a further
embodiment according to the invention the connection
strip has a deepened portion or an indentation at the
region of the second aperture so that an extra locking
of the coupling is obtained. The shape of the indentation
may correspond to the shape of the gradually
widening end of the connection member.<br />
In the
latter arrangement and with a connection member widening
in the form of a pyramid, the strip may also be
locked against rotation with respect to the connection
member. Locking against rotation is alternatively
possible by providing the widening end of the
connection member with at least one flattened portion
which cooperates with a straight edge of the second
aperture.<br />
The connection member is preferably
secured to the high voltage contact provided in the
tube wall so that with the insertion of the high
voltage contact the connection member for the getter is also
obtained. According to a further embodiment of the
invention the connection member with the high voltage
contact constitutes one assembly of sheet material.<br />
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the drawing in which:<br />
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a colour television display tube with a getter according to the invention,<br />
FIG. 2 shows on an enlarged scale the manner in which the getter is secured in the display tube shown in FIG. 1,<br />
FIGS.
3, 3A and 3B are sectional views of embodiments of a
connection member according to the invention
secured to the high voltage contact,<br />
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a getter having a connection strip according to the invention,<br />
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an embodiment of a connection construction according to the invention,<br />
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a connecting member forming one assembly with the high voltage contact, and<br />
FIGS. 7, 7A and 7B show an auxiliary tool for mounting a getter according to the invention in the tube.<br />
The tube, shown<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgYiQpGbsGCdq-k1Vb86JIEusME5cl7fal7ZLf4iMACDt8hYQtuLSYvs_TLEBCUiklEVJaknVgcIL7gMRVOZC5BzGd3G-SnaFeEZybt7KKLW6ZnGunhU9jKKMH2bMYi9IEYjTbu89iDNPy/s1600/CRT-TUBE-EHT-GETTER-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5659361820171279634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgYiQpGbsGCdq-k1Vb86JIEusME5cl7fal7ZLf4iMACDt8hYQtuLSYvs_TLEBCUiklEVJaknVgcIL7gMRVOZC5BzGd3G-SnaFeEZybt7KKLW6ZnGunhU9jKKMH2bMYi9IEYjTbu89iDNPy/s320/CRT-TUBE-EHT-GETTER-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>
in FIG. 1 in a vertical sectional view, comprises a
glass envelope having a display window 1, a cone 2
and a neck 3. An electrode system 4 for generating
three electron beams 5, 6 and 7 is mounted in the neck
3. The electron beams 5, 6 and 7 are generated in one
plane, in this case normal to the plane of the
drawing, and are directed onto a display screen 8
provided internally on the display window 1 and
consisting of a large number of phosphor strips
luminescing in red, green and blue whose longitudinal
direction is parallel to the plane of the drawing. On
their way to the display screen 8, the electron beams 5,
6 and 7 are deflected over the display screen 8 by
means of a number of deflection coils 9 arranged
coaxially around the tube axis and pass through a colour
selection electrode 10 consisting of a metal plate
having elongate apertures 11 whose longitudinal direction
is also parallel to the plane of the drawing. The
three electron beams 5, 6 and 7 pass through the
apertures 11 at a small angle to each other and
consequently each impinges only upon phosphor strips of
one colour. The tube furthermore comprises an inner
screening cone 12 screens which the electron beams 5, 6
and 7 from the earth's magnetic field. The inner wall
of the tube is coated with an electrically conductive
layer 13 with a portion 14 extending from the neck-cone
transition in the neck 3 consisting of an
electrically resistive material which is composed of a
mixture of approximately 6 parts by weight of ferric
oxide and 1 part by weight of graphite and 2.5 parts by
weight of potassium silicate. The layer 13, which may
alternatively consist of an electrically resistive
layer, is connected to a high voltage contact 15
provided in the tube wall and is further connected, via
contact springs 16, to the colour selection electrode
10 and the display screen 8 and, via contact springs
17, to the last electrode of the electrode system 4.<br />
As
is known, after evacuation of the tube a layer of
gettering material of, for example, barium, strontium,
calcium or magnesium is deposited on the tube wall so as
to getter the residual gases remained in the tube. In
conventional display tubes, the gettering device from
which the gettering material is released by heating,
is connected to the electrode system either directly
or by means of a metal strip. As already stated, this
conventional mounting arrangement cannot be used in a
display tube having a resistive layer. As shown in FIG.
1, according to the invention, the getter 18 is mounted
in the tube by means of a connection strip 19 at a
location remote from the electrode system 4. The
getter is detachably secured to a connection member
welded to the high voltage contact 15 by using a
mounting arrangement described hereinafter with reference
to FIG. 2. This figure shows the wall portion of the
cone 2 in which the high voltage contact 15 is sealed.
The high voltage contact 15 has a connection member
which extends into the tube cavity and which is in
the form of a pin 20 which at its free end widens in the
form of a cone and has a largest transverse dimension
D and a smallest transverse dimension d, as shown in
FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 2 the getter 18 comprises a
metal holder 21 which is welded to the metal connection
strip 19. The strip 19 has a first aperture 22 whose
dimensions are larger than the transverse dimension D. The
aperture 22 communicates via a passage 23 with a
second aperture 24 which is smaller than the
transverse dimension D but is larger than the transverse
dimension d. The width of the passage 23 is slightly
larger than the dimension d but is smaller than the
aperture 24. This is illustrated in the plan view in
FIG. 4 of a getter 28 and a connection strip 29. The strip
has a first aperture 32, a passage 33 and a second
aperture 34. Due to the resilience of the connection
strip 19, which is pre-bent according to the broken lines
25, (shown in FIG. 2), the strip 19 presses against
the conically widening end of the pin 20 at the area
of the second aperture 24 with which the coupling of
the strip 19 and the pin 20 is produced. Possible
rotation of the strip 19 about the pin 20 can be
prevented, for example, by providing the widening end
of the pin 20 with at least one flattened portion as
shown in FIG. 3 by the broken line 26 and providing
the second aperture 24 with a straight edge cooperating
with the flattened portion.<br />
Instead of a
conically widening end, other shapes are also possible, for
example, the spherically widening end 27 of the
connection member shown in FIG. 3A, or the end 30
widening in the form of a pyramid as shown in FIG. 3B.
Furthermore it is not necessary to secure the
connection member to the high voltage contact. The
connection member may also be inserted independently in
the tube wall.<br />
FIG. 5 shows a getter structure in which the connection strip 39 has an indentation 40 at the region of th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyPkugLw07HQPfbNKGD71KgZ6pTC6WpXPtbPTyp6HofVZzhTNulY0OEUvkOyBJkI_PYKLmiXRm669KxVDbMoJm5nz009XLol-SeXrKkkznVRYMKl_8GJs7CrbEfhAA_xUBLWtVKnluY5C-/s1600/CRT-TUBE-EHT-GETTER-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5659361817970256578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyPkugLw07HQPfbNKGD71KgZ6pTC6WpXPtbPTyp6HofVZzhTNulY0OEUvkOyBJkI_PYKLmiXRm669KxVDbMoJm5nz009XLol-SeXrKkkznVRYMKl_8GJs7CrbEfhAA_xUBLWtVKnluY5C-/s320/CRT-TUBE-EHT-GETTER-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>e
second aperture 44. As a result of this, the
coupling between the connection strip 39 and the
connection member 41 is additionally locked.
Otherwise, the strip 39 again has a first aperture 42 which
debouches via a passage 43 into the second aperture
44, analogously to the construction shown in FIG. 4.<br />
FIG.
6 shows a high voltage contact 50 having a
connection member 51 integral therewith. The assembly
is manufactured from sheet material and obtained by deep
drawing. This construction which has been manufactured
from one piece has the advantage that no welding
operation need be carried out which might damage the
high voltage contact.<br />
FIG. 7 shows a possible
embodiment of a device for inserting the getter through
the neck of the tube and mounting it in the tube. The
device comprises a resilient metal strip 60 which at
one end has a metal holder 61 provided with an
elongated aperture 62. The other end of the strip 60 is
secured to a rigid tube 63 having a handle 64. A pull
cable 65 connected at one end to the holder 61 is guided
along the strip 60 by means of cable guides 66 and at
the other end is attached to a handle 67 rotatably
secured to the tube 63. The resilient strip 60 is bent
by tensioning the cable 65 by means of the handle 67. A
stud 68 is rotatably arranged about a shaft 69 in
the aperture 62 of the holder 61. A second pull cable 70,
which is also guided along the strip 60 with a small
amount of play is rotatably secured at one end to a
second handle 71 connected to the tube 63 and is secured
to the stud 68 at its other end. By tensioning the
pull cable 70 by means of the handle 71, the stud 68
rotates about the shaft 69 releasing a getter secured
to the holder 61.<br />
FIG. 7A shows the getter 28
of FIG. 4 with connection strip 29 in a position in
which it is mounted on the holder 61. The connection strip
29 has four abutment edges 35 with which the strip 29
can be tensioned between four studs 72 on the holder
61. In the position shown in FIG. 7A, the getter 28
can be positioned in its place via the still open neck
3 of the tube shown in FIG. 1. This is done as
follows. The resilient strip 60 of the getter insertion
apparatus shown in FIG. 7 is inserted into the neck 3
of the tube a distance such that the abutment member 73
bears against the open end of the tube neck 3. The
pull cable 65 is then tensioned so that the strip 60
bends and the holder 61 is moved towards the high
voltage contact 15 with the connection member 20. Access
to the high voltage contact is provided via a
slot-shaped recess 80 in the magnetic screening cone 12,
as shown in FIG. 1. The location of the abutment
number 73 on the insertion apparatus is such that in
the bent condition of the strip 60, the aperture 32
provided in the connection strip 29 corresponds to
the location of the connection member 20 so that, when
the strip 60 is bent, the connection strip 29 slides
over the widening end of the connection member 20. The
strip 29 is then moved in its longitudinal direction
until the second aperture 34 coincides with the
connection member 20. In this phase of the method, the
connection strip 29 is detached from the holder 61 by
tensioning the cable 70 so that the stud 68 rotates
and the connection strip 29 is pressed between the studs
72. Due to the resilience of the connection strip 29,
the strip presses against the gradually widening end of
the connection member 20 at the area of the aperture
34. Thus the coupling of the strip 29 and the
connection member 20 is produced in the manner as shown in
FIG. 2 or FIG. 5.<br />
The principle of inserting and
securing a getter in the tube has been explained with
reference to a manually operated apparatus. Of
course, the operation of the apparatus can be mechanized.
Detaching the connection strip of the getter from
the holder can furthermore be realised in ways differing
from that with the stud 68. For example, as shown <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s1026/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH1u0GLam9v5eXS8wZQsX5LlEU6mHhfYyb4S3vHUM1je-YtPs9J5nL93nUp5G8661hdcV1iB3US-cvC4sJAMpb4WJ1JB3RpvVau_hbr0SHU_ku0Ky-qcgz6Pl3CzbgxXiGIJZfd97cFAk3ZlvLSHxlpOmbdWRwOt_iRuJajMc7Vjtqzivyv2fUfsPG49Bp/s320/IMGH_13446__TVM.jpg" /></a>in
FIG. 7B, the holder 90 may consist of two portions 91
and 92 pivoting about a shaft 83. To detach the
connection strip of the getter, the part 92 of the
holder 90 is tilted in the direction of the arrow 94.
According to another possibility, the holder can be
made detachable by a construction in which the parts 91 and
92 are drawn apart in the longitudinal direction of
the holder. </div>
</div>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-60463295304704567282023-12-20T18:00:00.081+01:002023-12-20T18:00:00.142+01:00GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI YEAR 1988<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcARr41q6YaTsLeXfii_BjAY4z6QfMLkojFaXgoZ6_RnLVIsl1llg9RF1toqK09UAR6pszplbF31rWjBO_4tWq_481dG3hTsppokyvi40-ANUETrRogeTrnrn5aBqoLnQ2QZsGsHxzdwAi9eNvaRFbC8gKtVUarLVx1AA3clNjMmLvY89M1-elil-Xm7xV/s1282/IMGH_13386b__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcARr41q6YaTsLeXfii_BjAY4z6QfMLkojFaXgoZ6_RnLVIsl1llg9RF1toqK09UAR6pszplbF31rWjBO_4tWq_481dG3hTsppokyvi40-ANUETrRogeTrnrn5aBqoLnQ2QZsGsHxzdwAi9eNvaRFbC8gKtVUarLVx1AA3clNjMmLvY89M1-elil-Xm7xV/s320/IMGH_13386b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8ZtjProDlyNfLrGDWNxUj3AWwo4YOYQkAEu0jK7Ci3o31tapS2PdTLiE5Dbjhl1ZuItU8Wsx6pjY88d3fddpG1gLJChJznrZOd8D_JLbt5TyW9YXOutHCy-gcEUb9KAdrIXePXZsyrUGjpELcMbodBMcewI8ZaDxtSqtjtdmXo33H3CnGest3MiDpknL/s1282/IMGH_13387__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZ_HSouWOm8jkMHPnKPHZSgwUiNpVAcGV9QzxIz6iaD4N1ILPNZuMJL6SLvZ2RSSJgmy7NAjkqWsUEsZj2TQO8AtOL6HjyoSB15IPyt0l9i3quRSyNAhPFDtLYp30UF7nen5l-Ia3ZtyzMinhhTId9Xyv1tBp-1FeLQ8hRs1Tf7v-bJcZQhIqeN9y6ETb/s320/IMGH_13391__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKroU5HRHqVI-LG2OjJzw1QulxqHbrCuUhbAFdYcr__9-BMkNbIqf3jUkXWpMX1M0lbyVCEkfFBPwH76FkZTZlHSvqSf5N-db977Xo-Py15GSUaDxz-Yqalw8KIZ3fBQfdLU_Nm71RxVl9HkJ3XuhjxJjITa9evTL5dwjfVeYZ9_78KrG7JsO4KkVtbFCk/s1026/grundig_M55-355A-CTI-ADV__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="719" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKroU5HRHqVI-LG2OjJzw1QulxqHbrCuUhbAFdYcr__9-BMkNbIqf3jUkXWpMX1M0lbyVCEkfFBPwH76FkZTZlHSvqSf5N-db977Xo-Py15GSUaDxz-Yqalw8KIZ3fBQfdLU_Nm71RxVl9HkJ3XuhjxJjITa9evTL5dwjfVeYZ9_78KrG7JsO4KkVtbFCk/s320/grundig_M55-355A-CTI-ADV__TVM.jpg" width="224" /></a></div><br />The GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI is a 21 inches (55cm) color compact television monitor with following features:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Featured with a PHILIPS CRT TUBE FSQ SCREEN.</li><li>Monolith front dark glass for increased contrast and anti eye strain / fatigue. <br /></li></ul></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjm8knk6ZzA8LAOJV-LfdO1HyBdyvbauzPda6JCh2Efj5ZffRFZn7Q-r1Jnk9fjqWpjGgBrk1Be0mTZ-SkV4Tm_T_F2sr9PblaLbWzX1H14iKgdJDnBUsFkn7HNMjUf2Q13LRtjriJn5cqZhou7tsrVB2OhV6dtWLt9VsCMuhxgmxr5wLUc2_zwpGjAWev/s1282/IMGH_13390__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjm8knk6ZzA8LAOJV-LfdO1HyBdyvbauzPda6JCh2Efj5ZffRFZn7Q-r1Jnk9fjqWpjGgBrk1Be0mTZ-SkV4Tm_T_F2sr9PblaLbWzX1H14iKgdJDnBUsFkn7HNMjUf2Q13LRtjriJn5cqZhou7tsrVB2OhV6dtWLt9VsCMuhxgmxr5wLUc2_zwpGjAWev/w200-h150/IMGH_13390__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><li>
It has 39 <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6yWgmJoxmAymru24QU42HrCa-23cfI_t8SAnyzpSCL1Nu2pAnE_ShHPGWePk7_VQpaCGz4xvIHPE3OeGVlsuNvsFBqLtOSMvtbvkW5nS4kPr8xCRiv4RozOZAkNJCcIueFXjWvEa0wihFHtxeLLCcpT1Y_sYbpa2TqMSEwBKeAVchFE1k6mfOTZSgH--H/s1282/IMGH_13130__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>Programs and 99 channels PLL Synthesizer tuning system and remote.</li></ul><p>
The system employed in the tv permits utilization
of a frequency synthesizer tuning system which correctly tunes to a
desired television station or channel even if the transmitted
signals from that station are not precisely maintained at the
proper frequencies even in combination of a fine tuning adjustable by the user.<br />
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
It
is an additional object of this invention to provide an improved
frequency synthesizer tuning system for a television receiver.<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU509yQnm5IorhRj6I16a5MiG3yHKjmhdkSZfFcIlA9XdD3JGpUQULbPAX_kmXbmKPrQRA2STC09Ih13VLujF8iAPgomn9IoQ4oA2leubJnxyadvkSXtyEkCHkt0KvXNhQL0s8Y9e38YyQ/s1600/PLL-SY-BLK__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU509yQnm5IorhRj6I16a5MiG3yHKjmhdkSZfFcIlA9XdD3JGpUQULbPAX_kmXbmKPrQRA2STC09Ih13VLujF8iAPgomn9IoQ4oA2leubJnxyadvkSXtyEkCHkt0KvXNhQL0s8Y9e38YyQ/w200-h130/PLL-SY-BLK__TVMS.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b>PLL SYNTHESIZED TUNING System Concepts:</b><br /><br />INTRODUCTION
Digital tuning systems are fast replacing the conventional mechanical
systems in AM FM and television receivers The desirability of the
digital approach is mainly due to the following features * Precise
tuning of station frequencies<br />
* Exact digital frequency display<br />
*
Keyboard entry of desired frequency<br />
* Virtually unlimited station memory<br />
* Up down scanning through the band<br />
* Station ‘‘search’’ (stop on next
active station)<br />
* Power on to the last station<br />
* Easy option for
time-of-day clock In addition<br />
<i>" recent</i> "developments in large scale
integrated circuit technology and new varactor diodes for the AM band
have made the cost-benefit picture for digital tuning very attractive
System partitioning is extremely important in optimizing this
cost-benefit picture as will be discussed.<br /><br />SYSTEM DESCRIPTION<br />A
simplified block diagram of a typical digitally tuned receiver is shown
in Figure 1 Notice this receiver could be one for <i>AM FM marine radio or
television <u>it makes no difference</u></i> The frequency synthesizer block
generates the local oscillator frequency for the receiver just as a
conventional mechanical tuner would However the phase-locked-loop (PLL)
acts as an integral frequency multiplier of an accurate crystal
controlled reference frequency while the mechanical type provides a
continuously variable frequency output with no reference Some method of
controlling the value of the multiplier for channel tuning must be
provided The other RF IF and audio video circuitry will be the same as
in the mechanical tuning method There are many different ways to
partition the frequency synthesizer system to perform the digital tuning
function................</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>PAL/SECAM multistandard feature</b>;. relates to an integrated circuit for the color decoder
of a television receiver, in particular, for a multi-standard color
decoder for processing of color television signals according to the, PAL-, and the SECAM color television system. It is known to join the components necessary for the decoding of the
chrominance carrier and for the generation of the color difference
signals into an integrated circuit, the so-called chroma-IC, which in
particular comprises the color difference amplifier, synchronous
demodulators, reference carrier oscillators, matrix circuits, amplifiers
for the color difference signals, the line frequency PAL (phase
alternation line)-- and/or SECAM (sequentielle a memoire) and
phase-locked loop (PLL)--circuits. Such an integrated circuit is fed
with the modulated chrominance carrier and the Sandcastle pulse and it
provides at its outputs the two color difference signals (B-Y) and
(R-Y). </li></ul><p> </p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
The <b>GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI</b> has <b>CTI Picture Improvements</b> circuitry with CTI (color transient Improvement describes the color transient
improvement (CTI) involving the detection and sharpening the edges in
chrominance.) CTI Picture Improvements circuitry in which colour signal,
e.g. the line-sequential colour difference signals (R-Y,B-Y), is
processed by an edge steepening circuit e.g. a colour transient improver
and/or a two-line delay line in which the colour signals from two lines
are added. The delay line may be part of a drop-out compensation
circuit in which the colour signal of line n is replaced by the signal
present for line n-2. A CCD-line may be used as the two-line delay line,
and an amplitude limiter included. ADVANTAGE - Increased picture
sharpness and improved signal-to-noise ratio.The present invention
relates to a circuit for enhancing chrominance transitions in real-time
video reception.</li></ul>
<br />
<blockquote><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">In
the past analog commercial TV transmission standards, the limited
bandwidth of the transmitted chrominance (or chrominance difference)
signals causes the received images to have perceptibly blurred colour
transition edges. This is especially evident if the received image
contains geometrical patterns, e.g. test-colour bars, and results in the
loss of detail detectable in complex multicoloured fine patterns.</span></blockquote><br />
<br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">In
order to improve the quality of the received images, it is necessary to
provide the receiver end with circuits capable of restoring, as far as
possible, the frequency components in the chrominance signals which have
been filtered away by the requirements of the reduced transmission
bandwidth: in this way, the temporal duration of the chrominance
transition edges, and thus the spatial extent of the chrominance
transitions on the TV screen, can be reduced, and the edge definition
improved. Circuits of this type are called "Color Transient Improvement"
("CTI") or Chrominance Transition Enhancement circuits.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" />
<blockquote><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">An
important constraint on chrominance transition enhancement circuits is
the need to ensure that the center of the chrominance transition is
unaffected by the enhancement process, so that the center of the
chrominance transition after the enhancement process is still aligned
with the center of the associated transition in the luminance signal.
Also, it is necessary to leave gradual transitions in time unaltered;
preserve, and possibly enhance, fine patterns; prevent the introduction
in the image of additional distortions; and ensure that the existing
noise components are not accentuated.</span></blockquote><br />
<p>The picture resolution in contemporary television transmission
systems is limited by the prescribed transmission bandwidth. The color
difference signals are transmitted with a bandwidth which amounts to
only approximately one fifth of the bandwidth of the luminance signal.
The color resolution in the television picture is correspondingly low.
This is more specifically noticeable at contours. The color transitions
are even approximately five times longer than the associated luminance
transitions corresponding to the smaller transmission bandwidth of the
color difference signals. </p><p> </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>TeleText feature for 80 pages memory</b>. The
Teletext is a television-based communication technique in which a given
horizontal video line is utilized for broadcasting textual and
graphical information encoded in a digital binary representation. Such
horizontal video line signal that contains teletext data is referred to
herein as a Data-line. It is assumed herein, for explanation purposes,
that teletext is sent by the broadcaster only during the vertical
blanking interval (VBI), when no other picture information is sent. The
organization of the binary information in the broadcast signal is
determined by the standard employed by the broadcaster. By way of an
example only, references are made herein to a teletext based on a
standard referred to by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as
CEEFAX.</li></ul><p>
<br />
Each Data-line carries data synchronizing and address information and
the codes for a Row of 40 characters. The synchronizing information
includes a clock run-in sequence followed by an 8-bit framing code
sequence. Each Data-line contains a 3 bit code referred to as the
Magazine number. A teletext Page includes 24 Rows of 40 characters,
including a special top Row called the Page-Header. Each ROW is
contained in a corresponding Data-line. A user selected Page is intended
to be displayed in place of, or added to a corresponding television
picture frame. A Magazine is defined to include Pages having Data-lines
containing a corresponding Magazine number. The transmission of a
selected Page begins with, and includes its Page Header and ends with
and excludes the next Page Header of the selected Magazine number. All
intermediate Data lines carrying the selected Magazine number relate to
the selected Page. <br />
<br /></p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcARr41q6YaTsLeXfii_BjAY4z6QfMLkojFaXgoZ6_RnLVIsl1llg9RF1toqK09UAR6pszplbF31rWjBO_4tWq_481dG3hTsppokyvi40-ANUETrRogeTrnrn5aBqoLnQ2QZsGsHxzdwAi9eNvaRFbC8gKtVUarLVx1AA3clNjMmLvY89M1-elil-Xm7xV/s1282/IMGH_13386b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcARr41q6YaTsLeXfii_BjAY4z6QfMLkojFaXgoZ6_RnLVIsl1llg9RF1toqK09UAR6pszplbF31rWjBO_4tWq_481dG3hTsppokyvi40-ANUETrRogeTrnrn5aBqoLnQ2QZsGsHxzdwAi9eNvaRFbC8gKtVUarLVx1AA3clNjMmLvY89M1-elil-Xm7xV/w200-h150/IMGH_13386b__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik_HmbU_CyJ8zhxEtDe39LX70i2tnTapRdkQlBOkIxGoYzreg2xLawz3Av-6v-1rCzPZ-yPyFirZmUBUCEakRXbBuM9yoX2iLc9vuQcud0Tlj1HIZMRvUEikuygItj9F-O9xQ7dbt7WiTI9rQKOO3cY5gV3G36PkvSa3JjB_UYruyqx9U2dii6mjxSt89F/s1282/IMGH_13129__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>The GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI featured a Chassis like all CUC3400 AND CUC3410 <b>and CUC3510</b> series is characterized <u>by power supply unique design</u>
described a Synchronised switched-mode power supply with a mains
isolated horizontal
output circuit in television receivers for generating a sawtooth
current, <u>only one transformer</u> being provided for electric
isolation
between mains and chassis side and the switched-modo power supply being
supplied with an unregulated direct voltage, including a mains-side
freely starting regulating loop for controlling the main current path, a
regulating switch via which the unregulated direct voltage feeds the
primary winding of the transformer, a first chassis-side winding which
energy is recovered for the horizontal output circuit during
the retrace interval, this first chassis-side winding being loosely
coupled to the primary winding and being electrically isolated from
the mains side, a winding via which the regulating information is
obtained for correcting the lead time of the regulating switch, and a
winding via which low-voltage voltages are obtained for the
low-frequency stages, the horizontal oscillator and the small-signal
stages, characterised by a combination of the two following features :
the winding , via which, in addition, the regulating loop is
synchronised, is tightly coupled to the first chassis-side winding ;
the winding is tightly coupled to the primary winding n1 and
loosely coupled to the first chassis side winding , and further
describes a control circuit for a current supply arrangement in the form
of a switched-mode power supply in color television sets, which is
designed as a monolithically integrated circuit. In this control
circuit, a what is commonly denoted a "stand-by mode" is provided, in
which the control circuit drives a power supply switching transistor
through which a current is periodically passed from a line voltage
rectifier through a primary winding of a line transformer and
consequently a supply voltage is generated on the secondary side of the
line transformer, with which a microprocessor is supplied, which
controls the function of the television set, more specifically the
adjustment of the programs to be received and the adjustments for
volume, brightness, etc. In what is commonly referred to as the "normal
operation", <u>also all the further circuit portions of the color
television set are supplied only with energy from the line transformer so there is no a separate smps</u>. They
can be connected to the power supply by the microprocessor.<br />
<br />
<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>
The tv set Has a AV SCART SOCKET For multipurpose utility.</b><br /></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">
The present invention relates in general to television receivers, and more particularly to television receivers of a type to which various auxiliary devices, such as a video tape recorder, video camera, video disc player, TV-game playing device and the like, can be operatively connected. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with a user's interface through which the TV-game playing device is operatively connected to the television receiver.<br />
</span></span></p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnI_c4oJ6cFaCnM-dAORhMCVBLZubf-W9_nvwW64guevtUOlPb4uGxncEwFwThq-JmsOHDb6utKD4KVHTW4gY1grLdCafDROkJh11QfTz8y5lI7FfsTD7YOqhGeEtVQPURknnl7eAcilw/s1600/TV-SCART3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnI_c4oJ6cFaCnM-dAORhMCVBLZubf-W9_nvwW64guevtUOlPb4uGxncEwFwThq-JmsOHDb6utKD4KVHTW4gY1grLdCafDROkJh11QfTz8y5lI7FfsTD7YOqhGeEtVQPURknnl7eAcilw/s200/TV-SCART3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span>A SCART Connector (which stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils
Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a standard for connecting
audio-visual equipment together. The official standard for SCART is
CENELEC document number EN 50049-1. SCART is also known as Péritel
(especially in France) and Euroconnector but the name SCART will be used
exclusively herein. The standard defines a 21-pin connector (herein
after a SCART connector) for carrying analog television signals. Various
pieces of equipment may be connected by cables having a plug fitting
the SCART connectors. Television apparatuses commonly include one or
more SCART connectors.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">Although a SCART connector is
bidirectional, the present invention is concerned with the use of a
SCART connector as an input connector for receiving signals into a
television apparatus. A SCART connector can receive input television
signals either in an RGB format in which the red, green and blue signals
are received on Pins 15, 11 and 7, respectively, or alternatively in an
S-Video format in which the luminance (Y) and chroma (C) signals are
received on Pins 20 and 15. As a result of the common usage of Pin 15 in
accordance with the SCART standard, a SCART connector cannot receive
input television signals in an RGB format and in an S-Video format at
the same time.</span></span></div>
<div style="color: #20124d;">
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s1600/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIP6-hYE86ec2aIyN2DUHL3fHVoNLIaYUuD1bdC-LhMNhFvZ9atHw-FhY2VNjC5ISy9PdTHpV2XtioDxl5ljty6yklzEfRU8GqwpekjE2WIwON0gRs5AUyG25t99wStGRoSc1Dt0XYeI/s320/TV-SCART__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><span> Consequently many commercially available
television apparatuses include a separate SCART connectors each
dedicated to receive input television signals in one of an RGB format
and an S-Video format. This limits the functionality of the SCART
connectors. In practical terms, the number of SCART connectors which can
be provided on a television apparatus is limited by cost and space
considerations. However, different users wish the input a wide range of
different combinations of formats of television signals, depending on
the equipment they personally own and use. However, the provision of
SCART connectors dedicated to input television signals in one of an RGB
format and an S-Video format limits the overall connectivity of the
television apparatus. Furthermore, for many users the different RGB
format and S-Video format are confusing. Some users may not understand
or may mistake the format of a television signal being supplied on a
given cable from a given piece of equipment. This can result in the
supply of input television signals of an inappropriate format for the
SCART connector concerned.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #20124d; font-size: small;">This kind of connector is todays obsoleted !</span></span> <br /></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b>On screen OSD automatic broadcasting name decoding.</b> television receivers include a channel labelling feature in which a user is asked to enter a suitable label for each channel.It is herein recognized that it is desirable that a television receiver
provide preprogrammed labels for many widely-used television networks.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Stereo sound with back rotatable speakers also detactable form cabinet.</b>A television stereo adapter is provided for use with a television receiver to detect and decode stereophonic audio signals that may be transmitted with the composite television signals. The adapter includes an IF pick-up that is physically separate from the television receiver for picking up spurious IF audio signals that normally are generated by the television receiver. A stereo detector is coupled to the IF pick-up for detecting from the IF audio signals monophonic and stereophonic components that are transmitted with the composite television signals. The detected components are decoded into left-channel and right-channel audio signals; and these left-channel and right-channel signals are adapted to drive sound transducers, such as loudspeakers. Optionally, the left-channel and right-channel audio signals are amplified by gain-controlled amplifiers whose gains are a function of the output sound level of the television receiver.</li></ul><p> </p><ul style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><li><b>Briefly history of Stereo sound</b>; the transmission of stereophonic sound together with a conventional television picture transmission greatly enhances the realism and entertainment value of the program being transmitted. Various systems and apparatus have been proposed for such transmissions including various compatible subcarrier-type systems wherein left-plus-right (L+R) information is conveyed on the regular frequency-modulated sound channel of a composite television broadcast signal, and left-minus-right (L-R) information is conveyed on a subcarrier.<br /><br />One such system, which was described in "Simultaneous Transmission of Two Television Sound Channels, " NHK Laboratories Notes, Ser. No. 132, February 1970, by Yasutaka Numaguchi, Yashitaka Ikeda, and Osamu Akiyama, conveyed L-R information on a single-sideband amplitude-modulated subcarrier frequency-modulated on the standard NTSC aural carrier. To simplify the synchronous detection required for demodulating the subcarrier in this system, the subcarrier was generated at a frequency of 23.625 KHz, or one and one-half times the 15.75 KHz horizontal scanning frequency of U.S. monochrome television broadcasts, enabling the missing subcarrier to be generated in the receiver L-R demodulator by sampling the horizontal deflection signal. This system was found to be unsatisfactory, primarily because of the insufficient subchannel bandwidth, poor channel separation and ambiguity in development of the left (L) and right (R) audio signals at the receiver.<br /><br />Another system proposed for sterophonic television sound transmission utilized a frequency-modulated subcarrier centered at 31.5 KHz, or twice the horizontal scanning frequency. This subcarrier, when frequency-modulated on the NTSC-standard aural carrier, provided an L-R bandwidth of 12 KHz. However, when it was attempted to add stereophonic demodulation capability to the 4.5 MHz sound channel of standard intercarrier-type television receivers to recover the L-R component, video signal component contamination resulted to an extent that satisfactory L-R audio signals could not be obtained without extensive modification of the receivers. Applying such subcarrier signals to conventional split-sound receivers, wherein separate intermediate frequency (IF) channels are provided for video and sound components, is not practical since the 41.25 MHz sound IF output of conventional modern TV tuners is above the range at which presently employed sound channel IF filters can achieve the required effectiveness. <br /></li></blockquote></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Tone control for sound,</b>an audio system circuitry and a television therewith, and more
particularly, to an audio system circuitry for automatically sound level
control </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>BI-Lingual feature.</b>The aforementioned stereo-equipped television receivers also may detect and decode the second audio program which, typically, may provide bi-lingual (or translational) information associated with the broadcasted television program. It also is contemplated that the information transmitted in the auxiliary channel will be detected and utilized either by the television receiver or by other means connected to the television receiver and supplied with the detected information.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"><br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>The set is build with a Modular chassis</b> design because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver. <br />
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required. <br />
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman. <br />
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors. <br />
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will
require more highly qualified servicemen. <br />
The primary symptoms
of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of
the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are
located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver
require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must
use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis
from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components
are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they
are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components
in the receiver. <br />
Repairing a modern color television receiver
often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to
a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive
undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require
at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to
the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these
reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in
operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and
is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be
purchased. <br />
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized
color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a
plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and
maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the
cabinet so
that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner
as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance
and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another
aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the
owner.<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
<b>Headphone jack is present</b>, Green LED display showing program/channel numbers too.</li></ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s320/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><u><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
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Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkUhgOYM7N6fvqfpGIYAfVblX_U83Qc_hmzxxBWuZBA3Ks0FalwMKUjInMB7cI1hmOlbNzK-3ld8Wph0DcPRhLIOCcFZeF0fdrZEeTQuLT_1NhVjgTXuW-6hyphenhyphenHY_itcGgkcMKVp4Ffc64n/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6nWVGGJjy5Tsyt8Z6Y5CUpBNVzl-8Gb7jEEE0vioDpIczHhu4WLkhVGTCfc4XHHf6ADUa9_ht7CLb0_gFc7EqcUFp1h8P86DamL_mcrmj4pD54_xzTGmqYGVbBXlT2PGTqGAMNDYnWs/s1600/GRUNDIG-FATHER__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6nWVGGJjy5Tsyt8Z6Y5CUpBNVzl-8Gb7jEEE0vioDpIczHhu4WLkhVGTCfc4XHHf6ADUa9_ht7CLb0_gFc7EqcUFp1h8P86DamL_mcrmj4pD54_xzTGmqYGVbBXlT2PGTqGAMNDYnWs/s200/GRUNDIG-FATHER__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM80k_NYx06-vxBc2fOM1LD0yFto3-7OlXiS7KOxOQwZMIQawtCLOiOl8ESyrddoxCvkJN7_cVQb6Yc1zwCVFsToDhOG94fpdK8GXU-whjek9djnChv60Ws1a1mBZ_VULjMxD6IcemtEI/s1600/GRUNDIG-MOTHER__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM80k_NYx06-vxBc2fOM1LD0yFto3-7OlXiS7KOxOQwZMIQawtCLOiOl8ESyrddoxCvkJN7_cVQb6Yc1zwCVFsToDhOG94fpdK8GXU-whjek9djnChv60Ws1a1mBZ_VULjMxD6IcemtEI/s200/GRUNDIG-MOTHER__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><b><i><u>Max GRUNDIG:</u></i></b> Born on 7 May 1908 in the Denis Street 3 in Nuremberg<br />
workers
district Gostenhof Parents of "Magaziners" or warehouse worker Max Emil
and his wife Marie. The enlargement of the family through the birth of
three sisters require in the aftermath several moves within Nuremberg.<br />
In
1920, his father <b>died unexpectedly </b>at the consequences of an
appendectomy. The already poor family is financially worse rapidly. This
is followed by further moves into ever smaller and cheaper housing. Max
Grundig starts in April 1922 commercial apprenticeship at the
installation company Jean Hilpert in Nuremberg. His interest lies in the
crafting of radios, a hobby, the early 1920s was indulged by tech-savvy
youngsters often. But Max Grundig tinkering not only simple radios, but
also more complex technical equipment such as image receiver.(Photos
refering to<br />
Father and Mother of Max GRUNDIG child.)<br />
<br />
After
the end of his teaching is Max Grundig 1927 Head of a new branch of the
company in Fürth Hilpert and supervised by commercial side of the
installation work of the under construction Municipal Hospital Fürth. In
May 1928 and in October 1930 Grundig also occurs on a radio dealer and
take part in an event organized by Workers' Radio Association Germany on
the occasion of Fürth Kirchweih 1930 radios exhibition. A first
marriage in 1929 held only briefly. From her daughter Inge comes.<br />
Following
the closure of Fürth Branch company Hilpert for the finished
installation works at the hospital, Max Grundig together with Karl
Wurzer, who was funders primarily, on 15 November 1930 as a radio dealer
in Sternstraße 4 in Fürth independently. Today this street
Ludwig-Erhard-Straße is, since there - was directly opposite the first
by Max Grundig Radio Load - - the business of the parents of the future
economy minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard (1977 1897).<br />
His radio
action called Max Grundig "Radio Sales Fürth" short RVF. On June 21,
1934, a procession of RVF in the Schwabacher Straße carried 1. The
partnership Karl Wurzer is paid, Max Grundig is now the sole owner. In
addition to selling and repairing radios Grundig starts construction of
transformers. In 1938, he is Sales millionaire. In the same year he
married the singer and manufacturer's daughter Annelie Jorgensen. The
marriage remains childless.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X5ixBaMBuN0zuoh80paD4fIKaNn-FEDEGH0QmWKLVCGHqiV562SqJ84kgEuolKPZjpbtwZln2_Uhf6FWaGmzwewb9AigeaERXKOypmi6MprMpCMvQEyfpCVZ7siTPLUJ8Ev_g24iG4c/s1600/MAX-GRUNDIG-1984-HA__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X5ixBaMBuN0zuoh80paD4fIKaNn-FEDEGH0QmWKLVCGHqiV562SqJ84kgEuolKPZjpbtwZln2_Uhf6FWaGmzwewb9AigeaERXKOypmi6MprMpCMvQEyfpCVZ7siTPLUJ8Ev_g24iG4c/s200/MAX-GRUNDIG-1984-HA__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
During
the Second World War Grundig continues its production of small
transformers continued on a larger scale in the Fürth suburb Vach, where
he rents rooms in three inns. He himself is in 1941 drafted into the
army, some time must remain as a corporal in Paris, but shortly before
his entire company is reassigned to the East - also because of its
possibilities, to provide supervisors with radios - "indispensable" (uk)
provided and forwards Fuerth his company to continue the war.<br />
<br />
On
18 May 1945, the US Army occupied the suburb Vach. Grundig's stock will
not be plundered, neither of German or foreign looters nor by the US
military because the workforce that consists partly of Ukrainian slave
laborers, has a sign "Off limits" - "no trespassing" - at the door,
protects the company. In June 1945, Grundig rented a factory building in
the Jakobinenstraße 24 in Fürth. are manufactured now transformers and
measuring instruments: The tube tester "Tubatest" and the fault locator
"Nova Test". The commercial license is replaced by the Radio-sales Fürth
on 7 November 1945. In December 1945, Grundig has 42 employees.<br />
<br />
On April 10, 1946 Max Grundig starts own production of radios. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYmugr8TVpjOjd3Wj363QBVAklpaS20vPKGz3DX3IveByIAbr_kX_9V3rf1kHl3emH0eQlQ91K5Hykg003YC4447Bplu5DV4igNf4YwTYgIuIJSHlRZzG9ND8YY9KxM6o9lP7C6y2Y5I/s1600/GRUNDIG-HEINZELMANN__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYmugr8TVpjOjd3Wj363QBVAklpaS20vPKGz3DX3IveByIAbr_kX_9V3rf1kHl3emH0eQlQ91K5Hykg003YC4447Bplu5DV4igNf4YwTYgIuIJSHlRZzG9ND8YY9KxM6o9lP7C6y2Y5I/s200/GRUNDIG-HEINZELMANN__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a>His first instrument is the "<b>Heinzelmann</b>"
This radio can also complete as a kit or under the hand, but are always
acquired without tubes. But the tubes are widely available on the black
markets of the early postwar years. Since a wireless without tubes per
se is not operational, allowing the American military government Max
Grundig, "no quota", ie without limitation in quantity, produce radio
and distribute. With the mass sale of "Heinzelmann" Max Grundig creates
the basis for further economic success of the company as a manufacturing
company after the Second World War.<br />
As of August 1, 1946 is the
company "RVF - Electrotechnical Factory". Beginning in March 1947, work
began in the Kurgartenstraße 37 in Fuerth, the later main plant of the
company Grundig. On 7 July 1948 re-naming of the company is carried out
in "Grundig radio-Werk GmbH". As of spring 1948, the superhit radio
"Weltklang" comes on the market. In February 1949, the 100,000th
Wireless is already prepared. In the same year built a Grundig FM radio
stations trying to prepare for the introduction of the ultra-short wave
on 15 March 1950. In December 1949 the company Grundig counts 1,600
employees.<br />
<br />
In May 1951 Max Grundig acquires Lumophon radio
stations in Nuremberg and Georgensgmünd and integrates them into its
"Grundig radio-Werke GmbH". In September and October 1951, he is with a
purpose-built television station Directorate building his company in
Fürth the first public television broadcasts in Southern Germany. he
produced 94 televisions this year. The production of tape recorders
starts 1951st<br />
1954 lets Max Grundig his first dictation machine, the
"Stenorette" build. In 1957 he buys the office machine manufacturer
Triumph-Adler in Nuremberg and Adler in Frankfurt that remain until 1968
in his possession. In 1958 he founds the Grundig Bank in Fürth. In the
same year, with the introduction of the transistor instead of the Radio
tube, penetrate the first Japanese companies like Sony in the European
and German market, initially still in the lowest price segment. 1960
Grundig has 16,495 employees.<br />
<br />
The 1960s are marked by the further
expansion of the company: Grundig is the biggest radio manufacturer in
Europe. In 1961 he acquired a large area in Nuremberg-Langwasser, on the 1963 first tape recorders are produce<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlk2304bc2JKO5XOwlnsIdhQV_1nZlOeJ__Nr8QOZRrGLzt176eQWb3NKvn1ix3F9XOHiO5U7xTTT1KoI2B-Hata0z2OrH_ZUkOCQZcQeOScENMiEs3eBsUXfczaguqm4kCY670FF2wUc/s1600/GRUNDIG-MANIFEST__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlk2304bc2JKO5XOwlnsIdhQV_1nZlOeJ__Nr8QOZRrGLzt176eQWb3NKvn1ix3F9XOHiO5U7xTTT1KoI2B-Hata0z2OrH_ZUkOCQZcQeOScENMiEs3eBsUXfczaguqm4kCY670FF2wUc/s320/GRUNDIG-MANIFEST__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>d. In other parts of Germany companies to buy or newly built shortly afterwards in Italy and Austria.<br />
1964
leads the Dutch company Philips in tape recorders, the compact cassette
CC and thus the cassette recorder, and it initially in the lower price
range. The leader Grundig countered in 1965 with the cassette system DC
International, but can not prevail.<br />
After 1967, the beginning of
color television initially causes a strong boom in the production of
related hardware. This results not only in their own country
overcapacity, but the Japanese competition suppressed due to lower wages
and production costs at the same time always noticeable with affordable
devices on the European and German market.<br />
1969 bring the company
Philips and Grundig together the first video recorder for home
appliances on the market. It is still a tape machine. But soon the world
led the struggle for the enforcement of various video cassette systems begins.<br />
<br />
In
1970, Grundig has approximately 25,000 employees. This year, Max
Grundig builds to his company. He built on 22 February 1970, the "Max
Grundig Foundation", added on 12 March 1970, the "Grundig-family club".
The Max Grundig Foundation is now the sole owner. In addition, on 1
April 1972, the "Grundig-Werke GmbH" in a corporation, the "Grundig AG"
converted. The foundation holds about 94% of the capital.<br />
From 1970,
the television production is relocated to Nuremberg-Langwasser. The
expectations regarding equipment sales for the 1972 Olympic Games in
Munich true. With the Super-Color TVs a new product range is presented
in a modular design. In Nuremberg-Langwasser, <b>daily production reached
1,200 color TV.</b><br />
1977 founds the Grundig "Hotel Management Max Grundig
Foundation". The Hotel Forsthaus Fuerth and Hotel Fuschl near Salzburg
to buy. A year later Grundig donates 30 million DM for the "Grundig
Academy of Economics and Technology", which serves the training of
professionals and executives. 1978 produced in Langwasser also a new VCR
plant.<br />
Increasingly Max Grundig is weakened by illness, repeated he
needs surgery. The European consumer electronics industry is committed
to strategies against existing overcapacity and the growing economic
influence of companies from the Far East. In Europe, these are mainly
the French state company Thomson-Brandt, the Dutch company Philips and
Grundig.<br />
The cooperation with the Dutch company Philips thickens in
the VCR production. In 1979 share swaps. Philips makes 24.5% of the
shares of Grundig AG, Grundig 6% of Philips and is thereby the largest
single shareholder.<br />
<br />
<br />
1979 achieved the Grundig AG with <b>38,460 employees </b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5FR2ECTNmhiaitIlRVtWBF4TAoikaDcG8UMlLsjzt4FeegB1yBs-JU5cZO8980GVwZ0ULvXvYmrZwPhm89PGrKtz141xTeKYb4Z0SwsWDvUO5y6_lPMm-ZOoTNMOu-eyuWFcaDQguyo/s1600/GRUNDIG-FABRICATIO-30AX-TVS__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5FR2ECTNmhiaitIlRVtWBF4TAoikaDcG8UMlLsjzt4FeegB1yBs-JU5cZO8980GVwZ0ULvXvYmrZwPhm89PGrKtz141xTeKYb4Z0SwsWDvUO5y6_lPMm-ZOoTNMOu-eyuWFcaDQguyo/s320/GRUNDIG-FABRICATIO-30AX-TVS__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>worldwide their personal peak.
The company has 31 plants, nine branches with 20 branches and three
Werksvertretungen, eight sales companies and 200 worldwide export
missions. Also, sales continue to rise. But the profit is shrinking. In
1981, the Grundig AG writes first losses. After divorcing his second
wife Annelie Max Grundig marries 1980, the French woman Chantal Girard.
In the same year the daughter Marie was born.<br />
1982 at the
presentation of "Eduard Rhein honor ring" and before the European
Commission, presents Max Grundig be EURO concept, the united front of
the European consumer electronics market to Japanese companies: "Acting
together, jointly produce, market share". But he can not prevail. Too
much stalking and distrusts you also mutually in the European
broadcasting industry. And Japan is not the only competitor. An
agreement between the companies Grundig and Thomson-Brandt, which is
scheduled also built in 1982, can - among other things due to the
resistance of the Bundeskartellamt and because the company Philips is
involved in Grundig - not be implemented.<br />
On 26 March 1984 Philips
increased its share of Grundig AG by 7.1% to 31.6%. In April 1984, the
Federal Cartel Office approved the merger of Grundig and Philips under
the condition that Grundig sells its voice recorders range. New CEO of
Grundig AG is the Dutchman Hermanus Koning on April 1 (1924 - 1998).
From 1984 to 1998, the Dutch have entrepreneurial saying. Max Grundig
receives for his departure from the company, among other things a
guaranteed 20-year-income annual return of 50 million marks.<br />
Not
quite voluntarily leaving Max Grundig the company he has built up and
which bears his name. But there can be only one boss. 1985 must Grundig
also his top job at the Grundig-Bank ad, which is sold to a Swiss
institute.<br />
Grundig expands its hotel ownership, 1986, he acquired the
luxury hotel "Bühlerhöhe", which he renovated at great expense. <b>On 8
December 1989 Max Grundig dies. </b>Under <u>great public participation </u>he will
be buried in Baden-Baden.<br />
<br />
After a brief economic boom as a
result of German reunification takes place until 1991 a rapid decline of
the company Grundig. Between 1992 and 1996 the Grundig Group makes
almost two billion marks loss. The number of employees decreased from
16,250 to 8,580 employees.<br />
1998, the Philips Group withdraws.
According to its own description Philips has been paying 1.5 billion
marks. A consortium of banks and insurance companies under the
leadership of the antenna manufacturer Kathrein, the personally liable
partners of Kathrein Werke KG, takes on 18 December 1998 the Grundig AG.<br />
<br />
In
2000 and 2001, the company headquarters and the remaining departments
of Fürth be routed to Nuremberg. But Grundig continues to make losses.
<i><b>On 1 April 2003, Grundig AG announces insolvency.</b></i><br />
2004 Turkey company
Beko electronics in Istanbul, belonging to the Turkish Koc Holding,
together with the British company Alba Radio Ltd. accepts the division
consumer electronics. This company is now called "Grundig Intermedia".
Both companies each own fifty percent of "Grundig Multimedia B.V.",
which is a holding full ownership of Grundig Intermedia GmbH. In
addition, proceeds from the office equipment division as buy-out the
company "Grundig Business Systems" produced. The car radio range is
taken from the Delphi Corporation, the activities of the former Grundig
range satellites for "Grundig SAT Systems GmbH".<br />
In October 2006 and
January 2007, two production lines for TV at Grundig Elektronik in
Istanbul are put into operation. On 18 December 2007, Koç Group acquires
through its subsidiary Arçelik A.S. the shares of Alba plc. And that is
the sole owner of Grundig Multimedia B.V. or the Grundig Intermedia
GmbH. The development area in Nuremberg closes the end of 2008 as part
of an ending in 2009 the restructuring process. When Grundig
headquarters in Nuremberg with around 140 employees Sales, marketing,
communications, design, quality assurance, customer service and the
office staff remain. The Turkish Grundig Intermedia GmbH is now divided
into six product areas: TV, Audio, HiFi, "Personal Care", "Floor Care"
and kitchen appliances.<br />
<br />
The Radio Museum in Fürth, located in the
former Directorate of Max Grundig, shows in addition to the history of
the development of broadcasting in Germany and the corporate and
entrepreneurial story of Max Grundig, the man who the radio and
television development in Germany after the Second World War three has
for decades dominated the market leader.<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGRyuTkIg3t2ca809prSo_VpBA76Cl8hyphenhyphencbnidawjSNE7VAUiCSBxTrazqug68rsy-FtRm94VvQUqGt3PvG2r23ak6U7hdGdDP0F_I5RiiZFZFgJCnZtiRrjULVHgPOsEwAJ744Akwb4Y/s1600/MAX-GRUNDIG%252BCHANTAL__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGRyuTkIg3t2ca809prSo_VpBA76Cl8hyphenhyphencbnidawjSNE7VAUiCSBxTrazqug68rsy-FtRm94VvQUqGt3PvG2r23ak6U7hdGdDP0F_I5RiiZFZFgJCnZtiRrjULVHgPOsEwAJ744Akwb4Y/s320/MAX-GRUNDIG%252BCHANTAL__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIgTkoNnaf8nITMPXxG3JIaFhQ9PPT0-jVcKMkb6Q4kg3Qh1fHeMswKpbhfPMetqEmjB4SFyN9pQfN5rwCc0UOOkdlcZGs41R1bw0xjoCrrY_UhY9TRstqsJuzX8JHStguyfoHfsK32SH/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIgTkoNnaf8nITMPXxG3JIaFhQ9PPT0-jVcKMkb6Q4kg3Qh1fHeMswKpbhfPMetqEmjB4SFyN9pQfN5rwCc0UOOkdlcZGs41R1bw0xjoCrrY_UhY9TRstqsJuzX8JHStguyfoHfsK32SH/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJn9RkUt5B_N3iLXVlLRpjL3K-TClRsfSSbad8yLknaaKodU39aRcgsqA3gP9uJ13g4SKRXbQ0njEr72wwSN1mvZg1qzI0bERlyrW2T8qqmCL3ZCl0b6ho87tAZ63IB-5GfdYXgj2v-X-/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJn9RkUt5B_N3iLXVlLRpjL3K-TClRsfSSbad8yLknaaKodU39aRcgsqA3gP9uJ13g4SKRXbQ0njEr72wwSN1mvZg1qzI0bERlyrW2T8qqmCL3ZCl0b6ho87tAZ63IB-5GfdYXgj2v-X-/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Industry perspective......</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfO3t36nNSUfxfvLpVgYkH6U-kZVY9TR0VDuB70iwqqURxObEyJes7u4o9l1peMsI-ROCuMV0iqjRr2HfCQfEroygXumvdGCrIxjatzKnn8MgjlRdGtaM03XL6ZvRMtMWwtIZiDZsa6M/s1600/IMGH_05455.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfO3t36nNSUfxfvLpVgYkH6U-kZVY9TR0VDuB70iwqqURxObEyJes7u4o9l1peMsI-ROCuMV0iqjRr2HfCQfEroygXumvdGCrIxjatzKnn8MgjlRdGtaM03XL6ZvRMtMWwtIZiDZsa6M/s200/IMGH_05455.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry. The market for colour television sets was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">ounts a very receptive audience</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">at the European Commission, where, by common consent of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br /><br />mposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBWohHSKYgcMXIa3PCaKjP99knS_UY9LnOqSAhblI9VXBGO4TnvmtxVmapRBgSQEdAtMQcsbIHllt-Hp2JbMCrzer0Y6byl1d4HhS-Gkes5RcKwfj9PG8LoGg0rebO3_rsOGA3eslHx8/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBWohHSKYgcMXIa3PCaKjP99knS_UY9LnOqSAhblI9VXBGO4TnvmtxVmapRBgSQEdAtMQcsbIHllt-Hp2JbMCrzer0Y6byl1d4HhS-Gkes5RcKwfj9PG8LoGg0rebO3_rsOGA3eslHx8/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxq0QFYSyfWwPnFTP4QvK6kHdQoeTpyOH0uh1tK4U2NCrMSh6HfSYjPKOoPgRPnkMGtKUIQ96mq1b2H0Y9zw9MKnGgmWv0HuSIH-BunvXt_wtTZGFHzPcTySMOgorgZGxh92ufYFMdDH0/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxq0QFYSyfWwPnFTP4QvK6kHdQoeTpyOH0uh1tK4U2NCrMSh6HfSYjPKOoPgRPnkMGtKUIQ96mq1b2H0Y9zw9MKnGgmWv0HuSIH-BunvXt_wtTZGFHzPcTySMOgorgZGxh92ufYFMdDH0/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BDB7JFRUDF9dTEC68oybqGRDfVaf9b_7Cwczf8vqg7VnH4ePwSb5ZfovVOGnNqWgmW9cnkC2x1NgjMwRcg4xhoLgA54BlJBNlUHCVnCENugQ8S4s0IC2a0NfxTugmozvpIfAytJYgLI/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BDB7JFRUDF9dTEC68oybqGRDfVaf9b_7Cwczf8vqg7VnH4ePwSb5ZfovVOGnNqWgmW9cnkC2x1NgjMwRcg4xhoLgA54BlJBNlUHCVnCENugQ8S4s0IC2a0NfxTugmozvpIfAytJYgLI/s320/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed
publicly that if the firm carried on five more years as it was doing,
it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in summer 1982, had become
insolvent. Grundig intensified his search for stronger partners, which
he had apparently begun by talking with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982,
at the same time as Grundig and Philips were pressing for curbs on
Japanese VCR imports, Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around
Grundig, a European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,
Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the prospective
participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzOInCfN7Ukc8viN1c1hXhyTwvqKB51w5W8y9EYXZsgEl8sO_UlkFS3RX2peqfpWXqBoCaLHiUfjsMcBA5WXwmLcmniXnDGoOsJN9uxjng1V70xM9Kztc7sl4yHLYV01W1BdMW_ZN1f8/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzOInCfN7Ukc8viN1c1hXhyTwvqKB51w5W8y9EYXZsgEl8sO_UlkFS3RX2peqfpWXqBoCaLHiUfjsMcBA5WXwmLcmniXnDGoOsJN9uxjng1V70xM9Kztc7sl4yHLYV01W1BdMW_ZN1f8/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZqIwC6cATDS8oivqYLC5XlG4fe_trI1Qn8hBAAIfD26dmz3O2klkmOaj98tzWVPnSYh9Mki0HQRI9V5jBa_ssU37gNk3RrFV2IPym10phLQhvWptsfooAfwdIMjyg-iDuyFk_5Baxo/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZqIwC6cATDS8oivqYLC5XlG4fe_trI1Qn8hBAAIfD26dmz3O2klkmOaj98tzWVPnSYh9Mki0HQRI9V5jBa_ssU37gNk3RrFV2IPym10phLQhvWptsfooAfwdIMjyg-iDuyFk_5Baxo/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany". </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzzu7jUMNEciuASFkLznBr9Tf9b_EIrL1mBUq25fYczwdbn-JT1WBXVmkqqueWDg1b3EB4E0pnMyGd-C12oTKFYJXJVXZzgrrJGAzn3AS3xsHcTVCfYtrz3u05OtavQUshJRTshWkcBHM/s1600/Afrika_Schule_Bildung_Asyl_Deutschland_Beruf_Ziel__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzzu7jUMNEciuASFkLznBr9Tf9b_EIrL1mBUq25fYczwdbn-JT1WBXVmkqqueWDg1b3EB4E0pnMyGd-C12oTKFYJXJVXZzgrrJGAzn3AS3xsHcTVCfYtrz3u05OtavQUshJRTshWkcBHM/s320/Afrika_Schule_Bildung_Asyl_Deutschland_Beruf_Ziel__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References:</span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="mw-headline" id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise:</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Stephan Maurer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/meldungen/elektrik-ein-jahr-nach-der-grundig-insolvenz-526043.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Ein Jahr nach der Grundig-Insolvenz.</i></a> In: <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern.de" title="Stern.de">Stern.de</a>.</i> 27. Juni 2004,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 7 f., 11 f.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 8.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Stephan Maurer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wissen/technik/100-jahre-max-grundig-pionier-des-wirtschaftswunders-619558.html" rel="nofollow"><i>100 Jahre Max Grundig: Pionier des Wirtschaftswunders.</i></a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern.de" title="Stern.de">stern.de</a>, 7. Mai 2008,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Hans Knoll: Ursprünge des Radiobaukastens „Heinzelmann“, S. 14. In: Rundfunk und Museum. Zeitschrift des <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunkmuseum_F%C3%BCrth" title="Rundfunkmuseum Fürth"> Rundfunkmuseums der Stadt Fürth</a>, Heft 71, Dezember 2009, S. 9–16.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 17 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Vgl.
z. B. Nürnberger Nachrichten v. 28. September 1951, S. 3:
„Fernseh-Uraufführung in Fürth“; der Sender strahlte täglich um 11, 14
u. 16 Uhr einen Spielfilm aus, der in Nürnberg u. Fürth empfangen werden
konnte.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 17 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 71 ff, 121 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9 f.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13513310.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Aus dem Ruder</i></a>, In: <i>Der Spiegel 9/1985</i>, abgerufen am 21. September 2015.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 10.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="http://www.computerwoche.de/a/grundig-meldet-insolvenz-an,537717" rel="nofollow"><i>Grundig meldet Insolvenz an.</i></a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerwoche" title="Computerwoche">Computerwoche</a>, 14. April 2003,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Thiemo Heeg: <a class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/technik-motor/ifa/unterhaltungselektronik-grundig-ist-wieder-da-11872079.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Grundig ist wieder da.</i></a> Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. August 2012,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 21. November 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nordbayern.de/politik/abschied-von-nurnberg-grundig-tv-verlasst-die-region-1.5113572" rel="nofollow">Abschied von Nürnberg: Grundig-TV verlässt die Region</a>. In: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordbayern.de" title="Nordbayern.de">Nordbayern.de</a> vom 7. April 2016.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Ritzer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/industriegeschichte-grundig-verabschiedet-sich-aus-nuernberg-1.2943077" rel="nofollow">Grundig verabschiedet sich aus Nürnberg</a> In: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> vom 11. April 2016, S. 33.</span></span></span><br />
<h2>
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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="436" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbMNJFMVha4zTaoNftQKtiVsyg9RoaHmdV7se2ZrSkANNaULSTJndLOucfQbo-SfvCze0EIvbdlySXnS3zM037bCj1PBg1nJZtSIh8pT9du8MraCLpmOVrYNQ5oLVWa3KgM-lXf3oKwXpDyPsj4To4tcKhKLrwfRJyvFK0KG3aSRjXYXQF1wmydVpK23Im/w349-h400/we-can-repair-it.jpg" width="349" /></a></div><br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-47912536398112284582023-12-20T17:30:00.183+01:002023-12-20T17:30:00.139+01:00GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510 INTERNAL VIEW<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeN_XKQ1p4l-vZXCa9YEsCJJBRCaa9CXK4zNZpc5D5Ea4tLeRQW0yxb1JOh4P1r0wITsTeKSdfqf1F_MWbhSIDNfdPsAyPTNjEuEt0K75QZ9rKKwgOoT3n2vcSOzIAH1CX_7sUEIqqv83ZGAX_4v_GeYxSt_EiiePhECqXGMliunX5oAL27ZOJduL0cCUn/s320/IMGH_13412__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><p> GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510</p><p><br />Micom - SDA2080-A003 SDA2040-A007<br /></p><p>SMPS - TDA3640 & BUT11AF<br />Vertical - 29504-007.09 TDA2595 HORIZ SYNC<br />Geometry - TDA8145<br />Sound - TDA1905<br />Tuner - 29504-101.01<br /><br />Tube - A66EAK51X01 / A66EAK01X01 / A66EAK00X01 / A59EAK00X01<br />FBT - 29201-024.11 / 11B (HR5711)<br />HOT - BU508AF<br />RGB Amp. - TFK840 / GF759<br /><br />Other ICs - TDA4052, TDA8140, UAA2022 </p><p>29504-142.65 ZF-Verstarker (FR)<br /> 29504-105,.23 Farb/RGB (CTI).<br /> 29504-175.01 Farb-RGB (Spanien)<br /> 29504-145.21 Farb-RGB (FR)<br /> 29504-108.04 Videotext 2805<br /> 29504-108.92 Videotext VT<br /> 29504~-108.51 Senderkennplatte<br /> <br /> <br /> 8324-800-044 Kaskade BG 2087-642-1010<br /> 72008-090.02 Fokusregler (!)<br />
</p><p>
This chassis was reliable except for the EHT tripler which was failing <u>very often</u>.<br />
The EHT tripler was causing sometimes <u>big troubles</u>.</p><p><br />
GRUNDIG CHASSIS CHASSIS CUC3510 CUC3410 <span style="font-weight: bold;">DESCRIPTION OF THE ZNT - LINE SUPPLY TRANSFORMER </span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5j7L5DmUZLuqzmebdbVsOWBYdes9OD9zOZWVMkfcSfrhAsmgpQdNP7SrM6qkl7Cz5iWH-6ZWLn_V04AkshXkqb73nAMTqosC7CL5gZiu1cckbIy8YpFcJYss07Cmuwfg5lKCS7gdzh9aVIhp0IE9r3qwZhNcP-3rCxMKpnmGAZhWB4qIfEKrXDfPCM5Ug/s1282/IMGH_13133__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>TECHNOLOGY, ONE TRANSFORMER FOR ALL FUNCTIONS</span> :<br />
<br />
<br />
Short Functional <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s1282/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s320/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3MSAFHVkU7t-mcl9DQQYoS2xS9MHytT4zKMS8vwr8JOBU3byKnm2hw1CEDmiTR2Gy0Tv0RZtgxyoqNh3pl23nPoMy58G6oQ7vTW7m6JPMSJNEX6rGFzMsRUQeJ7xb7NY_T6INqQm7sQE/s1600/IMG_4106.jpg"></a>Description<br />
The GRUNDIG line/power supply unit has two important features:<br />
<br />
- the line/mains transformer (ZNT) with ferrite core.<br />
This transformer is provided with windings for the power supply and line output stages:<br />
<br />
- the supply frequency corresponds to the line frequency.<br />
<br />
The ZNT is used for electrical isolation, horizontal deflection, and
generation of the operating voltage. The ZNT windings are tightly and
loosely coupled to ensure that the load capacity of the supplies is high
enough and that back effects on the line transformer winding N-M are
avoided.<br />
<br /><br /><u>Startup Circuit</u><br />The starting voltage for IC 655 is
obtained from the bridge rectifier D 621 via R 641. If the voltage on
pin 2, which is derived from the resistor network R 642, 643, and 644,
reaches a level of approximately 10 V, the IC 655 starts to drive T 661
via pin 3 (precondition: pin 18 >10V). The line/power supply circuit
starts to oscillate. Simultaneously, the current consumption drawn via
pin 2 rises and the winding E-D of the ZNT takes over the operating
voltage supply function (D 647, R 647, C 647).<br /> </p><p><u>Oscillator in IC TDA 3640</u></p><p>The
control pulses for the T 661 are generated by are generated by an
oscillator which operates on the threshold principle where C 653 is an
externally connected frequency-determining component (oscillator
retaining range 14-17 kHz approx.). The oscillator oscillates at a
free-running frequency until the reference pulses from the ZNT exceed 1
V, at pin 12. In full operating condition (ON) a voltage of about +5 V,
is applied to<br />pin 12.<br /><br />
<br /><u>
Line Output Stage</u><br />The deflection transistor T 521 is activated in
stand-by mode. The cyclic line-frequency control of the deflection
transistor corresponds to the “ON“ operating mode. The power for the
horizontal sweep circuit is derived from the electromotive force of coil
M-N so that no additional operating voltage is necessary for T 521.
Voltage Stabilization In stand-by mode the pulse from winding E-D
(tightly coupled with winding A-B) is used as a reference for
stabilization. The controlled variable is +10.5 V on pin 2 TDA 3640. In
full operating condition, that is “ON", the voltage in the horizontal
sweep circuit (transformer winding M-N) must be stabilized to a constant
level. This is achieved by means of a reference pulse from winding C-D
which is tightly coupled with winding M-N. The resulting direct voltage
obtained via D 633 is proportional to the width of the picture or high
voltage and is applied to pin 10 and compared with the reference voltage
(about 3V) on pin 11. In this part of the circuit the +C voltage is <br />adjusted by means of R 637 to 196 V and 192 V for 25” receivers and 28” receivers, respectively.</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5TqQ-m5OaJm2gFaA2KWFqBMXEONzz5zXZvljlbFyT6tdiQoRVape_l8UoEl-d7txsekYKvLjfIiRwGE2b1HVU3I9FFfWhUUzgjxAMBluVGrNlqVK32g6rjMjjuntUahmRwbnt4WDmceE/s1600/img_1296.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533585093800706450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5TqQ-m5OaJm2gFaA2KWFqBMXEONzz5zXZvljlbFyT6tdiQoRVape_l8UoEl-d7txsekYKvLjfIiRwGE2b1HVU3I9FFfWhUUzgjxAMBluVGrNlqVK32g6rjMjjuntUahmRwbnt4WDmceE/s320/img_1296.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<u>Protective Circuits of TDA 3640</u><br />The protective circuits respond immediately if:<br />— the operating voltage on pin 2 is too low (<7 V):<br />— Ice of T 521 is too high (more negative than —1 V at pin 7);<br />— the power supply voltage is too high (voltage at pin 18 is 2.8 V higher than at pin 2);<br />— the power supply voltage is too low (voltage at pin 18 is 1.4 V lower than at pin 2):<br />— the high voltage is excessively high (line flyback pulses =6 V at pin 12);<br />— the crystal temperature is too high (>135° C).<br /><br /><u>Protective Circuits of TDA 8140</u><br />The protective circuits respond immediately if:<br />— the operating voltage at pin 2 is too low (<7 V);<br />— interference pulses (incorrect control pulses) occur during line flyback;<br />— the crystal temperature is too high (>160° C).<br /><br /></p><p> </p><p><b>GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510 :</b> <span style="font-size: small;"><b>SYNCHRONIZED SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLY UNIT WITH POWER LINE ISOLATED HORIZONTAL OUTPUT STAGE IN TELEVISION RECEIVER: </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SA02KpJWFK8/UREByQTUOCI/AAAAAAAAN_U/Rul-9aKlDew/s1600/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT1JPG.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SA02KpJWFK8/UREByQTUOCI/AAAAAAAAN_U/Rul-9aKlDew/s320/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT1JPG.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
1. Synchronised switched-mode power supply with a mains isolated
horizontal output circuit in television receivers for generating a
sawtooth current, only one transformer being provided for electric
isolation between mains and chassis side and the switched-modo power
supply being supplied with an unregulated direct voltage, including a
mains-side freely starting regulating loop for controlling the main
current path, a regulating switch via which the unregulated direct
voltage feeds the primary winding n1 of the transformer, a first
chassis-side winding n2 via which energy is recovered for the horizontal
output circuit during the retrace interval, this first chassis-side
winding n2 being loosely coupled to the primary winding n1 and being
electrically isolated from the mains side, a winding n4 via which the
regulating information is obtained for correcting the lead time of the
regulating switch, and a winding n3 via which low-voltage voltages are
obtained for the low-frequency stages, the horizontal oscillator and the
small-signal stages, characterised by a combination of the two
following features : a) the winding n4 , via which, in addition, the
regulating loop (2) is synchronised, is tightly coupled to the first
chassis-side winding n2 ; b) the winding n3 is tightly coupled to the
primary winding n1 and loosely coupled to the first chassis side winding
n2 . <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSHtDDdwe89Q0T5sCEKvrTAHDie87IKbnSYVPK7KWV9hjqgHmlPfk6ATnr-EGQpWt2liZYMsVAPenqlFdQ1BfSMWL9S2HKDz99lnI1PJZuHEp5wskj_gK2Z6q2W3Rtw8zzNetxV3iQr8nJ/s1922/CUC3410-powersupply-1__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="1922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSHtDDdwe89Q0T5sCEKvrTAHDie87IKbnSYVPK7KWV9hjqgHmlPfk6ATnr-EGQpWt2liZYMsVAPenqlFdQ1BfSMWL9S2HKDz99lnI1PJZuHEp5wskj_gK2Z6q2W3Rtw8zzNetxV3iQr8nJ/s320/CUC3410-powersupply-1__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<b>GRUNDIG CHASSIS CUC3400 - 3510: </b><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Standby mode operation of a horizontal output stage combined with a switched-mode power supply unit. </b></span>STANDBY-BETRIEB BEI EINER MIT EINEM
SCHALTNETZTEIL KOMBINIERTEN HORIZONTALENDSTUFENSCHALTUNG:<br />
<br />
1. Swi<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkVvkZX45e7cOvJJ5W9fRexkCKqg8JD1AjzhWzW28TtoY8bgtwaCZiSZHKO72n1zKxMoYSyrnNvaLlkuGmo_C_wTx17OhRX5bu2J_0i0qINaZCJI7WhX7h1yGUF8ZFWRytI4kbbGcGk4M/s1600/img_1295.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>tched-mode power supply with a combined horizontal output stage
circuit in television receivers, in which, as a point of electrical
isolation between mains and chassis side, only a transformer (1) is
provided, the primary winding (n1 ) of which is tightly coupled to at
least one chassis-side secondary winding (n3 ) and one mains-side
secondary winding (n5 ) and is loosely coupled to further secondary
windings (n2 , n4 , n6 , n7 ) which, in turn, are tightly coupled to
each other, in which arrangement one of the secondary windings (n2 )
tightly coupled to each other is electrically connected to the
deflection transistor (4) of the horizontal output stage (14), and in
which a primary-side regulating circuit (2), which is synchronized by
flyback pulses in normal operation, controls a regulating switch which
is arranged in series with the primary winding (n1 ) of the transformer
(1), characterized in that - the deflection transistor (4), which is
periodically triggered in normal operation, of the horizontal output
stage (14) is kept continuously conductive by the driver circuit (13) in
standby mode of operation, - the amount of energy transferred from the
mains-side to the chassis side is corrected in accordance with the
determination of the supply voltage of the regulating circuit (2), which
is obtained via the mains-side secondary winding (n5 ) tightly coupled
to the primary winding (n1 ), during the standby mode of operation
during which no flyback pulses are supplied to the regulating circuit, -
and the energy needed in standby mode of operation on the chassis side
for the driver circuit (13) and other loads is transferred via the
chassis-side secondary winding (n3 ) tightly coupled to the primary
winding (n1 ).<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Schaltnetzteil mit
kombinierter Horizontalendstufenschaltung in Fernsehempf·angern, bei dem
als galvanische Tren<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s1282/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s320/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3MSAFHVkU7t-mcl9DQQYoS2xS9MHytT4zKMS8vwr8JOBU3byKnm2hw1CEDmiTR2Gy0Tv0RZtgxyoqNh3pl23nPoMy58G6oQ7vTW7m6JPMSJNEX6rGFzMsRUQeJ7xb7NY_T6INqQm7sQE/s1600/IMG_4106.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>nstelle zwischen Netz- und Chassisseite nur ein
Transformator vorgesehen ist, dessen Prim·arwicklung mit mindestens
einer weiteren Wicklung fest und den anderen Wicklungen, die fest
aneinandergekoppelt sind, lose gekoppelt ist, wobei eine der fest
miteinander verkoppelten Sekund·arwicklungen mit dem Ablenktransistor
der Horizontalendstufe elektrisch verbunden ist, d a d u r c h g e k e n
n z e i c h n e t , dass der Ablenktransistor (4) der
Horizontalendstufe und der Regelkreis (2), der von einer lose an die
Prim·arwicklung (n1) angekoppelten Sekund·arwicklung (n4) mit
R·uckschlagimpulsen versorgt wird, zur Steuerung des Standby-Betriebes
verwendet werden. <br />
<br clear="all" />
2. Schaltnetzteil nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e
n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Ablenktransistor (4) der
Horizontalendstufe zum Einschalten und/oder zum Wiedereinschalten des
Normalbetriebes verwendet wird. <br />
<br clear="all" />
3. Schaltnetzteil nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, d a d u r c h g
e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass zum Einschalten des Standby-Betriebes
der Ablenktransistor (4) leitend geschaltet, zum Aufrechterhalten des
Standby-Betriebes leitend gehalten und zum Wiedereinschalten des
Normalbetriebes gesperrt wird. <br />
<br clear="all" />
4. Schaltnetzteil nach einem oder mehreren der
vorhergehenden Anspr·uche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t ,
dass der Regelkreis (2) bei einem Kurzschluss der Wicklung infolge einer
sekund·arseitigen St·orung zur·uckgeregelt wird bzw. in den
Standby-Betrieb umschaltet. EMI11.1 <br />
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
STANDBY-BETRIEB BEI EINER MIT EINEM SCHALTNETZTEIL
KOMBINIERTEN HORIZONTALENDSTUFENSCHALTUNG BESCHREIBUNG Die Erfindung
betrifft ein Schaltnetzteil mit kombinierter
Horizontal-Endstufenschaltung in Fernsehempf·angern, bei dem als
galvanische Trennstelle zwischen Netz- und Chassisseite nur ein
Transformator vorgesehen ist, dessen Prim·arwicklung mit mindestens
einer weiteren Wicklung fest und den anderen Wicklungen, die fest
aneinandergekoppelt sind, lose gekoppelt ist, wobei eine der fest
miteinander verkoppelten Sekund·arwicklungen mit dem Ablenktransistor
der Horizontalendstufe elektrisch verbunden ist.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2otE-YhfWc4/UREC1EXEL-I/AAAAAAAAN_g/HqCYNb5G59M/s1600/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT2-ST-BY.JPG.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2otE-YhfWc4/UREC1EXEL-I/AAAAAAAAN_g/HqCYNb5G59M/s320/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT2-ST-BY.JPG.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Ein solches
Schaltnetzteil wurde von derselben Anmelderin in der deutschen
Patentanmeldung P 32 10 908 vorgestellt. Dieses Schaltnetzteil zeichnet
sich aus durch einen prim·arseitigen frei anlaufenden Regelkreis zur
Steuerung des Hauptstromweges und einen Regelschalter, ·uber den die aus
dem Netz gewonnene, ungeregelte Gleichspannung der Prim·arwicklung n1
des Transformators zugef·uhrt wird. In der lose an die Prim·arwidiung n1
gekoppelten Sekund·arwicklung n2 wird ein Strom induziert, der zum
Anlauf und zur Versorgung der Horizontalendstufe vorgesehen ist.<br />
In
einer zweiten, fest an die Prim·arwicklung n1 angekoppelten Wicklung n3
wird die Niedervoltspannung f·ur die Horizontalansteuerung, die einen
internen Treiber enth·alt, und die Kleinsignalstufen erzeugt. Weiterhin
sind Sekund·arwicklungen vorgesehen, die fest an n2 gekoppelt sind und
die Spannungen f·ur die kGB-Endstufen, Heizung, usw. erzeugen.<br />
·Uber
die Trennstelle n /n des Transformators wird 12 w·ahrend des
R·ucklaufintervalles des Ablenktransistors (4) eine Spannung a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFac31l4GzhKsQOPuGua0-Spk5rA8BMlS8LimS0ivIDKkfEuNq6lrEun14gt3Tewig0Rg29I-kiwvl0_j6o93B62gNvTU1gTy8U_fjJlcN4oZ1Q0sofEbY__jFhyRbTKfQUIFMC4zoPA0bNkDSDyDTpcNMbhWbWSZ8fCTIFAQ0YReN9_0e6WFf8OabhgSu/s1282/IMGH_13137__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>uf die
Prim·arwicklung n1 ·ubertragen, die zur Ausschaltung des Regel schalters
verwendet wird. In der fest an die Wicklung n2 gekoppelten Wicklung n4
wird eine Spannung induziert, die zur Synchronisation und Steuerung des
Regelkreises 2 herangezogen wird. Der durch den Widerstand (6)
fliessende Strom kann als ·Uberlast-Referenzstrom zum Abschalten des
Regelschalters herangezogen werden.<br />
Belastungs·anderungen werden
in der fest an n2 gekoppelten Wicklung n4 erfasst und ·uber eine
Beeinflussung der Stromflusszeit des Hauptstromkreises ausgeregelt.<br />
Die deutsche Anmeldung P 32 10 908 enth·alt jedoch keinen Hinweis auf einen Standby-Betrieb.<br />
Weiterhin
ist aus der DE-PS 24 58 302 ein Sperrwandler-Netzteil f·ur einen
Fernsehempf·anger mit Ultraschall-Fernbedienung bekannt, der als
Betriebszustand u. a. einen Bereitschaftsbetrieb aufweist. Bei dieser
Schaltung sind der Fernsehempf·anger und der Ultraschallempf·anger an
denselben Trenntransformator sekund·arseitig angeschlossen. Die
Umschaltung zwischen Normalbetrieb und Bereitschaftsbetrieb wird auf der
Sekund·arseite des Trenntransformators vorgenommen.<br />
Bei dieser Schaltung ist jedoch ein zus·atzlicher Transformator f·ur die Horizontalendstufe n·otig.<br />
Die
Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, bei einem Schaltnetzteil mit
kombinierter Horizontal-Endstufenschaltung der im Oberbegriff des
Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Art auf besonders einfache Art und Weise den
Standby-Betrieb zu erm·oglichen.<br />
Diese Aufgabe wird durch das
Kennzeichen des Patentanpsruchs 1 gel·ost. Besonders vorteilhafte
Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteranspr·uchen
gekennzeichnet.<br />
Dic Vorteile der Erfindung liegen insbesondere
darin, dass als galvanische Trennstelle nur ein Transformator f·ur die
Erzeugung der Betriebsspannung, der Hochspannung, der
Horizontalablenkung und der Heizspannung n·otig ist und aufgrund der
gew·ahlten Wicklungsanordnung mit Hilfe des Horizontal-Ablenktransistors
und der prim·arseitigen Regelschaltung auf besonders einfache Art und
Weise eine Steuerung des Standby-Betriebes durchgef·uhrt werden kann.<br />
Ein
weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, dass im Falle einer sekund·arseitigen
St·orung automatisch der Standby-Betrieb herbeigef·uhrt wird.<br />
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf das aus der Figur 1 ersichtliche Ausf·uhrungsbeispiel n·aher erl·autert.<br />
Die
Schaltun<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5j7L5DmUZLuqzmebdbVsOWBYdes9OD9zOZWVMkfcSfrhAsmgpQdNP7SrM6qkl7Cz5iWH-6ZWLn_V04AkshXkqb73nAMTqosC7CL5gZiu1cckbIy8YpFcJYss07Cmuwfg5lKCS7gdzh9aVIhp0IE9r3qwZhNcP-3rCxMKpnmGAZhWB4qIfEKrXDfPCM5Ug/s1282/IMGH_13133__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>g wird ·uber die Netzspannung UN mit nachgeschalteter
Gleichrichterbr·ucke mit einer ungeregelten Gleichspannung versorgt und
ist ·uber nur einen Transformator 1 vom Netz getrennt, wobei der
Transformator die Stromversorgung f·ur das synchronisierte
Schaltnetzteil sowie die Impuls- bzw. Hochspannungserzeugung ·ubernimmt.
Wie durch die gestrichelte Linie zum Ausdruck kommt, ist die Netzseite
v·ollig von der Schaltungsseite galvanisch getrennt.<br />
In der
Anlaufphase wird ·uber eine Startschaltung 7, die im einfachsten Fall
aus einem hochohmigen Widerstand besteht, der Kondensator 11 aufgeladen.
In dieser Phase gibt die Regelschaltung 2 keine Impulse an die Basis
des Regelschalters 3 ab. Erst wenn die Spannung am Punkt A einen
vorgegebenen Wert (z. B.<br />
10 V) erreicht hat, wird ·uber eine
regelschaltungsinterne Stabilisierungsschaltung die gesamte Schaltung in
Betrieb genommen. Die Regelschaltung 2 liefert Impulse an die Basis des
Regelschalters 3, tastet also den Regelschalter 3 auf. ueber den
Regelschalter 3 fliesst somit ein pulsierender Strom in die
Prim·arwicklung n1 des Transformators.<br />
Die Wicklungen nl, n3 und
n5 sind fest miteinander verkoppelt. Die Wicklungen n2, n4, n6 und n7
sind untereinander fest, aber lose an die vorgenannten Wicklungen nl, n3
und n5 gekoppelt. Ein Beispiel daf·ur, wie die genannten
Kopplungsverh·altnisse erreicht werden k·onnen, zeigt die Figur 2.<br />
Die
Wicklu<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2otE-YhfWc4/UREC1EXEL-I/AAAAAAAAN_g/HqCYNb5G59M/s1600/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT2-ST-BY.JPG.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2otE-YhfWc4/UREC1EXEL-I/AAAAAAAAN_g/HqCYNb5G59M/s320/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT2-ST-BY.JPG.jpg" width="320" /></a>ng n5 liefert ·uber eine Diode 10 einen gegen·uber der
Anlaufphase h·oheren Strom an den Kondensator 11, so dass in der
weiteren Folge die Versorgung der Regelschaltung 2 sichergestellt ist.<br />
Durch
die zweite, fest an n1 und lose an n2 angekoppelte Sekund·arwicklung n3
wird die Niedervoltspannung f·ur die Kleinsignalstufen und die NF-Stufe
und den Horizontaloszillator bzw. die Treiberschaltung 13 der
Horizontalendstufe 14 gewonnen, und damit die Ansteuerung des
Ablenktransistors 4 sichergestellt. In die lose an n1 gekoppelte
Sekund·arwicklung wird n2 In die lose an n1 gekoppelte
Sekund·arwickl£ung n2 wird eine Spannung induziert, die nach
Gleichrichtung mittels einer Diode 8 an den Kondensator 9 die ben·otigte
Betriebsspannung f·ur den Ablenkkreis liefert und somit den Anlauf der
Horizontalendstufe herbeif·uhrt.<br />
·Uber die Trennstelle n 1/n2 wird
ferner die an der Ablenkwicklung 15 stehende Spannung w·ahrend des
K·ucklaufintervalls der Ablenkschaltung invertiert auf die
Prim·arwicklung n1 betragen, um den Strom im Hauptstromweg w·ahrend der
R·ucklaufzeit bei der Schaltung des Regelschalters 3 und damit die
Abschaltverluste zu vermindern. Dieser Vorgang ist ausf·uhrlich
beispielsweise in der DE-OS 28 35 946 dargestellt.<br />
Aus einer fest
an die Wicklung n2 und lose an n1 angekoppelten Wicklung n4 des
Transformators wird eine R·ucklauf spannung gewonnen, die abh·angig von
der Belastung der Wicklung n2 ist.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjukGtOmGb1SOoWSGcjvdW7KDEvOlcy7mOiYkjAywyggelYsxW-FsDmAhso4HxUp3cvLpl2a6Z5fRY-9uFDiSl_785xES-s1EzCkOYrPt5OGd-dk75535pTYquXBGCd-QbCdA8Fyiey1L2t/s1600/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT3-TRAFO.JPG.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div>
Strahlstrom·anderungen in der
Hochspannungserzeugung ·uber die Wicklung n6 und der
Hochspannungskaskade 12 (bzw. Split) werden ·uber die fest an n6
gekoppelte Wicklung n2 bzw. die fest an n2 ge<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2otE-YhfWc4/UREC1EXEL-I/AAAAAAAAN_g/HqCYNb5G59M/s1600/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT2-ST-BY.JPG.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2otE-YhfWc4/UREC1EXEL-I/AAAAAAAAN_g/HqCYNb5G59M/s320/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT2-ST-BY.JPG.jpg" width="320" /></a>koppelte Wicklung n4 an die
Regelschaltung 2 weitergegeben, die die Stromflusszeit im
Hauptstromkreis bzw. den Regelschalter 3 beeinflusst. Somit werden ·uber
die Regelschaltung 2 Belastungsschwankungen ausgeregelt.<br />
Hingegen
werden Belastungs·anderungen in der Wicklung n3, wie sie beispielsweise
durch NF-Last·anderungen gegeben sind, fast nicht nachgeregelt, da die
Wicklung n3 nur lose mit den Wicklungen n2 und n4 verkoppelt ist.
Deshalb ist die Zeilenablenkschaltung weitgehend unabh·angig von
Last·anderungen in der Sekund·arwicklung n3.<br />
Die
Netzspannungsnachregelung f·ur die Spannungen, die aus der Wicklung n3
gewonnen werden, erfolgt indirekt ·uber die Regelimpulse der Wicklung n4
So w·urde sich beispielsweise bei Netzunterspannung die R·ucklauf
spannung ohne Nachregelung verringern.<br />
Durch die Impulse der
Wicklung n4 wird jedoch ·uber die Regelschaltung 2 die Leitzeit des
Regelschalters 3 verl·angert. Damit wird mehr Energie von der Prim·arauf
die Sekund·arseite ·ubertragen und demzufolge Netzspannungs·anderungen
ausgeglichen.<br />
Bei der Umschaltung vom Normalbetrieb in den
Standby- Betrieb schaltet der Regelkreis 2 die Spannung ¢am Punkt A auf
den vorgegebenen Wert von z. B. 10 V.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFac31l4GzhKsQOPuGua0-Spk5rA8BMlS8LimS0ivIDKkfEuNq6lrEun14gt3Tewig0Rg29I-kiwvl0_j6o93B62gNvTU1gTy8U_fjJlcN4oZ1Q0sofEbY__jFhyRbTKfQUIFMC4zoPA0bNkDSDyDTpcNMbhWbWSZ8fCTIFAQ0YReN9_0e6WFf8OabhgSu/s1282/IMGH_13137__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a></div>
Diese Standby-Umschaltung
steht in Verbindung mit einer Verk·urzung der Leitzeit des Regel
schalters 3, die wie folgt ausgel·ost wird: ·Uber die Wicklung n3 bzw.
eine Treiberschaltung 13 der Horizontalansteuerstufe wird die Basis des
Ablenk transistors 4 so gesteuert, dass der Ablenktransistor st·andig
leitet. Demzufolge kann sich im Kondensator 9 und damit auch in der
Sekund·arwicklung n2 keine Spannung aufbauen. Da die Wicklung n6 f·ur
die Hoch spannungs erzeugung, die Wicklung n7 f·ur die Erzeugung einer
Heizspannung und sonstige Impulsspannungen sowie die Wicklung n4 f·ur
die Synchronisation und Steuerung der Regelschaltung 2 fest mit der
Wicklung n2 verkoppelt sind, k·onnen weder Hochspannung noch Heizung
noch sonstige Impuls spannungen entstehen.<br />
Damit sind s·amtliche
im Standby-Betrieb nicht ben·otigten Spannungen abgeschaltet, ziehen
also keine Leistung aus dem Netz. Ausserdem schaltet wegen des Wegfalls
der R·ucklauf spannungen an n4 die Regelschaltung im beschriebenen Sinne
den Regel schalter 3 auf Standby-Betrieb um.<br />
Dagegen ist die im
Standby-Betrieb n·otige Versorgung der Sekund·arseite mit
Niedervoltspannung weiterhin gew·ahrleistet, da die Wicklung n3, ·uber
die diese Versorgung erfolgt, fest mit der Prim·arwicklung n1 und nur
lose mit der Sekund·arwicklung n2 verkoppelt ist. Die Nachregelung der
Niedervoltspannung kann - falls n·otig - mit Hilfe der Spannung
erfolgen, die in die ebenfalls fest an n1 gekoppelte Wicklung n5
induziert wird, die ansonsten nur die Energie f·ur die Versorgung der
Regelschaltung liefert.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjukGtOmGb1SOoWSGcjvdW7KDEvOlcy7mOiYkjAywyggelYsxW-FsDmAhso4HxUp3cvLpl2a6Z5fRY-9uFDiSl_785xES-s1EzCkOYrPt5OGd-dk75535pTYquXBGCd-QbCdA8Fyiey1L2t/s1600/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT3-TRAFO.JPG.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjukGtOmGb1SOoWSGcjvdW7KDEvOlcy7mOiYkjAywyggelYsxW-FsDmAhso4HxUp3cvLpl2a6Z5fRY-9uFDiSl_785xES-s1EzCkOYrPt5OGd-dk75535pTYquXBGCd-QbCdA8Fyiey1L2t/s320/GRUNDIG-CUC3400-PAT3-TRAFO.JPG.jpg" width="236" /></a>Der ·Ubergang vom Standby-Betrieb auf den
Normalbetrieb geschieht durch die Sperrung des Ablenktransistors 4 und
dessen weitere periodische Ansteuerung. Die an der Wicklung n2
entstehende Spannung wird in der fest an n2 gekoppelten Wicklung n4
induziert. Diese R·uckschlagimpulse gelangen an den Triggereingang der
Regelschaltung 2. Diese f·uhrt einen internen Spannungsvergleich durch
und f·uhrt die Schaltung wieder in den geregelten Normalzustand ·uber.<br />
Die
dargestellte Schaltung erm·oglicht es somit, den Ablenktransistor 4 der
Horizontalendstufenschaltung in besonders einfacher Weise f·ur die
Steuerung des Standby-Betriebes zu verwenden.<br />
Ein besonderer
Vorteil der erfindungsgem·assen Schaltung liegt darin, dass im Falle
einer sekund·arseitigen St·orung, z. B. einem Kurzschluss der Diode oder
des Kondensators 16, die Schaltung automatisch in den Standby-Betrieb
·ubergef·uhrt wird. Denn im Falle eines Kurzschlusses der Diode 8 oder
des Kondensators 16 kann sich an n2 keine Spannung aufbauen. Dies gilt
ebenso f·ur die Wicklung n4, die fest an n2 gekoppelt ist und die
R·uckschlagimpulse an den Triggereingang der Regelschaltung 2 liefert.
Auch an der Wicklung n6 f·ur die Hochspannungserzeugung und der Wicklung
n7 f·ur die Erzeugung einer Heizspannung, die beide ebenfalls fest an
n2 gekoppelt sind, kann sich keine Spannung aufbauen.</div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"><br />
<br />
<b>GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510 </b><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>Regulated power supply device for a line sweep circuit in a television receiver:</b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvc1BzS2RywtHxAVxVIEafegCnWExbtCQQm1g6liqQ5LIOg6gOjRudIs5fmXJ7gH4CFVacLERscVed4clqLy4ICfiz-kwRkpXtNBJQpjaCv4aiVygqrKhROPlAC3hzLbuEyx47hxy_1wm/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586973115894402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvc1BzS2RywtHxAVxVIEafegCnWExbtCQQm1g6liqQ5LIOg6gOjRudIs5fmXJ7gH4CFVacLERscVed4clqLy4ICfiz-kwRkpXtNBJQpjaCv4aiVygqrKhROPlAC3hzLbuEyx47hxy_1wm/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;">
1. A regulated power supply device, in particular for a line sweep
circuit in a television receiver, whose output stage (30) contains a
first electronic switch of the bidirectional type (36, 35), controlled
periodically so as to be closed during the forward sweep and open during
the fly-back, connected in parallel with a first series assembly
containing line deviation coils (31) and a first capacitor (32), called
the forward capacitor, which feeds these coils (31) during the closing
of the first switch (36, 35), with a second capacitor (34), called the
return capacitor, which forms a parallel resonant circuit with the
inductance in particular of the coils (31) during the opening of the
first switch (36, 35) and with a second series assembly containing a
first winding (22) of a transformer (20), called the line transformer,
and a third capacitor (33), called the power supply capacitor, which
feeds the first winding (22) with D.C. voltage while the first switch
(36, 35) is closed, the power supply device containing a chopper circuit
(10) connected between the terminals (6, 7) of a D.C. power supply
voltage source (5) and containing an inductor, called the chopper
inductor, (16) and a second electronic switch (15), which is controlled,
mounted in series, this second switch (15) containing a chopper
transistor (11) controlled on its base by means of a recurring control
signal, which is produced by means of the line return pulses picked up
on a secondary winding (25) of the line transformer (20), in order to be
alternately conducting and cut off during each line period, this
chopper inductor (16) containing a second winding (21), called the power
supply winding, of this transformer (20), which is intended for the
transfer of energy between the chopper circuit (10) and the line sweep
output stage (30), and being characterized by the fact that, the second
switch (15) being also of the bidirectional type and containing, apart
from the chopper transistor (11), which is operating in the saturated
and cut off mode, a diode (12) mounted in parallel and in opposition
with this transistor, the chopper circuit (10) contains also a fourth
capacitor (13), called the turning capacitor, which forms a resonant
circuit with the chopper inductor (16) during the opening periods of the
second switch (15) which works with a constant cyclic ratio, the
periods being obtained by means of a control signal which causes the
cutting off of the chopper transistor (11) and their lengths being
constant and greater than a half period of resonance of this resonant
circuit (13, 16) whose length may reach about a half of a line period,
and by the fact that the regulation of the energy exchanged between the
chopper circuit (10) and the output stage (30) is obtained by the
variation of the delay between the respective opening instants of the
first</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;"> (36, 35) and second (15) switches.<br /><br />2.
A power supply device as in claim 1, characterized by the fact that the
transistor (11) in the second switch (15) is controlled by means of a
regulation circuit (40) fed by an auxiliary winding (25) of the
transformer (20) which supplies it with a signal one of whose peak
amplitudes is proportional to the voltage at the terminals of the power
supply capacitor (33) in the output stage (30), which is recharged by
means of the chopper circuit (10), and whose peak to peak amplitude is
proportional to a very high voltage supplied by another winding (23) of
transformer (20), the regulation circuit (40) causing the delay in the
instant of cut off of transistor (11) to vary with respect to the
leading edge of the line return pulse produced by the opening of the
first switch (36, 35).<br /><br />3. A power supply device as in claim 2,
characterized by the fact that the regulation by the phase shift between
the respective cut off instants is obtained as a function either of the
peak to peak amplitude or of the peak amplitude during the fly back or
forward sweep of the signal at the terminals of one of the windings (21
or 25) of line transformer (20) by comparing this amplitude to a
reference voltage and by controlling the delay as a function of the
difference between the voltage corresponding to one of these amplitudes
and the reference voltage, in order to stabilize either the sweep
amplitude or the power supply voltage obtained by rectifying the line
return pulse.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlzosXjSg_qAbFxNCl-BSJtKqKEINBGNjb9pw7xg4laSQNCfuP8_Dm6dwlQkJCuesrhLH09F2ta4XEeqoTVLIJ6NsoqYVLZUMlm7Ms36Yqk0dgLbzZjLTEZ0OPHsbwicAv4BidvuZksDN/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586977012021490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlzosXjSg_qAbFxNCl-BSJtKqKEINBGNjb9pw7xg4laSQNCfuP8_Dm6dwlQkJCuesrhLH09F2ta4XEeqoTVLIJ6NsoqYVLZUMlm7Ms36Yqk0dgLbzZjLTEZ0OPHsbwicAv4BidvuZksDN/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;">4.
A power supply device as in claim 2, characterized by the fact that the
regulation circuit (40) contains an unstable multivibrator (48) whose
output is coupled to the base of chopper transistor (11) by means of a
control stage (50) and which operates independantly on starting up, a
circuit generating a variable delay which contains a phase shift stage
(46) triggered by the line return pulses and supplying to the
multivibrator (48) triggering pulses which are delayed with respect to
the leading edges of the line return pulses, which cause the cutting off
of chopper transistor (11), and a regulator stage (47), which supplies
the phase shift stage (46) with a regulation signal that makes it
possible to vary the delay between the respective leading edges of the
line return pulses and the triggering pulses as a function of one of the
peak amplitudes or of the peak to peak amplitude of the signal supplied
by the auxiliary winding (25) of the transformer (20).<br /><br />5. A
power supply device as in claim 4, of the type in which the power supply
capacitor (33) feeds a D.C. voltage to the whole line sweep circuit,
characterized by the fact that the regulation circuit (40) is fed by
means of an independant power supply circuit (51) which enables the
chopper circuit (10) to be started up by the independant operation of
the unstable multivibrator (48) in order to start up the power supply of
the line sweep circuit with the chopper voltage induced in the first
winding (22) of the transformer (20) and rectified by the diode (35)
which is part of the first bidirectional switch (36, 35) which charges
the power supply capacitor (33).<br /><br />6. A power supply device as in
one of claims 4 and 5, characterized by the fact that the phase shift
stage (46) contains a delay generator which supplies a voltage, in the
shape of recurrent saw teeth (460, 463) which are triggered by the
leading edges of the line return pulses, to an analog voltage comparator
stage (469, 4600, 4601), which supplies at its output negative pulses
to the base of the transistor (483) in multivibrator (48) whose cutting
off controls the cut off of chopper transistor (11) at instants at which
the instantaneous saw tooth amplitude exceeds a fixed threshold voltage
(VZ 4601), and by the fact that the regulator stage (47) contains an
assembly (470, 471) rectifying the signal supplied by the auxiliary
winding (25) which feeds a signal generator (476, 475) supplying a
signal which modifies, from a predetermined threshold, the saw tooth
slope as a function of one of the peak amplitudes or peak to peak
amplitudes of this signal (v25).<br /><br />7. A power supply device as in
claim 6, of the type in which the free running operating frequency of
the unstable multivibrator (48) is less than the line frequency,
characterized by the fact that the unstable multivibrator (48) is
controlled solely by the negative pulses coming from the comparator
stage (469), which are applied to one (483) of the transistors in the
multivibrator (48), whose cut off controls that of chopper transistor
(11).</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBd5t9sJH8RY2CO3RFFoNIkhXH9vbhWNIRCYX74T3SvSn7b-sqlOL8V8lE4mlXvVQ5xqCYz3FpgcYR9m_KKh0pQbY_xN4UbFc2XsEGIoL7QucW_jD_gQdjGrQJCfK26iezTTMVaMedauhl/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586977293288674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBd5t9sJH8RY2CO3RFFoNIkhXH9vbhWNIRCYX74T3SvSn7b-sqlOL8V8lE4mlXvVQ5xqCYz3FpgcYR9m_KKh0pQbY_xN4UbFc2XsEGIoL7QucW_jD_gQdjGrQJCfK26iezTTMVaMedauhl/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;">8.
A power supply device as in one of claims 4 to 6, of the type in which
the free running operating frequency of the unstable multivibrator (48)
is greater than the line frequency in order to limit the peak voltage
(V19max) on the collector of the chopper transistor (11), characterized
by the fact that the transistor (480) in the multivibrator (48), whose
state is complementary to that of the chopper transistor (11), is fed on
its base through a diode (4803) by a synchronizing stage (49), which
supplies negative pulses whose amplitude is equal to a predetermined
fraction of that of the line return pulses, in order to lengthen the cut
off state of this transistor (480) until the sum of these lengths is
equal to the line period.<br /><br />Description:<br /><br />The present
invention concerns a regulated power supply device, in particular for a
line sweep circuit in a television receiver, which can also provide D.C.
supplies to other circuits in this receiver by splitting up a D.C.
supply voltage which is usually obtained by the rectification and
filtering of the A.C. mains voltage by means of a chopper.<br /><br />Known
chopper converters of this type contain, generally connected in series
between the output terminals of a D.C. power supply source (filtered
rectifier), an electronic switch such as a switching transistor
operating in the saturated and cut off mode and an inductor which
includes the primary winding of a transformer in which at least one
secondary winding supplies the A.C. energy obtained by the chopping,
which is then rectified to provide the D.C. supply voltages with a
ground insulated from the mains. In most of the known chopper power
supplies, one can vary the output voltages by action on the cyclic
ratio, i.e. the length of the saturated (closed) state of the switch,
for example, by controlling periodically the transistor-chopper by means
of a monostable flip-flop of variable length as a function of a voltage
which may be picked up at the output of a rectifier fed by a secondary
winding of the transformer so as to form a regulation loop.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5j7L5DmUZLuqzmebdbVsOWBYdes9OD9zOZWVMkfcSfrhAsmgpQdNP7SrM6qkl7Cz5iWH-6ZWLn_V04AkshXkqb73nAMTqosC7CL5gZiu1cckbIy8YpFcJYss07Cmuwfg5lKCS7gdzh9aVIhp0IE9r3qwZhNcP-3rCxMKpnmGAZhWB4qIfEKrXDfPCM5Ug/s1282/IMGH_13133__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><br />Chopper
power supplies have frequently been used in television receivers to
eliminate the bulky and heavy mains supply transformer and make possible
a regulation of the D.C. power supply voltage for this receiver. They
have often been combined in particular at the output stage of the
horizontal sweep circuit which supplies them with a pulse signal at the
line frequency that can be used to control the chopping. Various
combinations of sweep circuits and chopper power supplies have
described, for example, in the French patents or patent applications
with publication Nos. 2.040.217, 2.060.495, 2.167.549, 2.232.147 or
2.269.257, in which the regulation is also done by means of the
variation in the cyclic ratio of the saturated and cut off states of the
chopper transistor which, in some cases, is also used as the active
element of the (final) output stage of the line sweep circuit or of the
feeder stage which controls this circuit.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2F1sphUWoqzSHxE273qFovp29-iYD-x-v6YQcXMcWHnIZF8QjYUDou6YUaXOGZ8ElHn-sRZUAH6TaF_8Nw8TjBEoFyZ2Ld4y0mczBqDutTxTabFchLqRuRrTj83tUxfrJGNPgwFdw5zdU/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-4.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586983621899794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2F1sphUWoqzSHxE273qFovp29-iYD-x-v6YQcXMcWHnIZF8QjYUDou6YUaXOGZ8ElHn-sRZUAH6TaF_8Nw8TjBEoFyZ2Ld4y0mczBqDutTxTabFchLqRuRrTj83tUxfrJGNPgwFdw5zdU/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;">Chopper
power supplies of the so called "pump" type in which the chopper
transistor feeds one of the windings of the line transformer during the
line return periods and in which the regulation is done by means of the
variation of the internal resistance of this transistor or of a
"ballast" transistor in series with this transistor are known, for
example, from the French patents with publication Nos. 2.014.820,
2.025.365 or 2.116.335. A circuit of the "pump" type whose chopper
transistor has a winding of the line transformer in its collector
circuit and in which the sweep circuit is electrically insulated from
the mains has been described in the article by Peruth and Schrenk in the
German periodical, SIEMENS BAUTEILE REPORT Vol. 12 (1974), No. 4, pages
96-98. Its structure corresponds to the contents of the introduction to
claim 1. In circuits of the "pump" type, the chopper transistor or the
"ballast" transistor in series with it dissipates an amount of energy
which is not negligable.<br /><br />In the chopper device supplying power to
the output stage of the line sweep circuit with which it is combined in
accordance with the invention, one no longer uses regulation by
variation of the internal resistance or of the length of the saturated
state of the chopper transistor (or by variation of the cyclic ratio of
the chopping with a constant periodicity) but one does the regulating by
variation of the relative phase between the signals of the same
frequency which are supplied respectively by the chopper circuit with a
constant cyclic ratio and by the output stage of the line sweep, each of
which is connected to one of the windings of a transformer called the
line transformer through which the transfer of energy between the
chopper circuit and the sweep output stage takes place as well as in the
direction of the other secondary windings of the line tranformer such
as the very high tension (V.H.T.) winding.<br /><br />In accordance with the
invention, a regulated power supply device, in particular for a line
sweep circuit of a television receiver which contains an output stage
fitted with a line transformer in which a first winding is connected in
series with a s</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s1282/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s320/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVWm5AANsanmE5iNK4ltvKhRb8969Se-8t4uIEj_P5VBckhMWevqvMj33x0uH6JfT22yjAvLPLOfqSC2BukK1XjWgHrarccDxolXhFMgrB8ZTCS-G362yJyw3CMqgG3a-2gztD-3CKhVLzRrwUzyRtnWV-Izf9R_g-Nyv-N33iHdDpbePr-jsqOflyd0pN/s1026/IMGH_13139b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">upply
capacitor, is connected in parallel with a first bidirectional switch
controlled at the line frequency, the power supply device containing a
chopper circuit with, connected in series between the terminals of a
source of a D.C. power supply voltage, an inductor and a second
electronic switch, which can also be controlled at the line frequency.
The inductor in this circuit contains a second winding of the
transformer which is intended for the transfer of energy between the
chopper circuit and the output stage. This power supply device is in
particular characterized by the fact that the second switch, which is
also bidirectional and mounted in parallel with a tuning capacitor, is
so controlled as to be alternately open and closed during each line
period with a constant cyclic ratio and by the fact that the regulation
of the power supplied and hence of the voltage at the terminals of the
supply capacitor is done by variation of the phase delay between the
respective opening instants of the first and second switch as a function
of the peak amplitude of the line return pulse for example.<br /><br />In
accordance with a preferred way of making the invention, a power supply
device in accordance with the preceding paragraph, in which the s</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5j7L5DmUZLuqzmebdbVsOWBYdes9OD9zOZWVMkfcSfrhAsmgpQdNP7SrM6qkl7Cz5iWH-6ZWLn_V04AkshXkqb73nAMTqosC7CL5gZiu1cckbIy8YpFcJYss07Cmuwfg5lKCS7gdzh9aVIhp0IE9r3qwZhNcP-3rCxMKpnmGAZhWB4qIfEKrXDfPCM5Ug/s1282/IMGH_13133__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">econd
bidirectional switch, which contains a switching transistor, is
controlled on its base by a regulation circuit in which one input is fed
by an auxiliary secondary winding of the line transformer supplying
line return pulses, is remarkable in particular for the fact that the
regulation circuit contains an unstable multivibrator controlling the
base of the chopper transistor and operating independantly on starting
up, a circuit generating a variable delay containing a phase shift
stage, which is triggered by the line return pulses and supplies the
multivibrator with triggering pulses that are delayed with respect to
the leading edges of the line return pulses, which cause the cut off of
the chopper transistor, and a regulator stage fed with the line return
pulses and supplying to the phase shift stage a regulation signal which
enables the delay in the triggering pulses to be varied with respect to
the line return pulses as a function of one of the peak amplitudes or of
the peak to peak amplitude of the line return pulses.<br /><br />The
invention will be better understood and others of its characteristics
and advantages will appear from the description which follows, which is
given as an example, and the drawings attached, which refer to it. Among
them:<br /><br />FIG. 1 represents part of a theoretical schematic diagram
of a chopper power supply device combined with the output stage of the
line sweep circuit in accordance with the invention;</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlzosXjSg_qAbFxNCl-BSJtKqKEINBGNjb9pw7xg4laSQNCfuP8_Dm6dwlQkJCuesrhLH09F2ta4XEeqoTVLIJ6NsoqYVLZUMlm7Ms36Yqk0dgLbzZjLTEZ0OPHsbwicAv4BidvuZksDN/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586977012021490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlzosXjSg_qAbFxNCl-BSJtKqKEINBGNjb9pw7xg4laSQNCfuP8_Dm6dwlQkJCuesrhLH09F2ta4XEeqoTVLIJ6NsoqYVLZUMlm7Ms36Yqk0dgLbzZjLTEZ0OPHsbwicAv4BidvuZksDN/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">FIGS.
2a-2f and 3a-3f are diagrams of the voltage wave forms and/or current
wave forms at various points in the circuit of FIG. 1 to explain the
operation of this circuit;<br /><br />FIG. 4 represents part of a synoptic
schematic diagram of a simple production model (without a starter
device) of regulation circuit 40 in FIG. 1;</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><br />FIG.
5 represents a block diagram of a preferred production model of
regulation circuit 40 in FIG. 1 in accordance with the invention;<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSURb4tqkfrbl8mj9E3osVBtN5qyWxERW9edgo99Mp90pnn0sBJxOFHHxlHm7lZcgHu_aPpCumvYF_SNCZtk8ifzCwtZdydd7MwXRRhuvjRJji0LyR85X-dG4Poa-6hZ_tPPbv92yMmE5S/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-5.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586986555128402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSURb4tqkfrbl8mj9E3osVBtN5qyWxERW9edgo99Mp90pnn0sBJxOFHHxlHm7lZcgHu_aPpCumvYF_SNCZtk8ifzCwtZdydd7MwXRRhuvjRJji0LyR85X-dG4Poa-6hZ_tPPbv92yMmE5S/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">FIG.
6 represents a theoretical schematic diagram of the whole of the
preferred production model of the regulation circuit in FIG. 5;<br /><br />FIGS.
7a and 7b represent voltage wave forms illustrating the slaving of the
frequency of the unstable multivibrator 48 to that of the line
oscillator; and<br /><br />FIGS. 8a-8c represent voltage wave forms illustrating the operation of the regulation by the variation in phase shift.<br /><br />In
FIG. 1 is shown schematically a chopper power supply device of line
sweep output stage 30 in accordance with the invention which is
electrically insulated from the A.C. mains which feed rectifier 5 whose
output voltage is chopped. This power supply device has two terminals 1,
2 which are connected respectively to the two poles of the A.C.
distribution mains (220 V, 50 Hz) and feed rectifier diode 3 and filter
capacitor 4, whose capacity is high, which are connected in series and
form together a rectifier assembly or a source of D.C. voltage 5. The
output of rectifier assembly 5 formed by the two terminals 6 and 7
(plates) of the (electro-chemical) capacitor 4 is intended to supply a
D.C. power supply voltage V A of the order of 300 V to chopper circuit
10. This chopper circuit 10 contains a controlled, bidirectional
electronic switch 15, which consists of a switching transistor 11 of the
NPN type connected with its emitter common and a junction semiconductor
diode 12, which are connected in parallel in such a way as to conduct
respectively in opposite directions (anti-parallel), and an inductor 16
consisting of a choke 14 and a winding 21 of a transformer 20, called a
line transformer, connected in series. This winding 21 of line
transformer 20 whose primary winding is normally connected in parallel
with the coils of the horiziontal deviation circuit in the circuit of
line sweep output stage 30 to the supply, through secondary windings,
supply voltages in particular to the cathode ray tube will be called in
what follows the supply voltage winding, because the transfer of energy
between chopper circuit 10 and output stage 30 will be done through it.
Switch 15 is mounted in parallel with a capacitor 13 and it is connected
in series with inductor 16 (choke 14 and power supply winding 21 in
series) between the out</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">put
terminals 6 and 7 of D.C. voltage source 5. This capacitor 13 forms,
because of its low capacity with respect to that of filter capacitor 4,
with inductor 16 a parallel, resonant (oscillatory) circuit when
electronic switch 15 is opened by the cutting off of switching
transistor 11 by means of a control signal applied to its base.<br /><br />Switching
transistor 11 is here connected by its collector to one of the
terminals of inductor 16, whose other terminal is connected to positive
terminal 6 of source 5 which supplies D.C. power supply voltage V A , by
its emitter to negative terminal 7 of source 5, which forms a ground,
called the primary or hot ground, 8, which is connected to the A.C.
mains but is insulated from that 39 of the television set. The base of
transistor 11 is controlled by means of rectangular signals supplied by a
regulation circuit 40, which is described further on, in such a way as
to be alternately saturated and cut off. Regulation circuit 40 is, for
example, fed by a secondary winding 25 of transformer 20, that supplies
signals whose peak to peak amplitude is proportional to the peak
amplitude of the line return pulse. This peak amplitude is a function of
the energy transfer from chopper circuit 10 to the line sweep output
stage 30 which is connected to another winding 22 of transformer 20.<br /><br />One
may note here that chopper circuit 10 resembles a classical,
transistorized, line sweep output stage and that switching transistor 11
has been chosen to withstand high collector-emitter voltages (of the
order of 1500 V), and that diode 12 has to withstand the same inverse
voltage while switch 15 is open. One may also note that the inductance
of choke 14 may be formed partly or wholly by the leakage inductance of
power supply winding 21 in transformer 20.<br /><br />The line sweep output
stage 30, which is arranged in classic</span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFac31l4GzhKsQOPuGua0-Spk5rA8BMlS8LimS0ivIDKkfEuNq6lrEun14gt3Tewig0Rg29I-kiwvl0_j6o93B62gNvTU1gTy8U_fjJlcN4oZ1Q0sofEbY__jFhyRbTKfQUIFMC4zoPA0bNkDSDyDTpcNMbhWbWSZ8fCTIFAQ0YReN9_0e6WFf8OabhgSu/s1282/IMGH_13137__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>al fashion, contains horizontal
deviation coils 31 mounted in parallel and connected by one of their
terminals to a first capacitor 32, called the "forward" or "S effect"
capacitor, which feeds them during the forward sweep. The series
mounting of coils 31 and forward capacitor 32 is connected in parallel,
on the one hand, to a second controlled bidirectional switch containing a
second switching transistor 36 and a second diode 35, called a "shunt"
or "parallel" recuperation diode, which are connected in parallel to
conduct in opposite directions, closed (conductor) during the forward
sweep and open (cut off) during the return sweep, and, on the other
hand, to a second capacitor 34, called the "return" capacitor, which
forms, while the second switch is open, a parallel resonant circuit with
the inductance of deviation coils 31. The common point of the collector
of second transistor 36, of the NPN type, of the cathode of second
diode 35 and return 34 and forward 32 capacitors is connected to one of
the terminals 220 of winding 22 of transformer 20, which normally forms
the primary winding of this transformer. The other terminal 221 of
winding 22 is connected to one of the terminals of a third capacitor 33
of high capacity, whose other terminal is connected to the common point
of deviation coils 31, return capacitor 34, the anode of second diode 35
and the emitter of second transistor 36, which is also connected to the
ground 39 of the chassis of the television receiver, called the "cold"
ground, because it is insulated from the A.C. power supply mains. It is
at the terminals of this third capacitor 33 that one obtains the D.C.
voltage feeding this stage, whose value determines, on the one hand, the
peak to peak amplitude of the line sweep current of sawtooth form and,
on the other hand, the amplitude of the line return voltage pulse which,
when rectified after being transformed, supplies the very high voltage
that polarizes the anode of the cathode ray tube (not shown here). The
second transistor 36, also a switching transistor, is controlled by
rectangular shaped signals supplied to input terminals 37 and 38 of
stage 30, which are respectively connected to its base and its emitter,
by a feed stage (not shown and called a "driver" in anglo-american
literature) so that it is alternately cut off, during the sweep return,
and saturated, during the second part of the forward sweep.<br /><br />In
classical transistor line sweep circuits, a D.C. voltage source
generally feeds either terminal 221 of winding 22 directly or an
intermediate connection to this winding through a diode (see French Pat.
Nos. 1.298.087 dated Aug. 11, 1961, 1.316.732 dated Feb. 15, 1962 or
1.361.201 dated June 27, 1963) which isolates the primary winding of the
line transformer from the D.C. voltage source during the line return
interval.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvc1BzS2RywtHxAVxVIEafegCnWExbtCQQm1g6liqQ5LIOg6gOjRudIs5fmXJ7gH4CFVacLERscVed4clqLy4ICfiz-kwRkpXtNBJQpjaCv4aiVygqrKhROPlAC3hzLbuEyx47hxy_1wm/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586973115894402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvc1BzS2RywtHxAVxVIEafegCnWExbtCQQm1g6liqQ5LIOg6gOjRudIs5fmXJ7gH4CFVacLERscVed4clqLy4ICfiz-kwRkpXtNBJQpjaCv4aiVygqrKhROPlAC3hzLbuEyx47hxy_1wm/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">In
the circuit of FIG. 1, it is the A.C. electrical energy transmitted by
chopper circuit 10 through windings 21 and 22 of transformer 20 which
charges capacitor 33 so that it supplies a regulated supply voltage to
output stage 30. During the line sweep forward periods, when the second
bidirectional switch 35, 36 of sweep output stage 30 is closed
(conductor), the terminals of winding 22 of transformer 20 are directly
connected to those of capacitor 33 which will then receive the energy
supplied of by chopper circuit 10.<br /><br />In FIG. 1, line transformer 20
also has a very high voltage winding 23, one terminal 230 of which may
be connected to the ground 39 (or to terminal 220 of winding 22) and
whose other terminal 231 is connected to the input of the very high
voltage rectifier assembly or voltage multiplier (not shown) in
classical fashion, and an auxiliary winding 24 which may be used to feed
either a low voltage rectifier assembly or a load regulator assembly or
the filament of the cathode ray tube (not shown). These secondary
windings 23, 24 will receive their energy mainly from output stage 30 of
the line sweep circuit through winding 22 of transformer 20, i.e. the
line return pulses, the coupling between the windings will hence be as
close as possible.<br /><br />The operation of the power supply device in
FIG. 1 will be explained below with that of output stage 30 of the line
sweep circuit, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 of the drawing attached,
representing diagrams of the voltage wave forms and/or current wave
forms at various points in the schematic diagram of FIG. 1.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlzosXjSg_qAbFxNCl-BSJtKqKEINBGNjb9pw7xg4laSQNCfuP8_Dm6dwlQkJCuesrhLH09F2ta4XEeqoTVLIJ6NsoqYVLZUMlm7Ms36Yqk0dgLbzZjLTEZ0OPHsbwicAv4BidvuZksDN/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586977012021490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirlzosXjSg_qAbFxNCl-BSJtKqKEINBGNjb9pw7xg4laSQNCfuP8_Dm6dwlQkJCuesrhLH09F2ta4XEeqoTVLIJ6NsoqYVLZUMlm7Ms36Yqk0dgLbzZjLTEZ0OPHsbwicAv4BidvuZksDN/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">In
FIGS. 2 and 3, diagram (A) represents the saw tooth wave form of the
sweep current i 31 (t) in the coils 31 of the horizontal deviation
circuit. Diagram (B) represents the wave form of the voltage v 220 (t)
on terminal 220 of winding 22, which is also that at the terminals of
the second switch 35, 36. Diagram (C) is the wave form of the voltage v
21 (t) at the terminals of power supply winding 21 when its leakage
inductance is negligable. It is obtained by the transforming of the A.C.
component of voltage v 220 (t). Diagram (D) represents the wave form of
the voltage v 19 (t) at the terminals of first switch 15 in chopper
circuit 10, i.e. between the junction 19 of this chopper circuit with
inductor 16 and primary ground 8, and diagram (E) represents as a dotted
line the current i 16 (t) in inductor 16 when output stage 30 is not
controlled and as a full line the current i 21 (t) resulting from the
superimposition in winding 21 to current i 16 (t) on that induced by
winding 22 when output stage 30 is working. Conversely, the current in
winding 22 of transformer 20 results from the superimposition of the
current induced by winding 21 on the current produced by the closing of
the second switch 35, 36, which is analogous to i 31 (t) in diagram (A).<br /><br />The
wave forms of diagrams (D) and (E) in FIGS. 2 and 3 are out of phase
respectively, one with respect to another, by a quarter of a line period
T H /4 to allow the illustration of the regulation by the variation in
the relative phase of the voltage v 21 and current i 21 waves in power
supply winding 21.<br /><br />The diagrams (F) represent the instantaneous
energy E i transmitted by chopper circuit 10 to the output stage 30,
which is equal to the product of the wave forms of current i 21 (t) and
voltage v 21 (t) in winding 21, i.e. E i =-v 21 i 21 , for two
different phase deviations between the voltage v 21 (t) and current i 21
(t) waves in power supply winding 21, which correspond respectively to a
zero energy transfer in FIG. 2 and a maximum energy transfer in FIG. 3.<br /><br />The
operation of the line sweep output stage 30 is classical once the power
supply capacitor 33 and forward capacitor 32 are charged to a D.C.
voltage V 221 by means of a certain number of chopping cycles, which are
independant on starting up, during which the negative half-cycles of
the chopped voltage wave are rectified by recuperation diode 35.<br /><br />During
the forward sweep intervals t A , when the switch 35, 36 is closed from
instant t 1 to instant t 3 , the current i 31 (see A) in the deviator
varies roughly linearly between its negative peak values (at t 1 ) and
positive ones (at t 3 ) with a passage through zero at instant t 2 ,
when current i 31 passes from diode 35 to transistor 36, which has
previously been polarized to conduct. This corresponds to a roughly zero
voltage v 220 (see B) at the terminals of switch 35, 36.<br /><br />The
line return interval t R is started by the cutting off of transistor 36
at instant t 3 , and the inductance of deviator 31 then acts as a
parallel resonant circuit with the return capacitor 34 by causing the
voltage v 220 (t) to pass through a positive half-sinusoid and reach its
peak value at the instant t 4 (or t=0), called the line return pulse,
and the current i 31 (t) to pass through a half-cosinusoid between the
positi</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">ve
and negative peak values cited, with a passage through zero at the
instant t 4 (or t=0). The mean value of the voltage wave form v 220 (t)
at terminal 220 is equal to the D.C. power supply voltage V 221 at the
terminals of power supply capacitor 33 and forward or S effect capacitor
32.<br /><br />The respective peak to peak amplitudes of current i 31 (t)
(hence the width of the screen sweep beam excursion) and of voltage v
220 (t) (hence the very high voltage) depend on the value of the D.C.
voltage V 221 which feeds the horizontal sweep output stage and which,
in most of the chopper power supplies of preceding techniques, is
regulated and stabilized by modulating the length of the saturated state
(the cyclic ratio) of chopper transistor 11 as a function of the
amplitude of the line return pulse picked up on an auxiliary winding of
line transformer 20 (hence of the voltage at the terminals of capacitor
33) and later of the rectified and filtered voltage in the network.<br /><br />In
accordance with the invention, the length t s of the saturated state of
chopper transistor 11 and of the conducting state of diode 12 and, as a
result, the ratio of this length to that of the complete cycle (line
period T H ) or to that t B of the cut off state is constant and so
chosen as to make the peak amplitude of voltage pulse v 19 , which is
applied to the collector of transistor 11 during the cut off interval t B
, considerably less than its collector-emitter D.C. breakdown voltage
in the cut off state (V CEX ) which may exceed 1500 Volts. Thus, for a
rectified voltage of 300 V, it is possible to limit the collector
voltage V 19 to about 900 Volts by choosing a ratio t b /T H of about
0.5.<br /><br />As a result, chopper circuit 10 must operate at the line
frequency with conduction lengths t S (closed) and cut off lengths t B
(open) of switch 15 preferably roughly equal (to a line half-period T H
/2) and the regulation of the energy supplied to output stage 30 is done
by causing the respective phases of the line return pulse v 220 (t) and
the current i 21 (t) flowing through the power supply winding 21 of
transformer 20 to vary as will be shown further on.<br /><br />The operation
of chopper circuit 10 (fed with D.C. voltage V A ) is in fact analogous
to that of output stage 30, except as far as the form factor is
concerned. This is determined mainly by the respective values of the
inductance 16 (of choke 14 and the leakage inductance of winding 21 of
transformer 20 connected in series) and of the capacity of tuning
capacitor 13. The values L 16 and C 13 are chosen to obtain a
half-period of oscillation slightly less than a line half-period, i.e.:
##EQU1## because the oscillation of the resonant circuit L 16 , C 13
occurs on one side and on the other of the D.C. voltage V A so that the
cut off period of chopper switch 15 is greater than this half-period T D
/2.<br /><br />This operation of circuit 10 will first be explained with
reference to diagrams D and E in FIG. 2. When, at the instant t=0,
transistor 11 becomes saturated by a preliminary positive polarization
of its base-emitter junction, it connects terminal 19 to ground 8 so
that a current i 16 (t) (dotted on diagram E), which is increasing
linearly, ##EQU2## passes through inductor 16 coming from positive
terminal 6 of power supply 5.<br /><br />When transistor 11 receives from
regulation circuit 40 a cut off voltage at an instant preceding instant t
6 of the storage time of minority charge carries, switch 15 opens and
the current stored in inductor 16, i 16 (t 6 )=V A t 6 /L=V A T H /4L,
will flow through tuning capacitor 13 in oscillatory fashion, i.e.
cosinusoidally, decreasing to a zero value, while voltage V 19 at
junction 19 of inductor 16 and capacitor 13 will increase sinusoidally
to a maximum value, these two values coinciding in time. Then, capacitor
13 discharges through inductor 16 also in oscillatory fashion until, at
instant t 7 , voltage v 19 reaches a zero value, which corresponds to a
minimum value, i.e. maximum negative, of current i 16 (t) whose
absolute value is slightly less than the maximum positive value i 16 (t 6
). The difference between the absolute peak values i 16 (t 6 ) and i 16
(t 7 ) is explained, on the one hand, by the ohmic losses in circuit 10
and, on the other, by the transfer of energy between this circuit and,
in particular, output stage 30.<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5j7L5DmUZLuqzmebdbVsOWBYdes9OD9zOZWVMkfcSfrhAsmgpQdNP7SrM6qkl7Cz5iWH-6ZWLn_V04AkshXkqb73nAMTqosC7CL5gZiu1cckbIy8YpFcJYss07Cmuwfg5lKCS7gdzh9aVIhp0IE9r3qwZhNcP-3rCxMKpnmGAZhWB4qIfEKrXDfPCM5Ug/s1282/IMGH_13133__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>When oscillatory voltage v 19 (t)
has exceeded the zero value slightly in the negative direction, diode
12 starts to conduct so as to connect terminal 19 to ground and produce
in inductor 16 a current i 16 (t), which increases linearly from its
maximum negative value i 16 (t 7 ) towards a zero value where transistor
11, which has already been polarized so as to be saturated, picks it up
so that it reaches, at instant t 8 , its maximum positive value of
instant t 6 again.<br /><br />It is to be noted here that the mean value of
the wave form of voltage v 19 at terminal 19 is equal to the D.C. power
supply voltage V A between terminals 6 and 7 of filter capacitor 4 in
rectifier assembly 5.<br /><br />If one wishes to obtain an adequate energy
transfer between chopper circuit 10 and line sweep output stage 30, it
is advantageous to choose the value of inductor 16 in series with power
supply winding 21, i.e. the sum of the leakage inductance of this
winding and that of series choke 14, so that it is, for example, greater
than or equal to three times the inductance L 31 of the horizontal
deviation coils 31, multipled by the square of the transformation ratio
between windings 22 and 21, i.e. L 16 ≥3l 31 (n 11 /n 21 ) 2 , and the
value of this transformation ratio n 22 /n 21 so as to obtain at the
terminals of winding 21, during the forward sweep and the closing of
switch 15, an induced voltage v 21 (t) whose amplitude is between 100
and 150 Volts, i.e. between a third and a half the power supply voltage V
A at terminals 6, 7 of filter capacitor 4.<br /><br />As the D.C. voltage V
221 at the terminals of capacitor 33 is a function of the inductance L
31 of the horizontal deviation coils 31 and, because of this, is between
50 and about 140 Volts, the transformation ratio n 22 /n 21 , i.e.
between the numbers of turns n 22 and n 21 of windings 22 and 21
respectively, is between 1 and about 4 (preferably between 2 and 3).<br /><br />The
choice of these parameters is only given here as an example, because
the criterion of this choice is a relative separation between chopper
circuit 10 and, in particular, circuit 30 which it feeds, i.e. so that
current i 21 (t) in winding 21 is only induced in winding 22 with peak
amplitudes which do not exceed about one third those of sweep current i
31 (t) in order not to upset the operation of sweep circuit 30 during
the conduction of recuperation diode 35. Also, the voltage pulses v 19
(t) of the diagrams (D) in FIGS. 2 and 3 should not appear at the
terminals of winding 21 and should not be transmitted to winding 22 at
least during the opening of sweep switch 36, 35 (line return interval)
to winding 22 other than with amplitudes sufficiently small not to upset
the operation of output stage 30 and the very high voltage rectifier
fed by winding 23, while ensuring an energy transfer sufficient to
obtain a regulated power supply voltage at the value required.<br /><br />Transformer
20 may therefore be made in such a way as to have looser coupling
between windings 21 and 22, the self-inductance then consists of that (L
14 ) of choke coil 14 and the leakage inductance (L 21 ) of winding 21.
Hence it is advantageous, when one uses a </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">ferrite
core (magnetic circuit) of rectangular shape (in the form of a frame),
to place windings 22, 23 and 24 on one of the arms of this core and
winding 21 and, later, winding 25 on the other. This will also help
provide good insulation between the primary and secondary grounds 8 and
39. The dimension of the air gap in the magnetic circuit of transformer
20 or a magnetic shunt, which fixes the leakage inductance L 21 , and
the inductance L 14 of the choke 14 are chosen with this result in view.<br /><br />One
may consider then that, from the point of view of the energy transfer
from chopper circuit 10 to output stage 30, winding 21 is passed through
by current i 21 , which consists of triangular shaped current i 16 and
the current in winding 22, which is induced in saw tooth form,
superimposed one on the other and that voltage v 21 , which appears at
its terminals and is shown in diagrams (C) of FIGS. 2 and 3, is roughly
analgous to that, v 220 , at the terminals of sweep switch 35, 36 but
with a mean value of zero.<br /><br />The energy transmitted by transformer
20 will then be approximately equal to the product of voltage v 21 (t)
and current i 21 (t) multiplied by the cosine of the phase angle if one
considers the fundamental waves at the line frequency (15.625 Hz). This
is also true for each of the harmonics of the current i 21 (t) and
voltage v 21 (t) waves if one develops them in a Fourier series.<br /><br />The
energy ceded duuring each line period T H by chopper circuit 10 output
stage 30 through transformer 20 may then be written: ##EQU3## In
inductor 16, as a first approximation, current i 21 (t) in a sum of an
A.C. component i A (t) and a D.C. component I c and, considering that
the losses of chopper circuit 10 itself are negligable, that the mean
value of voltage v 21 is zero and that the D.C. component I c of i 21
does not take part in the energy transfer, one may write that the energy
supplied by the D.C. source during this period E s =V A I C T H and
the A.C. energy supplied by chopper circuit 10, ##EQU4## are roughly
equal, i.e. ##EQU5## from which it appears that there is a mean D.C.
current ##EQU6## supplied by source 5 which is a consequence of the
exchange of energy between winding 21 and winding 22 in particular. The
A.C. energy ceded, E H , and, as a result, the D.C. current I c of
source 5, varies as a function of the cosine of the phase angle α
between each of the respective harmonics of the current i 21 (t) and
voltage v 21 (t). Hence one can obtain regulation by causing the phase
of the wave of current i 21 (t) to vary in power supply winding 21 with
respect to that of voltage v 21 (t) at its terminals to stabilize the
sweep (the peak to peak amplitude of current i 31 ) and/or the very high
voltage by acting on the charge supplied to capacitor 33 during each
cycle.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBd5t9sJH8RY2CO3RFFoNIkhXH9vbhWNIRCYX74T3SvSn7b-sqlOL8V8lE4mlXvVQ5xqCYz3FpgcYR9m_KKh0pQbY_xN4UbFc2XsEGIoL7QucW_jD_gQdjGrQJCfK26iezTTMVaMedauhl/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586977293288674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBd5t9sJH8RY2CO3RFFoNIkhXH9vbhWNIRCYX74T3SvSn7b-sqlOL8V8lE4mlXvVQ5xqCYz3FpgcYR9m_KKh0pQbY_xN4UbFc2XsEGIoL7QucW_jD_gQdjGrQJCfK26iezTTMVaMedauhl/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">This
is illustrated respectively on the diagrams (F) in FIGS. 2 and 3
showing the instantaneous power E i =-v 21 (t)i 21 (t) corresponding to
two different phase angles between waves v 21 and i 21 , which indicate
respectively minimum (zero) energy transfers when the zeros of current i
21 coincide with the maxima of voltage v 21 or when the respective
maxima of voltages v 21 and v 19 are out of phase by a half period T H
/2 and maximum energy transfers when the maxima of voltage v 21 and
current i 21 coincide between circuit 10 and output stage 30.<br /><br />On
the diagram (F) in FIG. 2, one can see that, when there is a phase
difference between the corresponding (positive) maxima of v 21 (t) and i
21 (t) of a quarter of a line period (T H /4) roughly, the energy
transfer is zero, because there is equality between the surfaces bounded
by the curve and the abscissa, which are respectively above and below
it and give a mean value of zero as far as the energy supplied is
concerned.<br /><br />On the other hand, on the diagram (F) in FIG. 3 in
which the product-v 21 (t)i 21 (t) corresponds to a coincidence of
phase between the respective maxima of voltage v 21 and i 21 , one can
see that, when one subtracts from the surfaces above the abscissa the
surfaces corresponding to the shaded triangles below it, three zones
remain on the positive side whose surfaces correspond to the energy
which is effectively transferred whose mean value ##EQU7## is positive
and shows an effective transfer of energy to output stage 30. This
translates into a D.C. voltage V 33 at the terminals of capacitor 33
which forms, during the forward sweep (closing of switch 35, 36), the
sole load on winding 22 (terminal 220 being connected to the ground 39).<br /><br />Hence,
one has shown above that, by causing the phase difference between the
corresponding maxima of waves v 21 (t) and i 21 (t) to vary between 0
and T H /4, one can cause the energy transmitted to vary and, as a
result, the voltage V 221 at the terminals of capacitor 33 which feeds
output stage 30.<br /><br />When the relative phase difference between v 21
(t) and i 21 (t) exceeds a quarter of a line period, as, for example,
when the negative peak amplitude of v 21 (t) coincides with the negative
peak amplitude of i 21 (t), i.e. a phase difference equal to a line
half period (T H /2), the term of the energy E H becomes negative which
indicates that it is output stage 30 which feeds chopper circuit 10, or,
more precisely, voltage source 5 (capacitor 4). This is not permanently
possible unless it is output stage 30, and hence capacitor 33, which is
fed by a rectifier assembly, thus showing the reversibility of the
power supply device in accordance with the invention, which is contrary
to classical chopper power supplies.<br /><br />Hence, the regulation is
done by causing the phase of the opening of switch 15 in chopper circuit
10 to be varied by the cutting off of transistor 11 with respect to the
phase of the opening of sweep switch 36, 35, which is controlled by the
line oscillator (not shown) and is generally slaved in frequency and
phase to the line synchronizing pulses of the video complex signal.<br /><br />Such
a variable phase delay is obtained from line return pulses picked up on
one of the windings of transformer 20, such as winding 21 itself or, as
shown in FIG. 1, auxiliary winding 25. These pulses may trigger a
monostable flip-flop whose length is variable as a function of the error
voltage supplied by a comparator in the form of a differential
amplifier, one of whose inputs receives a voltage corresponding either
to the positive amplitude of v 21 (t), which is proportional to the
voltage V 33 (V 221 ) at the terminals of power supply capacitor 33 in
output stage 30, or to the peak to peak amplitude of the line return
pulse, which is proportional to the very high voltage, or to a
combination of these two criteria. The other input of the differential
amplifier receives a D.C. reference voltage, which may be adjusted, to
allow the adjustment of the very high voltage and/or the horizontal
sweep current amplitude.<br /><br />It is to be noted here that power supply
winding 21 may be connected between terminal 6 of capacitor 4 and choke
14 in two opposite directions so that the line return pulses can appear
at its junction with choke 14 with opposite polarities. Two
possibilities of the relative phase of voltage v 21 (t) respect to the
current i 21 (t) in winding 21 result from this.<br /><br />In FIG. 4, one has shown a par</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">tial
block diagram (without a starting up device) of a simple way of making
regulation circuit 40 which controls the cut off of transistor 11 in
chopper circuit 10 with a delay which is variable with respect to the
line return pulse as a function of the negative peak amplitude of the
signal v 25 (t) supplied by auxiliary winding 25 of transformer 20.<br /><br />Regulation
circuit 40 in FIG. 4 is fed at its first input 401 with signal v 25 (t)
supplied by one of the terminals 250 of auxiliary winding 25. This
signal is roughly the reverse of signal v 21 (t) illustrated by the
diagrams (C) respectively in FIGS. 2 and 3 in which one distinguishes,
during each line period, a line return pulse of positive polarity and a
negative plateau whose amplitude is proportional to D.C. voltage V 33 at
the terminals of capacitor 30. This first input 401 feeds, through a
first diode 410, the triggering input 411 of a first monostable
flip-flop 41 of variable length, which produces at its output 413, in
response to the leading edge of the return pulse, a rectangular signal
whose length varies as a function of the D.C. voltage applied to its
length control input 412.<br /><br />Monostable flip-flops with a pulse
length variable as a function of a D.C. voltage are known and a way of
making them is described, for example, in French patent application No.
73.16116 made on May 4, 1973 by the present applicant.<br /><br />This D.C.
voltage controlling pulse length is obtained by means of a rectifier
assembly 42, which is also fed by this first input 401 and contains a
second diode 420 so connected as to conduct only while signal v 25 (t)
is negative, a capacitor 421 in series with diode 420 which stores the
negative peak values of v 25 (t), a resistive potentiometric divider
assembly 422, 423 mounted in parallel with capacitor 421 and a polarity
reverser 424 fed by the centre point of divider 422, 423 and supplying a
positive voltage of the same level in reply to a negative input
voltage, the respective terminals of capacitor 421 and divider 422, 423,
which are not connected to diode 420, being connected together to
primary ground 8.<br /><br />The positive voltage proportional to V 33
supplied by reverser 420 feeds a first input 431 receives a stabilized
reference voltage, for example, by means of an assembly 44 fed with the
mains voltage V 6 , rectified and filtered, through a second input 402
of circuit 40. This assembly 44 contains a resistor 440 and a Zener
diode 441 connected in series between the input 402 and primary ground 8
and it supplies, by means of a resistive divider assembly 442, which
may be adjustable and is connected in parallel with Zener diode 441, the
reference voltage to input 432 of comparator 43. The output 433 of
comparator 43, which is connected to the control input 412 of the first
monostable flip-flop 41, supplies it with a voltage proportional to the
difference between the voltages which are applied respectively to its
inputs 431 and 432 so as to cause the delay in the cut off of chopper
transistor 11 to vary with respect to that of sweep transistor 36 (FIG.
1) in order to stabilize the D.C. power supply voltage V 33 of output
stage 30.<br /><br />The leading edges of the pulses supplied by output 413
of flip-flop 41 coincide roughly with those of the line return pulses
and their rear or falling edges, which occur with variable delays with
respect to the leading edges, are used to trigger, eventually through an
inverter stage 450, a second monostable flip-flop 45 whose output feeds
the base of chopper transistor 11 to cut it off. This second monostable
flip-flop 45 supplies this base with negative rectangular signals at
the line frequency, of constant length, which is greater than the half
period of oscillation of resonant circuit 13, 15 and hence the half
period (>T H /2) and less than three quarters of this same period
(<3T H /4) so as to allow transistor 11 to accept the current i 16
(t) flowing through inductor 16 when the current in diode 12 disappears.<br /><br />FIG.
5 is a block diagram of a preferred production model of a regulation
circuit 40 (in FIG. 1) controlling transistor 11 of chopper circuit 10
in accordance with the invention.<br /><br />In FIG. 5 regulation circuit 40
has an input 401 connected to one of the terminals of auxiliary winding
25 of line transformer 20 which feeds in parallel a first control input
461 of a phase shift stage 46, the input of a regulator stage 47 and,
finally, the input of a synchronizing circuit 49. The output of
regulator stage 47 feeds a second regulation input 462 of phase shift
stage 46, these two stages 46, 47 forming together a variable delay
generator. The output of phase shift stage 46 feeds a first triggering
input 481 of an unstable multivibrator 48 whose second synchronizing
input 482 is fed by the output of synchronizing circuit 49. This
synchronizing circuit 49, whose operation will be described further on,
is only necessary if the free running oscillation frequency of
multivibrator 48 is greater than the line frequency. If this is not so,
multivibrator 48 is synchronized in classical fashion by the triggering
pulses applied to its input 481. The output of unstable multivibrator 48
feeds the input of a driver or control stage 50 formed by an amplifier.
The output of control stage 50 (called a "driver" in anglo-american
litterature), which is connected to output 402 of regulation circuit 40,
feeds the base of transistor 11 in chopper circuit 10.<br /></span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFac31l4GzhKsQOPuGua0-Spk5rA8BMlS8LimS0ivIDKkfEuNq6lrEun14gt3Tewig0Rg29I-kiwvl0_j6o93B62gNvTU1gTy8U_fjJlcN4oZ1Q0sofEbY__jFhyRbTKfQUIFMC4zoPA0bNkDSDyDTpcNMbhWbWSZ8fCTIFAQ0YReN9_0e6WFf8OabhgSu/s1282/IMGH_13137__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>Auxiliary
winding 25 supplies to input 401 of the regulation circuit a voltage
wave form containing the line return pulses with a negative polarity,
for example, similar to that shown in the diagrams (C) of FIGS. 2 and 3.
These line return pulses, when applied to input 461 of phase shift
stage 46 or the delay generator, control the triggering of a signal
generator which supplies a voltage in the form of a positive saw tooth
that is applied to one of the inputs of a voltage comparator stage whose
other input is fed with a fixed reference voltage and which switches
from its "high" state to its "low" state when the amplitude of the saw
tooth voltage exceeds the value of the reference voltage. Regulation
stage 47 also receives the line return pulses, rectifies them and
transmits to regulation input 462 of phase shift stage 46 a signal in
the form of a current which enables the slope of the saw tooth to be
modified as a function of the amplitude of the line return pulse which
is a function of the D.C. voltage at the terminals of power supply
capacitor 33 (FIG. 1) in output stage 30. To obtain regulation of
voltage V 33 , the phase shift must increase with the value of this
voltage to regulate the transfer of energy between circuits 10 and 30.
As a result, the slope of the saw tooth must decrease with the increase
in amplitude of the return pulse. The comparator stage of phase shift
circuit 46 feeds triggering input 481 of unstable multivibrator 48 to
trigger it with a variable phase shift with respect to the leading edge
of the return pulse, which corresponds to the energy transfer desired.
Unstable multivibrator 48 is, preferably, synchronized in frequency with
line sweep output stage 30 in a way which will be explained later by
means of synchronizing circuit 49 which feeds its synchronizing input
482. The output of multivibrator 48 feeds the input of driver stage 50
for chopper transistor 11.<br /><br />To enable the chopper circuit 1</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s1282/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s320/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3MSAFHVkU7t-mcl9DQQYoS2xS9MHytT4zKMS8vwr8JOBU3byKnm2hw1CEDmiTR2Gy0Tv0RZtgxyoqNh3pl23nPoMy58G6oQ7vTW7m6JPMSJNEX6rGFzMsRUQeJ7xb7NY_T6INqQm7sQE/s1600/IMG_4106.jpg"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">0
to start up before the line sweep circuit is running and, in
particular, its output stage 30, unstable multivibrator 48 must
oscillate independantly and stage 50 must amplify the roughly square
wave signal it supplies. For this purpose, an independant D.C. power
supply voltage source 51 is connected to supply terminals 1, 2 of the
A.C. mains and the voltage it supplies feed supply terminals 403, 404
and 405 of regulation circuit 40. When chopper circuit 10 starts
operating independantly when the line sweep circuit containing in series
a line oscillator, a driver stage and output stage 30 is not being fed,
the chopper current i 16 (t) passing through power supply winding 21 is
induced in winding 22 and it is rectified by the second diode 35 which
charges positively power supply capacitor 33 which then also feeds the
other stages of the sweep circuit with a D.C. voltage so that they start
up. This starting up and the resulting regulation will be explained
more in detail in what follows.<br /><br />FIG. 6 is a theoretical schematic
diagram of the preferred production model of regulation circuit 40
whose block diagram was shown in FIG. 5.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSURb4tqkfrbl8mj9E3osVBtN5qyWxERW9edgo99Mp90pnn0sBJxOFHHxlHm7lZcgHu_aPpCumvYF_SNCZtk8ifzCwtZdydd7MwXRRhuvjRJji0LyR85X-dG4Poa-6hZ_tPPbv92yMmE5S/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-5.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638586986555128402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSURb4tqkfrbl8mj9E3osVBtN5qyWxERW9edgo99Mp90pnn0sBJxOFHHxlHm7lZcgHu_aPpCumvYF_SNCZtk8ifzCwtZdydd7MwXRRhuvjRJji0LyR85X-dG4Poa-6hZ_tPPbv92yMmE5S/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;">In
FIG. 6, power supply voltage source 51 of regulation circuit 40
contains a rectifier assembly 52 of the voltage doubler type operating
on a half wave with two diodes 521, 522 in series. The first diode 521
is connected by its anode to the second terminal 2 of the supply from
the mains, which is connected to the primary ground 8 and by its cathode
to the anode of the second diode 522 whose cathode is connected to the
positive plate of a first chemical filter capacitor 523. The negative
plate of the first filter capacitor 523 is connected to the anode of the
first diode 521 and hence also to primary ground 8. The junction of the
cathode of first diode 521 and the anode of second diode 522 is coupled
to the first terminal 1 of the power supply from the mains through a
coupling capacitor 520 which transmits to the rectifier assembly 52 the
mains voltage and whose capacity is chosen as a function of the D.C.
voltage desired (the voltage drop at the terminals of this capacity 520
of the order of a few microfarads makes it possible to obtain a
rectified and filtered voltage of about 15 Volts). The junction of the
positive plate of first filter capacitor 523 is connected to the
positive plate of a second filter capacitor 524 through a resistor 525,
the negative plate of this second capacitor 524 being connected to
primary ground 8. The positive terminal of this second capacitor 524
supplies a first rectified and filtered voltage V F , on the one hand,
through the first output terminal 510 of source 51 to the first positive
power supply terminal 404 of regulation circuit 40 and, on the other
hand, to a stabilizing assembly 53 containing in series a resistor 531
and a Zener diode 530 whose anode is connected to primary ground 8. The
junction of resistor 530 with the cathode of Zener diode 530 is
connected to the second output 511 of source 51, which supplies a second
regulated voltage V R that feeds the second power supply input 403 of
regulation circuit 40.<br /><br />The first power supply input 404, which
supplies a first voltage V F (15 V) that is higher than the second
regulated voltage V R (5 V), only feeds control stage 50 of chopper
transistor 11. Control stage 50 contains in series a phase shift stage
500 (called a "phase splitter" in anglo-american litterature) and an
output stage 550 of the "series push-pull" type often used in integrated
logic circuits of the TTL type. Phase splitter 500 contains a first NPN
transistor 501 whose collector is connected through a collector
resistor 502 to the first power supply input 404 and whose emitter is
connected through an emitter resistor 503 to primary ground 8 through
the third power supply terminal 405 of circuit 40. The base of
transistor 501 is connected to the output of unstable multivibrator 48
through a diode 504 and to the second power supply input 403 through a
polarizing resistor 505. Output stage 550 contains a second and third
NPN transistors 551 and 552. The collector of the second transistor 551
is connected through a resistor 553 to the first power supply input 404,
its base being connected to the collector of the first transistor 501.
The emitter of the second transistor 551 is connected to the anode of a
diode 554 whose cathode is connected to the collector of the third
transistor 552. The base of the third transistor 552 is connected to the
emitter of the first 501 and its emitter, through the third power
supply terminal 405, to primary ground 8. The junction of the cathode of
diode 554 with the collector of third transistor 552 is connected to
the cathode of a Zener diode 555 and to the positive plate of a chemical
capacitor 556, mounted in parallel to form a "battery" which
facilitates the cutting off of switching transistor 11. The other
terminal of the parallel assembly 555, 556 is connected, through an
inductor 557 (choke) to the output 402 of regulation circuit 40, which
feeds the base of switching transistor 11.<br /><br />Control stage 50 is
controlled by an unstable multivibrator 48 of the symmetrical type
containing two NPN transistors 480, 483 mounted with their emitters
common, i.e. with their emitters connected through the third power
supply terminal 405 to primary ground 8. The collectors of the two
transistors 480, 483 are connected respectively to the second power
supply input 403, which receives the stabilized voltage V R , through
two collector resistors 484, 485. The bases of the two transistors 480,
483 are connected respectively by means of two polarizing resistors 486,
487 also to the second power supply input 403. The base of first
transistor 480 is also coupled to the collector of second transistor 483
through a first capacitor 488 and the base of second transistor 483 is
coupled to the collector of the first 480 through a second capacitor
489. The respective values of the polarizing resistors 486, 487 and of
the mutual coupling capacitors 488, 489 (crossed) of the two stages
mounted with their emitters common determine, with the value of the
stabilized power supply voltage V R , the lengths of the half periods of
relaxation of multivibrator 48 whose sum (60 μsec) is chosen,
preferably, less than that of a line period (64 μsec).<br /><br />In the absence of line return pulses coming from the line swee</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s1282/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s320/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyxv_5-vfCa0HOxc30E_chV6jDtPeFlshH_gYsIoBUdzJSmwJIEQYZN_o4M_EOw7Od5pVQgD9ovoV2GBvK2qyDAptvsN3trZCRC0iXaaGaYQ9fkEbBcObMrN48rhnrdUWqbSgHQoV6maEVnI0JEU32X_jSH6WRE6ncsnT2Ul1ZkZjj8e-0v88-Wskj9vu/s1282/IMGH_13139c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">p
output stage 30 through auxiliary winding 25, multivibrator 48 is fed
neither at its triggering input 481, which is connected to the cathode
of a first diode 4802 whose anode is connected to the base of the second
transistor 483, nor at its synchronizing input 482 which is connected
to the cathode of a second diode 4803 whose anode is connected to the
base of the first transistor 480. It will operate independantly then as
soon as voltage is applied to the mains power supply terminals 1, 2
which feed, on the one hand, rectifier assembly 5 and, on the other,
independant power supply 51. The power supply then provides
multivibrator 48 with a stabilized power supply voltage V R and the
driver stage 50 with a rectified filtered voltage V F . When
multivibrator 48 starts to oscillate, it supplies at its output formed
by the collector of its second transistor 483 rectangular signals of two
levels (V R and V CEsat ), the lowest of which, through coupling diode
504, causes the cut off of the first transistor 501 in control stage 50.
When the first transistor 501 is cut off, the base of the second
transistor 551 in output stage 50 is connected, through the collector
resistor 502, to the first power supply input 404 in circuit 40 so as to
saturate it. The emitter current of second transistor 551 then passes,
through the diode 554, the Zener diode 555 and inductor 557 (which
limits the rate of rise of the current di/dt), in resistor 19 connecting
the base of chopper transistor 11 to primary ground 8 and in this base
in order to allow the saturation of chopper transistor 11, the third
transistor 552 then being cut off by the cut off of the first 501. The
voltage drop at the terminals of Zener diode 555 enables the positive
polarizing voltage of the base to be reduced and the capacitor 556 to be
charged to the Zener voltage V Z during its periods of conduction.<br /><br />When
the second transistor 483 of multivibrator 48 has switched from its
saturated to its cut off state, its collector voltage is equal to the
stabilized voltage V R and diode 504 cuts off. The base of first
transistor 501 in control stage 50 is then connected to the second power
supply input 403 (+V R ) through resistor 505, which causes it to
saturate. Then the emitter current of this first transistor 501 feeds
the base of the third transistor 552 which also becomes saturated while
the second transistor 551, whose base is at a voltage (V CEsat 501 +V BE
552), which is roughly equal to that of its emitter (V F 554 +V CEsat
552), cuts off. The saturation of the third transistor 552 first brings
the base of chopper transistor 11 to a negative voltage with respect to
its emitter V BE 11 =-V Z +V CEsat 552 so as to cut it off rapidly by a
rapid evacuation of the minority carriers in its base, this voltage V BE
11 then tending asymptotically to zero because the capacitor 556
discharges through resistor 19 and the third transistor 552 saturated.
Chopper transistor 11 will remain cut off during the whole half period
of oscillation of the resonant circuit L 16 , C 13 and will only accept
the current of diode 12 afterwards if it is already positively polarized
on its base by the switching of multivibrator 48 to the state in which
its second transistor 483 again becomes saturated so as to cut off first
transistor 501 and again saturate second transistor 551 in control
circuit 50.<br /><br />The alternate cut off and conduction of bidirectional
switch 15 causes the appearance at terminal 19 of recurrent half
sinusoids of voltage, shown by the diagrams (D) in FIGS. 2 and 3, a
fraction of which is also present at the terminals of power supply
winding 21 of line transformer 20, from where they are transmitted with a
phase inversion (polarity) but without a D.C. component to winding 22
of line sweep output stage 30. The negative half cycles of its wave
forms on terminal 220 of the winding are then rectified by the parallel
("shunt") recovery diode 35 whose current charges power supply capacitor
33 until the voltage V 33 on terminal 221, which feeds the whole of the
line sweep circuit, is sufficient for the line oscillator (which is not
shown) to start oscillating independantly, so as to control, through
the driver stage (not shown), switching transistor 36 in output stage
30. Line sweep output stage 30 then starts to supply, at the terminals
of winding 22 of line transformer 20, line return pulses v 220 (t),
which are illustrated by the diagrams (B) in FIGS. 2 and 3. These pulses
are transmitted to auxiliary winding 25 without a D.C. component and
with (negative) phase inversion so as to have a wave shape analogous to
that of the diagrams (C) in FIGS. 2 and 3, which makes possible first
the synchronization of multivibrator 48 with the line oscillator
frequency using an original slaving device which will be described
further on and then the regulation of voltage V 33 by varying the delay
between the leading edges of the line return pulses and the instant when
chopper transistor 11 in switch 15 is cut off.<br /><br />When
multivibrator 48 and the line oscillator operate independantly and at
different frequencies, this produces a beat because there are random
phase variations between the line return pulses, v 220 (t) or v 21 (t),
and the wave form of the chopper voltage v 19 (t), so that the energy
supplied (or consumed) by chopper circuit 10 to (or from) output stage
30 varies from one cycle to another. This has as visible result a more
or less big fluctuation in the amplitude of the line return pulses v 220
(t) which seem to be modulated in amplitude by a sinusoidal signal
whose frequency is equal to the difference between that of multivibrator
48 and that of the line oscillator.<br /><br />If one chooses to
synchronize unstable multivibrator 48 in classical fashion soleby by
means of periodic control pulses derived from the line return pulses
through a variable delay circuit allowing regulation, it is sufficient
for the independant oscillation frequency to be less than that of the
line oscillator. One then obtains on starting up peak voltages V 19 ,
which are higher (overvoltages) on the collector of transistor 11 when
it is cut off because, in the formula V 19max t B =V Amax T 48A , in
which V 19max is the peak amplitude of the collector voltage (on
terminal 19), t B the time during which switch 15 is cut off, V Amax the
maximum supply voltage supplied by rectifier 5 and T 48A the free
running period of multivibrator 48, T 48A being greater than T H . If
one accepts this overvoltage V 19max and limits it by a choice of the
saturation time t S slightly higher than the cut off time t B1 which is
always equal to the half period of oscillation of L 16 and C 13 , it
will not be necessary to slave multivibrator 48 before regulation and
synchronizing circuit 49 can be omitted.<br /><br />If, on the other hand,
one wishes to avoid the excesses of the collector peak voltage V 19max
on starting up, one chooses a free running period T 48A for multiv</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">ibrator
48 less than the line period T H (64 μsec) and one synchronizes by
acting only on the length of the cut off state of first transistor 480
in multivibrator 48 by lengthening it. During this same time interval,
second transistor 483 of multivibrator 48 and second transistor 551 of
driver stage 50 are saturated and the first 501 and third 552
transistors of this stage 50 are cut off so that the base of chopper
transistor 11 is polarized to conduct.<br /><br />This lengthening is done
by means of a network 49 containing a diode 490 whose cathode is
connected to the input 401 of regulation circuit 40 which receives the
line return pulses from winding 25 with negative polarity and no D.C.
component. The anode of diode 490 is connected to that of a Zener diode
491 whose cathode is connected to one of the terminals of a first
resistor 492. The other terminal of this first resistor 492 is
connected, on the one hand through a second resistor 493, to the
synchronizing input 482 of unstable multivibrator 48 and, on the other
hand through a third resistor 494, to the collector of the second
transistor 483 in the multivibrator so that the line return pulse,
negative and with its base cut off by Zener diode 491, cannot act on the
base of the first transistor 480 during its periods of saturation so as
to cut it off at the wrong time.<br /><br />The process of slaving the
frequency of multivibrator 48 by means of the line return pulses is
shown by the diagrams of the wave forms in FIG. 7.<br /><br />In FIG. 7, the
diagram A represents the wave form at the terminals of auxiliary
winding 25 of the line transformer 20 where line return pulses appear in
the form of negative half sinusoids of amplitude V 25 at the line
frequency (15.626 Hz). The diagram B shows the wave form of the voltage v
BE 480 on the base of the first transistor 480. This wave form contains
a first time interval t SA during which chopper switch 15 is conducting
and transistor 480 is cut off. This time interval depends solely on the
value of the components connected to this base, specifically the
resistor 486 and the capacitor 488 and the supply voltage V R for this
resistor 484. This wave form also contains a second time interval t B of
fixed length during which chopper switch 15 is cut off and transistor
480 saturated. The sum of the intervals t SA and t B represents the
period of independent operation T A of multivibrator 48 (of the order of
58 μsec for example).</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw1yPBv1ajOPMYYgxrrVlumCmZBS40n822CxsOQ2QZARWFy-SVdQdYYmZ81gWoqwdx11-vtaHRDe4gY3Df2M-GLCbFS8ueTPZ7wAPs7gHLazBY2Mbl1eQTETh3fZDeQ3YCsMfDtb6vV5iD/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-6.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638587165586035138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw1yPBv1ajOPMYYgxrrVlumCmZBS40n822CxsOQ2QZARWFy-SVdQdYYmZ81gWoqwdx11-vtaHRDe4gY3Df2M-GLCbFS8ueTPZ7wAPs7gHLazBY2Mbl1eQTETh3fZDeQ3YCsMfDtb6vV5iD/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">In
FIG. 7 the first three periods of free running operation of
multivibrator 48 are not changed because either the line return pulse
occurs outside the cut off interval t SA of transistor 480 or its
amplitude, with its base cut off by Zener diode 491 and reduced by the
resistive voltage divider 492, 494, i.e. (V 25 -V Z 491)R 494 /(R 492
+R 494 ), is less in absolute value than the instantaneous base-emitter
voltage v BE 480 (t). From the instant at which the cathode of the
separator diode 4803 becomes more negative than its anode, which is
connected to the base of transistor 480, it begins to conduct a current I
493 which discharges capacitor 488 through the resistor 493 in series
with the resistors 492 and 494 in parallel. Current I 493 must be
subtracted from the current I 486 , which is charging the capacitor,
during the whole of the time the amplitude of the line return pulse
exceeds the voltage v BE . The effect of this is to shift in time a part
of the charging wave form of capacitor 496 and thus lengthen the cut
off time t SA of transistor 480 by a time Δt S which will increase until
the lengthened period of multivibrator 48 is equal to the line period T
H . Because the conduction time of switch 15 is lengthened, the energy
stored in inductor 16 increases. This increases the voltage V 33 and the
amplitude of the line return pulse.<br /><br />The process of slaving
multivibrator 48 in frequency must of necessity lead to equality of
these periods because an inequality gives rise to a variation in the
peak amplitude of the line return pulse in a direction which affects the
length of cut off time t SA +Δt S of transistor 480 in the opposite
direction.<br /><br />After the slaving of the frequency of unstable
multivibrator 48 one can go on to the regulation by varying the phase
shift between the respective cut off instants of the sweep transistor 36
and chopper transistor 11 by means of the phase shift 46 and regulator
47 stages in regulation circuit 40, which together form the variable
delay generator.<br /><br />Phase shift stage 46 contains a saw tooth
generator which includes a first capacitor 460, one of whose terminals
is connected to primary ground 8 while the other terminal is connected
to one of the terminals of a first resistor 463 whose other terminal is
connected to the second power supply input 403 which receives the
stabilized voltage +V R , and a switch, which is intended to
short-circuit the first capacitor 460 periodically. This switch contains
a first NPN switching transistor 464 whose collector is connected to
the junction of first capacitor 460 and first resistor 463, its emitter
being connected to primary ground 8 and its base, through a second
resistor 465, to the second power supply input 403 and, through a third
resistor 466, to the anode of a diode 467, whose cathode is connected to
the control input 461 of phase shift stage 46 which receives negative
line return pulses from input 401 of circuit 40. The base of first
transistor 464 is also coupled to primary ground 8 through a second
capacitor 468.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5j7L5DmUZLuqzmebdbVsOWBYdes9OD9zOZWVMkfcSfrhAsmgpQdNP7SrM6qkl7Cz5iWH-6ZWLn_V04AkshXkqb73nAMTqosC7CL5gZiu1cckbIy8YpFcJYss07Cmuwfg5lKCS7gdzh9aVIhp0IE9r3qwZhNcP-3rCxMKpnmGAZhWB4qIfEKrXDfPCM5Ug/s1282/IMGH_13133__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><br />When input 401 of circuit 40 receives a negative
line return pulse, diode 467 starts to conduct and its current causes
voltage drops at the terminals of resistors 465, 466 in series which
brings transistor 464 to cut off by polarizing it negatively. Second
capacitor 468 then charges to a negative voltage which will extend the
length of the cut off of transistor 464 beyond the disappearance of the
line return pulse for a part of the forward sweep period in order to
have a sufficient regulation range available.<br /><br />When the negative
return pulse ceases, diode 467 cuts off and second capacitor 468 is
charged gradually through resistor 465 to a positive voltage V BE of
about 0.7 Volts, at which transistor 464 becomes saturated and
discharges first capacitor 460.<br /><br />During the cut off period of
first transistor 464, first capacitor 460 is charged almost linearly
through resistor 463 and supplies a voltage of positive saw tooth shape
to the base of a second NPN transistor 469, whose collector is
connected, through a fourth resistor 4600, to the second power supply
terminal 403 (V R =+5 V). The emitter of second transistor 469 is
connected, on the one hand, to the cathode of a Zener diode 4601 whose
anode is connected to primary ground 8 and, on the other hand, to the
second power supply terminal 403 through a fifth resistor 4602 which
makes it possible to polarize the emitter of second transistor 469 at a
fixed voltage V Z (between 2 and about 3 Volts).<br /><br />Second
transistor 469 forms, with resistors 4600, 4602 and Zener diode 4601, an
analog voltage comparator stage which is cut off until the voltage
applied at its base exceeds a threshold voltage resulting from the
addition of Zener voltage V Z of diode 4601 to the voltage V BEm of
about 0.7 Volts at which second transistor 469 saturated.<br /><br />When
second transistor 469 passes from its cut off state to its saturated
state, its collector voltage v C 469 changes from V R to V Z +V CEsat .
This negative change is transmitted through a coupling capacitor 4603 to
the triggering input 481 of unstable multivibrator 48 which is
connected, on the one hand, to the cathode of the first diode 4802 whose
anode is connected to the base of the second transistor 483 and, on the
other hand, to the first terminals of two resistors 4800 and 4801 which
form a resistive voltage divider and whose sec</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s1282/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifXkUrNUfscMedenV_j3dPT0EHxytI8n0fHppCLdN5RJpQA0ZXFyIRcte-yl2T4ASBxJwNfxfuMi71NWyuZGeK1N8V9FU-fUdvUDgL1BBG7ka7mhiE-gUWoLlSnEc6yWCXzBFkrHTiI9o3KlUGllQUwcmpbTcoLfItLWhrMZyE6ieyCHX3JUF1CxGEchFa/s320/IMGH_13400c__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbJWogR90gdY8mPfZ7LE8nPoc3n6sbBMlRWYiUNyHIWMITdrR9686Fl4T6VM_1uc9CmZTcx8oFE-BaRSr16HUutBcm69pKGlz0jj_QKNe-XzSdfEiFthl3L-8roVgKwGyQJY5CDOqhRMr8g1mmfPoDsX_kb6sY6QWwNJSJp4HteBfHPNi4-SBPNiFWOSV/s1282/IMGH_13140__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">ond
terminals are respectively connected to primary ground 8 and to the
second power supply terminal 403 of circuit 40. This negative change,
when transmitted to the base of second transistor 483 in multivibrator
48, causes it to cut off and, in the manner already described, the
coppice of chopper transistor 11 also.<br /><br />The regulation of the
power transmitted by chopper circuit 10 to line sweep output stage 30 is
obtained by the variation of the phase shift between the respective cut
off instants of the sweep 36 and chopper 11 transistors by means of the
regulator stage 47 which causes the charging voltage slope of the
capacitor 460 to vary as a function of one of the parameters contained
in the line return pulse.<br /><br />The combined operation of the phase
shift 46 and regulator 47 stages will be explained by means of FIG. 8,
which illustrates the voltage wave forms at three points of these
circuits 46, 47.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZCYXXFe0BK3Lsqe8sshvLoAA2v1LYisTjCeNuMgo-V4ONBl2J6md-8kJe5Tqr92TkigX1qQFgSOdr0KjFVXTWbOd_HUwWcGy9TtnKVzmNl7rJE5Gcn5vddxSY1BaIm_SKwSNGY8hmNkV9/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-7.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638587165612733922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZCYXXFe0BK3Lsqe8sshvLoAA2v1LYisTjCeNuMgo-V4ONBl2J6md-8kJe5Tqr92TkigX1qQFgSOdr0KjFVXTWbOd_HUwWcGy9TtnKVzmNl7rJE5Gcn5vddxSY1BaIm_SKwSNGY8hmNkV9/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;">Regulator
stage 47 contains a diode 470 whose cathode is connected to the input
401 of circuit 40, which receives the negative polarity line return
pulses and whose anode is connected to the negative plate of a filter
capacitor 471 and to one of the terminals of a resistive voltage divider
containing a potentiometer 472 between two resistors 473, 474 in series
and to the anode of a Zener diode 475. The cathode of Zener diode 475
is connected, on the one hand, to one of the terminals of a third
resistor 477 whose other terminal is connected to primary ground 8 and,
on the other hand, to the emitter of an NPN transistor 476 whose base is
connected to the slider arm of potentiometer 472 and whose collector is
connected to the regulation input 462 of the phase shift stage 46,
which is connected to the junction of its first capacitor 460 with its
first resistor 463 and the collector of its first transistor 464.<br /><br />Diode
470 forms with capacitor 471 a rectifier of the negative peaks of the
line return pulses, capacitor 471 supplying at its terminals a voltage
which is a function of the negative peak amplitude of the line return.<br /><br />This
rectified peak voltage is applied, on the one hand, to the resistive
divider assembly, 472-474, so that the slider arm of potentiometer 472
supplies a voltage which is a predetermined adjustable fraction of that
voltage and, on the other hand, to the series assembly of Zener diode
475 and resistor 477 which polarizes this diode 475. As soon as the
amplitude of the line return pulses exceeds the Zener voltage V Z of
diode 475, it is opened up so as to supply at its cathode a voltage
equal to the difference between the rectified peak voltage and the Zener
voltage V Z . The cathode voltage of Zener diode 475 polarizes the
emitter of transistor 476 whose base is polarized by divider assembly
472-474 and which starts to conduct as soon as the fraction of the
rectified voltage supplied by the slider arm of the potentiometer is
greater than the Zener voltage V Z in absolute value. Transistor 476
then forms a source of constant current proportional to its base-emitter
voltage V BE , i.e. to V B -V Z when the latter is positive. The
collector current of transistor 476 is therefore a current which
discharges capacitor 460 during the intervals when transistor 464 is cut
off so as to reduce the slope of the saw tooth voltage at the terminals
of capacitor 460. The bigger the negative peak voltage of the line
return pulses, the more the collector current of transistor 476 reduces
the slope so as to increase the delay time between the leading edge of
the line return pulse and the instant of change of the comparator
transistor 469 from its cut off to its saturated state.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZCYXXFe0BK3Lsqe8sshvLoAA2v1LYisTjCeNuMgo-V4ONBl2J6md-8kJe5Tqr92TkigX1qQFgSOdr0KjFVXTWbOd_HUwWcGy9TtnKVzmNl7rJE5Gcn5vddxSY1BaIm_SKwSNGY8hmNkV9/s1600/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-7.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5638587165612733922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZCYXXFe0BK3Lsqe8sshvLoAA2v1LYisTjCeNuMgo-V4ONBl2J6md-8kJe5Tqr92TkigX1qQFgSOdr0KjFVXTWbOd_HUwWcGy9TtnKVzmNl7rJE5Gcn5vddxSY1BaIm_SKwSNGY8hmNkV9/s320/ZNT_CIRCUIT_SHEET-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">This
is indicated in FIG. 8, in which the diagram (A) shows the voltage wave
form v 25 (t) at the terminals of auxiliary winding 25 whose line
return pulses are of three different amplitudes V 25B , V 25F and V 25N ,
the diagram (B) represents the voltage wave form at the terminals of
capacitor 460 corresponding to these three line return pulses and the
diagram (C) represents the collector voltage v 469 (t) of comparator
transistor 469.<br /><br />In diagram (A) in FIG. 8, the first line return
pulse is of a relatively small amplitude V 25B which does not cause the
conduction of regulation transistor 476. To this corresponds in diagram
(B) the steepest slope of the voltage wave v 460 (t) which starts at the
instant t 1 of cut off of first transistor 464 in phase shift circuit
46 and the shortest length T B =t 2 -t 1 of this cut off because of the
smaller negative charge of capacitor 468. At the instant t 2 , when
voltage v 460 (t) becomes equal to V Z +V BEm , it no longer increases
because the diode formed by the base-emitter junction of second
transistor 469 limits the maximum level of this voltage and transistor
469 becomes saturated. This is illustrated by the diagram (C) in FIG. 8,
in which one can see that the collector voltage v C 469 of second
transistor 469 contains a negative square wave whose level is equal to V
Z +V CEsat and which lasts until the instant t 3 of the opening up of
the first transistor 464 which discharges capacitor 460 and, as a
result, cuts off second transistor 469.<br /><br />Because of the small
phase delay t RB =t 2 -t 1 produced by the fast rise of the voltage v
460 (t), chopper circuit 10 supplies maxim</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s1282/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi40oLDokd7xG5SSuBtXEC_mu3HtyumtaXG93ghc_KGJfgbUC_ScoxSKAstKej0yEzeyPLgxjO-RMcYpADSlQMScn9Cnii-b6VpRslO2LWrdhPf29Ef8QBZSox20PoUxX2TBbHbeX8v-LdnoTBFsccg_rP1IxmKzNneWsq-l8mtaD2Ooiykj_SiQTyA3ugy/s320/IMGH_13400__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyxv_5-vfCa0HOxc30E_chV6jDtPeFlshH_gYsIoBUdzJSmwJIEQYZN_o4M_EOw7Od5pVQgD9ovoV2GBvK2qyDAptvsN3trZCRC0iXaaGaYQ9fkEbBcObMrN48rhnrdUWqbSgHQoV6maEVnI0JEU32X_jSH6WRE6ncsnT2Ul1ZkZjj8e-0v88-Wskj9vu/s1282/IMGH_13139c__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-size: 100%;">um
energy to output stage 30 in the form of a high voltage V 33 at the
terminals of the power supply capacitor 33. As a result, the next line
return pulse will be of large amplitude V 25F . The comparator
transistor 476 starts to conduct as soon as V BE becomes positive and
the greater the amplitude V 25F to which the capacitor 471 charges, the
greater the collector current. This collector current is to be
subtracted from the charging current of capacitor 460 through the
resistor 463. Hence, it causes a noticeable reduction in the slope of
the rise in the voltage v 460 (t) which occurs between the instants t 4
and t 5 . The length of this rise, which corresponds to the phase delay t
RF =t 5 -t 4 , will then be noticeably longer than before as well as
the length of the cut off state T F of the first transistor 464. One can
see then in the three diagrams that, when V 25F is large, the delay t
RF is longer and the length of the negative pulse T F -t RF is slightly
shorter.<br /><br />This longer delay causes a reduction in the voltage V 33
compared with the preceding cycle in which it was too big and the next
line return pulse (the third) will be of an amplitude V 25N greater than
V 25B and less than V 25F . It will make it possible to obtain, by
means of the corresponding collector current of the regulation
transistor 476, a slope in which the rise from a voltage V CEsat near
zero to a voltage V Z +V BEm is of a length equal to t RN =t 7 -t 6 . If
the slider arm of potentiometer 472 has been so placed that the power
supply voltage V 33 makes it possible to obtain a very high voltage for
the cathode ray tube (which is not shown) and/or an amplitude of the
horizontal sweep current saw tooth corresponding to their respective
nominal values, the nominal amplitude V 25N of the line return pulse
will be reproduced afterwards in recurrent fashion.<br /><br />It is to be
noted here that one can also use as a regulation criterion the positive
amplitude of the signal v 25 (t), i.e. the positive plane whose level is
proportional to the power supply voltage V 33 by using an analog phase
inverter or another winding of line transformer 20 for example.<br /><br />One
will note also here that the main advantage of the regulation by the
phase shift of a chopper circuit operating with a constant cyclic ratio
and frequency, compared with that by the variation of one of them, is
formed by the fact that the peak voltage applied to the collector of the
chopper transistor, when it is cut off, is a function only of the mains
voltage.<br /><br /><br /> </span> <br /></div>
</div><p>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">TDA8140 HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION POWER DRIVER</span><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NIMgUJFR-H0/TiyAuzbba-I/AAAAAAAAISk/yb0l6R0jUeI/s1600/tda8140-3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633018775501237218" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NIMgUJFR-H0/TiyAuzbba-I/AAAAAAAAISk/yb0l6R0jUeI/s320/tda8140-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
DESCRIPTION<br />
The TDA 8140 is a monolithic integrated circuit designed<br />
to drive the horizontal deflectionpower transistor.<br />
The current source characteristic of this device is<br />
adapted to the on-linear current gain behaviour of<br />
the power transistor providing a minimum power<br />
dissipation. The TDA8140 is internally protected<br />
against short circuit and thermal overload.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">During the active deflection phase the collector</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">current of the power transistor is linearly rising and</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the driving circuitry mustbe adaptedto the required</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">base current in order to ensure the power transistor</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">saturation.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">According to the limited components number the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">typical approach of the present TVs provides only</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">a rough approximation of this objective ; in Figure 5</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">wegive a comparisonbetweenthe typical real base</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">current and the ideal base current waveform and</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the collector waveform.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The marked area represents a useless base current</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">which gives an additional power dissipation on</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the power transistor.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Furthermoreduring the turn-ONand turn-OFFtransient</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">phase of the chassis the power transistor is</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">extremely stressed when the conventionalnetwork</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH35pM7PGJaQUKNtq3DGOJPgayCYXpAjV9c4K_Y53XHBb_lLeJ_vDM0lYYYvcyniEQLvfQYdepU6RTthtFDUWwGhdEk6sjZZ8KA9gDRfKXfr3M-ASp1lOTfizsZqJmr9DwZTx-Digv1XI/s1600/img_1298.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5533586237209684130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH35pM7PGJaQUKNtq3DGOJPgayCYXpAjV9c4K_Y53XHBb_lLeJ_vDM0lYYYvcyniEQLvfQYdepU6RTthtFDUWwGhdEk6sjZZ8KA9gDRfKXfr3M-ASp1lOTfizsZqJmr9DwZTx-Digv1XI/s320/img_1298.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">cannot guarantee the saturation ; for this reason,</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">generally, the driving circuit must be carefully designed</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">and is different for each deflection system.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The new approach, using the TDA 8140, overcomes</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">these restrictions by means of a feedback</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">principle.</span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xGcwULEWeKw/TiyAum_7TyI/AAAAAAAAISc/9cwLs1ir9lQ/s1600/tda8140-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633018772164661026" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xGcwULEWeKw/TiyAum_7TyI/AAAAAAAAISc/9cwLs1ir9lQ/s320/tda8140-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 262px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">As shown in Figure 5, at each instant of time the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">ideal base current of the power transistor results</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">from its collector current divided by such current</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">gain which ensure the saturation ; thus the required</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">base current Ib can be easily generated by a feedback</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">transconductanceamplifier gm which senses</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the deflection current across the resistor Rs at the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">emitter of the power transistor and delivers :</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Ib = RS . gm . Ie</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The transconductance must only fulfill the condition</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">:</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">1</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">1 + bmin V 1</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">RS</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">RS</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Where bmin is the minimum current gain of the</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">transistor. This method always ensures the correct</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">base current and acts time independent on principle.</span></span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n50VMm0xSPs/TiyAuSAwG0I/AAAAAAAAISU/RnRP4bWb2Ps/s1600/tda8140-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5633018766530976578" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n50VMm0xSPs/TiyAuSAwG0I/AAAAAAAAISU/RnRP4bWb2Ps/s320/tda8140-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 214px;" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">For the turn-OFF, the base of the power transistor</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">must be discharged by a quasi linear time decreasing</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">current as given in Figure 6.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Conventional driver systems inherently result into</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">a stable condition with a constant peak current</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">magnitude.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">This is due to the constant base charge in the</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">turn-ON phase independent from the collector current</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">; hence a high peak current results into a low</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">storage time of the transistor because the excess</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">base charge is a minimum and vice versa. In the</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">active deflection the required function, high peak</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">current-fast switch-OFF and low peak current-slow</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">switch-OFF, is obtained by a controlled base discharge</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">current for the power transistor ; the negative</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">slope of this ramp is proportional to the actual</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">sensed current.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">As a result, the active driving system even improves</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">the sharpnessof vertical lines on the screen</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">compared with the traditional solution due to the</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">increasedstability factor of the loop representedas</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">the variation of the storagetime versus the collector</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">peak current.</span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><br /></span></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1HsejP-fW84eK6lgz7P_BQ18gcG2e3GP28ElNxatvsKm2BhOXn1DR78oHL9LTpef7P185sV2fzAF7lR1m7S5GJEkcuxoOXDOhv9FS1eyFJc5Gw8zu7rcFfnpJPXG0ytyCd5lhlNGEuSuev1Imi4eUMd8Lp8MEPLzouo4cshJUQI7Tj9aIT3DBchhJPtKp/s1282/IMGH_13401__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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- TUNER:29504-101.01 with TUA2000-4 (SIEMENS) + SDA3202-2 + SDA2516<br />
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- VIDEO:FARB-RGB with TDA3505 + TDA4555 + TDA4565<br />
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- TELETEXT:29304-469.24 WITH SAA5243 + SAA5231<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">TUA2000-4 (SIEMENS)</span><br />
Bipolar Television Tuner IC for Frequency Ranges up to 700 MHz.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoJkx-ArO6bihZRXToQyUY8R2c1iMselHpigV2O2UCy2uxssqc1XTc5vW98oMSlBGoWwWYnfrKyrs8Monc4yiXnC09AXz0rB8fO5b0Yv02pDfX7b_BYf9BojREIb003fj2NE1AKxDCZPV6RaNuzzvgogBokAHkvZ6OKRNcEaLMuZDiIKINgKOSxjqPFr7/s1282/IMGH_13411__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoJkx-ArO6bihZRXToQyUY8R2c1iMselHpigV2O2UCy2uxssqc1XTc5vW98oMSlBGoWwWYnfrKyrs8Monc4yiXnC09AXz0rB8fO5b0Yv02pDfX7b_BYf9BojREIb003fj2NE1AKxDCZPV6RaNuzzvgogBokAHkvZ6OKRNcEaLMuZDiIKINgKOSxjqPFr7/s320/IMGH_13411__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZglxnqwYDFK3qmiEmv79AoB_03fmpAPGlIMTdo0naf99wuASlXEzlWTyihEhMVwVt8YLDt1QfAOuzELf1hwXj4_h6HyfvZL_JAeZE4LzzHh0wWsNub3-GCstGztgmPgZEAkvUEklpCsNOHfyilmRVJ3FyPK1ZK6PvYtuwj0vtLV-GKOv9qJveeAthBRL6/s1826/TUA2000-4-page-001__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">SDA3202-2</span><br />
General Purpose Phase Locked Loop Device - VCO tuner combo PLL, I2C Bus.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoJkx-ArO6bihZRXToQyUY8R2c1iMselHpigV2O2UCy2uxssqc1XTc5vW98oMSlBGoWwWYnfrKyrs8Monc4yiXnC09AXz0rB8fO5b0Yv02pDfX7b_BYf9BojREIb003fj2NE1AKxDCZPV6RaNuzzvgogBokAHkvZ6OKRNcEaLMuZDiIKINgKOSxjqPFr7/s1282/IMGH_13411__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoJkx-ArO6bihZRXToQyUY8R2c1iMselHpigV2O2UCy2uxssqc1XTc5vW98oMSlBGoWwWYnfrKyrs8Monc4yiXnC09AXz0rB8fO5b0Yv02pDfX7b_BYf9BojREIb003fj2NE1AKxDCZPV6RaNuzzvgogBokAHkvZ6OKRNcEaLMuZDiIKINgKOSxjqPFr7/s320/IMGH_13411__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>
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<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">SDA2516 EAROM</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Features<br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">- Word-organized reprogrammable nonvolatile memory</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">in n-channel floating-gate technology (E2PROM)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- 128 ´ 8-bit organization</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Supply voltage 5 V</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Serial 2-line bus for data input and output (I2C Bus)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Reprogramming mode, 10 ms erase/write cycle</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Reprogramming by means of on-chip control (without</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">external control)</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Check for end of programming process</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Data retention > 10 years</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- More than 104 reprogramming cycles per address</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">- Compatible with SDA 2516. Exception:</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Conditions for total erase and current consumption.<br /></span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">I2C Bus Interface</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The I2C Bus is a bidirectional 2-line bus for the transfer of data between various integrated circuits.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">It consists of a serial data line SDA and a serial clock line SCL. The data line requires an external</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">pull-up resistor to VCC (open drain output stage).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The possible operational states of the I2C Bus are shown in figure 1. In the quiescent state, both</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">lines SDA and SCL are high, i.e. the output stage of the data line is disabled. As long a SCL remains</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">"1", information changes on the data bus indicate the start or the end of data transfer between two</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">components.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The transition on SDA from "1" to "0" is a start condition, the transition from "0" to "1" a stop</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">condition. During a data transfer the information on the data bus will only change while the clock line</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">SCL is "0". The information on SDA is valid as long as SCL is "1".</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In conjunction with an I2C Bus system, the memory component can operate as a receiver and as a</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">transmitter (slave receiver or slave transmitter). Between a start and stop condition, information is</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">always
transmitted in byte-organized form. Between the trailing edge of the
eighth clock pulse and a ninth acknowledge clock pulse, the memory
component sets the SDA line to low as a confirmation</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">of reception, if the chip select conditions have been met. During the output of data, the data output</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">of the memory is high in impedance during the ninth clock pulse (acknowledge master).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The signal timing required for the operation of the I2C Bus is summarized in figure 2.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Control Functions of the I2C Bus</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The memory component is controlled by the controller (master) via the I2C Bus in two operating</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">modes: read-out cycle, and reprogramming cycle, including erase and write to a memory address.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">In both operating modes, the controller, as transmitter, has to provide 3 bytes and an additional</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">acknowledge clock pulse to the bus after the start condition. During a memory read, at least nine</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">additional clock pulses are required to accept the data from the memory and the acknowledge</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">master, before the stop condition may follow. In the case of programming, the active programming</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">process is only started by the stop condition after data input (see figure 3).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">The chip select word contains the 3 chip select bits CS0, CS1 and CS2, thus allowing 8 memory</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">chips to be connected in parallel. Chip select is achieved when the three control bits logically</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">correspond to the selected conditions at the select inputs.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Check for End of Programming or Abortion of Programming Process</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">If the chip is addressed during active reprogramming by entering CS/E, the programming process</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">is terminated. If, however, it is addressed by entering CS/A, the entry will be ignored. Only after</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">programming has been terminated will the chip respond to CS/A. This allows the user to check</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">whether the end of the programming process has been reached (see figure 3).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Memory Read</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">After the input of the first two control words CS/E and WA, the resetting of the start condition and the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">input of a third control word CS/A, the memory is set ready to read. During acknowledge clock</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">nine, the memory information is transferred in parallel mode to the shift register. Subsequent to the</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">trailing edge of the acknowledge clock, the data output is low impedance and the first data bit can</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">be sampled, (see figure 4).</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">With every shift clock, an additional bit reaches the output. After reading a byte, the internal address</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">counter is automatically incremented when the master receiver switches the data line to “low” during</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the ninth clock (acknowledge master). Any number of memory locations can thus be read one after</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">the other. At address 128, an overflow to address 0 is not initiated. With the stop condition, the data</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">output returns to high-impedance mode. The internal sequence control of the memory component</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">is reset from the read to the quiescent with the stop condition.<br /></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Memory Reprogramming</span><br />
The reprogramming cycle of a memory word comprises an erase and a subsequent write process.<br />
During erase, all eight bits of the selected word are set into "1" state. During write, "0" states are<br />
generated according to the information in the internal data register, i.e. according to the third input<br />
control word.<br />
After the 27th and the last clock of the control word input, the active programming process is started<br />
by the stop condition. The active reprogramming process is executed under onchip control.<br />
The time required for reprogramming depends on component deviation and data patterns.<br />
Therefore, with rated supply voltage, the erase/write process extends over max. 20 ms, or more<br />
typically, 10 ms. In the case of data word input without write request (write request is defined as data<br />
bit in data register set to “0”), the write process is suppressed and the programming time is<br />
shortened. During a subsequent programming of an already erased memory address, the erase<br />
process is suppressed again, so that the reprogramming time is also shortened.<br />
<br />
<br /><b>PHILIPS TDA2595 Horizontal combination</b><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5y_sY35WSbPmS6aQ3L_Mj8mkLHEE9yv4y-AG0VgP6Ub6UBoOKY69D17FpOgerLKPgAbPZLKEwzRcEif0cPDHNYVVfaDke_9mJzROcvQpsB1jLAWL6Mj5iBndZmN51ogSK_JbVfrYRdkXyOVtVYwxWfN7OQyKEue5wAtJdFqeB9HAeW0DdENNNeJzjCVPn/s1282/IMGH_13402__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5y_sY35WSbPmS6aQ3L_Mj8mkLHEE9yv4y-AG0VgP6Ub6UBoOKY69D17FpOgerLKPgAbPZLKEwzRcEif0cPDHNYVVfaDke_9mJzROcvQpsB1jLAWL6Mj5iBndZmN51ogSK_JbVfrYRdkXyOVtVYwxWfN7OQyKEue5wAtJdFqeB9HAeW0DdENNNeJzjCVPn/s320/IMGH_13402__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />The TDA2595 is a monolithic integrated circuit intended for use in colour television receivers.<br />Features<br />• Positive video input; capacitively coupled (source impedance < 200 Ω)<br />• Adaptive sync separator; slicing level at 50% of sync amplitude<br />• Internal vertical pulse separator with double slope integrator<br />• Output stage for vertical sync pulse or composite sync depending on the load; both are switched off at muting<br />• φ1 phase control between horizontal sync and oscillator<br />• Coincidence detector φ3 for automatic time-constant switching; overruled by the VCR switch<br />• Time-constant switch between two external time-constants or loop-gain; both controlled by the coincidence detector φ3<br />• φ1 gating pulse controlled by coincidence detector φ3<br />• Mute circuit depending on TV transmitter identification<br />• φ2 phase control between line flyback and oscillator; the slicing levels for φ2 control and horizontal blanking can be set<br />separately<br />• Burst keying and horizontal blanking pulse generation, in combination with clamping of the vertical blanking pulse<br />(three-level sandcastle)<br />• Horizontal drive output with constant duty cycle inhibited by the protection circuit or the supply voltage sensor<br />• Detector for too low supply voltage<br />• Protection circuit for switching off the horizontal drive output continuously if the input voltage is below 4 V or higher<br />than 8 V<br />• Line flyback control causing the horizontal blanking level at the sandcastle output continuously in case of a missing<br />flyback pulse<br />• Spot-suppressor controlled by the line flyback control<br /></span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><br /></span><b>SIEMENS TV Stereo Decoder with Matrix TDA6600-2</b> </p><p>Preliminary Data Bipolar IC:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hBPJbTpWqUgh2IKTgUs0bl0kBPaSbFPli4Izj_xzTgtghmxF1fxWqL3m3S6xxI0cSskSGJ-UfjiYQ-kYDsD4u9Ygb0iPsCYmOf4z0LQCekJMADTirQxw5oFE7KqKrxRxz2jC9qfqpG3M23qN2hWcGM7Q6hrt8BGaUI_wh_A17TpxJfIW7Fj9l2V7DqBR/s1282/IMGH_13408__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hBPJbTpWqUgh2IKTgUs0bl0kBPaSbFPli4Izj_xzTgtghmxF1fxWqL3m3S6xxI0cSskSGJ-UfjiYQ-kYDsD4u9Ygb0iPsCYmOf4z0LQCekJMADTirQxw5oFE7KqKrxRxz2jC9qfqpG3M23qN2hWcGM7Q6hrt8BGaUI_wh_A17TpxJfIW7Fj9l2V7DqBR/s320/IMGH_13408__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />The TDA6600-2 includes an advanced decoder for the identification signals for the<br />multichannel TV sound systems according to the dual-carrier system as well as a matrix<br />switched by the decoder to provide the L-Ft-information.<br />Features<br />0 Increased switching reliability and recognition by means of two PLLs for stereo<br />(117 Hz) and / or dual channel (274 Hz)<br />0 Separate bandwidth selection for dual-tone (pins 17-18) and stereo (pins 14-15)<br />0 Separate setting for the PLL time constants for dual-tone (pin 10) and stereo (pin 11)<br />0 Adjustable cut level for dual-tone (pin 8) and stereo (pin 9)<br />0 Cross-talk rejection independent of external component accuracy<br />0 Adjustment to minimal cross-talk level through external DC voltage<br />0 Suitable for TV sets with a 15625-Hz signal.<br />Type Ordering Code Package<br />TDA 6600-2 Q67000-A8210 P-DlP-24<br />Circuit Description<br />The circuitry has two functional sections:<br />Two phase locked loops for generating the required comparison frequencies (54.96<br />kHz and 54.8 kHz) from the line frequency. The phase detectors of the control loops<br />operate in a frequency range of 117 Hz and/or 274 Hz.<br />Four demodulators to evaluate the 54-kHz pilot signal. The capacitors at the mixer<br />outputs determine the bandwidth (and thus the signal-to-noise ratio) of the pilot tone<br />recognition.<br />An evaluation circuitry for decoding "stereo", "dual sound", and "mono" from the mixer<br />output levels. ln order to assure interference-free operation in case of high noise level<br />input signals, the individual signals "stereo" and "dual sound" are delayed via an<br />externally adjustable integrator. The subsequent digital evaluation provides the<br />information "mono", "dual sound", or "stereo" to the matrix and the 4 level input/output<br />(to drive the TDA 6200). If this four level input/output is connected to ground externally<br />(e.g. by the TDA 6200), the decoder will recognize this signal as "forced mono".<br />A stereo matrix with deemphasis and SCART output switched by the pilot frequency<br />decoder. The SCART output can be disabled by a MUTE signal (coincidence).</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcp20f418hd72Q8y1VZ4IsDJUb-afBTJ_wrVA53UjRrHEEbdBjK7f5jJlU35QknnNq-oAGGqTIFxd49mDz_ImXtJgc3mkBCzm5UdqGriBxU8LVt8iqp0e7ieveOYxcIYk1yW59HctnN61wHDZg5Ro3bO4YCaXL71iioR74qUycr2mHPubyFY2b801IU5y/s1837/TDA6600-page-002__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1837" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQcp20f418hd72Q8y1VZ4IsDJUb-afBTJ_wrVA53UjRrHEEbdBjK7f5jJlU35QknnNq-oAGGqTIFxd49mDz_ImXtJgc3mkBCzm5UdqGriBxU8LVt8iqp0e7ieveOYxcIYk1yW59HctnN61wHDZg5Ro3bO4YCaXL71iioR74qUycr2mHPubyFY2b801IU5y/s320/TDA6600-page-002__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid_ZSDzMSFhgIfHszvbTl1rgWtT9muKhtCfovfqzPJKSBDZjqqo9_mL3kx9Lb0nn6aXnIiA9cSTbIDn3YcnQ64n4aQG6EYbxcuxeMHHpT4flm4kWms00vvwae0enuZpHjV_LOYzcn7MOvUnhEk6OlSbRZqqQwXfUvzXkyL4kLYQ3pMh2b5lLmgtuK0AJJD/s1837/TDA6600-page-016__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1837" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid_ZSDzMSFhgIfHszvbTl1rgWtT9muKhtCfovfqzPJKSBDZjqqo9_mL3kx9Lb0nn6aXnIiA9cSTbIDn3YcnQ64n4aQG6EYbxcuxeMHHpT4flm4kWms00vvwae0enuZpHjV_LOYzcn7MOvUnhEk6OlSbRZqqQwXfUvzXkyL4kLYQ3pMh2b5lLmgtuK0AJJD/s320/TDA6600-page-016__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-PHB2mocS1IzskmxDHZIQ8sGEbxtBtZDqZ11efZkIl1BhsO7TwZ5prt_swu0eSVr2Zz4cBp-OTHqUrLkOnZ4UEcZh4X9b36qCf_9C6vy-jbWo91fiz3s-UN1QrmctqipY0hVwaJIfZ_044hvGMPpCUTmp1GzynNsdjHJ53V3gy1mDB3UZ91g4_Gm-L6W/s1837/TDA6600-page-020__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1837" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-PHB2mocS1IzskmxDHZIQ8sGEbxtBtZDqZ11efZkIl1BhsO7TwZ5prt_swu0eSVr2Zz4cBp-OTHqUrLkOnZ4UEcZh4X9b36qCf_9C6vy-jbWo91fiz3s-UN1QrmctqipY0hVwaJIfZ_044hvGMPpCUTmp1GzynNsdjHJ53V3gy1mDB3UZ91g4_Gm-L6W/s320/TDA6600-page-020__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">SIEMENS TDA6200 TV Stereo Tone Control IC</span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hBPJbTpWqUgh2IKTgUs0bl0kBPaSbFPli4Izj_xzTgtghmxF1fxWqL3m3S6xxI0cSskSGJ-UfjiYQ-kYDsD4u9Ygb0iPsCYmOf4z0LQCekJMADTirQxw5oFE7KqKrxRxz2jC9qfqpG3M23qN2hWcGM7Q6hrt8BGaUI_wh_A17TpxJfIW7Fj9l2V7DqBR/s1282/IMGH_13408__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hBPJbTpWqUgh2IKTgUs0bl0kBPaSbFPli4Izj_xzTgtghmxF1fxWqL3m3S6xxI0cSskSGJ-UfjiYQ-kYDsD4u9Ygb0iPsCYmOf4z0LQCekJMADTirQxw5oFE7KqKrxRxz2jC9qfqpG3M23qN2hWcGM7Q6hrt8BGaUI_wh_A17TpxJfIW7Fj9l2V7DqBR/s320/IMGH_13408__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> with Quasi-Stereo Section, <br />Channel 1/2 Switch, SCART Input, and I2C Bus Control<br /></span></span>Features<br />0 Treble, bass, balance, and volume control by means of an integrated digital-to-analog<br />converter<br />I Quasi~stereo circuit during mono operation<br />0 Stereo basewidth expansion during stereo operation<br />O Physiological volume control<br />I Channel 1/2 switch-over during dual audio transmission<br />0 SCART connection<br />0 Control of all functions via the IZC bus and the bidirectional 4 level line of the<br />TDA 6600-2 (stereo demodulator IC)<br />O LED driver<br />0 Volume control range 80 dB<br />0 Treble, bass control 1 ‘I2 dB<br />O Channel separation min. 60 dB, cross-talk rejection min. 60 dB<br />O Parasitic voltage spacing up to 78 dB<br />Type W W Ordering Code Package<br />TDA 6200 Q67000-A2461 P-DIP-28<br />The TDA 6200 is comprised of a SCART switch-over, channel 1/2 switch-over, quasi-<br />stereo circuit, stereo basewidth expansion, physiological volume control, a treble, bass,<br />and volume control of the injected AF signals as well as an LED driver. The IC is<br />controlled by means of an FC bus serial interface as well as by the bidirectional 4 level<br />line from the TDA 6600-2. The component is used for AF sound signal processing in<br />stereo TV sets.<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq2u6cxVGl4taplbYUupAvfvDZzaj5xbNHFZt4K7lFcg6ANHX4DHr3PbgvADBnOgQk7_SctB42f4Gm9YDBhS2Rk_q7iPa9FM0hSRFIoHKEHZng_cEN2joxBWH6AR0yti1bqrKub4SHE2VX9H7T1PVZzPNHOCQMrIn4EUDFPUKb6yLNs8aBpRct1Hruqx6y/s1837/TDA6200-page-004__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1837" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq2u6cxVGl4taplbYUupAvfvDZzaj5xbNHFZt4K7lFcg6ANHX4DHr3PbgvADBnOgQk7_SctB42f4Gm9YDBhS2Rk_q7iPa9FM0hSRFIoHKEHZng_cEN2joxBWH6AR0yti1bqrKub4SHE2VX9H7T1PVZzPNHOCQMrIn4EUDFPUKb6yLNs8aBpRct1Hruqx6y/s320/TDA6200-page-004__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBVTtn38BvN8kocglnIniSByXD3fSZdIxHkms8Ozww9_7s4uUrR8GjCSr1Av8SCWm3sUTm1xlJ9B3796Tpd3UjhXknrTjQeO4VK7cduNMecGlAN6zDi7YWCsaIZDKbN82Akb67RIML4IGO3cxUb3YBCLd8e9ImIAZKLJmUQbvGC87Byk5T00a1dlqbEkXm/s1837/TDA6200-page-011__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1837" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBVTtn38BvN8kocglnIniSByXD3fSZdIxHkms8Ozww9_7s4uUrR8GjCSr1Av8SCWm3sUTm1xlJ9B3796Tpd3UjhXknrTjQeO4VK7cduNMecGlAN6zDi7YWCsaIZDKbN82Akb67RIML4IGO3cxUb3YBCLd8e9ImIAZKLJmUQbvGC87Byk5T00a1dlqbEkXm/s320/TDA6200-page-011__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXscJdvCHEHFFoShaXVA3O6qv6Sb4xLEiFrTWonAgxgzHFz9aPO1nKyv8txbD1WjG_JPjnGLRtpNVoJRUhfim_5EPEr9rquXf3eB20AJTaxsLNnGtanuahCP4L8DKXq8uPvjg3t7z841ydQH2JjSVSJ_Dm6CYnk4_IkkE0C_KszHKQGG7U0QLglfwk5s72/s1837/TDA6200-page-016__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="1837" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXscJdvCHEHFFoShaXVA3O6qv6Sb4xLEiFrTWonAgxgzHFz9aPO1nKyv8txbD1WjG_JPjnGLRtpNVoJRUhfim_5EPEr9rquXf3eB20AJTaxsLNnGtanuahCP4L8DKXq8uPvjg3t7z841ydQH2JjSVSJ_Dm6CYnk4_IkkE0C_KszHKQGG7U0QLglfwk5s72/s320/TDA6200-page-016__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><p></p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hBPJbTpWqUgh2IKTgUs0bl0kBPaSbFPli4Izj_xzTgtghmxF1fxWqL3m3S6xxI0cSskSGJ-UfjiYQ-kYDsD4u9Ygb0iPsCYmOf4z0LQCekJMADTirQxw5oFE7KqKrxRxz2jC9qfqpG3M23qN2hWcGM7Q6hrt8BGaUI_wh_A17TpxJfIW7Fj9l2V7DqBR/s1282/IMGH_13408__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9hBPJbTpWqUgh2IKTgUs0bl0kBPaSbFPli4Izj_xzTgtghmxF1fxWqL3m3S6xxI0cSskSGJ-UfjiYQ-kYDsD4u9Ygb0iPsCYmOf4z0LQCekJMADTirQxw5oFE7KqKrxRxz2jC9qfqpG3M23qN2hWcGM7Q6hrt8BGaUI_wh_A17TpxJfIW7Fj9l2V7DqBR/s320/IMGH_13408__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><b>SIEMENS TDA5830 Video IF IC with VTR Connection TDA5830-2 and Quasi-Parallel Sound</b><span style="font-style: italic;"><br />Bipolar IC<br />Video IF Section<br />Controlled AM broadband amplifier with synchronous demodulator, video amplifier, VTR<br />input and output, and AGC voltage generation for the video IF amplifier and tuner.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Quasi-Parallel Sound Section<br />Controlled AM broadband amplifier with quadrature demodulator, sound carrier output,<br />and internal AGC voltage generation.<br />The TDA 5830-2 is especially suitable for application with black and white or color<br />television receivers and/or VTFI systems with PNP/MOS tuners for TV standards with<br />negative video modulation and FM sound.<br />Type Ordering Code Package<br />TDA 5830-2 067000-A2504 P-DIP-22<br />Circuit Description<br />The video IF section is comprised of a 4-stage controllable AM amplifier, a limiter, and a<br />mixer for the synchronous demodulation of video signals as well as an amplifier for the<br />positive video output signal.<br />The positive video signal is used for gated control. In addition, the IC includes a standard<br />VTR connection via an external transistor. The delayed tuner AGC is generated by a<br />threshold amplifier driven by the control voltage.<br />The quasi-parallel sound section also includes a 4-stage AM amplifier, a limiter, and a<br />mixer for the quadrature demodulation of the 1st sound IF with subsequent sound carrier<br />output for the 2nd sound IF. The control voltage is generated by a peak value rectifier from<br />the 1st sound IF signal.<br /> Alignment Procedures<br />a) Video IF<br />At a video carrier input level of V15/I67l'TIS = 10 mV and a superimposed AGC voltage of Via<br />= 3 V, the demodulator tank circuit is preliminary aligned so that the demodulated video<br />signal Vii pp reaches its maximum output level at the positive video output. Any suitable<br />video test signal can be used for modulation. Subsequently, the AGC voltage V13 is<br />reduced until the video signal equals approx. 3 V (peak-to-peak). By fine-aligning the<br />demodulator tank circuit, the maximum output level of the video signal is reached. The flat<br />response characteristic of the demodulator ensures a non-critical alignment procedure.<br />b) OPS<br />At an input signal of V‘8l1Q mis = 10 mV, the demodulator tank circuit is preliminarily aligned<br />until a max. AM suppression of the demodulated video signal Vzi is reached at the sound<br />carrier output. A video signal critical for the sound-interference ratio should be used for<br />modulation (white/staircase, FuBK). Subsequent tine-aligning is performed by measuring<br />the sound—interference ratio at the output of a FM demodulator and fine-aligning the<br />demodulator tank circuit for a max. interference ratio. If several sound carriers are used in<br />a device, the sound carrier with the lowest level should be used for alignment purposes.</span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6TcajbK-h4URybJeH6DGLq_pSUqsfsCmicNLcT_Y_vQ94rw1tXHnJeodnNXoyqcWqkXxUKS1cYQPkb-2768QGuxI19n3RNGgY8H3np-AJadptKXPFqW4BI_qscZ6AJAMMC7bDcZQWYmtwlXbwN0lmu7CzUSZS18PzI30409lCEwXbYycnZPPV1-DW9JbI/s1838/TDA5830-2-page-002__TVMS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1838" data-original-width="1274" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6TcajbK-h4URybJeH6DGLq_pSUqsfsCmicNLcT_Y_vQ94rw1tXHnJeodnNXoyqcWqkXxUKS1cYQPkb-2768QGuxI19n3RNGgY8H3np-AJadptKXPFqW4BI_qscZ6AJAMMC7bDcZQWYmtwlXbwN0lmu7CzUSZS18PzI30409lCEwXbYycnZPPV1-DW9JbI/s320/TDA5830-2-page-002__TVMS.jpg" width="222" /></a></span></div><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMhqn5pHsXCKMYAeSmAqqof74o4Al4qNc0ZI1FQoH79eyT6J9O8_aHoEnFJb6a0wcxmgyp8MGQLUgdMf9-jD3PYwjoHFo64ncREYEKV1Kzv2yuDFCPkq-hE5N08u0NDybd34bqbHRHUWkPMapgtk3k7cB41TNkLmctZMzWpF9NhdQ-5y_H-cE9gtixj3Uv/s320/IMGH_13404__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHOEG0DfTTEHhQRanscf0ANZSQJrZVekLrYADqcn30_BqSiHZaYfeEDGqsIxoqMkVG_9ks4sbAbqqiJdLDm0h9J3hhl1_Ixx2wqhemYWWNY79CPJb-R8JTFzsGbw6y-DW7X4YQYR7WScc/s1600/IMG_4109.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">ds. The</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">difference between the TDA4555 and TDA4556 is the</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">polarity of the colour difference output signals (B-Y)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">and (R-Y).</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Features</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Chrominance part</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Gain controlled chrominance amplifier for PAL, SECAM</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">and NTSC</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· ACC rectifier circuits (PAL/NTSC, SECAM)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Burst blanking (PAL) in front of 64 ms glass delay line</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Chrominance output stage for driving the 64 ms glass</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">delay line (PAL, SECAM)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Limiter stages for direct and delayed SECAM signal</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· SECAM permutator</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Demodulator part</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Flyback blanking incorporated in the two synchronous</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">demodulators (PAL, NTSC)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· PAL switch</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Internal PAL matrix</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Two quadrature demodulators with external reference</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">tuned circuits (SECAM)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Internal filtering of residual carrier</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· De-emphasis (SECAM)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Insertion of reference voltages as achromatic value</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">(SECAM) in the (B-Y) and (R-Y) colour difference output</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">stages (blanking)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Identification part</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Automatic standard recognition by sequential inquiry</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Delay for colour-on and scanning-on</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Reliable SECAM identification by PAL priority circuit</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Forced switch-on of a standard</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Four switching voltages for chrominance filters, traps</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">and crystals</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Two identification circuits for PAL/SECAM (H/2) and</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">NTSC</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· PAL/SECAM flip-flop</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· SECAM identification mode switch (horizontal, vertical</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">or combined horizontal and vertical)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Crystal oscillator with divider stages and PLL circuitry</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">(PAL, NTSC) for double colour subcarrier frequency</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· HUE control (NTSC)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Service switch<br /><br /><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">PHILIPS TDA3505 Video control combination circuit with automatic cut-off control<br /></span><span style="font-style: italic;">GENERAL DESCRIPTION</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The TDA3505 and TDA3506 are monolithic integrated circuits which perform video control functions in a PAL/SECAM</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">decoder. The TDA3505 is for negative colour difference signals -(R-Y), -(B-Y) and the TDA3506 is for positive colour</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">difference signals +(R-Y), +(B-Y).</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The required input signals are: luminance and colour difference (negative or positive) and a 3-level sandcastle pulse for</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">control purposes. Linear RGB signals can be inse</span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMhqn5pHsXCKMYAeSmAqqof74o4Al4qNc0ZI1FQoH79eyT6J9O8_aHoEnFJb6a0wcxmgyp8MGQLUgdMf9-jD3PYwjoHFo64ncREYEKV1Kzv2yuDFCPkq-hE5N08u0NDybd34bqbHRHUWkPMapgtk3k7cB41TNkLmctZMzWpF9NhdQ-5y_H-cE9gtixj3Uv/s1282/IMGH_13404__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMhqn5pHsXCKMYAeSmAqqof74o4Al4qNc0ZI1FQoH79eyT6J9O8_aHoEnFJb6a0wcxmgyp8MGQLUgdMf9-jD3PYwjoHFo64ncREYEKV1Kzv2yuDFCPkq-hE5N08u0NDybd34bqbHRHUWkPMapgtk3k7cB41TNkLmctZMzWpF9NhdQ-5y_H-cE9gtixj3Uv/s320/IMGH_13404__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHOEG0DfTTEHhQRanscf0ANZSQJrZVekLrYADqcn30_BqSiHZaYfeEDGqsIxoqMkVG_9ks4sbAbqqiJdLDm0h9J3hhl1_Ixx2wqhemYWWNY79CPJb-R8JTFzsGbw6y-DW7X4YQYR7WScc/s1600/IMG_4109.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;">rted from an external source. RGB output signals are available for</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">driving the video output stages. The circuits provide automatic cut-off control of the picture tube.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Features</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Capacitive coupling of the colour difference and</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">luminance input signals with black level clamping in the</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">input stages</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Linear saturation control acting on the colour difference</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">signals</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· (G-Y) and RGB matrix</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Linear transmission of inserted signals</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Equal black levels for inserted and matrixed signals</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· 3 identical channels for the RGB signals</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Linear contrast and brightness controls, operating on</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">both the inserted and matrixed RGB signals</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Peak beam current limiting input</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Clamping, horizontal and vertical blanking of the three</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">input signals controlled by a 3-level sandcastle pulse</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· 3 DC gain controls for the RGB output signals (white</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">point adjustment)</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Emitter-follower outputs for driving the RGB output</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">stages</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">· Input for automatic cut-off control with compensation for</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">leakage current of the picture tube.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">philips TDA4565 Colour transient improvement circuit</span><br /><br />GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />The TDA4565 is a monolithic integrated circuit for colour transient improvement (CTI) and luminance delay line in gyrator<br />technique in colour television receivers.<br />Features<br />· Colour transient improvement for colour difference signals (R-Y) and (B-Y) with transient detecting-, storage- and<br />switching stages resulting in high transients of colour difference output signals<br />· A luminance signal path (Y) which substitutes the conventional Y-delay coil with an integrated Y-delay line<br />· Switchable delay time from 730 ns to 1000 ns in steps of 90 ns and additional fine adjustment of 50 ns<br />· Two Y output signals; one of 180 ns less delay.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></p><p><b>PHILIPS SAA5231 Teletext video processor.</b></p><p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION<br />The SAA5231 is a bipolar integrated circuit intended as a successor to the SAA5030. It extracts Teletext Data from the<br />video signal, regenerates Teletext Clock and synchronizes the text display to the television syncs. The integrated circuit<br />is intended to work in conjunction with CCT (Computer Controlled Teletext), EUROM or other compatible devices.<br />Features<br />• Adaptive data slicer<br />• Data clock regenerator<br />• Adaptive sync separator, horizontal phase detector and 6 MHz VCO forming display phase locked loop (PLL)<br /><br />The function is quoted against the corresponding pin number.<br />1. Synch output to TV<br />Output with dual polarity buffer, a load resistor to 0 V or + 12 V selects positive-going or negative-going syncs.<br />2. Video input level select<br />When this pin is LOW a 1 V video input level is selected. When the pin is not connected it floats HIGH selecting a<br />2,5 V video input level.<br />3. HF filter<br />The video signal for the h.f.-loss compensator is filtered by a 15 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />4. Store h.f.<br />The h.f. amplitude is stored by a 1 nF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />5. Store amplitude<br />The amplitude for the adaptive data slicer is stored by a 470 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />6. Store zero level<br />The zero level for the adaptive data slicer is stored by a 22 nF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />7. External data input<br />Current input for sliced teletext data from external device.<br />Active HIGH level (current), low impedance input.<br />8. Data timing<br />A 270 pF capacitor is connected to this pin for timing of the adaptive data slicer.<br />9. Store phase<br />The output signal from the clock phase detector is stored by a 100 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />10. Video tape recorder mode (VCR)<br />Signal input to command PLL into short time constant mode. Not used in application circuit Fig.4a or Fig.4b.<br />11. Crystal<br />A 13,875 MHz crystal, 2 x data rate, connected in series with a 15 pF capacitor is applied via this pin to the oscillator<br />and divide-by-two to provide the 6,9375 MHz clock signal.<br />12. Clock filter<br />A filter for the 6,9375 MHz clock signal is connected to this pin.<br />13. Ground (0 V)<br />14. Teletext clock output (TTC)<br />Clock output for CCT (Computer Controlled Teletext).<br />15. Teletext data output (TTD)<br />Data output for CCT.<br />16. Supply voltage VCC (+ 12 V typ.)<br />17. Clock output (F6)<br />6 MHz clock output for timing and sandcastle generation in CCT.<br />18. Oscillator output (6 MHz)<br />A series resonant circuit is connected between this pin and pin 20 to control the nominal frequency of the VCO.<br />19. Filter 2<br />A filter with a short time constant is connected to this pin for the horizontal phase detector. It is used in the video<br />recorder mode and while the loop is locking up.<br />20. Oscillator input (6 MHz)<br />See pin 18.<br />21. Filter 1<br />A filter with a long time constant is connected to this pin for the horizontal phase detector.<br />22. Sandcastle input pulse (PL/CBB)<br />This input accepts a sandcastle waveform, which is formed from PL and CBB from the CCT.<br />Signal timing is shown in Fig.5.<br />23. Pulse timing resistor<br />The current for the pulse generator is defined by a 68 Ω resistor connected to this pin.<br />24. Pulse timing capacitor<br />The timing of the pulse generator is determined by a 220 pF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />25. Video composite sync output (VCS)<br />The output signal is for CCT.<br />26. Black level<br />The black level for the adaptive sync separator is stored by a 68 nF capacitor connected to this pin.<br />27. Composite video input (CVS)<br />The composite video signal is input via a 2,2 μF clamping capacitor to the adaptive sync separator.<br />28. Text composite sync input (TCS)/Scan composite sync input (SCS)<br />TCS is input from CCT or SCS from external sync circuit. SCS is expected when there is no load resistor at pin 1.<br />If pin 28 is not connected the sync output on pin 1 will be the composite video input at pin 27, internally buffered.<br /><br />
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<span><b> GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510 Television device with processing of teletext signals:</b></span> </p><p>VT (GB: Teletext) instalation and matching adjustment<br />When fitting the Videotext (GB: Teletext) plug-in board, the Videotext plug plate has to be removed<br />The
control R 2857 is set in the fully anti clockwise position when the
unit is delivered (smallest treble boost: approx. 2 dB). If, with a
perfect aerial signal character faults occur, turn R 2857 slowly<br />clockwise until the faults disappear. Do not turn R 2875 up any further as error rate may increase again.<br />Page
199 must always be selected anew during the adjustment, as Oniy this
effects a new read-in of the page making it possible to evaluate the
error level.<br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_text">
A digital teletext signal is transmitted during part of a
vertical blanking period of a television signal. A clock oscillator
synchronized by the teletext signal is coupled to a synchronizing input
of a logic circuit providing clock and data signals for teletext
processing. To prevent high harmonics that are included in the clock and
data signals from producing interference within the reproduced picture,
the amplitude of an output signal of the clock oscillator is reduced,
during vertical trace, when the teletext signal is not transmitted to
prevent switching operations in the logic circuit. </div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
The present invention relates to television receivers with processing
of teletext signals transmitted during a teletext transmission period
of several video lines within a vertical blanking period.<br />
A
television system may include additional transmission of a digital
teletext signal that is transmitted during one or more video lines of
the vertical flyback period. The digital teletext signal is decoded in
the receiver is decoded for producing additional control signals for the
picture tube for teletext display. Such teletext processing circuits
may include a sine wave clock oscillator synchronized by the teletext
signal. The oscillator produces a substantially sine wave clock signal
which is coupled to a synchronizing or triggering input of a logic
circuit that processes the teletext signal. The logic circuit produces
one or more data synchronizing clock and data signals used for teletext
signal processing.<br />
The output signal of the clock oscillator is
substantially a sine wave and has substantially no harmonics. Therefore,
the output signal may not cause significant interference within the
reproduced picture.<br />
The output signals of the logic circuit,
however, have very fast transition times, especially in connection with
miniaturized circuit elements. That means that these signals include
high harmonics of substantial amplitude. The high harmonies tend to
cause interferences within the reproduced picture. If, for example, the
frequency of the clock oscillator is 55 MHz, than the 10th harmonic
within the clock and data signals, that is 550 MHz, lies within the
UHF-band.<br />
It may be desirable to avoid the interferences within
the reproduced picture due to high harmonics within the clock and data
signals produced by the logic circuit.<br />
In accordance with an
aspect of the invention, the amplitude of the oscillator output signal
that is coupled to the logic circuit is reduced during an interval,
within a vertical field period, in which the logic circuit is not
required to process teletext data.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHRyUyDacJiiIiUQNRvER9DwT1J9FDXmnGqoem8GWDp7zoo5TUwxZIu1biBOhVrglLq4BjZ5s9pOjtZx1EA_Jc99sKE45m6vBB99bt6b5JbQ-JOOvKUsMeMq-7c2Sfor4OyzVnTQjuU7XPbnvdvVLTlL3AtZOTCiyFsxJhR3UljhPSFEZCbXP7fFcJ-Hb/s1282/IMGH_13407__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkHRyUyDacJiiIiUQNRvER9DwT1J9FDXmnGqoem8GWDp7zoo5TUwxZIu1biBOhVrglLq4BjZ5s9pOjtZx1EA_Jc99sKE45m6vBB99bt6b5JbQ-JOOvKUsMeMq-7c2Sfor4OyzVnTQjuU7XPbnvdvVLTlL3AtZOTCiyFsxJhR3UljhPSFEZCbXP7fFcJ-Hb/s320/IMGH_13407__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-mI34nF_vKZCXonvt72jdGdtt3KEoSBnUM_XA7dIGP7eHc4vm2QFMoxOh1J6AMZWmoMibMC59ll3UuA-4DEErBMHYUd9jGffKzi6cQ0W_BxHwAW57ZMFjh6dXNe3KUYKqjHIZ7ZhmRJI/s1600/IMG_4112.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><p>The invention is based upon the
following consideration. The teletext signal is present only during one
or more video lines of the vertical blanking period. It follows that
the clock and data signals need not he produced for further processing
of the teletext data at any other time, especially during the full
vertical forward scan period. Therefore, it is possible to disable the
logic circuit outside the interval in which teletext data is processed,
herein referred to as the teletext data transmission period, in order to
avoid the interference. On the other hand, during the teletext data
transmission period, the clock and data signals are needed and do not
produce interferences. Interferences are not produced because, during
the teletext data transmission period, no picture is produced as a
result of vertical flyback and blanking.<br />
By switching off the
logic circuit outside the teletext data transmission period, the
aforementioned interference is avoided in a very simple manner.<br />
<br />A teletext decoder includes a background or buffer memory operating as a
first-in, first-out (FIFO) memory. The buffer memory is used for
storing a large number of teletext pages. A given video line that
contains teletext information is identified as such by the detection of
part of a clock run-in sequence followed by the framing code. The video
line is then stored in the background memory. After a user page request
occurs, the background memory is read-out by a data processor operating
in a full channel mode of operation for obtaining the information of the
requested page. As long as the read-out operation has not been
terminated, incoming teletext data is stored in the background memory.
This enables teletext data received prior to termination of the read-out
operation to be read out and processed by the data processor. <br />
<br />
Other References:<br />A data sheet for teleview data acquisition chip MR9710, published by Plessey Semiconductors Ltd., pp. 59-65.<br />Data
sheet for videotext data slicer and clock regenerator SL9100EXP, publ.
by Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. (Attention to Fig. 4).<br />"Applications
of Picture Memories in Television Receivers", Berkhoff, et al.,
published in IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. CE-29, No.
3, Aug. 1983.<br />Philips publication No. 9398 401 30011, dated Jan.
1985, entitled "ICS for Computer Controlled TV Memory Based Feature",
pp. 27-41.<br />Development data sheet, dated 1986, entitled "SAA9030 Background Memory Controller", published by Philips Corp.<br />Development data sheet, dated 1988, entitled "SAA9040 Computer Controlled Teletext Extension (CCTE)", published by Philips Corp.<br />User's
Manual, entitled "Computer Controlled Teletext User's Manual", dated
1983, by J. R. Kinghorn, published by Mullard Application Laboratory.<br />IBA Technical Review, No. ISSN 0308-423 X entitled "Specification of Standard for Broadcast Teletext Signals."<br />Design
Handbook entitled "The Programmable Gate Array Design Handbook", dated
1986, published by Xilinx Co., San Jose, California, pp. 2-114 to 2-117.<br />Data
Book Entitled "the Programmable Gate Array Data Book", including a note
entitled Megabit FIFO in two Chips: One LCA and One Dram, by Alfke,
published 1988 by Xilinx Co., pp. 6-35 and 6-36.<br />
</p><p> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><b> GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510 Rapid access teletext - Videotextx decoder arrangement:</b></span>A teletext decoder includes a background or buffer memory operating as a first-in, first-out (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>FIFO)
memory. The buffer memory is used for storing a large number of
teletext pages. A given video line that contains teletext information
is identified as such by the detection of part of a clock run-in
sequence followed by the framing code. The video line is then stored in
the background memory. After a user page request occurs, the
background memory is read-out by a data processor operating in a full
channel mode of operation for obtaining the information of the
requested page. As long as the read-out operation has not been
terminated, incoming teletext data is stored in the background memory.
This enables teletext data received prior to termination of the read-out
operation to be read out and processed by the data processor. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1.
A television apparatus responsive to an incoming television signal
containing video lines that carry text data, defining corresponding
data lines, for generating an output signal that is capable of
providing picture information to a display device, comprising: <br />
means
for generating a first control signal in order to select one of said
data lines to be used in conjunction with the generation of said output
signal; <br />
a source of said television signal; <br />
a first-in, first-out background memory having a data input that is coupled to an output of said source; <br />
first
control means coupled to said background memory for controlling
storage therein of corresponding data lines of said television signal,
wherein prior to the time said first control signal is generated, said
background memory already contains a substantial number of stored data
lines of said television signal; <br />
second control means responsive
to said first control signal and coupled to said background memory for
controlling during a given interval that follows the generation of
said first control signal, read-out from said background memory of a
plurality of data lines of said television signal that have been stored
before the end of said given interval, said given interval having a
duration that is substantially shorter than that of a corresponding
interval between the occurrence of an initial data line of said
plurality of data lines and the occurrence of a final data line thereof
so as to reduce access time to said plurality of data lines, said
second control means controlling read-out of said plurality of data
lines in a first-in, first-out manner for generating during said given
interval a data signal that contains the data of said plurality of data
lines including data lines that have been stored in said background
memory during said given interval; and <br />
a data processor
responsive to said data signal for selecting said one data line to
generate in accordance therewith said output signal.<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>2. An
apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said data lines occur in said
television signal only during, corresponding vertical blanking
intervals, wherein, during said given interval, said data processor
operates in a full channel mode of operation, and wherein, prior to the
time when said first control signal is generated, said data processor
operates in a field flyback mode of operation.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising,
means for coupling said data signal and said television signal to said
data processor such that prior to the time said first control signal is
generated said television signal is coupled to said data processor in a
manner that bypasses said background memory.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3 wherein, throughout
said given interval, said coupling means decouples said signal that
bypasses said background memory from said data processor.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1 further
comprising, a switch having a first input that is coupled between said
output of said source of said television signal and said data input of
said background memory, a second input that is coupled to a data output
of said background memory and a switch output that is coupled to an
input of said data processor. 6.
An apparatus according to claim 5 further comprising, means for
generating a second control signal that is coupled to a control input
of said switch, said second control signal having a first state for
enabling said switch to couple the signal that is developed at said
second input of said switch to said data processor following the time
when said first control signal is generated and having a second state,
for enabling said switch to couple the signal that is developed at said
first input thereof to said data processor following the occurrence of
the earlier of (a) a time when all the data stored in said background
memory has been read out, and (b) a time when a first time-out interval
has elapsed from a time when said data processor selects the data of a
Page Header data line. 7. An
apparatus according to claim 5 further comprising, means coupled to
said background memory, for generating, in accordance with the data of
said plurality of data lines, a serial bit data signal that contains
corresponding data lines that are read out of said background memory in
a first-in, first-out manner, said serial bit data signal being
coupled to said second input of said switch, said switch coupling said
serial bit data signal to said input of said data processor, during
said given interval, and coupling the signal that is developed at said
first input of said switch to said input of said data processor, outside
said given interval. 8. An
apparatus according to claim 1 wherein, as a result of reading out t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>he
data of said plurality of data lines in the first-in, first-out manner,
memory addresses, where said plurality of data lines are stored in
said background memory are transparent to the operation of said data
processor. 9. An apparatus
according to claim 1 wherein said data processor is included in an
integrated circuit of the same type used in a conventional teletext
decoder such that said background memory provides an add-on feature.
10. An apparatus according to claim 1
wherein said television signal comprises a teletext signal and wherein
said television apparatus comprises a teletext decoder.
11. An apparatus according to claim 10 wherein
said data lines of said television signal define corresponding pages of
teletext data, wherein said background memory is capable of containing
at a given time the data of a substantial number of said pages and
wherein, during said given interval, said data processor selects from
the data that is read out of said background memory the data of a first
page, in accordance with said one of said data lines that is a
Page-Header data line, to generate from the data of said first page
said output signal. 12. An
apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising, a page memory
wherein said output signal is stored in said page memory during said
given interval. 13. An apparatus
according to claim 1 further comprising, a switch for coupling one of
said data signal that is generated at an output of said background
memory and a second data signal, that bypasses said background memory,
to an input of said data processor when a second control signal that is
developed at a control input of said switch is at first state and for
coupling the other one of said to said input of said data processor
when said second control signal is at a second state.
14. An apparatus according to claim 13 further
comprising, means for generating, during said given interval, a first
time-out signal after an interval having a predetermined duration has
elapsed from a time when the data of said one of said data line that is
a Page Header data line has been identified in said data signal and
means responsive to said first time-out signal for generating said
second control signal in accordance with said first time-out signal .
15. An apparatus according to
claim 13 further comprising, means for generating a signal that is
indica<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>tive
of when the data of all the da&a lines that are stored in said
background memory have been read out and that is coupled to said
control input of said switch to control the state of said second
control signal. 16. A television
apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said data processor is
responsive, outside said given interval, to data lines of said
television signal that are coupled to said data processor in a manner
that bypasses said background memory.
17. An apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising, a
parallel-to-serial converter that is coupled between an output of said
background memory and an input of said data processor.
18. A television apparatus according to claim 1
wherein said background memory comprises a random access memory,
wherein said first control means comprises first sequencing means that
is coupled to an address input of said random access memory for
generating a write-in address word and wherein said second control
means comprises second sequencing means for generating a read-out
address word that is coupled to said address input.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18 wherein at
least one of said first and second sequencing means comprises a linear
feedback shift register counter.
20. An apparatus according to claim 18 wherein each of said data lines
includes a corresponding plurality of data line portions that are
stored in corresponding locations in said background memory having
corresponding addresses, wherein said first sequencing means changes
states in a cyclical manner each time a given one of said portions of
each data line is stored such that the number of states in each cycle is
equal to an integer multiple of the total number of data lines that
can be stored in said background memory in each cycle.
21. An apparatus according to claim 20 wherein
the number of memory addresses that are required for storing a given
data line is equal to 86. 22. An
apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the number of said states in
each cycle is equal to. 23. A
television apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising, a page
memory responsive to said output signal for storing said output signal
therein. 24. An apparatus
according to claim 1 wherein said data processor operates in a full
channel mode of operation throughout said given interval and wherein
said television signal contains said data lines only during
corresponding vertical blanking intervals thereof.
25. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said
first control means identifies, in a given video line signal, data of a
clock run-in portion of said video line signal and stores in said
background memory text data of such video line signal provided that
said data of said clock run-in portion is identified.
26. An apparatus according to claim 25 wherein said
said first control means identifies said given data line also in
accordance with data of a framing code.
27. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first control
signal is indicative of when a user initiated page request has occurred
and causes said data processor to operate in a full channel mode of
operation during said given interval.
28. An apparatus according to claim 27 further comprising, means
for generating a second control signal that is indicative when a
predetermined time-out interval has elapsed from the time said first
control signal is generated, said second control signal being coupled to
said data processor for causing said data processor to start operating
in a field flyback mode of operation following said time-out interval
irrespective of whether said one of said data lines that is a Page
Header of the page requested has been selected.
29. An apparatus according to claim 28 wherein said
second control signal is generated in a microprocessor such that said
time out interval is determined by a program thereof.
30. A television apparatus responsive to an
incoming television signal containing video line signals that carry
text data, defining corresponding data lines, for generating an output
signal that is capable of providing picture information to a display
device, comprising: <br />
means for generating a first control signal
in order to select one of said data lines to be used in conjunction
with the generation of said output signal; <br />
a source of said television signal; <br />
a first-in, first-out background memory having a data input that is coupled to said source; <br />
first
control means coupled to said background memory for controlling
storage therein of corresponding data lines of said television signal,
wherein prior to the time said first control signal is generated, said
background memory already contains a substantial number of stored data
lines of said television signal; <br />
second control means responsive
to said first control signal and coupled to said background memory for
controlling during a given interval that follows the generation of
said first control signal, read-out from said background memory of a
plurality of stored data lines of said television signal, such that the
duration of said given interval is substantially shorter than that of a
corresponding interval between the occurrence of an initial data line
of said plurality of data lines and the occurrence of a final data line
thereof, so as to reduce access time to said plurality of data lines,
said second control means controlling read-out of said plurality of
data lines in a first-in, first-out manner for generating during said
given interval a data signal that contains the data of said plurality
of data lines; <br />
a switch having a first input that is coupled to
said source of said television signal, having a second input that is
coupled to a data output of said background memory and having an output
for generating a second data signal; <br />
a data processor
responsive to said second data signal for selecting said one data line
to generate in accordance therewith said output signal; and <br />
means
for generating a second control signal that is coupled to a control
input of said switch, said second control signal having a first state
for enabling said switch to couple to said data processor after said
first control signal is generated the signal that is developed at said
switch second input, and having a second state for enabling said switch
to couple to said data processor the signal that is developed at said
first switch input following the occurrence of the earlier of (a) a
time when all the data stored in said background memory has been read
out, and (b) a time when a time-out interval has elapsed from a time
when said data processor selects said one data line that is a Page
Header.<br />
31. A television apparatus responsive to an incoming
television signal containing video lines that carry text data, defining
corresponding data lines, for generating an output signal that is
capable of providing picture information to a display device,
comprising: <br />
first means for generating a first control signal in
order to select one of said data lines to be used in conjunction with
the generation of said output signal; <br />
second means responsive to
said television signal for generating a clock signal that is
indicative of timings of individual bits of a data sequence of a clock
run-in portion of a data line; <br />
a source of said television signal; <br />
a first-in, first-out background memory having a data input that is coupled to said source; <br />
third
means coupled to said background memory and responsive to said
television signal and to said clock signal for identifying in a given
video line, said data sequence of said clock run-in portion of said data
line and for storing in said background memory such video lines that
are identified as data lines but only when individual bits of said data
sequence of said clock run-in portion are correct, said first means
storing said data lines such that prior to the generation of said first
control signal, said background memory already contains a substantial
number of stored data lines of said television signal; <br />
fourth
means responsive to said first control signal and coupled to said
background memory for controlling during a given interval that follows
the generation of said first control signal, read-out from said
background memory of a plurality of stored data lines of said television
signal, suc<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>h that the duration of said given interval is substantially
shorter than that of a corresponding interval between the occurrence
of an initial data line of said plurality of data lines and the
occurrence of a final data line thereof, so as to reduce access time to
said plurality of data lines, said fourth means controlling read-out
of said plurality of data lines in a first-in, first-out manner for
generating during said given interval, a data signal that contains the
data of said plurality of data lines; and <br />
a data processor
responsive to said data signal for selecting said one data line to
generate in accordance therewith said output signal.<br />
32. An
apparatus according to claim 31 wherein said third means identifies
said video line as data line when data sequence of a framing code
portion immediately follows said data sequence of said clock run-in
portion. 33. An apparatus
according to claim 31 wherein said third means identifies said video
line as data line by identifying a 12 bit sequence (101011100100) in
data that are derived from said video line.
<br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>This
invention relates to a teletext decoder employing a so-called
background or buffer memory for storing multipages of teletext incoming
data. <br />
Teletext is a television-based communication technique
in which a given horizontal video line is utilized for broadcasting
textual and graphical information encoded in a digital binary
representation. Such horizontal video line signal that contains
teletext data is referred to herein as a Data-line. It is assumed
herein, for explanation purposes, that teletext is sent by the
broadcaster only during the vertical blanking interval (VBI), when no
other picture information is sent. The organization of the binary
information in the broadcast signal is determined by the standard
employed by the broadcaster. By way of an example only, references are
made herein to a teletext based on a standard referred to by the British
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) as CEEFAX. <br />
Each Data-line
carries data synchronizing and address information and the codes for a
Row of 40 characters. The synchronizing information includes a clock
run-in sequence followed by an 8-bit framing code sequence. Each
Data-line contains a 3 bit code referred to as the Magazine number. A
teletext Page includes 24 Rows of 40 characters, including a special top
Row called the Page-Header. Each ROW is contained in a corresponding
Data-line. A user selected Page is intended to be displayed in place of,
or added to a corresponding television picture frame. A Magazine is
defined to include Pages having Data-lines containing a corresponding
Magazine number. The transmission of a selected Page begins with, and
includes its Page Header and ends with and excludes the next Page Header
of the selected Magazine number. All intermediate Data lines carrying
the selected Magazine number relate to the selected Page. <br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nfFYEtCZ9Mg/TwIbRa1xWCI/AAAAAAAAIkI/gB38MX5XS3w/s1600/PH-FAST-TTX-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693142865026308130" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nfFYEtCZ9Mg/TwIbRa1xWCI/AAAAAAAAIkI/gB38MX5XS3w/s320/PH-FAST-TTX-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
1 illustrates a block diagram of a conventional teletext decoder that
includes an integrated circuit (IC) referred to herein as video input
processor (VIP) such as, for example, of the type SAA5231 made by
Philips Corporation. The VIP receives a baseband composite video signal
VIDEO that contains Data-lines. The VIP performs data slicing, clock
regeneration and timing synchronization functions and generates a serial
data signal DATA and an associated clock signal CLOCK Signals DATA and
CLOCK represent the data contained in the horizontal video lines.
Signals DATA and CLOCK are coupled to a second IC of the decoder,
referred to herein as computer controlled teletext IC (CCT) that
includes a data processor responsive to signals DATA and CLOCK. An
example of such CCT is IC SAA5243 made by Philips Corporation. <br />
The
CCT performs data acquisition and interface function with a page
memory that is included in the teletext decoder. For example, only a
teletext Page requested by the user is derived by the CCT from the
serial data and clock signals and stored in the page memory. The CCT
also generates video display signals R,G, and B from the teletext data
stored in the page memory to provide corresponding drive signals that
contain picture information for display in the receiver picture tube
(CRT), not shown. <br />
A control microcomputer, not shown in FIG. 1,
that is responsive to user initiated commands, generates control and
status messages. The messages are coupled via, for example, a standard
IIC bus to the CCT, for controlling the operation of the CCT. <br />
A
total of, for example, 500 Pages may be periodically transmitted
during each interval of 15-45 seconds, depending on the number of
Data-lines used for teletext during the VBI. Consequently, if the
teletext Page is not already stored in memory when a new user page
request occurs, the user may experience a nuisance as a result of
waiting a maximum of 15-45 seconds until the requested Page is
displayed. It may be desirable to reduce such Page access time. It may
also be desirable to utilize in the teletext decoder a standard CCT
such that the reduction of the access time is provided as an add-on
feature to the teletext decoder. <br />
A teletext decoder, embodying
an aspect of the invention, includes a background or buffer memory that
is capable of storing multi-Pages of teletext data. The portion of
serial data signal DATA generated by the VIP that meets a predetermined
identification criteria and, therefore, assumed to represent a
Data-line is stored in the buffer memory. At any given time after the
operation of the buffer memory is enabled, such as immediately after
the user turns on the television receiver, the buffer memory contains,
for example, the most recently received teletext Pages. The maximum
number of such Pages that can be contained in the buffer memory at any
given time is determined by the buffer memory Page storage capacity. <br />
In
order to reduce the size of the hardware required to identify each
video line that is assumed to be a Data-line, only a limited, rather
than a complete identification operation, is initially performed. The
complete identification is accomplished in the CCT, during a read-out
operation, when the data is read-out of the buffer memory. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>In
accordance with a feature of the invention, the limited identification
operation for identifying a given Data-line is accomplished by
identifying in a video line signal data of a sequence of the clock
run-in that is immediately followed by a sequence of the framing code.
When, for example, both sequences are identified it is assumed that a
Data-line is identified. Therefore, a portion of such identified
Data-line that contains relevant data bits is stored in the buffer
memory. Otherwise, the video line information is not stored in the
buffer memory. The inclusion of the test for the data of the clock
run-in sequence, advantageously, reduces the probability that the data
that is stored is, in fact, not a Data-line. <br />
When the user's
page request occurs, the data processor of the CCT receives the data
that have been stored in the buffer memory and searches for the presence
of a Data-line representing a Page Header of the requested Page. The
search operation that is included in the read-out operation begins when
the first data is read out of the buffer memory following the
occurrence of the user's page request. <br />
Memory read-out cycles
occur between VBI's, when no teletext data is received. If the Page
Header of the user requested teletext Page is found in the buffer
memory in the course of such memory scan or search operation, the
stored data of the Page Header is transferred to the page memory. <br />
During
the search operation, the CCT operates in the full channel operation
mode. In the full channel operation mode, the Data-lines in the buffer
memory are read out and transferred to the page memory in a first-in,
first-out manner and without encountering large time gaps. Such large
time gaps occur when teletext information is received by th<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>e CCT only
during the VBI's. Therefore, the search operation occurs faster than if
the Data lines were received, unbuffered, only during the VBI's. For
example, the access time to a teletext Page that is already contained
in a buffer memory capable of storing 500 teletext Pages may be reduced
to, for example, 0.8 seconds that is, advantageously, substantially
shorter than the 15-45 seconds maximum access time, referred to before.
Furthermore, should more than, for example, 600 pages be transmitted,
the access time for a page which, at the time the user page request
occurs, is not already stored in the memory, is reduced by the time
required to fill the buffer memory with teletext data. <br />
After
the Page Header is identified in the CCT, other Data-lines that are
associated with the requested Page and that are stored in the buffer
memory are read-out. On the other hand, if no Page Header Data-line of
the requested teletext Page is found in the buffer memory in the course
of the search operation, the unbuffered data received from the VIP
will be coupled, after the end of the search operation, directly to the
data processor of the CCT such that the buffer memory is bypassed. <br />
When
a buffer memory with large storage capacity is utilized, the read-out
operation that was explained before may require a longer interval than
the interval between consecutive VBI's. It may be desirable to store
incoming Data-lines in the buffer memory that occur during the
intervening VBI's prior to the completion of the read-out operation. If
such incoming Data-lines of the Page requested by the user were not
stored, an undesirable situation might have occurred in which only a
partial Page is temporarily displayed on the CRT. Such temporary
condition may continue until after the time when the same Page is
re-transmitted. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>In the teletext decoder, embodying an aspect of
the invention, the read-out operation in the buffer memory occurs only
outside the VBI's. Data-lines are stored in the buffer memory during
the VBI's that occur prior to the completion time of the read-out
operation. Therefore, Data-lines that were stored in the buffer memory
after the read-out operation has been initiated and prior to its
termination may be read-out and processed by the CCT. In this way,
advantageously an incoming Data-line that is included in the teletext
Page that is requested may be processed during the read-out operation <br />
Each
Data-line is stored in the background memory and provided to the CCT
in a format that can be readily processed by the CCT. For example, a
Data-line is stored as 344 bits that include a byte containing the
framing code, two bytes containing hamming codes and forty bytes
containing the remaining data. <br />
The buffer memory of the decoder
of the invention is organized as a serial memory such as, for example, a
first-in, first-out memory (FIFO). For example, immediately after
teletext signal is received in the television receiver, the Data-lines
are stored in the FIFO even if no user page request occurs. Thus, at the
time the user changes the mode of operation of the television receiver
from providing normal picture program to providing teletext
information, the most recently received teletext data are already
stored in the buffer memory. <br />
The buffer memory may utilize,
advantageously, a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) of a large
capacity that operates as a FIFO. The DRAM may be refreshed between
VBI's. A given storage location of the FIFO may be addressed by a read
address pointer during the memory read-out operation and by a write
address pointer during the VBI's when memory store-in operation occurs.
By using separate read and write address pointers, the aforementioned
advantage of storing Data-lines while the read-out operation is
incomplete may be realized. <br />
A television apparatus, embodying
an aspect of the invention, is responsive t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s1282/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmF5T_zEnQSUigMaQFMlGxZalQrXbGziVXx5HEAcEiPEjz5pf26DRDvqUt4D3_yHhXINRlc4THtmIiTuXCvDiCOsjg2EjoGpGJxaRNOl5hM02wlGopYzJgwN8nVia3q62Ot0dj-NDrLGOfOHT6eoC-099UCM8wAPk87Uq4lcCbEuDO9R8ab-ZWcHL2RFc_/s320/IMGH_13392__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>o an incoming television
signal containing video lines that carry text data, defining
corresponding data lines for generating an output signal that is
capable of providing picture information to a display device. A first
control signal is generated in order to select one of the data lines to
be used in conjunction with the generation of the output signal. A
first-in, first-out background memory has a data input that is coupled
to an output of a source of the television signal. Storage of
corresponding data lines of the television signal in the background
memory occurs each time such corresponding data lines occur. Prior to
the time the first control signal is generated, the background memory
already contains a substantial number of stored data lines of the
television signal. During a given interval that follows the generation
of the first control signal, read-out from the background memory of a
plurality of data lines of the television signal that have been stored
before the end of the given interval occurs. The given interval has a
duration that is substantially shorter than that of a corresponding
interval between the occurrence of the first one of the plurality of
data lines and the occurrence of the last one so as to reduce access
time to the plurality of data lines. Read-out of the plurality of data
lines occurs in a first-in, first-out manner for generating during the
given interval a data signal that contains the data of the plurality of
data lines, including data lines that have been stored in the
background memory during the given interval. A data processor is
responsive to the data signal for selecting the one data line to
generate in accordance therewith the output signal. <br />
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art teletext decoder; <br />
FIG. 2 illustrates a rapid access teletext decoder, embodying a feature of the invention; <br />
FIG. 3 illustrates a diagram that is useful for explaining the operation of a first-in, first-out background memory of FIG. 2; <br />
FIG. 4 illustrates a flow chart that is useful for explaining the operation of the teletext decoder of FIG. 2; and <br />
FIG.
5 illustrates a detail schematic of a linear feedback shift register
that is used to provide an address pointer for a background memory of
FIG. 2. <br />
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-faUHukyl6Ws/TwIbQwTvhpI/AAAAAAAAIkA/i9-7EWPhGPM/s1600/PH-FAST-TTX-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693142853609293458" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-faUHukyl6Ws/TwIbQwTvhpI/AAAAAAAAIkA/i9-7EWPhGPM/s320/PH-FAST-TTX-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>FIG.
2 illustrates a block diagram of a rapid access teletext decoder,
embodying an aspect of an invention. Similar symbols and numerals in
FIGS. 1 and 2 indicate similar items or functions. <br />
A baseband
composite video signal VIDEO of FIGURE 2 is coupled from a video
detector, not shown, to a VIP 20, such as, for example, of the type
SAA5231. VIP 20 generates from signal VIDEO a serial data signal TTDout
at a bit rate of 6.9375 MHz and a corresponding clock signal CLOCK
that provides timing information of the bits of signal TTDout. VIP 20
also generates a video composite sync signal VCS derived from signal
VIDEO. Signal VCS is coupled to a CCT 30 such as, for example, of the
SAA5243 IC type. In turn, CCT 30 generates a signal SAND containing the
phase locking and color burst blanking information. Signal SAND is
coupled back to VIP 20 to provide horizontal phase-locking information
to an oscillator of VIP 20, not shown. <br />
The serial data
contained in signal TTDout are coupled to a serial-to-parallel converter
35 that includes a shift register, not shown. Serial-to-parallel
converter 35 generates a parallel word 35a that is coupled to an
identification unit 40. <br />
In accordance with an aspect of the
invention, unit 40 tests for the occurrence, in signal TTDout, of a
12-bit sequence (101011100100) of bits in the data stream, representing a
4-bit clock run-in sequence immediately followed by the framing code.
The checking for the occurrence of such 12-bit sequence is performed
during a time window of 2.7 microsecond, starting 11.8 microseconds
after the leading edge of a horizontal sync portion, not shown, of
signal VIDEO. Such checking is done for each video line during the
possible teletext lines, 6-22 and 319-335, that occur in the VBI's of
the corresponding field portions of signal VIDEO. <br />
When the
12-bit sequence is recognized, it is assumed that the video line
represents a Data-line of teletext. After an assumed Data-line is
identified, only, for example, 344 bits of the assumed data-line are
stored in a buffer memory 45, operating as a FIFO. Advantageously, the
checking for the 4-bit clock run-in sequence reduces a probability that
nonteletext data of a video line that is not a Data-line will be stored
in memory 45. <br />
A timing and control unit 100 receives signals
SAND, VCS and CLOCK and generates corresponding control signals that,
for example, control the operations associated with memory 45, such as
the operation of identification unit 40. <br />
It may be desirable to utilize a DRAM IC of a large storage capacity such as, for example, of the 1,098,586 (2 <sup>20 </sup>)
bit organization as the main storage element of buffer memory 45. This
is so in order to provide a storage capacity for a substantial number
of teletext Pages. Also, in order to reduce the cost and power
dissipation of memory 45 it may be desirable to utilize DRAM's with
slow access or cycle time that are typically less expensive. Therefore,
the serial teletext data in signal TTDout is converted by converter 35
to 4-bit parallel words, or nibbles 35b. The bits of each nibble 35b
are stored simultaneously in buffer memory 45, organized as, for
example, a four-bit-wide DRAM. In this way, the DRAM cycle time may be
longer than the teletext bit rate. <br />
For each assumed Data-line,
the nibble that is firstly stored in buffer memory 45 corresponds to
the most significant nibble of the framing code. Thereafter, the
remaining consecutively occurring 85 nibbles are stored. The clock
run-in bits need not be stored. <br />
A write counter 55 generates a
write address pointer, or word W-COUNT that is coupled via a
multiplexer/comparator 60 to an address port 45a of memory 45. FIG. 5
illustrates a combination of a schematic diagram and a block diagram of
counter 55 of FIG. 2. Similar numerals and symbols in FIGS. 2 and 5
indicate similar items or functions. <br />
Write counter 55 of FIG. 5
includes a 6-bit conventional binary counter 551 that produces 6 bits,
A0-A5, of word W-COUNT. The most significant bit of counter 551, bit
A5, is coupled to a corresponding clock input terminal CP of each
flip-flop of a conventional 14-bit linear feedback shift register
(LFSR) counter 552. Counter 552 includes 14 D-type flip-flops that form
a shift register The input to a data input terminal of a first
flip-flop 552a in the shift register chain of the flip-flops is formed
by applying suitable EXCLUSIVE 0R operations on output signals of the
first, third, fifth and fourteenth flip-flops in the shift register
chain, in a well known manner. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>LFSR counter
552 requires less hardware and is faster than a conventional binary
counter since it avoids the carry propagation associated with the
conventional binary counter. LFSR counter 552 goes through a complete
sequence cycle every 2 <sup>14 </sup> -1 pulses of bit A5 of binary counter 551. Binary counter 551 goes through a complete sequence cycle every 2 <sup>6 </sup>
clock pulses at an input terminal 551a of counter 551. Consequently,
each of counter 55 and word W-COUNT sequences through a complete
predetermined cyclical sequence every 2 <sup>20 </sup> -64 clock pulses that occur at input terminal 551a. <br />
The
address of each nibble that is stored is supplied by word W-COUNT of
counter 55 of FIG. 2. The value of word W-COUNT is changed to the next
or consecutive value in the predetermined cyclical sequence of counter
55 after each nibble is stored. The number of different values in such
cyclical sequence that is, for example, (2 <sup>20 </sup> -64), is equal to the number of nibble storage locations utilized in memory 45. Therefore, advantageously, each DRAM, having 2 <sup>20 </sup> locations, is substantially fully utilized. The number (2 <sup>20 </sup>
-64) is equal to an integer multiple of 86, the number of nibbles
required for storing the 344 bits of each Data-line. As a result of the
FIFO operation, a maximum of (2 <sup>20 </sup> -64) divided by 86 of the most recently received Data-lines can be stored in buffer memory 45 of FIG. 2. <br />
FIG.
3 illustrates, schematically, the cyclical sequence of word W-COUNT of
write counter 55. Similar numbers and symbols in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5
depict similar items or functions. The cyclical sequence includes 2 <sup>20 </sup> -64 values distributed in a circular manner from a <sub>l </sub> to a <sub>Q </sub> where Q=2 <sup>20 </sup> -64. Thus, for example, after a nibble location, depicted as a <sub>n </sub> in FIG. 3, is stored in memory 45 of FIG. 2, the next nibble to be stored in memory 45 is stored in a location depicted as a <sub>n </sub>+1 in FIG. 3, and so forth. <br />
The
number of different values in the cyclical sequence of counter 55 of
FIG. 2 is equal to an integer multiple of 86. Therefore, Data lines are
stored, for example, always in the same corresponding groups of <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IlHodayoZKw/TwIbQr1fMCI/AAAAAAAAIjw/S11GGpFn1E4/s1600/PH-FAST-TTX-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693142852408651810" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IlHodayoZKw/TwIbQr1fMCI/AAAAAAAAIjw/S11GGpFn1E4/s320/PH-FAST-TTX-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>86 nibbles of memory 45, such as, for example, a <sub>1 </sub> -a <sub>86 </sub>
of FIG. 3. The most significant nibble of the framing code is stored,
for example, always at the same memory locations of memory 45. This
feature, advantageously, simplifies the hardware complexity of unit 100
of FIG. 2 that controls memory 45. <br />
FIG. 4 is a flow chart
depicting the operation of the teletext decoder of FIG. 2 after a page
request for displaying requested Page on a CRT, not shown, is initiated
by the user. Similar numerals and symbols in FIGS. 2-5 indicate similar
items or functions. A given user page request that is communicated to a
microcomputer 65 of FIG. 2 via a keyboard, not shown, causes
microcomputer 65 to generate a clear page memory command signal. Such
command signal is coupled via a conventional IIC bus to CCT 30. CCT 30
stores in all the memory locations of a page memory 70, in response to
the clear page memory command signal, "blank" characters, referred to as
page memory clearing operation. After a 22 millisecond interval of the
memory clearing operation has elapsed, microcomputer 65 sends a second
command signal to CCT 30 that causes CCT 30 to begin operating in a
mode of operation referred to as full channel operation mode, as shown
in step d of FIG. 4. <br />
In the full channel operation mode, data
is received by CCT 30 of FIG. 2 during each video line in a given frame
interval of signal VIDEO. In comparison, in normal field flyback
operation mode, data is received for processing by CCT 30 only during
lines 6-22 and 319-325 of the VBI's of the corresponding field intervals
of signal VIDEO. <br />
In a next step, e, of FIG. 4<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CHIWKi7tV1s/TwIbQDH_0uI/AAAAAAAAIjk/ItYhCcyez9E/s1600/PH-FAST-TTX-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693142841480434402" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CHIWKi7tV1s/TwIbQDH_0uI/AAAAAAAAIjk/ItYhCcyez9E/s320/PH-FAST-TTX-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>,
microcomputer 65 30 of FIG. 2 sends a corresponding page request
command signal to CCT 30. As a result, CCT 30 stores, via a bus 70a, a
corresponding word in page memory 70 containing a bit referred to as
Page Being Looked For (PBLF) bit at a TRUE state. Simultaneously,
timing and control unit 100 decodes the information on bus 70a and a
corresponding flip-flop, not shown, of unit 100 causes a control signal
FLAG to assume a TRUE state that initiates a read-out interval, or
operation in memory 45. <br />
To perform the read-out operation in
memory 45, a read address counter 50, controlled by unit 100, is
utilized. Counter 50 that may be constructed similarly to Counter 55
generates a read address pointer, of word R-COUNT that is coupled via
multiplexer/comparator 60 to address port 45a of memory 45. Immediately
prior to the time in which the first memory location of memory 45 is
read out following the page request command signal, that defines the
beginning time of the read-out operation, counter 50 is preset to form
word R-COUNT having a value that is identical to that already contained
in word W-COUNT. Word W-COUNT is coupled via timing and control unit
100 to an input port 50a of read address counter 50. In order to preset
counter 50, a control signal is coupled to a corresponding terminal of
port 50a, thereby causing the value of word W-COUNT to be stored in
counter 50. The result is that word R-COUNT is made equal to word
W-COUNT. An example of an initial condition of the read-out operation
is depicted in FIG. 3 by the arrows representing words R-COUNT and
W-COUNT that point both to location a <sub>n </sub>. <br />
A
parallel-to-serial converter 75 of FIG. 2, converts each nibble 45b
generated at a read-out output port of memory 45 to a serial data signal
TTDin. The bits of signal TTDin at a terminal 75a of converter 75
occur at the standard teletext bit-rate. After each location is read
out from memory 45, word R-COUNT changes to contain the consecutive
value in the cyclical sequence that was mentioned before and the
content of the next consecutive location is read out. Thus, the arrow
in FIG. 3 that represents schematically word R-COUNT "moves" angularly
in the same angular direction that has been associated with the
"movement" of &he arrow representing word W-COUNT. As a result,
signal TTDin of FIG. 2 contains data lines that correspond with the
originally stored data-lines of signal VIDEO and that are read out from
memory 45 in a first-in, first-out manner. <br />
Serial data signal
TTDin is coupled via a switch 80, controlled by signal FLAG, to a
teletext data input terminal TTD of CCT 30 when signal FLAG is TRUE.
Signal TTDin is processed by CCT 30 in the full channel operation mode.
Therefore, advantageously, the length of the read-out interval that is
required for reading out and processing in CCT 30 a given number of
corresponding Data lines that are contained in signal TTDin
is, advantageously, substantially shorter than if such Data lines were
received at input terminal TTD of CCT 30 only during the VBI's. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>In
steps f and g of FIG. 4, CCT 30 of FIG. 2 performs a search operation
for identifying, in signal TTDin, a Data-line representing the Page
Header data line of the user requested page, as depicted in an exit
point "yes" from step f of FIG. 4. The Page Header is recognized in CCT
30 of FIG. 2, unlike in unit 40, by utilizing also hamming code
checking When the Page-Header data line is identified, CCT 30 stores a
corresponding word in page memory 70 via bus 70a that is related to the
Page-Header and that causes bit PBLF to become FALSE. Afterwards, as
shown in steps k, 1 and m of FIG. 4, Data lines are read out from
memory 45 of FIG. 2. Each Data line that is related to the requested
Page is identified in a well known manner and stored in page memory 70.
<br />
In accordance with another feature of the invention, at the
end of a time-out interval TO1 following the time when bit PBLF becomes
FALSE, timer 100a of FIG. 2 causes signal FLAG to become FALSE. This
situation is shown in an exit point "yes" in step m of FIG. 4.
Consequently, the read-out operation that is controlled by unit 100
terminates. Termination of the read-out operation may also occur prior
to the end time of interval TO1, as described later on. Time-out
interval TO1, has a length of, for example, between 20-40 milliseconds,
from the time bit PBLF became FALSE. During interval TO1, the read out
operation continues in a similar manner that was explained before in
the full channel operation mode of CCT 30. <br />
It is assumed that
the entire requested Page can be read out of memory 45 during interval
TO1 following the time the Page-Header data line is identified. Thus,
if, for example, two Page Headers that represent the same requested
Page are stored in memory 45, only the first one to be read out during
interval TO1 is processed by CCT 30; whereas, the other Page Header and
the corresponding Data-lines associated with that Page are not read
out of memory 45 during interval TO1 and are neither received nor
processed in CCT 30. <br />
Terminating the read-out operation after
interval TO1 has elapsed, advantageously, prevents a visually
undesirable condition from occurring in which the teletext picture on
the CRT, not shown, changes, for example, twice for a given user page
request. Such undesirable condition could have occurred as a result the
aforementioned two Page-Headers that are stored in memory 45. <br />
The
read-out operation also terminates, prior to the end of interval TO1,
when it is detected that all the data stored in memory 45 have been
read out. Such situation occurs, for example, if no Data-line stored in
memory 45 that contains the Page Header is identified, as shown in
step g of FIG. 4. Such situation also occurs at an exit point "yes" in
step 1. <br />
When all the data stored in memory 45 of FIG. 4 have
been read out, prior to the end of interval TO1, an output signal EQUAL
of the comparator portion o<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cNzOr9EtXxw/TwIbPwDlBzI/AAAAAAAAIjY/kLkfrg6vdXI/s1600/PH-FAST-TTX-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5693142836361627442" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cNzOr9EtXxw/TwIbPwDlBzI/AAAAAAAAIjY/kLkfrg6vdXI/s320/PH-FAST-TTX-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>f
multiplexer/comparator 60 of FIG. 2 becomes TRUE. Signal EQUAL becomes
TRUE when word R-COUNT becomes equal to word W-COUNT. Signal EQUAL at
the TRUE state causes signal FLAG to become FALSE that causes the
read-out operation to terminate. Signal FLAG is prevented from assuming
the TRUE state until after word R-COUNT is incremented at least once.
Thus, signal FLAG will not assume prematurely the TRUE state. <br />
The
situation when signal EQUAL becomes TRUE in step 1 or g of FIG. 4 is
depicted by the position of the arrow in FIG. 3 representing word
R-COUNT. After moving angularly around the circle, that arrow points to
the same location, at the end of the read-out operation of memory 45
of FIG. 2, as the arrow representing word W-COUNT of FIG. 3. <br />
During
the read-out operation, read out memory cycles in memory 45 of FIG. 2,
depicted in steps f, g, k, 1 and m of the flow chart of FIG. 4, occur
only outside the VBI of each field interval of signal VIDEO of FIG. 2.
Because the storage capacity of memory 45 is large, the read-out
operation may require a substantially longer period than o<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s1282/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIrAbzEQkkVWIE5re44q9GR21AwxJBNkR4Z8u3aCgn8BRL17mcziF3bzyx0Ru_bJu6Rk9u7QcQ98otxAnRNk1Ai-bQWetYKthfC7YYvfh9kIpfi9YzXP8Y4yS82LA2bTf0X_xX-mgPS45ASr1clr6OXs80fwKhNL-08Gpf4tBQ-uh0GggTKuA98dus_Qe/s320/IMGH_13397__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>ne period
between a pair of consecutive VBI's. <br />
In accordance with another
aspect of the invention, during the intervening VBI's, that occur from
the time the read-out operation begins to the time the read-out
operation terminates, the Data-lines that occur then in signal VIDEO
are stored in memory 45 that operates as a FIFO. Data-lines that are
stored in memory 45, during the intervening VBI's of the read-out
operation, or interval, are made available for processing by CCT 30, if
required, during the read-out operation. Advantageously, this feature
prevents an undesirable situation in which, instead of a complete Page,
only a partial Page is derived from the data lines stored in memory 45
and displayed on the CRT, not shown. Such partial Page might have been
displayed if some Data-lines, associated with the same requested Page,
occur in signal VIDEO but were not stored in memory 45 during the
intervening VBI's that occur after the time the read-out operation
began. If such Data-lines were not stored in memory 45, they cannot be
processed in CCT 30 in step k of FIG. 4. Consequently, they will not be
stored in page memory 70 of FIG. 2. <br />
Assume, for explanation
purpose, that the position of the arrow representing word W-COUNT in
FIG. 3 has changed angularly as a result of storing Data-lines in
memory 45 of FIG. 2 during the intervening VBI's that occur prior to
the termination of the read-out operation. The position of such arrow
has changed from the initial position, pointing to location a <sub>n </sub> of FIG. 3, to a new position pointing to location a <sub>p </sub>.
During the read-out operation, the data of the data lines that were
stored during the intervening VBI's may be read out and the position of
the other arrow, representing word R-COUNT, may "move" angularly around
the circle more than a full circle, as shown by a helix 666. Thus,
when the arrow representing word R-COUNT points to the same location, a
<sub>p </sub>, at the end of such read-out operation, signal EQUAL of
FIG. 2 will become TRUE. Signal EQUAL indicates that of all the data in
the FIFO has been read out, as shown in exit point "yes" of step 1 of
FIG. 4. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>The
read-out operation from memory 45 of FIG. 2 may
terminate, in an exit point "yes" step g of FIG. 4, when no Page-Header
data line has been identified or in an exit point "yes" of step 1.
Termination at each of these exit points occurs prior to the end time
of interval TO1 and after all the memory locations of memory 45 of FIG.
2 have been read out. <br />
It
is assumed that all the memory locations of memory 45 have been read
out after a second time-out interval TO2 of, for example, 0.8 seconds,
has elapsed from the time microcomputer 65 has sent the page request
command signal to CCT 30. The page request command signal has been
referred to in step e of FIG. 4. <br />
In accordance with a further
aspect of the invention, after interval TO2 has elapsed, microcomputer
65 of FIG. 2 sends a command signal to CCT 30 that causes CCT 30 to
operate in a field flyback operation mode. Advantageously, microcomputer
65 establishes time out interval TO2 by a software routine without the
need for obtaining information from CCT 30 or from unit 100. <br />
At
the end of the read-out operation, signal FLAG of FIG. 2 becomes
FALSE, as explained before. In the FALSE state of signal FLAG, switch
80 couples signal TTDout of VIP 20 to terminal TTD of CCT 30, directly,
in preparation for field flyback operation mode of CCT 30 that
follows, as described below. <br />
In the field flyback operation
mode, signal FLAG is FALSE, as explained before, and signal TTDout is
coupled to terminal TTD and processed by CCT 30 such that memory 45 is
bypassed. Thus, incoming teletext Data-lines related to the Page that
is displayed on the CRT are processed in the field flyback operation
mode of CCT 30 only during the VBI's, in a conventionally known manner.
<br />
Because memory 45 is a serial memory, or FIFO, the memory
location in memory 45 in which a given Data line of signal VIDEO or of
signal TTDin is stored is "transparent" with respect to CCT 30.
Therefore, advantageously, CCT 30 can be implemented using the same
type IC, such as of the SAA5243 type, that is used in the prior art
teletext decoder of FIG. 1. Thus, inclusion of memory 45 of FIG. 2 in
the teletext decoder does not have to affect the hardware complexity of
CCT 30. <br />
Timing and control unit 100 controls the appropriate
timing of the identification operation of unit 40 during the VBI
window. It controls the store-in and the read-out operations and the
refreshing of the DRAM's of memory 45. Modern DRAM's may have to go
through a refresh cycle every, for example, 8 msec, in each of 512
address rows of the DRAM. To accomplish the refresh cycles during the
read-out operation, nine (9) predetermined bits of word R-COUNT of read
address counter 50, such as, for example, A0-A6, A13 and A15 of FIG.
5, are applied to the row address lines of the DRAM's during the
read-out operation The nine predetermined bits change in counter 50
during the read-out operation in such a way that at least all the 512
possible binary combinations of the nine bits occur within each 8
millisecond interval. A read cycle, besides accessing a particular
memory location, also performs a refresh cycle of the memory address
row that is addressed. In this way, during the read-out operation, all
the 512 address rows of the DRAM's are refereshed. <br />
When no
read-out operation occurs in memory 45, such as when no page request is
pending, unit 100 effectuates what is known as "CAS before RAS"
refresh operation. In the "CAS before RAS" refresh operation, CAS and
RAS control signals of the DRAM's, not shown, are generated by unit 100
at a predetermined rate to form refresh cycles. On the other hand, when
a page request is pending, the read-out operation occurs and the
aforementioned "CAS before RAS" refresh operation is replaced by read
cycles that occur during the read-out operation. Thus complete refresh
operation of the DRAM's is guaranteed.<br />
<br />
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Other References:</div>
A data sheet for teleview data acquisition chip MR9710, published by Plessey Semiconductors Ltd., pp. 59-65. <br />
Data
sheet for videotext data slicer and clock regenerator SL9100EXP, publ.
by Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. (Attention to Fig. 4). <br />
"Applications
of Picture Memories in Television Receivers", Berkhoff, et al.,
published in IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. CE-29, No.
3, Aug. 1983. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s1282/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpz572APV1m8SOHRt1BWGwT4MvdwYHjQ-IAWJadp5R92x280pfYRa1I2magsykHda43v6o60Y5eaOgCLl-Y7yicXNLBFH6niglRXtGsX1bD9I0V6E4WV9B2ZJYURKtXxTxGJktQBpgMCnvncRpJXjijU8ObLF680SZfXKcdzjGj9Cc7QBpKsZrYoijnZPY/s320/IMGH_13406__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERFFipbUaGCg8lJU6OMhx5fpvdHyFq-zB3SxrGz63mQPfHlrqrdCLpqyU_rtUTJHo2xrUprjWA4dQnVguvygYkwiiC0b79Y2nl4b1rX_NhehmLfNnfPpmiAvPDehdl6CGa1hyphenhyphengr8__1k/s1600/IMG_4111.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a>Philips publication No. 9398 401 30011, dated
Jan. 1985, entitled "ICS for Computer Controlled TV Memory Based
Feature", pp. 27-41. <br />
Development data sheet, dated 1986, entitled "SAA9030 Background Memory Controller", published by Philips Corp. <br />
Development
data sheet, dated 1988, entitled "SAA9040 Computer Controlled Teletext
Extension (CCTE)", published by Philips Corp. <br />
User's Manual,
entitled "Computer Controlled Teletext User's Manual", dated 1983, by
J. R. Kinghorn, published by Mullard Application Laboratory. <br />
IBA Technical Review, No. ISSN 0308-423 X entitled "Specification of Standard for Broadcast Teletext Signals." <br />
Design
Handbook entitled "The Programmable Gate Array Design Handbook", dated
1986, published by Xilinx Co., San Jose, California, pp. 2-114 to
2-117. <br />
Data Book Entitled "the Programmable Gate Array Data
Book", including a note entitled Megabit FIFO in two Chips: One LCA and
One Dram, by Alfke, published 1988 by Xilinx Co., pp. 6-35 and 6-36.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
</div></div></div><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p></div>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-86337686368720377562023-12-20T17:00:00.003+01:002023-12-23T11:58:15.501+01:00GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR M55-355A CTI CHASSIS CUC3510 CRT TUBE PHILIPS A51EAK01X05 45AX SYSTEM<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s1282/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s320/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1751" data-original-width="1191" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQtnZy798rP4w49MsXmvNquzKoh0ctvnAOClo8YPTA7tCnVPc7d-nMcHKaxERalR3N4Uja5hlhkpmmSTDM7IXSYxvWZLIUK2yun97GlaBphn7OFtmbAhaJuY0OdLmYTCg_NRcwt9-3eZlKKEUs4iD8bjK1U6bXDZthxbg1kODBlR8WHbk7mslAT-oe5ACe/s320/PHILIPS_A66EAK00X_%20A66EAK00X01_%20A66EAK00X02_%20A66EAK00X03___14__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /> <br />PHILIPS A66EAK00X A66EAK00X01 A66EAK00X02 A66EAK00X03<br /><br />FLAT SQUARE Hi-Bri COLOUR PICTURE TUBE 45AX SYSTEM<br />• Flat and square screen<br />• 110° deflection<br />• In-line, hi-bi potential A RT* gun with quadrupole cathode lens<br />• 29, 1 mm neck diameter<br />• Mask with corner suspension<br />• Hi-Bri technology<br />• Pigmented phosphors<br />• Quick-heating low-power cathodes<br />• Soft flash<br />• Slotted shadow mask optimized for minimum moire at 625 lines systems<br />• Internal magnetic shield<br />• Internal multipole<br />• Reinforced envelope for push-through mounting<br />• Anti-crackle coating<br /><br /><br /><br />GENERAL OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS<br /><br />INTRODUCTION<br />Equipment design should be based on the characteristics as stated in the data sheets. Where deviations from these general recommendations are permissible or necessary, statements to that effect will be made. If applications are considered which are not referred to in the data sheets of the relevant tube type, extra care should be taken with circuit design to prevent the tube being overloaded due to unfavourable operating conditions.<br /><br />SPREAD IN TUBE CHARACTERISTICS<br />The spread in tube characteristics is the difference between maximum and minimum values. Values not qualified as maximum or minimum are nominal ones. It is evident that average or nominal values, as well as spread figures, may differ according to the number of tubes of a certain type that are being checked. No guarantee is given for values of characteristics in settings substantially differing from those specified in the data sheets.<br /><br />SPREAD AND VARIATION IN OPERATING CONDITIONS<br />The operating conditions of a tube are subject to spread and/or variation. Spread in an operating condition is a permanent deviation from an average condition due to, e.g.. component value deviations. The average condition is found from such a number individual cases taken at random that an increase of the number will have a negligible influence. Variation in an operating condition is non-permanent (occurs as a function of time). e.g .. due to supply voltage fluctuations. The average value is calculated over a period such that a prolongation of that period will have negligible influence.<br /><br />LIMITING VALUES<br />Limiting values are in accordance with the applicable rating system as defined by IEC publication 134. Reference may be made to one of the following 3 rating systems. Absolute maximum rating system. Absolute maximum ratings are limiting values of operating and environmental conditions applicable to any electronic device of a specified type as defined by its published data, and should not be exceeded under the worst probable conditions. These values are chosen by the device manufacturer to provide acceptable serviceability of the device, taking no responsibility for equipment variations, environmental variations, and the effects of changes in operating conditions due to variations in the characteristics of the device under consideration and of all other electronic devices in the equipment. The equipment manufacturer should design so that, initially and throughout life, no absolute maximum value for the intended service is exceeded with any device under the worst probable operating condit- ions with respect to <br />supply voltage variation, equipment components spread and variation, equipment control adjustment, load variations, signal variation, environmental .conditions, and spread or variations in characteristics of the device under considerations and of all other electronic devices in the equipment.<br /><br />Design-maximum rating system. <br />Design-maximum ratings are limiting values of operating and environ- mental conditions applicable to a bogey electronic device* of a specified type as defined by its pub- lished data, and should not be exceeded under the worst probable conditions. These values are chosen by the device manufacturer to provide acceptable serviceability of the device, taking responsibility for the effects of changes in operating conditions due to variations in the charac- teristics of the electronic device under consideration. The equipment manufacturer should design so that, initially and thoughout life, no design-maximum value for the intended service is exceeqed with a bogey device under the worst probable operating conditions with respect to supply-voltage variation, equipment component variation, variation in char- acteristics of all other devices in the equipment, equipment control adjustment, load variation, signal variation and environmental conditions.<br /><br />Design-centre rating system. <br />Design-centre ratings are limiting values of operating and environmental conditions applicable to a bogey electronic device* of a specified type as defined by its published data, and should not be exceeded under average conditions. These values are chosen by the device manufacturer to provide acceptable serviceability of the device in average applications, taking responsibility for normal changes in operating conditions due to rated supply-voltage variation, equipment component spread and variation, equipment control adjustment, load variation, signal variation, environmental conditions, and variations or spread in the characteristics of all electronic devices. The equipment manufacturer should design so that, initially, no design-centre value for the intended service is exceeded with a bogey electronic device* in equipment operating at the stated normal supply voltage.<br /><br />If the tube data specify limiting values according to more than one rating system the circuit has to be<br />designed so that none of these limiting values is exceeded under the relevant conditions.<br />In addition to the limiting values given in the individual data sheets the directives in the following<br />paragraphs should be observed.<br /><br />HEATER SUPPLY<br />For maximum cathode life and optimum performance it is recommended that the heater supply be designed at the nominal heater voltage at zero beam current. Any deviation from this heater voltage has a detrimental effect on tube performance and life, and should therefore be kept to a minimum. Jn any case the deviations of the heater voltage must not exceed+ 5% and -10% from the nominal value at zero beam current. Such deviations may be caused by:<br /><br />• mains voltage fluctuations;<br />• spread in the characteristics of components such as transformers, resistors, capacitors, etc.;<br />• spread in circuit adjustments;<br />• operational variations.<br /><br />• A bogey tube is a tube whose characteristics have the published nominal values for the type. A bogey tube for any particular application can be obtained by considering only those characteristics which are directly related to the application.<br /><br />CATHODE TO HEATER VOLTAGE<br />The voltage between cathode and heater should be as low as possible and never exceed the limiting values given in the data sheets of the individual tubes. The limiting values relate to that side of the heater where the voltage between cathode and heater is greatest. The voltage between cathode and heater may be d.c., a.c., or a combination of both. Unless otherwise stated, the maximum values quoted indicate the maximum permissible d.c. voltage. If a combination of d.c. and a.c. voltages is applied, the peak value may be twice the rated Vkf; however, unless otherwise stated, this peak value shall never exceed 315 V. Unless otherwise stated, the Vkf max. holds for both polarities of the voltage; however, a positive cathode is usually the most favourable in view of insulation during life. A d.c. connection should always be present betweeh heater and cathode. Unless otherwise specified the maximum resistance should not exceed 1 M.Q; the maximum impedance at mains frequency shou Id be less than 100 k.OHM.<br /><br />INTERMEDIATE ELECTRODES (between cathode and anode)<br />In no circumstances should the tube be operated without a d.c. connection between each electrode and the cathode. The total effective impedance between each electrode and the cathode shou Id never exceed the published maximum value. However, no electrode should be connected directly to a high energy source. When such a connection is required, it should be made via a series resistor of not less<br />than 1 k.OHM.<br /><br />CUT-OFF VOLTAGE<br />Curves showing the limits of the cut-off voltage as a function of grid 2 voltage are generally included in the data. The brightness control should be so dimensioned that it can handle any tube within the limits shown, at the appropriate grid 2 voltage. The published limits are determined at an ambient illumination level of 10 lux. Because the brightness of a spot is in general greater than that of a raster of the same current, the cut-off voltage determined with the aid of a focused spot will be more negative by about 5 Vas compared with that of a focused<br />raster.<br /><br />LUMINESCENT SCREEN<br />To prevent permanent screen damage, care should be taken: - not to operate the tube with a stationary picture at high beam currents for extended periods; - not to operate the tube with a stationary or slowly moving spot except at extremely low beam currents; - if no e.h.t. bleeder is used, to choose the time constants of the cathode, grid 1, grid 2, and deflection circuits, such that sufficient beam current is maintained to discharge the e.h.t. capacitance before deflection has ceased after equipment has been switched off.<br /><br />EXTERNAL CONDUCTIVE COATING<br />The external conductive coating must be connected to the chassis. The capacitance of this coating to the final accelerating electrode may be used to provide smoothing for the e.h.t. supply. The coating is not a perfect conductor and in order to reduce electromagnetic radiation caused by the line time base and the picture content it may be necessary to make multiple connections to the coating.<br />See also 'Flashover'.<br /><br />METAL RIMBAND<br />An appreciable capacitance exists between the metal rimband and the internal conductive coating of the tube; its value is quoted in the individual data sheets.To avoid electric shock, a d.c. connection should be provided between the metal band and the external conductive coating. In receivers where the chassis ,can be connected directly to the mains there is a risk of electric shock if access is made to the metal band. To reduce the shock to the safe limit, it is suggested that a 2 Mil resistor capable of handling the peak voltages be inserted between the metal band and the point of contact with the external con- ductive coating. This safety arrangement will provide the necessary insulation from the mains but in the event of flashover high voltages will be induced on the metal band. It is therefore recommended that the 2 Mil resistor be bypassed by a 4, 7 n F capacitor capable of withstanding the peak voltage determined by the voltage divider formed by this capacitor and the capacitance of the metal rimband <br />to the internal conductive coating, and the anode voltage. The 4, 7 n F capacitor also serves to improve e.h.t. smoothing by addingthe rimband capacitance to the capacitance of the outer conductive coating.<br /><br />FLASHOVER<br />High electric field strengths are present between the gun electrodes of picture tubes. Voltages between gun electrodes may reach values of 20 kV over approx. 1 mm. Although the utmost precautions are taken in the design and manufacture of the tubes, there is always a chance that flashover will occur. The resulting transient currents and voltages may be of sufficient magnitude to cause damage to the tube itself and to various components on the chassis. Arcing terminates when the e.h.t. capacitor is discharged. Therefore it is of vital importance to provide protective circuits with spark gaps and series resistors, which should be connected according to Fig. 1. No other connections between the outer conductive coating and the chassis are permissible. As our picture tubes are manufactured in Soft-Flash technology, the peak discharge currents are limited to approx. 60 A, offering higher set reliability, optimum circuit protection and component savings (see also Technical Note 039). However this limited value of <br />60 A is still too high for the circuitry which is directly connected to the tube socket. Therefore Soft-Flash picture tubes should also be provided with spark gaps.<br /><br />IMPLOSION PROTECTION<br />All picture tubes employ integral implosion protection and must be replaced with a tube of the same type number or recommended replacement to assure continued safety.<br /><br />HANDLING<br />Although all picture tubes are provided with integral implosion protection, which meets the intrinsic protection requirements stipulated in the relevant part of IEC 65, care should be taken not to scratch or knock any part of the tube. The tube assembly should never be handled by the neck, deflection unit or other neck components. A picture tube assembly can be lifted from the edge-down position by using the two upper mounting lugs. An alternative lifting method is firmly to press the hands against the vertical sides of the rimband. When placing a tube assembly face downwards ensure that the screen rests on a soft pad of suitable material, kept free from abrasive substances. When lifting from the face-down position the hand should be placed under the areas of the faceplate close to the mounting lugs at diagonally opposite corners of the faceplate.<br /><br />When lifting from the face-up position the hands should be placed under the areas of the cone close<br />to the mounting lugs at diagonally opposite corners of the cone.<br /><br />In all handling procedures prior to insertion in the receiver cabinet there is a risk of personal injury as a result of severe accidental damage to the tube. It is therefore recommended that protective clothing shou Id be worn, particularly eye shielding. When suspending the tube assembly from the mounting lugs ensure that a minimum of 2 are used; UNDER NO Cl RCUMSTANCES HANG THE TUBE ASSEMBLY FROM ONE LUG. If provided the slots in the rimband of colour picture tubes are used in the mounting of the degaussing coils. it is not recommended to suspend the tube assembly from one or more of these slots as permanent deformation to the rimband can occur. Remember when replacing or servicing the tube assembly that a residual electrical charge may be carried by the anode contact and also the external coating if not earthed. Before removing the tube assembly from the equipment, earth the external coating and short the anode contact to the coating.<br /><br />PACKING<br />The packing provides protection against tube damage under normal conditions of shipment or handling. Observe any instructions given on the packing and handle accordingly. The tube should under no circumstances be subjected to accelerations greater than 350 m/s2.<br /><br />MOUNTING<br />Unless otherwise specified on the data sheets for individual tubes there are no restrictions on the position of mounting. The tube socket should not be rigidly mounted but should have flexible leads and be allowed to move freely. It is very desirable that tubes should not be exposed to strong electrostatic and magnetic fields.<br /><br />DIMENSIONS<br />In designing the equipment the tolerances given on the dimensional drawings should be considered. Under no circumstances should the equipment be designed around dimensions taken from individual tubes.<br /><br /><p></p><p></p><p>PHILIPS A51EAK01X05 45AX SYSTEM<br /></p><p> </p><div style="text-align: left;">
INTRODUCTION:<br />
This type the 45AX FST TUBE BY PHILIPS WAS WIDELY USED AROUND THE WORLD and fabricated for more than 22 YEARS.<br />
<br />
<br />
Picture display system including a deflection unit with a double saddle coil system <br />
PHILIPS 45AX SYSTEM<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<center>
<b>Abstract</b></center>
</div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
Self-convergent
picture display system with a color display tube and an
electromagnetic deflection unit including a field deflection coil and a
line deflection coil which are both of the saddle type and are wound
directly on a support. The deflection unit includes a pair of
magnetically permeable portions which are arranged symmetrically with
respect to the plane of symmetry of the field deflection coil on
either side of the tube axis. The magnetically permeable portion
draws magnetic flux from the end of the yoke ring in order to extend
the vertical deflection field. A self-convergent system can be
realized with different screen formats by choosing different lengths
of the magnetically permeable portions.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9i53BTixlpeyOn8dij4aV9wph5osvbTfIgJg43vbvk1EiLpY_8lQIwmBy73YO0LWcu_ZJSSkm5duSgbYASCoANeGPKjZ15GZU6IhAVvcMI2YifCB68gNhMEVZ-DxwwJZRDl6Ad4JE5Cg/s1600/IMG_4258.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582873858321966546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9i53BTixlpeyOn8dij4aV9wph5osvbTfIgJg43vbvk1EiLpY_8lQIwmBy73YO0LWcu_ZJSSkm5duSgbYASCoANeGPKjZ15GZU6IhAVvcMI2YifCB68gNhMEVZ-DxwwJZRDl6Ad4JE5Cg/s320/IMG_4258.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
What is claimed is:<br />
<br />
1.
A picture display system including a colour display tube having a
neck accommodating an electron gun assembly for generating three
electron beams, and an electromagnetic deflection unit surrounding the
paths of the electron beams which have left the electron assembly,
said deflection unit comprising<br />
<br />
a field deflection coil of the
saddle type having a front and a rear end for deflecting electron
beams generated in the display tube in a vertical direction;<br />
<br />
a
line deflection coil of the saddle type likewise having a front and a
rear end for deflecting electron beams generated in the display tube
in a horizontal direction, and a yoke ring of ferromagnetic material
surrounding the two deflection coils and having front and rear end
faces extending transversely to the tube axis, the electron beam
traversing the coils in the direction from the rear to the front ends
when the deflection unit is arranged on a display tube, characterized
in that the deflection unit also has first and second magnetically
permeable portions arranged symmetrically with respect to the plane of
symmetry of the field deflection coil on either side of the tube
axis, each magnetically permeble portion having a first end located
opposite the rear end face of the yoke ring and a second end located
at the neck of the display tube in the proximity of the location where
the electron beams leave the electron gun assembly, the length of
the first and second magnetically permeable portions and their
distance to the yoke ring being dimensioned for providing a
self-convergent picture display system.<br />
<br />
2. A picture display
system as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that regions of the
rear end of the yoke ring located on either side of the plane of
symmetry of the line deflection coil are left free by the rear end of
the field deflection coil and in that the first ends of the
magnetically permeable portions are located opposite said regions.<br />
<br />
3.
A picture display system as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that
the field deflection coil and the line deflection coil are directly
wound on a support.<br />
<br />
4. Apparatus for adapting a
self-convergent deflection unit of the type mountable on the neck of a
display tube and including a saddle type field deflection coil
screen end and a gun end extending away from said tube in a plane
disposed at an angle to a tube axis, and a yoke ring having a screen
end and a gun end, for use with display tubes having different screen
formats comprising:<br />
<br />
format adjustment means disposed adjacent
to the gun end of the yoke ring for coupling flux from the yoke ring
to the neck of the tube to supplement the field produced by the
vertical deflection coil to uniformly increase the vertical
deflection field to produce a raster having a different format from
the raster produced by said deflection unit alone.</div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIwIWH4MIdh5Le7XlS_ixU0Dr-7_GIfzdS3_srRMWQbjjHVTriTs6E7L0NDia_JrHc_rV2gXXsipX6p08NwVFa7z77G3CO7Up6ChfQQzKg_VHvpB3tuT-YiupNYLE_VGShjb7p-x6bAis/s1600/IMG_4259.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582873853066230946" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIwIWH4MIdh5Le7XlS_ixU0Dr-7_GIfzdS3_srRMWQbjjHVTriTs6E7L0NDia_JrHc_rV2gXXsipX6p08NwVFa7z77G3CO7Up6ChfQQzKg_VHvpB3tuT-YiupNYLE_VGShjb7p-x6bAis/s320/IMG_4259.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
5.
The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said field deflection coil is
arranged symmetrically about a plane of symmetry passing through said
neck and said format adjustment means comprises first and second
magnetically permeable members arranged symmetrically about said plane
of symmetry, each of said magnetically permeable members having a
first end disposed adjacent the gun end of the yoke ring and a second
end disposed adjacent the neck of the display tube.<br />
<br />
6. The
apparatus of claim 5 wherein each of said first and second
magnetically permeablel members comprises a first end located opposite
a gun end face of the yoke ring, and a second end located at the
neck of the display tube adjacent the location where the electron
beams leave the electron gun assembly.<br />
<br />
7. The apparatus of
claim 6 wherein said first end comprises a portion of said permeable
member disposed parallel to the neck of the displaya tube and said
second end comprises a portion of said magnetically permeable member
located perpepndicular to the neck of the display tube.<br />
<br />
8. The
apparatus of claim 7 wherein said second endsn of said magnetically
permeable members have inwardly extending arms subending a first
angle.<br />
<br />
9. The appaaratus of claim 8 wherein said angle is large so that the supplemental field has a positive sixpole component.</div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s1600/IMG_4260.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874325418346530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s320/IMG_4260.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a></div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
10.
The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said angle is very small, so that
said supplemental field has a dipole component and a negative sixpole
component.<br />
<br />
11. Apparatus for adapting a self-convergent
deflection unit of the type used on the neck of a display tube having an
electron gun disposed in a neck of said tube, said deflection unit
including a field deflection coil of the saddle type having a rear end
portion disposed at an angle to the axis of said tube, comprising
means disposed adjacent to said neck between said electron gun and
said deflection unit, and coupled to said deflection unit for
changing the distance between the line and field deflection points
for causing said deflection unit to produce a different screen
format.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s320/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-style: italic;">BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The
invention relates to a picture display system including a colour
display tube having a neck accommodating an electron gun assembly for
generating three electron beams, and an electromagnetic deflection unit
including</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">a field
deflection coil of the saddle type having a front and a rear end for
deflecting electron beams generated in the display tube in a vertical
direction and</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">a line
deflection coil of the saddle type likewise having a front and a rear
end for deflecting electron beams generated in the display tube in a
horizontal direction and yoke ring of ferromagnetic material
surrounds the two deflection coils and has front and rear end faces
extending transversely to the tube axis, the electron beam traversing
the coils in the direction from the rear to the front ends when the
deflection unit is arranged on a display tube.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">FOr
some time a colour display tube has become the vogue in which three
electron beams are used in one plane; the type of such a cathode ray
tube is sometimes referred to as "in-line". In this case, for
decreasing convergence errors of the electron beams, a deflection
unit is used having a line deflection coil generating a horizontal
deflection field of the pincushion type and a field deflection coil
generating a vertical deflection field of the barrel-shaped type.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">Deflection
units for in-line colour display tube systems can in principle be
made to be entirely self-convergent, that is to say, in a design of
the deflection unit which ensures convergence of the three electron
beams on the axes, anisotropic y-astigmatism errors, if any, can
simultaneously be made zero in the corners without this requiring
extra correction means. While it would be interesting from a point of
view of manufacture to have a deflection unit which is selfconvergent
for a family of display tubes of the same deflection angle and neck
diameter, but different screen formats, the problem exists, however,
that a deflection unit of given main dimensions can only be used for
display tubes of one screen format. This means that only one screen
format can be found for a fixed maximum deflection angle in which aa
given deflection unit is self-convergent without a compromise (for
example, the use of extra correction means).</span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">The
Netherlands Patent Specification 174 198 provides a solution to this
problem which is based on the fact that, starting from field and
line deflection coils having given main dimensions, selfconvergent
deflection units for a family of display tubes having different screen
formats can be assembled by modifying the effective lengths of the
field and line deflection coils with respect to each other. This
solution is based on the recognition that, if selfconvergence on the
axes has been reached, the possibly remaining anisotropic
y-astigmatism error (particularly the y-convergence error halfway the
diagonals) mainly depends on the distance between the line deflection
point and the field deflection point and to a much smaller extent on
the main dimensions of the deflection coils used. If deflection
units for different screen formats are to be produced while using
deflection coils having the same main dimensions, the distance
between the line and field deflection points may be used as a
parameter to achieve self-convergence for a family of display tubes
having different screen formats but the same maximum deflection
angle.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The variation in the
distance between the line and field deflection points necessary for
adaption to different screen formaats is achieved in the prior art by
either decreasing or increasing the effective coil length of the
line deflection coil or of the field deflection coil, or of both -
but then in the opposite sense - with the maiin dimensions of the
deflection coils remaining the same and with the dimensions of the
yoke ring remaining the same, for example, by mechanically making the
coil or coils on the rear side smaller and longer, respectively, by a
few millimeters, or by positioning, with the coil length remaining
the same, the coil window further or less far to the rear (so thata
the turns on the rear side are more or less compressed). To achieve
this, saddle-shaped line and field deflection coils of the shell type
were used. These are coils having ends following the contour of the
neck of the tube at least on the gun side. This is in contrast to the
conventional saddle coils in which the gun-sided ends, likewise as
the screen-sided ends, are flanged and extend transversely to the
tube surface. When using saddle coils of the shell type it is
possible for the field deflection coil (and hence the vertical
deflection field) to extend further to the electron gun assembly than
the line deflection coil, if the field design so requires. However,
there are also deflection units with deflection coils of the
conventional saddle type, which means that - as stated - they have
front and rear ends located in planes extending at an angle
(generally of 90.degree. ) to the tube axis. (A special type of such a
deflection unit with conventional saddle coils is, for exam</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s320/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><span style="font-style: italic;">ple, the
deflection unit described in EP 102 658 with field and line
deflection coils directly wound on a support). In this case it has
until now been impossible to extend the vertical deflection field
further to the electron gun assembly than the horizontal deflection
field, because the field deflection coil is enclosed between the
flanges of the line deflection coil.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The
deflection unit has first and second magnetically permeable portions
arranged symmetrically with respect to the plane of symmetry of the
field deflection coil on either side of the tube axis, each
magnetically permeable portion having a first end located opposite
the rear end face of othe yoke ring and a second end located at the
neck of the display tube in the proximity of the location where the
electron beams leave the electron gun assembly. The length of the
first and second magnetically permeable portions and their distance
to the yoke ring are dimensioned for providing a self-convergent
picture display system.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The
in</span><span style="font-style: italic;">vention is based on the recognition that the first ends of the
magnetically permeable portions draw a field deflection flux flux which
is taken up is adjusted by means of the distance between the first
ends and the yoke ring, and the length of the magnetically permeable
portions determines how far the vertical deflection field is extended
to the rear.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">A practical
embodiment of the picture display system according to the invention is
characterized in that regions of the rear end of the yoke ring
located on either side of the plane of symmetry of the line
deflection coil are left free by the rear end of the field deflection
coil and in that the first ends of the magnetically permeable
portions are located opposite said regions.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The
invention can particularly be used to advanatage if the field
deflection coil and the line deflection coil are directly wound on a
support.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The invention also
relates to an electromagnetic deflection unit suitable for use in a
picture display system as described hereinbefore.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">For
use in a display tube having a larger screen format than the display
tube for which it is designed, the invention provides the
possibility of moving apart the deflection points of the horizontal
deflection field and the vertical deflection field generated by a
given deflection unit having saddle coils and of moving them towards
each other for use in a display tube having a smaller screen format.</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The
great advantage of the invention is that only a modification of the
length of the magnetically permeable portions (providing or omitting
them, respectively) is required to adapt a deflection unit to
different screen formats of a display tube family.</span></div>
<div style="font-style: italic; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;">CRT TUBE PHILIPS 45AX </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>TECHNOLOGY
Method of Production / manufacturing a color display CRT tube and
color display tube manufactured according to said method.</b></span>A
ring is provided to correct <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s1282/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s320/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMY9MF7e9lYDa9f_uKgPtV_bsIltIgvi9tPyZqnCvtaPd-_UN7gk3Duu2wE3Mg5IAGZxYbxjzKMbuf8CEsDLDtGUYvAvE0KXQVrAoyYoeUguOynmZqovY8Za11VMuZ8s4PzRAjUwwWgsGHCTf2Pii6POctwmHRwAzAxu6SUNNtQQR5HIJ6u_kVSzF9vNxm/s1282/IMGH_13134__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>the convergence, color purity and frame
errors of a color display tube which ring is magnetized as a
multipole and which is secured in or around the tube neck and around
the paths of the electron beams. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
magnetization of such a ring can best be carried out by energizing a
magnetization unit with a combination of direct currents thereby
generating a multipole magnetic field and then effecting the
magnetization by generating a decaying alternating magnetic field
which preferably varies its direction continuously. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
1.
A method of manufacturing a color display tube in which magnetic
poles are provided in or around the neck of said tube and around the
paths of the electron beams, which poles generate a permanent static
multipole magnetic field for the correction of errors in convergence,
color purity and frame of the display tube, which magnetic poles are
formed by the magnetisation of a configuration of magnetisable
material provided around the paths of the electron beams, the method
comprising energizing a magnetisation device with a combination of
direct currents with which a static multipole magnetic field is
generated, and superimposing a decaying alternating magnetic field
over said static multipole magnetic field which initially drives said
magnetisable material into saturation on either side of the
hysteresis curve thereof, said decaying alternating magnetic field
being generated by a decaying alternating current. 2. The method as
claimed in claim 1, 6 or 7, wherein the decaying alternating magnetic
field is generated by means of a separate system of coils in the
magnetisation device. 3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein
the decaying alternating magnetic field varies its direction
continuously. 4. The method as claimed in claim 3 wherein the
frequency of the decaying alternating current is approximately the
standard line frequency. 5. A colour display tube manufactured by means
of the method as claimed in claim 4. 6. The method as claime<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>d
in claim 1 which further comprises erasing any residual magnetism in
said configuration, prior to said magnetisation, with an alternating
magnetic field. 7. The method as claimed in claim 6 which further
comprises correcting the errors in convergence, color purity and frame
of the display picture with a combination of direct currents applied
to said magnetisation device and then reversing said direct currents
while increasing the magnitudes thereof and applying these adjusted
direct currents to said magnetisation device for the magnetisation of
said configuration. </div>
<div class="disp_doc2" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <br />
The
invention relates to a method of manufacturing a color display tube
in which magnetic poles are provided in or around the neck of the
envelope and around the paths of the electron beams, which poles
generate a permanent multipole magnetic field for the correction of the
occurring errors in convergence, color purity and frame of the color
display tube, which magnetic poles are formed by the magnetisation
of a configuration of magnetisable material provided around the paths
of the electron beams, which configuration is magnetized by
energising a magnetising device with a combination of currents with
which a static multipole magnetic field is generated. <br />
The invention also relates to a color display tube manufactured according to said method. <br />
In
a color display tube of the "delta" type, three electron guns are
accommodated in the neck of the tube in a triangular arrangement. The
points of intersection of the axes of the guns with a plane
perpendicular to the tube axis constitute the corner points of an
equilateral triangle. <br />
In a color display tube of the "in-line"
type three electron guns are arranged in the tube neck in such manner
that the axes of the three guns are situated mainly in one plane while
the axis of the central electron gun coincides substantially with
the axis of the display tube. The two outermost electron guns are
situated symmetrically with respect to the central gun. As long as
the electron beams generated by the electron guns are not deflected,
the three electron beams, both in tubes of the "delta" type and of
the "in-line" type, must coincide in the center of the display screen
(static convergence). Because, however, as a result of defects in
the manufacture of the display tube, for example, the electron guns
are not sealed quite symmetrically with respect to the tube axis,
deviations of the frame shape, the color purity and the static
convergence occur. It should be possible to correct said deviations. <br />
Such
a color display tube of the "in-line" type in which this correction
is possible, is disclosed in Netherlands Pat. application No.
7,503,830 laid open to public inspection. Said application describes a
color display tube in which the deviations are corrected by the
magnetisation of a ring of magnetisable material, as a result of which
a static magnetic multipole is formed around the paths of the
electron beams. Said ring is provided in or around the tube neck. In
the method described in said patent application, the color display
tube is actuated after which data, regarding the value and the
direction of the convergence errors of the electron guns, are
established, with reference to which the polarity and strength of the
magnetic multipole necessary to correct the frame, color purity and
convergence errors are determined. The magnetisation of the
configuration, which may consist of a ring, a ribbon or a number of
rods or blocks grouped around the electron paths, may be carried out in
a number of manners. It is possible, for example, first to magnetise
the configuration to full saturation, after which demagnetisation to
the desired value is carried out with an opposite field. A
disadvantage of this method is that, with a combination of, for
example, a 2, 4, and 6-pole field, the polarity and strength of the
demagnetisation vary greatly and frequently, dependent on the place on
the ring, and hence also the polarity and strength of the full
magnetisation used in this method. Moreover it appears that the
required demagnetising field has no linear relationship with the
required correction field. Due to this non-linearity it is not possible
to use a combined 2, 4 and 6-pole field for the demagnetisation. It
is impossible to successively carry out the 2, 4 and 6-pole
magnetisation since, for each magnetisation, the ring has to be
magnetised fully, which results in the preceding magnetisation being
erased again. The possibility of successively magnetising various
places on the ring is very complicated and is not readily possible if
the ring is situated in the tube neck since the stray field of the
field necessary for the magnetisation again demagnetizes, at least
partly, the already magnetised places. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <br />
It
is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method with
which a combined multipole can be obtained by one total magnetisation.
<br />
According to the invention, a method, of the kind described
in the first paragraph with which this is possible, is characterized
in that the magnetisation is effected by means of a decaying
alternating magnetic field which initially drives the magnetisable
material on either side of the hysteresis curve into saturation. After
the decay of the alternating m<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s1600/IMG_4260.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874325418346530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s320/IMG_4260.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>agnetic
field, a hard magnetisation remains in the material of the
configuration which neutralizes the externally applied magnetic field
and is, hence, directed oppositely thereto. After switching off the
externally applied magnetic field, a magnetic multipole field remains
as a result of the configuration magnetized as a multipole. The
desired magnetisation may be determined in a number of manners. By
observing and/or measuring the deviations in the frame shape, color
purity and convergence, the desired multipole can be determined
experimentally and the correction may be carried out by magnetisation of
the configuration. If small deviations are then still found, the
method is repeated once or several times with corrected currents. In
this manner, by repeating the method according to the invention, it is
possible to produce a complete correction of the errors in frame,
color purity and convergence. Preceding the magnetisation, residual
magnetism, if any, in the configuration is preferably erased by means
of a magnetic field. <br />
The method is preferably carried out by
determining the required correction field prior to the magnetisation
and, after the erasing of the residual magnetism, by correcting the
errors in the convergence, the color purity and the frame of the
displayed picture by means of a combination of currents through the
magnetising device, after which the magnetisation is produced by
reversing the direction of the combination of currents, increasing the
current strength and simultaneously producing the said decaying
alternating magnetic field. <br />
The correction field, obtained with
the magnetizing device and measured along the axis of the electron
beams, is generally longer than the multipole correction field generated
by the configuration. So the correction of the deviations will have
to be carried out over a shorter distance along the axis of the tube,
which is possible only with a stronger field. During the
magnetisation, a combination of currents, which in strength and
direction is in the proportion of m:1 to the combination of currents
which is necessary to generate a correction multipole field with the
device, where m is, for example, -3, should flow through the
magnetisation device. The value of m depends on the ratio between the
length of the correction multipole field, generated by the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>magnetizing
device, to the effective field length of the magnetized
configuration. This depends upon a number of factors, for example, the
diameter of the neck, the kind of material, the shape and the place
of the configuration, etc., and can be established experimentally. If
it proves, upon checking, that the corrections with the magnetized
configuration are too large or too small, the magnetisation process
can be repeated with varied magnetisation currents. <br />
The
decaying alternating magnetic field can be generated by superimposing a
decaying alternating current on the combination of currents through
the magnetisation device (for example, a device as disclosed in
Netherlands Pat. application No. 7,503,830 laid open to public
inspection). The decaying alternating magnetic field is preferably
generated in the magnetisation device by means of a separate system of
coils. In order to obtain a substantially equal influence of all
parts of the configuration by the decaying alternating field, it is
recommendable not only to cause the alternating field to decay but also
to cause it to vary its direction continuously. The system of coils
therefore consists preferably of at least two coils and the decaying
alternating currents through the coils are shifted in phase with
respect to each other. Standard line frequency (50 or 60 Hz) has
proven to give good results. The phase shift, when using coils or coil
pairs, the axes of which enclose angles of 120° with each other, can
simply be obtained from a three-phase line. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS <br />
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to a drawing, in which <br />
FIG.
1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a known color display tube of
the "in-line" type having an external static convergence unit, <br />
FIG. 2 shows the pinion transmission used therein, <br />
FIGS.
3 and 4 are two diagrammatic perpendicular cross-sectional views of
the color display tube with a ring, which has not yet been
magnetized, and in which the outermost electron beams do not converge
satisfactorily, <br />
FIGS. 5 and 6 are two diagrammatic
perpendicular sectional views of a color display tube in which
convergence by means of the magnetisation device has been obtained, <br />
FIGS. 7 and 8 show the magnetisation of a ring arranged in the system of electron guns, <br />
FIGS.
9 and 10 show two diagrammatic perpendicular sectional views of a
color display tube with a magnetized ring with which the convergence
error, as shown in FIG. 4, is removed, <br />
FIGS. 11 and 12 show two types of devices suitable for magnetisation according to the invention, and <br />
FIGS. 13 to 18 show parts of another type of magnetisation unit. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAf-I2Ngq7hnkGYP80QSUkQo8lzUBn9cwhGUv3kDeOZDcHi6Km_K7SI7wGcGUXKhewPZec42BZduZiE2pQXxch1QhcNQrQPChsgdXaXfyub4gVgJBkKRAjzYaK5CL00OINTbSA64i6qolo/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883142922859538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAf-I2Ngq7hnkGYP80QSUkQo8lzUBn9cwhGUv3kDeOZDcHi6Km_K7SI7wGcGUXKhewPZec42BZduZiE2pQXxch1QhcNQrQPChsgdXaXfyub4gVgJBkKRAjzYaK5CL00OINTbSA64i6qolo/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a known color display tube of
the "in-line" type. Three electron guns 5, 6 and 7, generating the
electron beams 8, 9 and 10, respectively, are accommodated in the neck 4
of a glass envelope 1 which is composed of a display window 2, a
funnel-shaped part 3 and a neck 4. The axes of the electron guns 5, 6
and 7 are situated in one plane, the plane of the drawing. The axis of
the central electron gun 6 coincides substantially with the tube axis
11. The three electron guns are seated in a sleeve 16 which is
situated coaxially in the neck 4. The display window 2 has on the
inner surface thereof a large number of triplets of phosphor lines.
Each triplet comprises a line of a phosphor luminescing green, a line
of a phosphor luminescing blue, and a line of a phosphor luminescing
red. All of the triplets together constitute a display screen 12.
The phosphor lines are normal to the plane of the drawing. A shadow
mask 12, in which a very large number of elongate apertures 14 are
provided through which the electron beams 8, 9 and 10 pass, is
arranged in front of the display screen 12. The electron beams 8, 9
and 10 are deflected in the horizontal direction (in the plane of the
drawing) and in the vertical direction (at right angles thereto) by a
system 15 of deflection coils. The three electron guns 5, 6 and 7
are assembled so that the axes thereof enclose a small angle with
respect to each other. As a result of this, the generated electron
beams 8, 9 and 10 pass through each of the apertures 14 at said
angle, the so-called color selection angle, and each impinge only
upon phosphor lines of one color. <br />
A display tube has a good
static convergence if the three electron beams, when they are not
being deflected, intersect each other substantially in the center of
the display screen. It has been found, however, that the static
convergence often is not good, no more than the frame shape and the
color purity, which may be the result of an insufficiently accurate
assembly of the guns, and/or sealing of the electron guns, in the tube
neck. In order to produce the static convergence, so far, externally
adjustable correction units have been added to the tube. They
consist of a number of pairs of multipoles consisting of magnetic
rings, for example four two-poles (two horizontal and two vertical),
two four-poles and two six-poles. The rings of each pair are coupled
together by means of a pinion transmission (see FIG. 2), with which
the rings are rotatable with respect to each other to an equal
extent. By rotating the rings with respect to each other and/or
together, the strength and/or direction of the two-, four- or
six-pole field is adjusted. It will be obvious that the control of a
display tube with such a device is complicated and time-consuming.
Moreover, such a correction unit is material-consuming since, for a
combination of multipoles, at least eight rings are necessary which
have to be provided around the neck so as to be rotatable with
respect to each other. <br />
In the Netherlands Pat. application No.
7,503,830, laid open to public inspection, the complicated
correction unit has, therefore, been replaced by one or more
magnetized rings, which rings are situated in or around the tube neck
or in or around the electron guns. <br />
However, it has proved
difficult with the magnetising methods known so far to provide a
combination of multipoles in the ring by magnetisation. <br />
The method according to the invention provides a solution. <br />
For clarity, identical components in the following figures will be referred to by the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3Ib64478yhplYRg0_9NNF3Y1ef4EbgodKDGoKz6A0VTUUaF8vVqOV77GW_bqkmTMsLbMYtuMBL9xcUQ8cxujaUv5niq-eNSz_AF_Brl5ykC-14hk_V1Yty_aKj6GNDPRd80JFWBURwtw/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883134905390258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3Ib64478yhplYRg0_9NNF3Y1ef4EbgodKDGoKz6A0VTUUaF8vVqOV77GW_bqkmTMsLbMYtuMBL9xcUQ8cxujaUv5niq-eNSz_AF_Brl5ykC-14hk_V1Yty_aKj6GNDPRd80JFWBURwtw/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
3 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a display tube in which the
electron beams do not converge in the horizontal direction. As is
known, the outermost electron beams can be deflected more or less in
the opposite direction by means of a four-pole, for example, towards
the central beam or away therefrom. It is also possible to move the
beams upwards and downwards. By means of a six-pole the beams can be
deflected more or less in the same direction. For simplicity, the
invention will be described with reference to a display tube which
requires only a four-pole correction. The convergence errors in the
horizontal direction of the electron beams 8 and 10 are in this case
equally large but opposite. <br />
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of FIG.
3. On the bottom of sleeve 16, a ring 18 is provided of an alloy of
Fe, Co, V and Cr (known as Vicalloy) which can be readily magnetized.
It will be obvious that the ring may alternatively be provided in
other places around the guns or in or around the tube neck. Instead
of a ring it is alternatively possible to use a ribbon or a
configuration of rods or blocks of magnetisable material. <br />
In
FIG. 5 a device 19 for generating a controllable multipole magnetic
field is provided around the neck 4 and the ring 18 according to the
method of the invention. 2-, 4- or 6-poles and co<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijG4vqVeLFUEbceG_xb7UYMKZ5osYFb7M4KQwiZ0N1Oo20xdofZcGM3sy2IGiFTMJAI_02Xkq8XwpqlZfealWYYgk4HfDaa2qcMQ9rNx87OglmX0xEBso7Lp2LS5tIayv8VsV5iWKhmBvo/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883131095084658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijG4vqVeLFUEbceG_xb7UYMKZ5osYFb7M4KQwiZ0N1Oo20xdofZcGM3sy2IGiFTMJAI_02Xkq8XwpqlZfealWYYgk4HfDaa2qcMQ9rNx87OglmX0xEBso7Lp2LS5tIayv8VsV5iWKhmBvo/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>mbinations
thereof can be generated by means of the device 19. For the tube
shown in FIG. 3, only a four-pole correction is necessary. The coils
of the device 19, which device will be described in detail
hereinafter, are in this case energized as four-poles until the point
of intersection S of the three electron beams 8, 9 and 10, which in
FIG. 3 was situated outside the tube 1, lies on the display screen 12.
The current I through the coils of the device originates from a
direct current source B which supplies a current -mI <sub>1 </sub> (m
being an experimentally determined constant >1) to the coils
via a current divider and commutator A. The current can be adjusted
per coil so as to generate the desired multipole. In this phase of the
method, an alternating current source C does not yet supply current
(i=0). <br />
FIG. 6 is a perpendicular sectional view of FIG. 5. The current I <sub>1 </sub>
is a measure of the strength of the required correction field. The
correction field of the multipole of the device 19 extends over a
larger length of the electron paths than the magnetic field generated
later by the magnetized ring. Therefore the field of the ring is to
be m-times stronger. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcmrhGFDqR6CBzbpRS05WaHUkOTWczwQJ0xxbQAoFk90NiOZm5H1tgQDTjbzncGhr8nr0pCdezrszOwNOk3BGvdgE3mUofcZDYS41GCa9ftbkkgHoLe8PYCHeVy2yxstMPaJD9pr1Wzb1/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657883132140971138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcmrhGFDqR6CBzbpRS05WaHUkOTWczwQJ0xxbQAoFk90NiOZm5H1tgQDTjbzncGhr8nr0pCdezrszOwNOk3BGvdgE3mUofcZDYS41GCa9ftbkkgHoLe8PYCHeVy2yxstMPaJD9pr1Wzb1/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
7 shows the step of the method in which the ring 18 is magnetized as
a four-pole. As follows from the above, in this preferred embodiment
of the method, the current through the coils of the device must be
-mI <sub>1 </sub> during the magnetisation, so must traverse in the
reverse direction and be m-times as large as the current through the
coils during the correction. Moreover, the alternating current source
C supplies a decaying alternating current (i=i <sub>1 </sub>
>0) to the device 19, with which current the decaying
alternating field is generated. When the alternating current is
switched on, it must be so large that the ring 18 is fully magnetized
on either side of the hysteresis curve. When the alternating field
has decayed, the ring 18 is magnetized, in this case as a four-pole.
It is, of course, alternatively possible to magnetise the ring 18 as a
six-pole or as a two-pole or to provide combinations of said
multipoles in the ring 18 and to correct therewith other convergence
errors or color purity and frame errors. It is also possible to use
said corrections in color display tubes of the "delta" type. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9zye0vE3jVanRvTJBWcjYwRmhjqIQYfKDkdeVMCO6jO_r3zUgVdvUEoPu8JPXLPT1iVqKXGTwNdXxu1fSbbkYCRAl7jZHAoidyKeOcyI_y0wpQNTvyXD0WbS3HvPU6zbgGvU6vz8ro9g/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882836710611410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9zye0vE3jVanRvTJBWcjYwRmhjqIQYfKDkdeVMCO6jO_r3zUgVdvUEoPu8JPXLPT1iVqKXGTwNdXxu1fSbbkYCRAl7jZHAoidyKeOcyI_y0wpQNTvyXD0WbS3HvPU6zbgGvU6vz8ro9g/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
9 shows the display tube 1 shown in FIG. 3, but in this case
provided with a ring 18 magnetized according to the method of the
invention as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7. The convergence correction takes
place only by the magnetized ring 18 present in sleeve 16. The
provision of the required multipole takes place at the display tube 1
factory and complicated adjustments and adjustable convergence units
(FIG. 2) may be omitted. <br />
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view
perpendicular to FIG. 9. FIG. 11 shows a magnetisation device 19
comprising eight coils 20 with which the convergence (see FIG. 5) and
the magnetisation (see FIG. 7) are carried out. For generating the
decaying alternating magnetic field, two pairs of coils 21 and 22,
extending in this case at right angles to each other, are
incorporated in the device 19. The current i <sub>a </sub> through the pair of coils 21 is shifted in phase through 90° with respect to the current i <sub>b </sub>
through the other pair of coils 22, so that the decaying alternating
magnetic field changes its direction during the decay and is a field
circulating through the ring 18. FIG. 12 shows a magnetisation
device known from Netherlands Pat. application No. 7,503,830 laid
open to public inspection. In t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzz-2cdP714S5Qrezw0HAwhBH_MMbVUF8Q5Npm_pL4EM-gwk3p3SyYXqzO6UoDbAcMLNg4N1w8OJbXbkT3r3HVqCb26Brx8mbAkFX5CJYGSy-0NqYZcvNyoIy28UxGVl4jUkAiC577AI0N/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-6.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882831149592386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzz-2cdP714S5Qrezw0HAwhBH_MMbVUF8Q5Npm_pL4EM-gwk3p3SyYXqzO6UoDbAcMLNg4N1w8OJbXbkT3r3HVqCb26Brx8mbAkFX5CJYGSy-0NqYZcvNyoIy28UxGVl4jUkAiC577AI0N/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>his
case, the decaying alternating current may be superimposed on the
direct current through the coils 23 so that extra coils are not
necessary in the device. The coils 23 are wound around a yoke 24. <br />
The
magnetisation device 19 may alternatively be composed of a
combination of electrical conductors and coils, as is shown
diagrammatically in FIGS. 13 to 18. <br />
FIG. 13 is a sectional
view of the neck 4 of a display tube 1 at the area of a ring 18 to be
magnetised. A two-pole field for corrections in the horizontal
direction is generated in this case by causing currents to flow
through the conductors 25, 26, 27 and 28 in the direction as shown in
the figure. Said conductors may be single wires or wire bundles
forming part of one or more coils or turns, and extending parallel to
the tube axis at the area of the ring 18. <br />
FIG. 14 shows how,
in an analogous manner, a four-pole field for corrections of the
outermost beams 8 and 10 in the horizontal direction can be generated
by electrical conductors 29, 30, 31 and 32. A four-pole field for
corrections of the outermost beams 8 and 10 in the vertic<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882829609449266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>al
direction is substantially the same. However, the system of
conductors 29, 30, 31 and 32 is rotated through 45° with respect to
the neck 4 and the axis of the tube 1. <br />
FIG. 15 shows, in an
analogous manner, a six-pole for corrections in the horizontal
direction with conductors 33 to 38. By means of a combination of
conductors (wires or wire bundles) with which 2-, 4- and 6-poles can
be generated, all combinations of two-, four- and six-pole fields with
the desired strength can be obtained by variations of the currents
through said conductors 33 to 38. <br />
The decaying alternating
magnetic field in a magnetisation unit with conductors as shown in
FIGS. 13, 14 and 15 can be obtained by means of coils positioned
symmetrically around the neck 4 and the conductors as shown in FIGS.
16 and 17 or 18. By energizing the coils 3<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882829609449266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC-iggMrL2QQltNpS7G2Nfb4NU_9jSQnaCIWxW-P7gCEWDZHLfFQzOCbblKmZbv0tFfT6rhII_XB7WzspmlYMGS9ln3U8g8TSNkTS7kZTrfz8tGwuHfzzuYi9ivgwhTWeLls_kwV6Yz73j/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>9
and 40, shown in FIG. 16, with a decaying alternating current, a
decaying alternating magnetic field is generated. A better influencing
of the ring 18 by the decaying alternating field is obtained when a
system of coils having coils 41 and 42 in FIG. 17 is provided which is
rotated 90° with respect to the coils 39. In this case, 40 and the
decaying alternating current through the coils 41 and 42 should then
preferably be shifted 90° in phase with respect to the decaying
alternating current through the coils 39 and 40. <br />
It is alternatively possible to generate the decaying al<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMWBsxyWszLg_5qLd5UN_lv3jUZ4TPnsy01vHhH2GjOWvdQWmw1cUTT2lW_73S_afKSlg9uE1NjVRvZLQ0afdmaERQV1kiArLZMwJJ76-PIyHp2KnGqwcnzVJLxv0FUi0qswTyC0E9veQ3/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-8.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882829263216978" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMWBsxyWszLg_5qLd5UN_lv3jUZ4TPnsy01vHhH2GjOWvdQWmw1cUTT2lW_73S_afKSlg9uE1NjVRvZLQ0afdmaERQV1kiArLZMwJJ76-PIyHp2KnGqwcnzVJLxv0FUi0qswTyC0E9veQ3/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-8.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>ternating
magnetic field with one or more systems of coils as shown in FIG.
18. The coils 43, 44 and 45 are situated symmetrically around the
tube axis and are energized with decaying alternating currents which
are shifted 120° in phase with respect to each other (for example
from a three-phase line). </div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5lRrDfkmZUhh9bBv_ARpGC0APgUgVJCvrJjMqOr7yP8A3ye71WcBSzAjO4G14nTjR5yAiLMo7UHE7jRKCFkhLIlJPMZB1lDIsMHlgaW68UK0_y84s_n7-PUxJxM0VhoAuou8CKAdShA02/s1600/30AX-FABRIC-METH-9.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657882824931042578" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5lRrDfkmZUhh9bBv_ARpGC0APgUgVJCvrJjMqOr7yP8A3ye71WcBSzAjO4G14nTjR5yAiLMo7UHE7jRKCFkhLIlJPMZB1lDIsMHlgaW68UK0_y84s_n7-PUxJxM0VhoAuou8CKAdShA02/s320/30AX-FABRIC-METH-9.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CRT TUBE PHILIPS 45AX </span><b>TECHNOLOGY</b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>
Method of manufacturing a static convergence unit, and a color
display tube comprising a convergence unit manufactured according to
the method, </b></span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>PHILIPS 45AX INTERNAL STATIC CONVERGENCE SYSTEM Application technology:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%;"><b>IMACO RING (Integrated Magnetic Auto Converging )</b></span><br />
<br />
The
method according to the invention consists in the determination of
data of the convergence errors of a color display tube, data being
derived from the said determinations for determining the polarity and
the intensity of magnetic poles of a structure. The structure thus
obtained generates a static, permanent, multipole magnetic field
adapted to the convergence errors occurring, so that the errors are
connected.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="disp_elm_text" style="text-align: left;">
What
is claimed is: 1. A method of producing a magnetic convergence
structure for the static convergence of electron beams which extend
approximately in one plane in a neck of a color display tube of the
kind in which the neck merges into a flared portion adjoined by a
display screen, said method comprising providing around the neck of
the color display tube an auxiliary device for generating variable
magnetic fields in the neck of the color display tube, activating the
color display tube, adjusting the auxiliary device to produce a
magnetic field for converging the electron beams, determining from
data derived from the adjustment of the auxiliary device the extent
and the direction of the convergence error of each electron beam, and
using such data to determine the polarity and the intensity of
magnetic poles of said magnetic convergence structure for generating a
permanent multi-pole static magnetic field for the correction of the
convergence errors occuring in the color display tube. 2. A method
as claimed in claim 1, wherein the auxiliary device comprises an
electromagnet convergence unit which comprises a number of coils,
said generating step comprising passing electrical currents through
said coils for generating a magnetic field required for the static
convergence of the electron beams, and said determining step
comprising using the values of the electrical currents for
determining the permanent magnetic structure. 3. A method as claimed
in claim 2, further comprising storing the data from the auxiliary
device in a memory. 4. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said
using step comprises controlling a magnetizing unit for magnetizing
an annular magnetizable convergence structure. 5. A method as claimed
in claim 2, further comprising converting the data into a code, and
co<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s320/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>nstructing said annular permanent magnetic convergence structure
having a desired magnetic field strength from a set of previously
magnetized structural parts. 6. A method as claimed in claim 1,
further comprising forming the convergence structure from a
magnetizable mass which is annularly arranged on at least one wall of
the neck of the color display tube. 7. A method as claimed in claim 1,
further comprising forming the convergence structure from a
magnetizable ring which is arranged on the neck of the color display
tube. 8. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the convergence
structure comprises a non-magnetizable support and a number of
permanent magnetic dipoles. 9. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein
said magnetizing step cofmprises polarizing the magnetizable
material of the annular convergence structure at one location after
the other by means of the magnetizing unit. 10. A method as claimed
in claim 4, further comprising assemblying the auxiliary device and
the magnetizing unit in one construction, and then enclosing a
convergence structure to be magnetized with said magnetizing unit.
11. A method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising displacing
said construction with respect to said tube after said determining
step. </div>
<div class="disp_elm_title" style="text-align: left;">
Description:</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
invention relates to a method of manufacturing a magnetic
convergence device for the static convergence of electron beams which
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>extend
approximately in one plane in a neck of a colour display tube, and
to a colour display tube provided with a permanent magnetic device
for the static convergence of electron beams in the colour display
tube. A known device, described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,725,831, consists
of at least four permanent magnetic rings arranged in pairs which
generate a magnetic field that can be adjusted as regards position
and intensity. The adjustability is obtained by turning the two rings
of a pair in the same direction with respect to the electron beams
and by turning the one ring in the opposite direction with respct to
the other ring. The adjustability necessitates that the rings be
arranged on a support which is arranged about the neck of the colour
display tube and which should include facilities such that the
adjustability of each pair of rings, independent of the position of
the other rings, is ensured. The invention has for its object to
provide a method whereby a device for converging electron beams can
be manufactured which need not be mechanically adjustable, so that it
can have a very simple construction, and to provide a colour display
tube including such a device. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
To
this end, the method according to the invention is characterized in
that the colour display tube is activated, after which data
concerning the extent and the direction of the convergence error of
each electron beam are determined, on the basis of which is
determined the polarity and intensity of magnetic poles of a
structure for generating a permanent, multi-pole, static magnetic
field for the correction of the convergence errors occurring in the
colour display tube, about the neck of the colour display tube there
being provided an auxiliary device for generating variable magnetic
fields in the neck of the colour display tube, the auxiliary device
being subsequently adjusted such that a magnetic field with converges
the electron beams is produced, data being derived from the
adjustment of the auxiliary device thus obtained, the said data being a
measure for the convergence errors and being used for determining
the structure generating the permanent static magnetic field. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Using
the described method, a device can be manufactured which generates a
magnetic field adapted to the colour display tube and which thus
constitutes one unit as if it were with the colour display tube. If
desired colour purity errors as well as convergen<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s1600/IMG_4260.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874325418346530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s320/IMG_4260.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>ce
errors can be eliminated by this method. The convergence errors
visible on the screen can be measured and expressed in milimeters of
horizontal and vertical errors. The errors thus classified represent
data whereby, using magnetic poles of an intensity to be derived from
the errors, there can be determined a structure of a magnetic
multi-pole which generates a permanent magnetic field adapted to the
determined convergence errors. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
As
a result of the generation of a desired magnetic field by means of
an auxiliary device and the derivation of data therefrom, it is
possible to determine a device adapted to the relevant colour display
tube. Simultaneously, it is ensured that the convergence of the
electron beams can be effected. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A
preferred version of the method according to the invention is
characterized in that for the auxiliary device is used an
electromagnetic convergence unit which comprises a number of coils
wherethrough electrical currents are conducted in order to generate a
magnetic field required for the convergence of the electron beams, the
values of the electrical currents producing the data for determining
an annular permanent magnetic structure. Because the electrical
currents whereby the auxiliary device is actuated are characteristic
of the magnetic field generated, the intensity and the position of the
poles of the magnetic multi-poles to be used for the colour display
tube are determined by the determination of the values of the
electrical currents. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
data obtained from the auxiliary device can be used in various
manners. The data from the auxiliary device can be stored in a
memory, or the data from the auxiliary device can be used immediately
for controlling a magnetizing unit which magnetizes an annular
magnetizable structure. Alternatively it is possible to convert the
data into a code; on the basis thereof an annular permanent magnetic
structure having a desired magnetic field strength can be taken or
composed from a set of already magnetized structural parts.
Obviously, the latter two possibilities can be performed after the
data have been stored in a memory. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A
simplification of the method is achieved when the device is formed
from a magnetizable mass which is provided in the form of a ring on
at least one wall of the neck of the colour display tube. The device
to be magnetized is thus arranged around the electron beams to be
generated. Subsequently, a construction which comprises the auxiliary
device and the magnetizing unit is arranged around the neck of the
colour display tube. The auxiliary device is then adjusted, after
which the construction can possibly be displaced, so that the
magnetizing unit encloses the device. The magnetizing unit is actuated
on the basis of the data received from the auxiliary device, and
magnetizes the device. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In
order to make the construction of a magnetizing unit as simple and
as light as possible, it is advantageous to polarize material of the
structure to be magnetized one area after the oth<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s320/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>er by means of the
magnetizing unit. A suitable alternative of the method for which use
can be made of the described construction of the magnetizing unit is
characterized in that the device consists of a non-magnetizable
support and a number of permanent magnetic bipoles. It was found that
any feasible magnetic field required for the static convergence of
electron beams in a neck of a colour display tube can be
comparatively simply generated using at least one eight-pole
electromagnetic convergence unit. Similarly, any desired magnetic
field can be generated using a twelve-pole electromagnetic
convergence unit. It is to be noted that electromagnetic convergence
units have already been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,219. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The invention will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to a drawing. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a first version of the method according to the invention. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a second version of the method according to the invention. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of an auxiliary device. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 4 is a side elevation of a first embodiment of a device manufactured using the method according to the invention. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 6 is a side elevation of a further embodiment of a device manufactured using the method according to the invention. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in FIG. 6. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a magnetizing device and a convergence unit arranged therein. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 9a is a cross-sectional view of a convergence unit manufactured using a method according to the invention. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 9b is a partial side elevation of part of a support of the convergence unit shown in FIG. 9a. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 9c shows a permanent magnetic structural part of the device shown in FIG. 9a. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The method according to the invention will be described with reference of FIG. 1. An elec<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDw3cxN_3F_s_dPAMOQ81c1Kan-pJIehQ0f2PDlhVVCtWVwbMELhE_mkQu_qvbsznAVc36-n901mzN_5TNf7Jke7vIH2FYvDWswUGVJOBSEU_3YNcV77UQYbhlAH8RL654dXfHFLJ2Uf8i/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885566747185490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDw3cxN_3F_s_dPAMOQ81c1Kan-pJIehQ0f2PDlhVVCtWVwbMELhE_mkQu_qvbsznAVc36-n901mzN_5TNf7Jke7vIH2FYvDWswUGVJOBSEU_3YNcV77UQYbhlAH8RL654dXfHFLJ2Uf8i/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>tromagnetic
auxiliary device 5 is arranged around the neck 3 of the colour
display tube 1. The auxiliary device 5 will be described in detail
with reference to FIG. 3. Electrical currents which generate a
magnetic field are applied to the auxiliary device 5. When the
electrical currents are adjusted to the correct value, a magnetic
field adapted to the colour display tube 1 as regards position and
intensity is generated. The electrical currents are measured by means
of the measuring unit 9. The electrical currents represent data which
completely describe the magnetic field generated by the auxiliary
device 5. The data are stored in a memory 19 (for example, a ring core
memory) in an adapted form (digitally). The data can be extracted
from the memory 19 again for feeding a control unit 11. The control
unit 11 actuates a magnetizing unit 13. A magnetic field is impressed
on the device 15 arranged inside the magnetizing unit 13 (shown to be
arranged outside this unit in FIG. 1), the said magnetic field
equalling the magnetic field generated by the auxiliary device 5 at
the area of the electron beams. The auxiliary device 5 is then removed
from the neck 3 and replaced by the device 15. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
method is suitable for the application of an automatic process
controller 17. The storage of the data in the memory 19, the retrieval
thereof, the determination and the feeding of the data to the
control unit 11 are operations which are very well suitable for
execution by an automatic controller. Similarly, the process
controller 17 can dispatch commands at the correct instants to
mechanisms which inter alia arrange the auxiliary device 5 on the
display tube 1, arrange the device 15 to be magnetized in the
magnetizing unit 13, remove the auxiliary device 5 from the display
tube 1, and arrange the device 15 on the neck 3 of the display tube 1.
Besides these controlling functions, checking functions can also be
performed by the process controller, such as the checking of: </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
the position of the display tube 1 with respect to the auxiliary device 5. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
the determination of the number of data by the measuring unit 9. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
the actuation of the magnetizing unit 13. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
the position of the device 15 with respect to the display tube 1. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzZE6QsJ2xLCG3aMHqFGqm45hfQBdnqIFj_T-tKVtlSDnMchhy2muAFZ3RjfZk1zpw9GfcvrTDmmWVlQSnta4XPUvEepvPVWZDTzPCLSVV_kQKOtuNrv2Nl3vrMNjDaUcu2N8_n9PwEJ5S/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885563710074034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzZE6QsJ2xLCG3aMHqFGqm45hfQBdnqIFj_T-tKVtlSDnMchhy2muAFZ3RjfZk1zpw9GfcvrTDmmWVlQSnta4XPUvEepvPVWZDTzPCLSVV_kQKOtuNrv2Nl3vrMNjDaUcu2N8_n9PwEJ5S/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>The
method shown in FIG. 2 is an alternative to the method described
with reference to FIG. 1. The auxiliary device 5 and the magnetizing
unit 13 are accommodated together in one construction 6. Before the
auxiliary device 5 and the magnetizing unit 13 are arranged around the
neck 3 of the colour display tube 1, the as yet unmagnetized device
15 is arranged in a desired position. The auxiliary device 5 is
activated and adjuste so that a magnetic field converging the electron
beams is produced. Subsequently, the measuring unit 9 determines the
necessary data whereby the control unit 11 is adjusted. The
auxiliary device 5 may be shifted so that the magnetizing unit 13
encloses the device 15. After the current to the auxiliary device 5
has been interrupted, the magnetizng unit 13 is activated by the
control unit 11. After magnetization of the device 15, the auxiliary
device 5 and the magnetizing unit 13 are removed. A convergence unit
which has been exactly adjusted as regards position and strength has
then been arranged on the neck 3 of the tube 1.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
3 more or less diagrammatically shows an embodiment of an auxiliary
device 5. The auxiliary device 5 comprises an annular ferromagnetic
core 21 having formed thereon eight pole shoes a, b, c, d, e, f, g,
and h which are <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC3HKBEudQ1ZpxpSIGuW0ZeHYQxBjNBsY87PO5GHUFRgagPNY_ANdPUMxzJ2JtgXkevkpJtXVg5SYoO_9LIGqxcUjpLS_fCA8F3eZx35qjTluGZznhgDMG5XshJPQkB4PQ5Gbt1d8Ak1-x/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885565565125026" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC3HKBEudQ1ZpxpSIGuW0ZeHYQxBjNBsY87PO5GHUFRgagPNY_ANdPUMxzJ2JtgXkevkpJtXVg5SYoO_9LIGqxcUjpLS_fCA8F3eZx35qjTluGZznhgDMG5XshJPQkB4PQ5Gbt1d8Ak1-x/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>situated
in one plane and radially orientated. Each pole shoe has provided
thereabout a winding wherethrough a direct current I to be adjusted is
to be conducted. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In
the space enclosed by the core 21 an eight-pole static magnetic
field is generated whose polarity and intensity can be controlled.
The value and the direction of the direct currents Ia, Ib, Ic, Id,
Ie, If, Ig and Ih can be adjusted on the basis of the value and the
direction of the deviations of the electron beams to be converged.
The corrections required for achieving colour purity and convergence
can be derived from the value and the direction of the direct
currents Ia and Ih which form the data from which the necessary
corrections are determined. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A
similar embodiment can be used for the magnetizing unit, but because
the electrical currents required for converging electron beams are
smaller than the currents required for magnetizing the device, the
conductors of the coils of the magnetizing unit must be constructed
in a different manner which takes account the higher current
intensities. If a similar embodiment of the auxiliary device has been
made suitable for higher current intensities, it can also operate at
lower current intensities. It follows that it is possible also to
use the magnetizing unit as the auxiliary device, which is in one
case connected to the measuring unit and in the other case to the
control unit. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 4 shows a partly cut-away neck 3 having an envelope 31 of a colour display tube, the flared <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAwBnmG222b9XTcdbP8tTMxlyIU4ssvuIcvfTsSUS2giPpChKYalCJor7OJAGKG90PZdgpNeImlwtbncF67cv8jtzZpZ9eyTVncNIalk93lGX1zkXNgBaREEEL6fe3mS2EURAiDjQVGVZ/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-4.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885561412396450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVAwBnmG222b9XTcdbP8tTMxlyIU4ssvuIcvfTsSUS2giPpChKYalCJor7OJAGKG90PZdgpNeImlwtbncF67cv8jtzZpZ9eyTVncNIalk93lGX1zkXNgBaREEEL6fe3mS2EURAiDjQVGVZ/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>portion
and the adjoining display screen not being shown. At the end of the
neck 3 there are provided contact pins 33 to which cathodes and
electrodes of the system of electron guns 35 are connected. The device
15 for the static convergence of the electron beams generated by the
system of guns 35 consists of a support 15A of synthetic material and a
ferrite ring 15B. On the jacket surface of the support 15A is
provided a ridge 15c which extends in the longitudinal direction; the
ferrite ring 15B is provided with a slot which co-operates therewith
and which opens into the edge of the ring on only one side, so that
the ring 15B can be secured to the carrier 15A in only one way. FIG. 5
is a cross-sectional view which clearly shows the ridge 15C and the
slot of the device 15. The references used in FIG. 5 correspond to
those used in FIG. 4. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
6 shows the same portions of the neck 3 of a colour display tube as
FIG. 4. Instead of a support on which a ferrite ring is secured, the
device consists only of a layer of ferrite 15 which is secured
directly to the inner wall 37 of the neck 3 by means of a binding
agent. This offers the advantage that a support which requires space
and material can be dispensed with. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view
and illustrates the simplicity of the device 15. The references used
correspond to the references of FIG. 6. The device 15 can also be
mounted (not shown in the Figure) on the rear of a deflection unit of
the colour display tube. It is alternatively possible to arrange the
device on grids or on the cathodes in the neck of the colour display
tube. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
8 diagrammatically shows a magnetizing unit 13 whereby the device 15
arranged thereon is magnetically polarized one location after the
other. The extent of the polarization is dependent of the value and
direction of the used direct current Im and of the number of
ampere-turns of the coil 41 arranged about the core of the
magnetizing unit 13. The core consists of two portions 43 and 45
which form a substantially closed magnetic circuit. Between a concave
pole shoe 47 and a convex pole shoe 49 of the core portions 43 and
45, respectively, there is a space wherein a portion of the device 15
to be magnetized is arranged. The concave and convex pole <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>shoes
47 and 49 preferably are shaped to follow the curved faces 51 and 53
of the device substantially completely. In order to enable easy
arrangement and displacement of the device between the pole shoes 47
and 49, the core portions 43 and 45 are provided with ground contact
faces 55 and 57 which are perpendicular to each other. The pole shoes
47 and 49 can be moved away from and towards each other, the core
portions 43 and 45 always returning to the same position relative to
each other due to the faces 55 and 57 perpendicularly extending to each
other. At the same time, the magnetic contact resistance at the
faces 55 snd 57 is low and constant, so that the necessary
unambiguous relationship between the current Im and the magnetic
field generated in the core is ensured. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIGS. 9a, b and c show a preferred embodiment and details of a static convergence device 15. The device 1<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlxrJpcLKbRHyrPtMk9LeVrRhV0694psERKR_IikPE9E-uqzWO3QX50Iow2SrKdY-tQhvlEvo1R_C_xLEV4B5UYumfvxtS4TvMXNBLiaFB4SZOVYnGAzFZWqmnoSRTIznSQP3EnPixHFY/s1600/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-5.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5657885554180916674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzlxrJpcLKbRHyrPtMk9LeVrRhV0694psERKR_IikPE9E-uqzWO3QX50Iow2SrKdY-tQhvlEvo1R_C_xLEV4B5UYumfvxtS4TvMXNBLiaFB4SZOVYnGAzFZWqmnoSRTIznSQP3EnPixHFY/s320/30AX-IMACO-RING-METH-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>5
consists of a support 61 of synthetic material, for example,
polycarbonate, wherein eight ferromagnetic discs (or "inserts") 63 are
equidistantly arranged along the circumference. It will be obvious
that this embodiment is particularly suitable for being actuated in a
magnetizing unit as shown in FIG. 8. The holes 65 provided in the
support 61 are slightly elliptical so as to lock the capsules 63 firmly
in the holes 65. To this end, the width b is chosen to be slightly
smaller than the height h which equals the diameter d of the round
discs (or "inserts") 63. The narrow portions 67 of the support 61
with clamp the disc 63 in the hole 65 due to their elastic action. It
is, of course, possible to magnetize the disc 63 before they are
arranged in the support 61; the sequence in which the disc 63 are
arranged in the support 61 should then be carefully checked. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
If
a method is used where the most suitable structure is selected from a
series of permanent magnetic structures on the basis of the
adjusting data, it is advantageous to compose this structure from a
number of permanent rings. This will be illustrated on the basis of
an example involving superimposition of a four-pole field and a
six-pole field. Assume that the magnetic fields can each have M
different intensities, and that the on field can occupy N different
positions with respect to the other field. If the magnetic structure
consists of one permanent magnetic ring, the series from which
selection can be made consists of M×M×N rings. If the structure
consists of two rings, the series comprises M+M rings, but it should
then be possible for the one ring to be arranged in N different
positions with respect to the other ring. If the static convergence
device is composed as shown in FIG. 9a, b and c or similar, only M
kinds of structural parts (discs) having a different magnetical
intensity are required for achieving any desired structure.<br />
<br />
<b> <span style="font-size: 100%;">Color television display tube with coma correction ELECTRON GUN STRUCTURE PHILIPS CRT TUBE 45AX</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
A
color television display tube including an electron gun system (5)
in an evacuated envelope for generating three electron beams whose
axes are co-planar. The beams converge on a display screen (10)
provided on a wall of the envelope and are deflected in the
operative display tube across the display screen into two orthogonal
directions. The electron gun system (5) has correction elements for
causing the rasters scanned on the display screen by the electron
beams to coincide as much as possible. The correction elements
include annular elements (34) of a material having a high magnetic
permeability which are positioned around the two outer beams. In
addition a further correction element (38, 38", 38"') of a material
having a high magnetic permeability is provided around the central
beam in a position located further from the screen in order to
correct field coma errors at the ends of the vertical axis and in
the corners to an equal extent. The further element is preferably
positioned in, or on the screen side of, the area of the focusing gap
of the electron gun. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. A color display<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s1282/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s320/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMY9MF7e9lYDa9f_uKgPtV_bsIltIgvi9tPyZqnCvtaPd-_UN7gk3Duu2wE3Mg5IAGZxYbxjzKMbuf8CEsDLDtGUYvAvE0KXQVrAoyYoeUguOynmZqovY8Za11VMuZ8s4PzRAjUwwWgsGHCTf2Pii6POctwmHRwAzAxu6SUNNtQQR5HIJ6u_kVSzF9vNxm/s1282/IMGH_13134__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>
tube comprising an envelope containing a display screen, and an
electron gun system for producing a central electron beam and first
and second outer electron beams having respective axes which lie in a
single plane and converge toward a point on the screen, the
electron gun system including an end from which the electron beams
exit into a deflection field region of the envelope where a field
deflection field effects deflection of the beams in a direction
perpendicular to said plane and a line deflection field effects
deflection of the beams in a direction parallel to said plane, said
line deflection field producing a positive lens action; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
characterized in that the electron gun system includes field coma-correcting means comprising: </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(a)
first and second deflection field shaping means of
magnetically-permeable material arranged adjacent the respective outer
electron beams, at the end of the electron gun system, for
cooperating with the positive lens action of the line deflection
field to anisotropically overcorrect the field coma error of said
outer electron beams relative to that of the central electron beam;
and </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(b) a third deflection field
shaping means of magnetically-permeable material arranged adjacent
the central electron beam, at a position in the electron gun system
further from the screen than the first and second field shaping
means, for cooperating with the positive lens action of the line
deflection field to reverse-anisotropically correct the field coma
error of the central electron beam by an amount sufficient to
compensate for the overcorrection by the first and second field
shaping means, thereby effecting production of a
central-electron-beam- produced raster which is substantially identica<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s320/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>l
to the outer-electron-beam-produced rasters.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
2.
A color display tube comprising an envelope containing a display
screen, and an electron gun system for producing a central electron
beam and first and second outer electron beams having respective
axes which lie in a single plane and converge toward a point on the
screen, the electron gun system including at an end thereof a first
plate-shaped part including a central and first and second outer
apertures from which the respective electron beams exit into a
deflection field region of the envelope where a field deflection
field effects deflection of the beams in a direction perpendicular to
said plane and a line deflection field effects deflection of the
beams in a direction parallel to said plane, said line deflection
field producing a positive lens action; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
characterized in that the electron gun system includes field coma-correcting means comprising: </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(a)
first and second deflection field shaping means of
magnetically-permeable material arranged adjacent the respective outer
apertures in the first plate-shaped part for cooperating with the
positive lens action of the line deflection field to anisotropically
overcorrect the field coma error of said outer electron beams relative
to that of the central electron beam; and </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
(b)
a third deflection field shaping means of magnetically-permeable
material arranged adjacent a central aperture in a second
plate-shaped part of the electron gun for passing the central
electron beam, at a position in the electron gun system further from
the screen than the first plate-shaped part, for cooperating with
the positive lens action of the line deflection field to
reverse-anisotropically correct the field coma of the central
electron beam by an amount sufficient to compensate for the
overcorrection by the first and second field shaping means, thereby
effecting production of a central-electron-beam-produced raster which
is substantially identical to the outer-electron-beam-produced
rasters.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
3. A color display tube
as in claim 1 or 2 where the third deflection field shaping means
comprises first and second strips of magnetically permeable material
extending parallel to and symmetrically disposed on opposite sides
of said plane. 4. A color
display tube as in claim 3 where each of said first and second
strips of magnetically permeable material include at opposite ends
thereof projecting lugs which extend away from said plane.
5. A color display tube as in claim 3
where the first and second strips of magnetically permeable material
comprise integrally formed portions of a cup-shaped portion of the
electron gun system, which itself consists essentially of
magnetically permeable material.
6. A color display tube as in claim 1 or 2 where the third
deflection field shaping means is disposed adjacent an
electron-beam-focusing electrode of the electron gun system.
7. A color display tube as in claim 1
or 2 where the first and second deflection field shaping means are
disposed on an apertured plate-shaped member closing an end of a
centering bush for centering the electron gun system in a neck of the
envelope. 8. A color display
tube as in claim 7 where the first and second deflection field
shaping means comprise ring-shaped elements disposed around
respective first and second apertures of said plate-shaped member on
a side thereof closer to the screen, and where the third deflection
field shaping means comprises a ring-shaped element disposed around a
central aperture of said plate-shaped member on a side thereof
which is further from said screen.
9. A color display tube as in claim 6 where the third deflection
field shaping means comprises a ring-shaped member surrounding a
central aperture in the electron-beam-focusing electrode.
</div>
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title" style="text-align: left;">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
<div style="text-align: left;">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The invention r<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>elates
to a colour television display tube comprising an electron gun
system of the "in-line" type in an evacuated envelope for generating
three electron beams. The beam axes are co-planar and converge on a
display screen provided on a wall of the envelope while the beams are
deflected across the display screen into two orthogonal directions
by means of a first and a second deflection field. The electron gun
system is provided with field shapers for causing the rasters
scanned on the display screen by the electron beams to coincide as
much as possible. The field shapers comprise elements of a
magnetically permeable material positioned around the two outer beams
and placed adjacent the end of the electron gun system closest to
the screen. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A
colour television display tube of this type is known from U.S. Pat.
No. 4,196,370. A frequent problem in colour television display
tubes incorporating an electron gun system of the "in-line" type is
what is commonly referred to as the line and field coma error. This
error becomes manifest in that the rasters scanned by the three
electron beams on the display screen are spatially different. This is
due to the eccentric location of the outer electron beams relative
to the fields for horizontal and vertical deflection, respectively.
The Patent cited above sums up a large number of patents giving
partial solutions. These solutions consist of the use of field
shapers. These are magnetic field conducting and/or protective rings
and plates mounted on the extremity of the gun system which locally
strengthen or weaken the deflection field or the deflection fields
along part of the electron beam paths. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In
colour television display tubes various types of deflection units
may be used for the deflection of the electron beams. These
deflection units may form self-convergent combinations with tubes
having an "in-line" electron gun system. One of the frequently used
deflection unit types is what is commonly referred to as the hybrid
deflection unit. It comprises a saddle line deflection coil and a
toroidal field deflection coil. Due to the winding technique used
for manufacturing the field deflection coil it is not possible to
make the coil completely self-convergent. Usually such a winding
distribution is chosen that a certain convergence error remains,
which is referred to as field coma. This coma error becomes clearly
noticeable in a larger raster (vertical) for the outer beams
relative to the central beam. The vertical deflection of the central
beam is smaller than that of the outer beams. As has been described,
inter alia, in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,370 cited above, this may be
corrected by providing elements of a material having a high magnetic
permeability (for example, mu-metal) around the outer beams. The
peripheral field is slightly shielded by these elements at the area of
the outer electron beams so that these beams are slightly less
deflected and the field coma error is reduced. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A
problem which presents itself is that the correction of the field
coma (Y-coma) is anisotropic. In other words, the correction in the
corners is less than the correction at the end<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s320/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a> of the vertical axis.
This is caused by the positive "lens" action of the line deflection
coil (approximately, quadratic with the line deflection) for
vertical beam displacements. (The field deflection coil has a
corresponding lens action, but it does not contribute to the
relevant anisotropic effect). The elimination of such an anisotropic
Y-coma error by adapting the winding distribution of the coils is a
cumbersome matter and often introduces an anisotropic X-coma. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
It
is an object of the invention to provide a display tube in which it
is possible to correct field coma errors on the vertical axis and
in the corners to an equal extent without requiring notable
adaptation of the winding distribution of the coils. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
To
this end a display tube of the type described in the opening
paragraph is characterized in that the elements placed at the
display screen end of the electron gun system are constructed to
overcorrect field coma errors and that the field shapers comprise a
further element positioned around the central electron beam at an
area of the electron gun system further away from the display screen
which operates oppositely to the elements at the end. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
invention is based on the recognition of the fact that the problem
of the anisotropic Y-coma can be solved by suitably utilizing the
Z-dependence of the anisotropic Y-coma. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This
dependence implies that as the coma correction is effected at a
larger distance (in the Z-direction) from the "lens" constituted by
the line deflection coil the operation of said "lens" becomes more
effective, so that the coma correction acquires a stronger
anisotropic character. With the coma correction means placed around
the outer beams at the gun extremity closest to the screen, the coma
is the overcompensated to such a large extent that it is
overcorrected even in the corners. The coma is then heavily
overcorrected on the vertical axis. The correction is anisotropic. A
stronger anisotropic anti-correction is brought about by performing
an anti-coma correction at a still greater distance from the lens.
By adding this stronger anisotropic anti-correction the coma on the
vertical axis can be reduced to zero without the coma in the corners
becoming anisotropic. The coma on the vertical axis and the corners
is then corrected to an equal ex<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s1600/IMG_4260.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874325418346530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s320/IMG_4260.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>tent. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
further element may have the basic shape of a ring and may be
mounted around the central aperture of an apertured electrode
partition. However, restrictions then are imposed on the positioning
of the further element. As will be further described hereinafter,
there will be more freedom in the positioning of the further element
when in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention the
further element comprises two strips of a magnetically permeable
material which extend parallel to and symmetrically relative to the
plane through the electron beam axis around the axis of the central
beam. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
effectiveness of these strips may be improved under circumstances
when according to a further embodiment of the invention their
extremities are provided with outwardly projecting lugs. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
strips may further be separate components or form one assembly with
a magnetic material cup-shaped part of the electron gun system,
which facilitates mounting. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
An
effective embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the
further element is positioned in, or in front of, the area of the
focusing gap of the electron gun. This may be realized in that the
further element consists of a ring of magnetically permeable material
which is mounted around the central aperture of an apertured
partition in the focussing electrode. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
principle of the invention is realised in a given case in that the
field shapers adjacent the display screen facing end of the electron
gun system consist of two rings mounted on the apertured lid of a
box-shaped centering bush, while the further element in that case
may advantageously consist of a ring of magnetically permeable
material which is mounted around the central aperture in the bottom
of the centering bush. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
display tube according to the invention is very suitable for use in
a combination with a deflection unit of the hybrid type,
particularly when a combination is concerned which should be free
from raster correction. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The invention will now be further described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing figures in which </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 1 is a perspective broken-up elevational view of a display tube according to the invention; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 2 is a perspective elevational view of an electron gun system for a tube as shown in FIG. 1; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 3a is an elevational view of a vertical cross-section through part of FIG. 2 ; and </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 3b is a cross-section analogous to FIG. 3a of a further embodiment according to the invention; and </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 3c is a cross-section analogous to FIG. 3a of a further embodiment according to the invention; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIGS. 4a, b, c and d show the field coma occurring in the different deflection units; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 4e illustrates the compensation of the field coma according to the invention; </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 5a schematically shows the beam path on deflection in a conventional dislay tube, and </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 5b schematically shows the beam path on deflection in a display tube according to the invention; and </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIGS.
6a, b, c and d are longitudinal sections of different embodiments
of an electron gun system for a display tube according to the
invention. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 1 is a perspective eleva<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXQqfMd7Y2IRVITf3sG5yRwjB9VXOQ_IR5U9tShuJtPZwUobSfhCNYcyGjgM2lHzDJVM4KnpwsetmzSgyqZ1JKo2Bqe_nCB8Z1vQG2w1oV8PqX_lXfbRzSuSoOvQhyphenhyphencBToBLkwlYW36dE/s1600/45AX-CRT-GUN-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667445720288252354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXQqfMd7Y2IRVITf3sG5yRwjB9VXOQ_IR5U9tShuJtPZwUobSfhCNYcyGjgM2lHzDJVM4KnpwsetmzSgyqZ1JKo2Bqe_nCB8Z1vQG2w1oV8PqX_lXfbRzSuSoOvQhyphenhyphencBToBLkwlYW36dE/s320/45AX-CRT-GUN-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>tional
view of a display tube according to the invention. It is a colour
television display tube of the "in-line" type. In a glass envelope 1,
which is composed of a display window 2, a cone 3 and a neck 4,
this neck accommodates an integrated electron gun system 5
generating three electron beams 6, 7 and 8 whose axes are co-planar
prior to deflection. The axis of the central electron beam 7
coincides with the tube axis 9. The inside of the display window 2
is provided with a large number of triplets of phosphor elements.
These elements may be dot shaped or line shaped. Each triplet
comprises an element consisting of a blue-luminescing phosphor, an
element consisting of a green-luminescing phosphor and an element
consisting of a red-luminescing phosphor. All triplets combined
constitute the display screen 10. Positioned in front of the display
screen is a shadow mask 11 having a very large number of
(elongated) apertures 12 which allow the electron beams 6, 7 and 8
to pass, each beam impinging only on respective phosphor elements of
one colour. The three co-planar electron beams are deflected by a
system of deflection coils not shown. The tube has a base 13 with
connection pins 14. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
2 is a perspective elevational view of an embodiment of an electron
gun system as used in the colour television display tube of FIG. 1.
The electron gun system has a common cup-shaped electrode 20, in
which three cathodes (not visible in the Figure) are secured, and a
common plate-shaped apertured grid 21. The three electron beams whose
axes are co-planar are focused with the aid of a focussing
electrode 22 and an anode 23 which are common for the three electron
beams. Focussing electrode 22 consists of three cup-shaped parts
24, 25 and 26. The open ends of parts 25 and 26 are connected
together. Part 25 is coaxially positioned relative to part 24. Anode
24 has one cup-shaped part 27 whose bottom, likewise as the bottoms
of the other cup-shaped parts, is apertured. Anode 23 also includes
a centering bush 28 used for centering the electron gun system in
the neck of the tube. This centering bush is provided for that
purpose with centering springs not shown. The electrodes of the
electron gun system are connected together in a conventional manner
with the aid of brackets 29 and glass rods 30. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
bottom of the centering bush 28 has three apertures 31, 32 and 33.
Substantially annular field shapers 34 are provided around the
apertures 31 and 33 for the outer electron beams. The ce<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s1282/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrcUBeRaP2pbVqKIMOaGDf-Rjxf9CgwGVft1xU8kyVLU3spllXoemEuiSAp7upKYt3FioQgiUeDxPW_ZKTTPz6f4nTVsVeSouLMsr5xQ67PPeLp-wXqTbIw1a1I2kMsgjqMc1yRU9MJ2YW6C9DSaejMvQ4DQ2Pt5bYuRZQGSKOuoYsB2RW1cTPsqKyO0f/s320/IMGH_13393__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCxdM7fcCNv8vCB4HDw39z9jsFO7-dMOyll7Myl5uz3982xceDL6wKuBenam8jIepAb9Sj_lfCIG3aj9i7oqNl9KHHh5XVjKc2JoSU2lswHt-5xOHPHDm-yTiXRTRBCQh3ZOkGH-8fKrM_J0u1bLJyuwB0-_T86IyLpJ6w9pZk8NIVmmvOwB5wj6GspLq-/s1026/IMGH_13413__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgTw2K2qnbOnBMo8FiMFeZMgXbSpZqj_snj_1odQkmdp314ETUEDnW8byyFlZW8b5HiyCM963LKjLm5r9Q3ygnmUvrwMQk-EacoflHuvluVFMHAdvFy3ma82BQCQbhFKoCS0gIxX35-POnSnPYe-Yo8lOwlQ7izFGMDybjRtfDXuh-M0RLnkQoVwI58Xsa/s1026/IMGH_13143__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>ntering bush
is for example 6.5 mm deep and has an external diameter of 22.1 mm
and an internal diameter of 21.6 mm in a tube having a neck diameter
of 29.1 mm. The distance between the centers of two adjacent
apertures in the bottom is 6.5 mm. The annular elements 34 are
punched from 0.40 mm thick mu-metal sheet material. (Conventional
elements generally have a thickness of 0.25 mm). </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
3a is an elevational view of a vertical cross-section through the
cup-shaped part 25 of the electron gun system of FIG. 2 in which the
plane through the beam axes is perpendicular to the plane of the
drawing. Two (elongated) strips 35 of a magnetically permeable
material such as mu-metal are provided symmetrically relative <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s1600/IMG_4261.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874316495849490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6lnpNV5gERg5DM4lWl0xunwdsXXZjqJ1yCpGg1a1iL3HphsV1DeVK2g6vpI4RK64EcYePoTiR-DSJpjaoNP07K1dbURnNyYufmEuZ3KwyoH03hx1IH44CjNawdPqmHCYqkqrwM9ARcs/s320/IMG_4261.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>to the aperture 37 for the central electron beam. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
3b shows a cross-section analogous to the cross-section of FIG. 3a
of a further embodiment of the strips 35. In this case each strip
has projecting lugs 36. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
strips 35 which produce a coma correction in a direction opposite
to the direction of the coma correction produced by the elements 34
are shown as separate components secured to the focussing electrode
22 (for example, by means of spotwelding). If the cup-shaped part 24
has a magnetic shielding function and is therefore manufactured of a
magnetically permeable material, the strips 35 may be formed in an
alternative manner as projections on the cup-shaped part 24. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG.
3c is an elevational view of a cross-section at a different area
through the anode 22 in an alternative embodiment of the electron gun
system of FIG. 2. In this alternative embodiment the strips 35 are
absent. They have been replaced by an annular element 38 of a
magnetically permeable material positioned around the center beam.
The annular element 38 is provided on an additional apertured
partition 39 accommodated between the cup-shaped parts 25 and 26. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
In
this embodiment there is a restriction that such an additional
partition cannot be accommodated in any arbitrary position. The
embodiments shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b do not have such a restriction.
The strips 35 may be provided in any axial position of the component
22 dependent on the effect to be attained. A plurality of variants
based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 3c is, however, possible. For
this purpose reference is made to FIG. 6. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The effect of the invention is demonstrated with reference to FIG. 4. In FIG. 4a the rasters of the outer electron beams (<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinGhI_xlBRytCiQukSvLjvssOLVWi8_u1-0Lq33YX6XDTZwZ1qrO3iZcysl6Cwfa_4JoZhBDPKiWV7CwQZ5JS0wPGC1ZdgpXbPluf4He_mH7uBeKiCurMOpPPGmq232CpWv33GDC3UJlQ/s1600/45AX-CRT-GUN-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667445720299236594" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinGhI_xlBRytCiQukSvLjvssOLVWi8_u1-0Lq33YX6XDTZwZ1qrO3iZcysl6Cwfa_4JoZhBDPKiWV7CwQZ5JS0wPGC1ZdgpXbPluf4He_mH7uBeKiCurMOpPPGmq232CpWv33GDC3UJlQ/s320/45AX-CRT-GUN-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>red
and blue) and the central beam (green) are shown by means of a
solid and a broken line, respectively, in a display tube without
field shapers and provided with a self-convergent deflection coil.
The reference bc indicates the field coma. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Correction
of the coma with the means hitherto known results in the situation
shown in FIG. 4b. The field coma is zero at the ends of the Y-axis
(the vertical axis or picture axis), but in the corners the field
coma is still not zero. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Overcompensation
of the field coma causes the situation shown in FIG. 4c.
Overcompensation is realised, for example, by adapting the external
diameter of the annular elements 34 shown in FIG. 2, or by placing
them further to the front. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
A
coma correction in the opposite direction is realised with the aid
of the elements 35 or the element 38 in a position located further
to the rear in the electron gun system. The effect of this
"anti"-coma correction by itself is shown in FIG. 4d. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
combined effect of the corrections as shown in FIGS. 4c and 4d is
shown in FIG. 4e. The effect of the invention can clearly be seen;
the field coma is corrected to an equal extent on the vertical axis
and in the corners. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Elaboration
of the step according to the invention on the beam path of the
electron beams in a display tube is illustrated with reference to
FIGS. 5a and b. FIG. 5a is a longitudinal section through a display
tube 40 in which the outer electron beams R, B and the central
electron beam G are deflected in a conventional manner. The
reference L indicates the position where the "lensing action" of the
deflection coils is thought to be concentrated. Upon generating a
change in direction, a displacement (ΔY) of the outer beams relative
to the central beam occurs in the "lens". </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
step according to the invention ensures that there is no
displacement in the lens of the outer beams relative to the central
beam when generating a change in direction (FIG. 5b). </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
When
using an annular element provided around the central aperture in an
apertured partition, such as the element 38, for ensuring an
anti-coma correction, there are different manners of positioning the
element in a suitable place in addition to the manner of positioning
previously described with reference to FIG. 3c. Some of these
manners are shown with reference to FIGS. 6a, b, c and d showing
longitudinal sections through different electron gun systems suitable
for use in a display tube according to the invention. The plane
through the axes of the electron beams is in the plane of the
drawing. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
FIG. 6a shows the same situation as FIG. 3c. An additional apertured partition 39 on which a ring 38 <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxdaHCfPd6lZ4JzND4Jp6VSFop1gwfR2yAjh82GzJsUCEixfgJp9tb0lQC6haQbWFo9nJjighVCVcpJk02JBE2TI9QvECiH07vS3oUmk1USWKZhpO_KwGavDsY3zaZ7aS500qg44V6in0/s1600/45AX-CRT-GUN-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5667445715227752946" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxdaHCfPd6lZ4JzND4Jp6VSFop1gwfR2yAjh82GzJsUCEixfgJp9tb0lQC6haQbWFo9nJjighVCVcpJk02JBE2TI9QvECiH07vS3oUmk1USWKZhpO_KwGavDsY3zaZ7aS500qg44V6in0/s320/45AX-CRT-GUN-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>of
a magnetically permeable material is mounted around the central
aperture is provided between the parts 25 and 26 of the focussing
electrode 22 (G3). If no additional partition 39 is to be accommodated,
it is possible to provide an anti-coma correction ring 38' around
the central aperture on the bottom 41 of the cup-shaped part 24.
However, one should then content oneself with the effect that is
produced by the ring positioned in this particular place. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
As
FIG. 6b shows, an alternative manner is to provide an additional
partition 42 between the electrode parts 24 and 25 and mount a ring
38' of a magnetically permeable material on it. This is, however,
only possible when the cup-shaped part 24 does not have a shielding
function. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
There
is a greater variation in the positioning possibilities of the
anti-coma correction element when the electron gun system is of the
multistage type, as is shown in FIG. 6c. Broken lines show that one
or more rings of a megnetically permeable material may be provided
in different positions around the axis of the central beam. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
closer the correction elements 34 around the outer beams are placed
towards the display screen, the better it is in most cases. To meet
this purpose, an electron gun system having a special type of
centering bush as shown in the electron gun system of FIG. 6d can be
used. In that case the centering bush 28 is box-shaped and provided
with an apertured end 46 on the side facing the display screen. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The
apertured end 46 has three apertures 43, 44 and 45. Rings 34 of a
magnetically permeable material are mounted on the outside of t<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s1600/IMG_4260.jpg" style="font-style: italic;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5582874325418346530" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G1gJ0nOAoQHfRLkq1zK4L3gqq6K1kA3SenwjbeMChBY98cWSKAgvL-Bdpo3OxN-BGnJioV84qWKTG3Y5KLqCdKSSdYLXVDlIQKpNl6UT440jxI1YAQa7OPOnmWMZ7mdluxJRU8FIAQs/s320/IMG_4260.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>he
end 46 at the aperture 43 and 45 for the outer beams. An optimum
position, viewed in the longitudinal direction of the electron gun
system, can then always be found for the ring 38 of a magnetically
permeable material which is to be positioned around the central beam.
This may be the position of ring 38 in FIG. 6d, but also a more
advanced position indicated by the ring 38". Even a still more
advanced position indicated by ring 38"' is possible. Generally, a
position of the ring around the central beam in, or in front of the
area of the focusing gap 47 of the electron gun, that is to say, in
or in front of the area of the transition from part 26 to part 27 is
very suitable. The rings around the outer beams should then be
located further to the front, into the direction of the display
screen. </div>
</div>
</div></div>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-91586337496029660452023-10-18T18:00:00.000+02:002023-10-18T18:00:00.136+02:00SANYO CTP3209 YEAR 1979<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-ZNrVXSWHGFnx26jWuNdtepMKIH7nR8PVYmHgKjqg7v5bIrr5ybUMrSORUIBXeqStYWsU9G7m9qqYyqhy7SBL4W0w_T9Nu_6TmsoX83FdKmTOYVT7p9zmPI-Sr1MtI24G4RIdyOGpH2r7ywwop6qvFF_csJKRjUjjNJhX7twF0EwH6zjxx_6Lu4-qm-t/s1282/IMGH_13363__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-ZNrVXSWHGFnx26jWuNdtepMKIH7nR8PVYmHgKjqg7v5bIrr5ybUMrSORUIBXeqStYWsU9G7m9qqYyqhy7SBL4W0w_T9Nu_6TmsoX83FdKmTOYVT7p9zmPI-Sr1MtI24G4RIdyOGpH2r7ywwop6qvFF_csJKRjUjjNJhX7twF0EwH6zjxx_6Lu4-qm-t/s320/IMGH_13363__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKiNVupB9iN2aOQ-N0H4269ZtFakEoKJdgQFzbTDOhKTbQRC8axYyZWFQ2b1uar-gF-L9H2UJRMH9DdenB8nui0cu-fnzEwqxIbyyhzkSjjzJr75uEN0-ApES9LMyB3Apq_P5e3V_LpY1Pocjk04D_tXBZYvs0sKcnFljWGcc6D_woOaGVOodhXJyHCpo/s1026/IMGH_13364__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVKiNVupB9iN2aOQ-N0H4269ZtFakEoKJdgQFzbTDOhKTbQRC8axYyZWFQ2b1uar-gF-L9H2UJRMH9DdenB8nui0cu-fnzEwqxIbyyhzkSjjzJr75uEN0-ApES9LMyB3Apq_P5e3V_LpY1Pocjk04D_tXBZYvs0sKcnFljWGcc6D_woOaGVOodhXJyHCpo/s320/IMGH_13364__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrj5gCEKfra0fHjBd-VXTRxBbFqMmCOfr9I1yXdUVGNjb8HRvHdJk0Ezvsk1HPqFXXdxFerHcgBJvKwIpzXKvHxSiKPtqo1IxEX5-1lA33dB4eDGdqJeNR9jV_NMpbpAcsvKtyifGqM1mFJMOyE5quDe3Q22ogWUIYLhkga_zEwM12FdCsJ3dC2I0_q8k2/s1282/IMGH_13365__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrj5gCEKfra0fHjBd-VXTRxBbFqMmCOfr9I1yXdUVGNjb8HRvHdJk0Ezvsk1HPqFXXdxFerHcgBJvKwIpzXKvHxSiKPtqo1IxEX5-1lA33dB4eDGdqJeNR9jV_NMpbpAcsvKtyifGqM1mFJMOyE5quDe3Q22ogWUIYLhkga_zEwM12FdCsJ3dC2I0_q8k2/s320/IMGH_13365__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwqAlYXavmEzLXyo8JhQvDgY5UoVCyqXG86bPZkhsncyLPHHI8WrHoayrBu1HWHjycUOzj6TSF3-K0mcbTW-cR4zhheMXoAe_QeMMvWy5UsS4kKkUWncruyYY9xquXcLi9brgDKIE5FG8JuOossi8dChvapAWg_-kpLuVvIGETHD4L00XfH3d5sXkmxA7-/s1282/IMGH_13366__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwqAlYXavmEzLXyo8JhQvDgY5UoVCyqXG86bPZkhsncyLPHHI8WrHoayrBu1HWHjycUOzj6TSF3-K0mcbTW-cR4zhheMXoAe_QeMMvWy5UsS4kKkUWncruyYY9xquXcLi9brgDKIE5FG8JuOossi8dChvapAWg_-kpLuVvIGETHD4L00XfH3d5sXkmxA7-/s320/IMGH_13366__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3eGOl74APje0WgV-D4d2MMn8AsTRxr76oMhJGJPxStrnRRcwlDwnBHQQEUglo4BFv_d6mERlARmsGguvPNx5hmYDTAbZjNeas4Z8kXDol4V1QrpeePwKjztVquvVxZKXeH8a1NGvNH_EpGXjdhUx4RfD-T-3OOxREvYVxCyIQkM_HwMfefOAZQ3Jvb3PU/s1282/IMGH_13367__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3eGOl74APje0WgV-D4d2MMn8AsTRxr76oMhJGJPxStrnRRcwlDwnBHQQEUglo4BFv_d6mERlARmsGguvPNx5hmYDTAbZjNeas4Z8kXDol4V1QrpeePwKjztVquvVxZKXeH8a1NGvNH_EpGXjdhUx4RfD-T-3OOxREvYVxCyIQkM_HwMfefOAZQ3Jvb3PU/s320/IMGH_13367__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p>The SANYO CTP3209 is a 16 inches (37cm) portable color television with 8 programs preselections for VHF and UHF channels.</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrj5gCEKfra0fHjBd-VXTRxBbFqMmCOfr9I1yXdUVGNjb8HRvHdJk0Ezvsk1HPqFXXdxFerHcgBJvKwIpzXKvHxSiKPtqo1IxEX5-1lA33dB4eDGdqJeNR9jV_NMpbpAcsvKtyifGqM1mFJMOyE5quDe3Q22ogWUIYLhkga_zEwM12FdCsJ3dC2I0_q8k2/s1282/IMGH_13365__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrj5gCEKfra0fHjBd-VXTRxBbFqMmCOfr9I1yXdUVGNjb8HRvHdJk0Ezvsk1HPqFXXdxFerHcgBJvKwIpzXKvHxSiKPtqo1IxEX5-1lA33dB4eDGdqJeNR9jV_NMpbpAcsvKtyifGqM1mFJMOyE5quDe3Q22ogWUIYLhkga_zEwM12FdCsJ3dC2I0_q8k2/w200-h150/IMGH_13365__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG2xvgU2xvDY8XXlYIyPaA0DTdzGH5sxh0yakvx8ikMkMjZPK7-em3KeeDMm7ufOGKEZZ9y3yZVFZk7_9UFIFiqOXnQMslBeo0B6GJXRd3SRYqvpTYYN37lWU-uYLKsZ8FGlIxUXEXPUPYlWX60TsAZJFnMoU7dcHBAYjvRzQ8jz9v8EGsfIfx9xuxcA/s1026/IMGH_12599__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> The mechanical turret
approach to television tuning has been used almost exclusively for the
past over 60 years. Even though replete with the inherent disadvantages of
mechanical complexity, unreliability and cost, such apparatus has been
technically capable of performing its intended function and as a result
the consumer has had to bear the burdens associated with the device.
However, with the " recent " Broadcast demands for parity of tuning for
UHF and VHF channels, the increasing number of UHF and cable TV stations
have imposed new tuning performance requirements which severely tax the
capability of the mechanical turret tuner. Consequently, attempts are
now being made to provide all electronic tuning to meet the new
requirements.<br />
<br />
The invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high
frequency receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a
potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said
potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance
paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw
spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material
housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with
each tuning spindle.<br />
<br />
In these tuning units, the working voltages of the capacity diodes in
the tuning circuits are recorded once a precise tuning to the desired
frequency has been performed. A potentiometer tuning system has great
advantages over the formerly used channel selectors operating with
mechanically adjustable capacitors (tuning condensers) or mechanically
adjustable inductances (variometers), mainly because it is not required
to have such great precision in its tuning mechanism.<br />
<br />
Tuning units with bandswitches formed of variable resistances and
combined with interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of
recorded working voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel
selection is accomplished by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or
fine tuning are performed by turning the knobs. The resistances serving
as voltage dividers in these tuning units are combined into a component
unit such that they are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common
insulating plate forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning
spindles and wiper contacts corresponding to the variable resistances
are housed. The number of resistances corresponds to the number of
channels or frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact
picks up a voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines
their capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding
oscillating circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by
turning the tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression
of a button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a
tuning spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied
to the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it
is possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different
receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be.<br />
<br />
Moreover, using this arrangement, the only indication--during
adjustment--of which channel is selected is by station identification. The buttons have led lights each one when depressed.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> The set appeared on the market in 1979 offering as a first features like:</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver realized in an Integrated circuit.</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p>As well known, a composite color television signal comprises a
luminance signal and a chrominance signal suppression modulated on a
subcarrier in a line scanning period, apart from a horizontal and
vertical synchronizing signals in a blanking period and a burst signal
at the back porch of the horizontal synchronizing signal. In a typical
color television receiver, a luminance signal, horizontal and vertical
synchronizing signals, and a chrominance signal plus a burst signal are
separated for the purpose of signal processing. For the purpose of
processing a chrominance signal, a composite chrominance signal
including a chrominance signal suppression modulated on a subcarrier and
a burst signal is provided. On the other hand, a burst gate pulse is
also provided to sample a burst signal in the composite chrominance
signal. A subcarrier is locally generated responsive to the sampled
burst signal and the original color signals are demodulated responsive
to the chrominance signal and as a function of the locally generated
subcarrier , which is adapted for implementation in an integrated circuit.</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> A horizontal synchronizing circuit for use in a television receiver set comprises a horizontal AFC circuit provide a horizontal synchronizing circuit which is simple in structure and can easily be manufactured in an IC.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A light weight regulated power supply apparatus.</li></ul><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> A combination VHF-UHF tuner in which a variable capacitance element is so arranged as to serve as a tuning element for electrically selecting a desired channel while a mixer employed in a VHF tuner serves as an intermediate frequency amplifier when a UHF channel is tuned in.<br /><i>The abbreviation VHF and UHF used hereinabove and hereinbelow stands for very-high frequency and ultra-high frequency, respectively.</i></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> An improved video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television
receiver. More specifically, the present invention relates to a video
detecting circuit and an intercarrier sound signal generating circuit
particularly suited for implementation in an integrated circuit in a
television receiver. </li></ul><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> A video detecting circuit and an intercarrier sound signal generating circuit suited for implementation in an integrated circuit for use in a television receiver</li></ul><ul><li>Telescopic antenna is present above cabinet.</li><li>All manual commands are front placed.</li></ul></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Front
command for AFC ON/OFF switch.If there are any stations transmitting
at frequencies in the space between the frequency at which the receiver
was originally set and the frequency at which the AFC/AFT lets go, the
output will not be detected by the receiver because of this effect on
the AFC/AFT signal. For this reason, especially in FM receiver sets,
there is provided an AFC ON/OFF switch whereby the AFC can be manually
disabled during tuning. However, the purpose of this switch is usually
not understood by the user of the set, so that the AFC/AFT is very
seldom manually disabled when the set is being tuned. Even if it were
understood, as it is left to the user to manually disable the AFC/AFT,
it is quite conceivable that the switch will never be used. If it is
used, it is possible that the user will forget to enable the AFC/AFT
once he has completed tuning, so that the receiver will be operating
without benefit of the AFC/AFT circuit. It is known to use
Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) and Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT)
circuits for maintaining the tuning of frequency of receivers such as FM
receivers and television receivers lined to the frequency of a selected
radio or television station. Although AFC/AFT is useful for maintaining
the alignment of frequencies when the receiver has been tuned, the
signals provided by the AFC/AFT could provide problems when attempting
to tune to a different station or channel. Specifically, if the AFC/AFT
signal is strong enough, then the AFC will "pull" the receiver to the
frequency at which it was last set even though the tuning dial is being
turned. The AFC/AFT will only "let go" after the distance between the
originally set frequency and the tuning dial is sufficiently large to
overcome the effect of the AFC/AFT signal. </li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Vertical frequency and Horizontal frequency, contrast adjustment knobs are also present under the tuning lid front placed.<br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Features firstly a Toshiba CRT tube
particularly to black matrix screens for color television picture tubes
employing slotted aperture masks and a process for fabricating such
screens.
Manufacturers of cathode ray tubes of the color television picture tube
type have at the time begun employing aperture masks having slotted
apertures instead of the more conventional circular apertures in order
to achieve greater electron beam transmission through the mask, since an
array of slots in an aperture mask allows the mask geometrically to be
fabricated with more total open area than the same size mask containing
round or circular apertures. The slotted apertures are typically
arranged in vertical columns on the mask, each column being comprised of
a plurality of slotted apertures. Since more electrons can impinge on
the phosphor regions of the screen in a tube of this type than of the
circular aperture, mask type, a brighter picture results. Unlike the
circularly-configured phosphor regions on the screen of a tube employing
an aperture mask having circular apertures, however, the phosphor
regions on the screen of a tube employing an aperture mask having
slotted apertures are formed in a pattern of adjacent vertical stripes,
typically with each stripe running continuously from the top of the
screen to the bottom. <br />
<br />
Black matrix tubes also becomed widely popular as of late, both in
circular aperture mask tubes and slotted aperture mask tubes. As seen
from the viewing side of the screen of circular aperture mask tubes, the
black matrix material completely surrounds each circular phosphor dot,
serving to improve image contrast by absorbing ambient light that might
otherwise be reflected by the screen. Also as seen from the viewing side
of the screen of slotted aperture mask tubes, each vertical phosphor
stripe is separated from the adjacent vertical phosphor stripe by a
stripe of black matrix material running from the bottom to the top of
the screen. <br />
<br />
In fabricating screens for conventional slotted aperture mask tubes of
the black matrix type, a photoresist material coated over the inside
surface of a tube faceplate is exposed in a so-called lighthouse to
actinic radiation in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of matrix
openings ultimately to be formed on the screen. This radiation is
transmitted through the slotted apertures in the mask before impinging
on the photoresist material. The actinic light source used in this
fabrication process is linearly-elongated in a direction parallel to the
columns of slots in the aperture mask in order to permit the black
matrix material to be formed with a pattern of vertically and
horizontally-aligned, vertically-oriented slots extending between the
top and bottom of the screen. The phosphor stripes are thereafter
deposited so that phosphor of a predetermined color emission
characteristic, respectively, is deposited on the faceplate through a
predetermined slot, respectively. Three different phosphor materials are
conventionally deposited in a horizontally-repetitive pattern. </li></ul><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>And triple electron gun TOSHIBA UNITIZED Electron gun:<br />An electron gun comprising a plurality of focusing grids spatially arranged along the path of an electron beam generated from a cathode and each bored with at least one opening for allowing the passage of the electron beam, wherein at least one of said plural focusing grids is formed of at least one electrode set at a grounding potential or a lower potential than a focusing voltage and at least one more electrode whose potential is defined by an electrostatic capacity; and a high voltage is produced to provide an electron lens, though enabling the electron lens to improve its performance without being obstructed by requirements associated with the construction of a picture tube.</li></ul><p> </p><div style="text-align: left;"><p> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><b>SANYO
Electric Co., Ltd.</b> (San'yō Denki Kabushiki-gaisha) (TYO: 6764, Pink
Sheets: SANYY) is a major electronics company and member of the Fortune
500 whose headquarters is located in Moriguchi, Osaka prefecture, Japan.
Sanyo targets the middle of the market and has over 230 Subsidiaries
and Affiliates.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On
December 21, 2009, Panasonic completed a 400 billion yen ($4.5 billion)
acquisition of a 50.2% stake in Sanyo, making Sanyo a subsidiary of
Panasonic.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> In July 2010, Panasonic announced to acquire the remaining shares of Sanyo.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Corporate culture</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Sanyo
utilizes an extensive socialization process for new employees, so that
they will be acclimatized to Sanyo's corporate culture.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">New
employees take a five-month course during which they eat together and
share company-provided sleeping accommodation. They learn everything
from basic job requirements to company expectations for personal
grooming and the appropriate way in which to address their coworkers and
superiors.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><b>History</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Sanyo
was founded when Toshio Iue (Iue Toshio, 1902–1969), the brother-in-law
of Konosuke Matsushita and also a former Matsushita employee, was lent
an unused Matsushita plant in 1947 and used it to make bicycle generator
lamps. Sanyo was incorporated in 1950; in 1952 it made Japan's first
plastic radio and in 1954 Japan's first pulsator-type washing machine.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> The
company's name means three oceans in Japanese, referring to the
founder's ambition to sell their products worldwide, across the
Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Technologically
Sanyo has had good ties with Sony, supporting the Betamax video format
from invention until the mid 1980s (the best selling video recorder in
the UK in 1983 was the Sanyo VTC5000), and later being an early adopter
of the highly successful Video8 camcorder format. More recently, though,
Sanyo decided against supporting Sony's format, the Blu-ray Disc, and
instead gave its backing to Toshiba's HD DVD. This was ultimately
unsuccessful, however, as Sony's Blu-ray triumphed.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">In
North America, Sanyo manufactures CDMA cellular phones exclusively for
Sprint-Nextel corporation's Sprint PCS brand in the United States, and
for Bell Mobility in Canada.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">The
2004 Chūetsu earthquake severely damaged Sanyo's semiconductor plant
and as a result Sanyo recorded a huge financial loss for that year. The
2005 fiscal year financial results saw a 205 billion yen net income
loss. The same year the company announced a restructuring plan called
the Sanyo Evolution Project, launching a new corporate vision to make
the corporation into an environmental company, plowing investment into
strong products like rechargeable batteries, solar photovoltaics, air
conditioning, hybrid car batteries and key consumer electronics such as
the Xacti camera, projectors and mobile phones.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Sanyo's 3-year restructuring project</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Sanyo
posted signs of recovery after the announcement of positive operating
income of 2.6 billion yen. Sanyo remains the world number one producer
of rechargeable batteries. Recent product innovations in this area
include the Eneloop Low self-discharge NiMH battery, a "hybrid"
rechargeable NiMH (Nickel-metal hydride battery) which, unlike typical
NiMH cells, can be used from-the-package without an initial recharge
cycle and retain a charge significantly longer than batteries using
standard NiMH battery design. The Eneloop line competes against similar
products such as Rayovac's "Hybrid Rechargeable" line.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">In December 2005 Sanyo had their new Super Sharp Technology patented.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">In
January 2006 Sanyo received a massive capital injection from Goldman
Sachs, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation and Daiwa Securities which
resulted in five members of the banks represented joining the
nine-person Board of Directors.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On 24 November 2006, Sanyo announced heavy losses and job cuts.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Tomoyo
Nonaka, a former NHK anchorwoman who was appointed Chairman of the
company, stepped down in March 2007. The President, Toshimasa Iue, also
stepped down in April of that year; Seiichiro Sano was appointed to head
the company effective April 2007. In October 2007, Sanyo cancelled a
110 billion yen ($942 million) sale of its semiconducter business,
blaming the global credit crisis for the decision and stating that after
exploring its other options, it had decided to keep the business and
develop it as part of its portfolio.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On April 1, 2008, they merged their cell phone division with Kyocera.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On
November 2, 2008, Sanyo and Panasonic announced that they have agreed
on the main points of a proposed buyout that would make Sanyo a
subsidiary of Panasonic and a formal announcement of the acquisition
was made on Sanyo's web site on December 19, 2008.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">They became a subsidiary of Panasonic on December 21, 2009.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On
July 15, 2010 Sanyo agreed to sell its semiconductor operations to ON
Semiconductor for $366 million to be completed before the end of 2010.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">On
July 29. 2010 Panasonic reached an agreement to acquire the remaining
shares of Panasonic Electric Works and Sanyo shares for $9.4 billion.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">By
April 2012, parent company Panasonic plans to terminate the Sanyo
brand, however it will be remain on some of the products where the Sanyo
brand still hold value to consumers.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><br /></span></span>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">JAPAN IS STRANGE <br />
</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Strange
how situations change. It seems not so long ago that Japan and its
industries, particularly electronics, could do no wrong. They taught us
how to make cars and TV sets properly. They invested heavily and came up
with a seem- ingly endless stream of desirable, innova- tive products.
Both outsiders and insiders could see no end to this success story. We
were told, by more than one leading Japanese electronics industrialist,
that the 21st century would be the Japanese one, when Japan became
predominant industri- ally and culturally. For the last couple of years
the situation has been somewhat different. Japan is still the world's
second largest economy, but the previous confidence has gone. The econo-
my has stalled, and doesn't look like getting going again for some
time. Profitability has become appalling, and the talk now is all of
restructuring and job losses. Sony has announced that some 17,000 jobs
will be lost worldwide, ten per cent of its workforce, while fifteen of
its seventy factories are to be closed. Mighty Hitachi, whose activities
span a much wider field and whose turnover is equivalent to over two
per cent of Japan's gross domestic product, has launched a detailed
review of its businesses. 6,500 of its 66,000 parent company employees
are to be made redun- dant by March next year. On a consolidat- ed basis
Hitachi is Japan's largest employ- er, with 330,000 staff. Businesses
are to be dropped or reorganised. The story from Mitsubishi Electric is
similar: there is to be a "sweeping restructuring of its portfolio of
businesses". In the UK, the latest manifes- tation of this is the
closure of Mitsubishi's VCR plant at Livingston. 14,500 jobs will go
(8,400 in Japan) at Mitsubishi Electric, nearly ten per cent of the
workforce. Other manufacturers who have announced poor results and
restructuring recently include NEC, Matsushita, Sharp and Toshiba. It's
all a long way since the time when, it seemed, all the Japanese had to
do was to get the product right and produce more and more of it. Some of
this was foreseeable. Markets reach saturation point; new products are
not always a runaway success; if investment in new plant is excessive
you end up with too much capacity; and so on. Then there is the fact
that Japan is not isolated from econom- ic problems elsewhere: no
economy that is heavily dependent on exports can be. But there are also
more specific Japanese prob- lems. The banking system is beset by non-
performing loans that Japanese bankers are reluctant to write off. The
bubble economy of a few years ago, when asset values rose to unrealistic
levels, collapsed. This is part of the cause of the banking system
difficul- ties. Then there is the practice of cross - ownership, with
firms owning substantial stakes in each other. This can work nicely when
everything is doing well: when reces- sion looms, it aggravates the
problems. Japan's unemployment rate hit a new high of 4.8 per cent
(3.39m) in March, part- ly because of the corporate sector restructur-
ing. Japanese industrialists hope to improve their profitability in the
second half of the year, and will be helped by improved condi- tions in
SE Asia. But it will be hard going, particularly to improve domestic
market conditions. The Japanese have always had a high propensity to
save. This increases when the economic climate is poor, with
unemployment a threat. Right now Japanese consumers are saving rather
than buying. No one seems to know how to alter their behaviour. There is
also a demographic problem: the Japanese population is ageing. Japanese
interest rates are negligible. So borrowing is not a problem. But
conversely all those savings are bringing in little income. In the
Western world interest rate changes often have a considerable impact on
the economy. This economic tool is not available when interest rates are
negligible. The Japanese have been advised to get their banking system
sorted out, but that's not the sort of thing that can be done overnight.
Right now the best opportunity for Japan seems to be to export its way
out of its dif- ficulties, something that shouldn't be too difficult
once worldwide expansion has resumed. But the high value of the yen is a
drawback. From the economic viewpoint it's an extremely interesting
situation, one in which the laws of economics have little to offer. This
could be because such laws are, basically, descriptive rather than
prescrip- tive. In the real world you can't always ini- tiate economic
activity through monetary or fiscal means. Some commentators have gone
so far as to suggest that the Japanese government should spend, spend,
spend and print money to kick-start the economy. This is a dangerous
course that can go badly wrong. It has already been tried by the
Japanese government to a limited extent, with similarly limited success.
The one thing that we do know is that economies are not stable. Change
is ever present in one form or another. The prob- lem lies in trying to
control it. <u><i>This is all rather humbling, and certainly something
of a comeuppance for the rather arrogant Japanese industrialists who had
talked about the century of Japanese economic hegemony.</i></u><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also:</span></span></h2>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera_Communications" title="Kyocera Communications"></a></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_camera_brands" title="List of digital camera brands">List of digital camera brands</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Wild_Knights" title="Panasonic Wild Knights">Panasonic Wild Knights</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primearth_EV_Energy_Co" title="Primearth EV Energy Co">Primearth EV Energy Co</a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">Some References:</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://panasonic.net/sanyo/corporate/ir_library/pdf/financialstatements/fs-2010-4q.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Financial Results for FY 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>panasonic.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/home/" rel="nofollow">"Consumer Market Research - Business Solutions - npd.com"</a>. <i>npd.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://panasonic.net/sanyo/corporate/profile/outline.html" rel="nofollow">"Outline"</a>. <i>panasonic.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://sanyo.com/news/2009/12/21-1.html" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. - Panasonic"</a>. <i>sanyo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Daisuke Wakabayashi (5 February 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704533204575046774223872104" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo Deal Hits Panasonic Results"</a>. <i>WSJ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text">J. Impoco, "Basic Training, Sanyo Style". <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>, July 13, 1992, pp. 46–48.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://assets.whirlpoolcorp.com/wp-content/uploads/history_100years_factsheet.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://assets.whirlpoolcorp.com/wp-content/uploads/history_100years_factsheet.pdf</a></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Myer, Edwin W. (29 November 1982). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjAEAAAAMBAJ&dq=sanyo+computer+MBC+1000+review&source=gbs_navlinks_s" rel="nofollow">"Hardware Review: Sanyo MBC 1000 Small Business Computer"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. InfoWorld Media Group. p. 101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Feb</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Shea, Tom (11 July 1983). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wi8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=sanyo+computer+MBC+550+review&source=gbs_navlinks_s" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo Developing IBM Clone"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. InfoWorld Media Group. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 Feb</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n9/12_Sanyo_555_small_business.php" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo 555, small business computers. (evaluation)"</a>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSL1643184420080216?sp=true" rel="nofollow">"Toshiba to give up on HD DVD, end format war: source"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. February 16, 2008.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nb20061125a1.html" rel="nofollow">"The Japan Times - News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Business_News/2007/03/19/Sanyo-Chairwoman-Tomoyo-Nonaka-resigns/UPI-64011174315797/" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo Chairwoman Tomoyo Nonaka resigns"</a>. <i>UPI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article2681706.ece" rel="nofollow">"Login"</a>. <i>timesonline.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/t10015122271000.html" rel="nofollow">NHKニュース 三洋電機 子会社化で大筋合意</a> <a class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091015125533/http%3A//www3.nhk.or.jp/toppage/errors/not_found.html" rel="nofollow">Archived</a>
2009-10-15 at the Portuguese Web Archive (NHK News: Agreement to Main
Points to make Sanyo Electric a Subsidiary) Retrieved on November 2,
2008</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://sanyo.com/news/2008/12/19-1.html" rel="nofollow">Sanyo Press Release</a> Retrieved on May 14, 2009</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/content.do?id=18359" rel="nofollow">"www.sanyosemi.com has been integrated into www.onsemi.com"</a>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214162806/http://panasonic-electric-works.net/ir/news/pdf/IR100729_en.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Panasonic Electric Works - Panasonic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>panasonic-electric-works.net</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://panasonic-electric-works.net/ir/news/pdf/IR100729_en.pdf" rel="nofollow">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE66S03820100729" rel="nofollow">"Panasonic buying Sanyo and other unit for $9.4 billion"</a>. <i>reuters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2010/07/consolidation-continues-panasonic-to-buy-sanyo" rel="nofollow">"Consolidation Continues: Panasonic To Buy Sanyo"</a>. <i>Renewable Energy World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://japantoday.com/category/business/view/brand-name-of-sanyo-to-be-basically-terminated-in-april-2012" rel="nofollow">Brand name of Sanyo to be basically terminated in April 2012</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="Dead link since January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rohit T. K. in Bangalore and James B. Kelleher (13 August 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/13/us-whirlpool-china-idUSBRE97C0AX20130813" rel="nofollow">"Whirlpool buys 51 percent stake in China appliance maker"</a>. Reuters.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://solar.sanyo.com/hit.html" rel="nofollow">http://solar.sanyo.com/hit.html</a></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imedinews.ge/en/news_read/31263" rel="nofollow">"404 Error - Page Not Found"</a>. <i>www.imedinews.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.solarbuzz.com/news/NewsASCO396.htm" rel="nofollow">"Power & Energy Technology - IHS Technology"</a>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2001_04/pr2702.htm" rel="nofollow">"Toshiba : Press Releases 27 April, 2001"</a>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a class="external text" href="http://green.autoblog.com/2010/08/02/sanyo-completes-construction-of-lithium-ion-battery-facility-in/" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo completes construction of lithium-ion battery facility in Japan"</a> (Press release). Sanyo via Autoblog Green. 2010-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-10</span></span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">BioAge Media. <a class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/09/sanyo_to_more_t.html" rel="nofollow">"Green Car Congress: Sanyo to More than Double NiMH Battery Production Based on Hybrid Demand"</a>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/japanese-company-sanyo-enters-india-with-affordable-tv-sets/344918/" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo India Launch"</a>. <i>Financial Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.in/b?ie=UTF8&node=13961226031" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo Smart TV Launch"</a>. <i>Amazon Press Release</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/e-commerce/e-tailing/launched-exclusively-on-amazon-last-year-japanese-tv-brand-sanyo-tv-now-signs-flipkart/59987944" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo NXT Series"</a>. <i>Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.digit.in/tvs/sanyos-launches-two-new-4k-smart-tvs-starting-at-rs-64990-38515.html" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo 4K Smart Series"</a>. <i>Digit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/durables/panasonic-emerges-as-lowest-bidder-for-eesls-super-efficient-acs/articleshow/58813834.cms" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo EESL AC"</a>. <i>Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://tv.toptenreviews.com/flat-panel/lcd/sanyo/sanyo-lcd-review.html" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo LCD"</a>. <i>TopTenREVIEWS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2458935,00.asp" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo FVF5044"</a>. <i>PCMAG</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnet.com/news/sanyo-introduces-65-inch-lcd-tv-for-998/" rel="nofollow">"Sanyo introduces 65-inch LCD TV for $998"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. CBS Interactive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
</blockquote><p> </p></div><p> </p>FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-59774428167696549022023-10-18T17:30:00.000+02:002023-10-18T17:30:00.142+02:00SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 INTERNAL VIEW<div class="separator"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s1282/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1765" data-original-width="1393" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikqUi9vuRMtgShHE9iGwyCc8je0mxVNoiCqBPQpFbex28DXBw8JC5rdpBw69J-vF2FGAlLswdFX5Yav8P71lPiV1MhRbPKvaqwJXvrSJ-4wX7AytQMio6G6n8lkvEmy3ScagRS1DOlXBFwcS_8ZvrQdd-xfwpxCQJ_n3-aGflF0M92vEJ6xIWXNW4H8yFd/s320/TA7193P-2__TVMS.jpg" width="253" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5b4VXl8ic-i7Cw_gyZgOD-sODSilbgNsribNiaauCJK6pVTSWvuaGcinqQ-i85pOien_4xWTZROzJD526_yhePyVu1FdxOpuESPJ4tE_grYExozec8nMIxLcpwgN2DaSRC8ZlM6G-2zglDajmzIdKkIjLsKevcvsZfcQYcVF2_P7kneJW4DkaAEnxMnf/s1765/TA7193P-3__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1765" data-original-width="1393" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5b4VXl8ic-i7Cw_gyZgOD-sODSilbgNsribNiaauCJK6pVTSWvuaGcinqQ-i85pOien_4xWTZROzJD526_yhePyVu1FdxOpuESPJ4tE_grYExozec8nMIxLcpwgN2DaSRC8ZlM6G-2zglDajmzIdKkIjLsKevcvsZfcQYcVF2_P7kneJW4DkaAEnxMnf/s320/TA7193P-3__TVMS.jpg" width="253" /></a></div><p></p><p><b>LA1357N - VIF AMP , VIDEO DET. , AGC , AFT</b></p><p><b>M51381P - VIDEO AMPLIF.</b></p><p><b>TA7193P - BANDPASS AMPL, CW OSC DEMOD.</b></p><p><b>LA1320A - SIF AMP , SIF DEMOD.</b></p><p><b>LA1460 - SYNC SEP, VERT OSC/DRIVE , AFC , HORIZ. OSC.</b></p><p><b>LA5112N - POWER SUPPLY REGULATOR</b></p><p><b>2SD839 HORIZ / LINE OUT.</b></p><p><b>2SB514 . 2SD330 VERT / FRAME OUT.</b></p><p><b>2SC1507 X 3 RGB AMPL. </b></p><p><b>2SA608 ACL</b></p><p><b>2SB544 LUM / VIDEO DRIVE<br /> </b></p><div class="disp_elm_text"><b>SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 Combination VHF-UHF tuner for use in a television receiver:</b></div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> A combination VHF-UHF tuner includes a VHF tuner and a UHF tuner in which the VHF tune<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5IR2kTtxqFDYLEB63BtpS4yt9d5DED0oc4eOxlPhUQSaISbLFbLob-uuu75Lrvp7YV7nlQ9JKP0fvd8hCLMVPLnMqYAOIcSaIRWsyr1M4LYpcj0pDfHrmggTa7RHWJMnzcT6paRkgk0C4shktwSTi5QXSQ3TqTBpv4t8EZvaNsTfPSHolnxvcTuABeCG/s1282/IMGH_13373__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5IR2kTtxqFDYLEB63BtpS4yt9d5DED0oc4eOxlPhUQSaISbLFbLob-uuu75Lrvp7YV7nlQ9JKP0fvd8hCLMVPLnMqYAOIcSaIRWsyr1M4LYpcj0pDfHrmggTa7RHWJMnzcT6paRkgk0C4shktwSTi5QXSQ3TqTBpv4t8EZvaNsTfPSHolnxvcTuABeCG/s320/IMGH_13373__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>r has at least three tuning networks connected in a stage preceding a mixer and each constituted by first and second coils and a variable capacitance diode. The first coil in each of the tuning network is coupled to a switching diode for shortcircuiting the first coil for establishing a network operable to a high band VHF signal and for opening the first coil connected to the second coil for establishing a tuning network operable to a low band VHF signal. A band selecting circuit is provided for controlling the three tuning networks in such a manner that the three tuning networks are all operable to the high or low band VHF signal when the VHF channel is tuned in and that at least one of the three tuning networks is operable to the high band VHF signal while the remaining is operable to the low band VHF signal when the UHF channel is tuned in.</div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> 1. A combination VHF-UHF tuner comprising, in combination:<br /><br />a UHF tuner;<br /><br />a VHF tuner having an input tuning circuit, a primary interstage tuning circuit, a secondary interstage tuning circuit and a mixer connected in series between a VHF input and a tuner output;<br /><br />means connected to the UHF tuner for operating the same when UHF channel is tuned in; and<br /><br />means connected to the VHF tuner for making the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit operative to high band VHF signal when high channel VHF signal is tuned in, for making the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit operative to low band VHF signal when low channel VHF signal is tuned in, and for making at least one of the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit operative to high band VHF signal and the remaining operative to low band VHF signal when UHF channel is tuned in.<br /><br /><br />2. A combination VHF-UHF tuner as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit includes a tuning network constituted by a variable capacitance diode and first and second inductance coils, said second inductance coil coupled with a switching diode for short-circuiting the second inductance coil for making the tuning network operative to the high band VHF signal.<br /><br />Description:<br /><br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />The present invention relates to a television receiver, and more particularly, to a combination VHF-UHF tuner in which a variable capacitance element is so arranged as to serve as a tuning element for electrically selecting a desired channel while a mixer employed in a VHF tuner serves as an intermediate frequency amplifier when a UHF channel is tuned in.<br /><br />The abbreviation VHF and UHF used hereinabove and hereinbelow stands for very-high frequency and ultra-high frequency, respectively.<br /><br />Conventionally, there have been proposed various types of the combination VHF-UHF tuner, one example is shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of the conventional tuner which includes a VHF tuner 1 having an input tuning circuit 2, a radio frequency amplifier, a primary interstage tuning circuit 3, a secondary interstage tuning circuit 4, a mixer 5, which are connected in series between a VHF input A and a tuner output B, and a local oscillator 6 connected to a junction Ja between the secondary interstage tuning circuit 4 and the mixer 5. The conventional tuner shown in FIG. 1 further includes a UHF tuner 7 connected between a UHF input C and a switch 8 which is in turn connected to the junction Ja.<br /><br />According to the above described conventional tuner, particularly the one which is located at place where the VHF signal is strong, the input tuning circuit 2 and primary and secondary interstage tuning circuits 3 and 4 are normally set in a tuned condition with VHF high band signal, even when the UHF channel is tuned in, so that the VHF broadcasting signals carried in high channels are apt to be transmitted to the mixer 5. Therefore, in the case where the television receiver is set to receive UHF broadcasting signal, the VHF broadcasting signals carried in high channels may interfere with the UHF broadcasting signal.<br /><br />Such interference may take place when the input tuning circuit 2 and primary and secondary interstage tuning circuits 3 and 4 are normally set in a tuned condition with VHF low band signals. In this case, the UHF broadcasting signal may be interfered by the VHF broadcasting signal of low channels.<br /><br />Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a tuning device which prevents the VHF signals from being transmitted to the mixer when the UHF signal is tuned in.<br /><br />Another object of the present invention is to provide a tuning device of the above described type which is simple in construction and can readily be manufactured at low cost.<br /><br />In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a combination VHF-UHF tuner comprises: a UHF tuner; a VHF tuner having an input tuning circuit, a primary interstage tuning circuit, a secondary interstage tuning circuit and a mixer connected in series between a VHF input and a tuner output and local oscillator; means connected to the UHF tuner for operating the same when UHF channel is tuned in; and means connected to the VHF tuner for making the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit operative to high band VHF signal when high channel VHF signal is tuned in, for making the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit operative to low band VHF signal when low channel VHF signal is tuned in, and for making at least one of the input tuning circuit, primary interstage tuning circuit and secondary interstage tuning circuit operative to high band VHF signal and the remaining operative to low band VHF signal when UHF channel is tuned in.<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br /><br />These and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with a preferred embodiment thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:<br /><br />FIG. 1 which have already been referred to in the foregoing description is a block diagram of a combination VHF-UHF tuner of a prior art;<br /><br />FIG. 2 is a block diagram partly showing a detailed network of a combination VHF-UHF tuner of the present invention; and<br /><br />FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a band selecting circuit.<br /><br />DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />Before the description of the present invention proceeds, it is to be noted that like parts are designated by like reference numerals throughout the accompanying drawings.<br /><br />Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a combination VHF-UHF tuner of the present invention, in which a reference numeral 10 designates a VHF tuner while a reference numeral 11 designates a UHF tuner. The VHF tuner 10 includes an input tuning circuit 16, a radio frequency amplifier 17, a primary interstage tuning circuit 18, a secondary interstage tuning circuit 19 and a mixer 15 which are connected in series between a VHF input 12 and a tuner output 41. The VHF tuner 10 further includes a local oscillator 14 connected to a junction J1 between the secondary interstage tuning circuit 19 and the mixer 15.<br /><br />Before describing each of the tuning circuits 16, 18 and 19, it is to be noted that FIG. 2 illustrates only circuit components necessary to describe the present invention, and that these tuning circuits 16, 18 and 19 operate, when VHF channel is tuned in, in a known manner.<br /><br />The input tuning circuit 16 comprises a resistor R1 and a capacitor C1 connected in series between a power supplying terminal 33 for the mixer 15 and the ground. A junction J2 between the resistor R1 and the capacitor C1 is connected to an anode of a switching diode 30, whereas the cathode of the switching diode 30 is connected to a capacitor C2 through a junction J3. The junction J3 is connected through a resistor R2 to a terminal 35 which receives a band selecting signal from a band selecting circuit 50 as will be described in detail later with reference to FIG. 3. The input tuning circuit 16 further comprises an LC circuit including coils 24 and 27, capacitor C3 and a variable capacitance diode 21. A junction J4 <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5IR2kTtxqFDYLEB63BtpS4yt9d5DED0oc4eOxlPhUQSaISbLFbLob-uuu75Lrvp7YV7nlQ9JKP0fvd8hCLMVPLnMqYAOIcSaIRWsyr1M4LYpcj0pDfHrmggTa7RHWJMnzcT6paRkgk0C4shktwSTi5QXSQ3TqTBpv4t8EZvaNsTfPSHolnxvcTuABeCG/s1282/IMGH_13373__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5IR2kTtxqFDYLEB63BtpS4yt9d5DED0oc4eOxlPhUQSaISbLFbLob-uuu75Lrvp7YV7nlQ9JKP0fvd8hCLMVPLnMqYAOIcSaIRWsyr1M4LYpcj0pDfHrmggTa7RHWJMnzcT6paRkgk0C4shktwSTi5QXSQ3TqTBpv4t8EZvaNsTfPSHolnxvcTuABeCG/s320/IMGH_13373__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>between the coils 24 and 27 is connected to the capacitor C2 whereas a junction J5 between the capacitor C3 and cathode of the variable capacitance diode 21 is connected through a resistor R3 to a tuning voltage supplying terminal 20. The anode side of the variable capacitance diode 21 and the coil 27 are grounded.<br /><br />The radio frequency amplifier 17 is constituted by any known amplifier so designed as to amplify high frequency signal. Therefore, a detailed description thereof is omitted for the sake of brevity.<br /><br />The primary and secondary interstage tuning circuits 18 and 19 have a similar network as the network of the input tuning circuit 16. The primary interstage tuning circuit 18 comprises a resistor R4 and a capacitor C4 connected in series between the ground and a power supplying terminal 34 which is provided for supply power to the radio frequency amplifier 17 and to the local oscillator 14. The terminal 24 receives power from the band selecting circuit 50. A junction J6 between the resistor R4 and the capacitor C4 is connected to an anode of a switching diode 3, whereas the cathode of the switching diode 31 is connected to a capacitor C5 through a junction J7. The junction J7 is connected through a resistor R5 to a terminal 35. The primary interstage tuning circuit 18 further comprises an LC circuit including coils 25 and 28, capacitor C6 and a variable capacitance diode 22. A junction J8 between the coils 25 and 28 is connected to the capacitor C5 whereas a junction J9 between the capacitor C6 and cathode of the variable capacitance diode 22 is connected through a resistor R6 to the tuning voltage supplying terminal 20. The anode side of the variable capacitance diode 22 and the coil 28 are grounded.<br /><br />The secondary interstage tuning circuit 19 comprises a resistor R7 and a capacitor C7 connected in series between the ground and the power supplying terminal 33 provided for supplying power to the mixer 25. A junction J10 between the resistor R7 and the capacitor C7 is connected to an anode of a switching diode 32, whereas the cathode of the switching diode 32 is connected to a capacitor C8 through a junction J11. The junction J11 is connected through a resistor R8 to a terminal 35. The secondary interstage tuning circuit 19 further comprises an LC circuit including coils 26 and 29, capacitor C9 and a variable capacitance diode 23. A junction J12 between the coils 26 and 29 is connected to the capacitor C8 whereas a junction J13 between the capacitor C9 and the cathode of the variable capacitance diode 23 is connected through a resistor R9 to the tuning voltage supplying terminal 20. The anode side of the variable capacitance diode 23 and the coil 29 are grounded.<br /><br />The variable capacitance diodes 21, 22 and 23 are set to produce a predetermined capacitance by a DC voltage applied from the terminal 20.<br /><br />Still referring to FIG. 2, the UHF tuner 11 of any known type is actuated when high voltage signal is applied to a terminal 37 from the band selecting circuit 50. Such high voltage applied to the terminal 37 also actuates a switching diode 36 connected between the output of the UHF tuner and the junction J1. Therefore, when the terminal 37 receives high voltage, the UHF tuner 11 is actuated and, at the same time, the switching diode 36 electrically connects the UHF tuner 11 to the mixer 15 for supplying intermediate frequency signal produced from the UHF tuner 11 to the mixer 15. On the other hand, when the terminal 37 receives a low signal, the UHF tuner 11 is brought into inoperative position and, at the same time, the switching diode 36 electrically interrupts the UHF tuner from the mixer 15. The mixer 15 is always provided with an actuating voltage (+B3) from the terminal 33 when and so long as the television receiver is turned on.<br /><br />Referring to FIG. 3, the band selecting circuit 50 includes three transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3 the emitters of these transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3 being connected to each other and in turn to a source of voltage (+B1). The base of the transistor Q1 is connected through a resistor R10 to a terminal 38 which receives a negative VHF low band setting signal from an electric channel selecting apparatus (not shown) of any known type. The collector of the transistor Q1 is connected through a resistor R11 to the terminal 34 of the VHF-UHF tuner described above and also to the ground through a zener diode Dz. The base of the transistor Q2 is connected through a resistor R12 and diode D2 to a terminal 39. The diode D2 is provided for directing electric current to flow towards the terminal 39, when the terminal 39 receives negative VHF high band setting signal from the electric channel selecting apparatus. A diode D1 is connected between the terminals 38 and 39, so that the negative VHF high band setting signal applied to the terminal 39 is directed to the base of the transistor Q1 and also to the base of the transistor Q2. The collector of the transistor Q2 is connected through a resistor R13 to a transistor Q4 which has the collector connected to a source of voltage (+B2) and the emitter connected to the ground. The collector of the transistor Q4 is also connected to a terminal 35 of the VHF-UHF tuner. The base of the transistor Q3 is connected through a resistor R14 to a terminal 40 which receives a negative UHF setting signal from the electric channel selecting apparatus. The collector of the transistor Q3 is connected to the terminals 37 through a resistor R15. A diode D3 is connected between the terminal 40 and the anode side of the diode D2, so that the negative UHF setting signal applied to the terminal 40 is directed to the base of the transistor Q2. An operation of the band selecting circuit 50 is described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy1Yb_S-QJOheIYA8z4ZdmnbtWrh5VWCICFrPTYZCGmPsSfFK2ZijXigORC99nSdy_kE0kKxiklA6XyJRCODLpB2nggi-NdlsH5neaB92vk_NjQGbcdfzja-dtAdVP3nHzVumpSnsr2az2byI02czHVdIndk6JONbCS65hnPDvf3G8KxTBb7mkNBW1RMDd/s2558/sanyo_TUNER-3__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy1Yb_S-QJOheIYA8z4ZdmnbtWrh5VWCICFrPTYZCGmPsSfFK2ZijXigORC99nSdy_kE0kKxiklA6XyJRCODLpB2nggi-NdlsH5neaB92vk_NjQGbcdfzja-dtAdVP3nHzVumpSnsr2az2byI02czHVdIndk6JONbCS65hnPDvf3G8KxTBb7mkNBW1RMDd/s320/sanyo_TUNER-3__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdMP0i1wK7gwrcB-k01ekQSOU1kHYgYLKyD8aoaM-lQZta3HwRh3wbg5TBV6HoptRr8YAlnd0VTZ4rs4pXvhhDA56UbCGmLFvN-S04US3N6HCfL-N2iJJu7bFFZ5wlz9Hv9fjBUMdoWKvFq_6xrYLm5rtaq2omZkHZmGUR6odxWjhM-4sdbbZCvMDtch4w/s2558/sanyo_TUNER-2__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1742" data-original-width="2558" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdMP0i1wK7gwrcB-k01ekQSOU1kHYgYLKyD8aoaM-lQZta3HwRh3wbg5TBV6HoptRr8YAlnd0VTZ4rs4pXvhhDA56UbCGmLFvN-S04US3N6HCfL-N2iJJu7bFFZ5wlz9Hv9fjBUMdoWKvFq_6xrYLm5rtaq2omZkHZmGUR6odxWjhM-4sdbbZCvMDtch4w/s320/sanyo_TUNER-2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg56-Q4RSmm64BE3rt7zrWhfzAVNFUNk-lJTMGbJ2G6O1uXMP249GeLD7rSzgoux_0q04PPKMnweFc-GzLGoG21LBqIL5Oubprpu_8SB5ODHtQxs19ny76nORPakEPHA7LIedtt72pLmO7XIpU1qWUrAMNq-r-RHkxgxBrsqL8S4jnA9EZf7rrw4tpuDFX9/s2558/sanyo_TUNER-1__TVMS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg56-Q4RSmm64BE3rt7zrWhfzAVNFUNk-lJTMGbJ2G6O1uXMP249GeLD7rSzgoux_0q04PPKMnweFc-GzLGoG21LBqIL5Oubprpu_8SB5ODHtQxs19ny76nORPakEPHA7LIedtt72pLmO7XIpU1qWUrAMNq-r-RHkxgxBrsqL8S4jnA9EZf7rrw4tpuDFX9/s320/sanyo_TUNER-1__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br />When the electric channel selecting apparatus (not shown) as a whole including the band selecting circuit 50 provides the negative VHF low band setting signal to the terminal 38, the transistor Q1 conducts to provide a predetermined voltage (+15V) determined by the zener diode Dz to the terminals 34 for actuating the radio frequency amplifier 17 and local oscillator 14. Since other terminals 39 and 40 are not provided with any negative setting signals, the remaining transistors Q2, Q3 and Q4 are held in a non-conductive state. Therefore, the terminal 35 receives a predetermined positive voltage (+30V) from the voltage source while the terminal 37 is maintained at zero volt. Under the condition described above, the switching diodes 30, 31 and 32, shown in FIG. 2, are impressed on the cathode sides thereof with positive voltage +30V and on the anode sides thereof with positive voltage +15V. Therefore, the diodes 30, 31 and 32 are all reversely biased to interrupt the electrical connection between the anode and cathode sides of the respective switching diodes 30, 31 and 32. As a consequence, the coils 27, 28 and 29 are in association with the coils 24, 25 and 26, respectively, to establish tuning circuits 16, 18 and 19 which are operative to the low band VHF signals.<br /><br />When the electric channel selecting apparatus (not shown) provides the negative VHF high band setting signal to the terminal 39, the transistor Q2 conducts to provide biasing voltage to the transistor Q4. Therefore, the transistor Q4 conducts to ground the terminal 35. At the same time, the negative VHF high band setting signal applied to the terminal 39 is fed to the transistor Q1 through a diode D1, so that the terminal 34 is applied with the predetermined voltage (+15V) in a similar manner as described above. The terminal 37 is maintained at zero volt since there is no signal applied to the terminal 40. Under the condition described above, the switching diodes 30, 31 and 32, shown in FIG. 2, are impressed on the cathode sides thereof with zero volt from the terminal 35 and on the anode sides thereof with positive voltage +15V from the terminal 34 and 33. Therefore, the switching diodes 30, 31 and 32 are all forward biased to conduct the same. As a consequence, the junctions J4, J8 and J10 are grounded in terms of high frequency region, through the diodes 30, 31 and 32, respectively, to substantially shortcircuit the coils 27, 28 and 29. Accordingly, thus established tuning circuits 16, 18 and 19 are operative to the high band VHF signals.<br /><br />On the contrary, when the UHF channel is tuned in, the negative UHF setting signal is applied to the terminal 40 for conducting the transistor Q3 on and, in turn, providing a predetermined voltage (+15 V) to the terminal 37. At the same time, the negative UHF setting signal applied to the terminal 40 is also fed through the diode D3 to the transistor Q2 for turning on the transistors Q2 and Q4. Thus, the terminal 35 is grounded. The terminal 34 is maintained at zero voltage since there is no signal applied to the transistor Q1. Under the condition described above, the signal applied to the terminal 37 actuates the UHF tuner 11 and, at the same time, conducts the switching diode 36 to transmit the output signal from the UHF tuner 11 to the mixer 15. In the mixer 15, the intermediate frequency signal of the UHF channel is amplified to produce an output signal of UHF channel from the output terminal 41. When and so long as the UHF channel is tuned in in the manner described above, the signal of VHF channel is interrupted in the VHF tuner as in the manner described hereinbelow.<br /><br />Since the switching diodes 30 and 32 are provided at their anode sides with positive voltage (+15V) from the terminal 33 and at their cathode sides with zero voltage from the terminal 35, the switching diodes 30 and 32 are turned on to make the tuning circuits 16 and 19 operative to the high band VHF signals. On the contrary, the switching diode 31 is provided at its anode side with zero voltage from the terminal 34 and at its cathode side with zero voltage from the terminal 35, so that the switching diode 31 is maintained non-conductive to make the tuning circuit 18 operative to the low band VHF signal. Accordingly, when the UHF channel is tuned in, the irregularity in the VHF tuner 10 that the tuning circuit 16 and 19 are operative to the high band VHF signals while the tuning circuit 18 is operative to the low band VHF signal prevents any of the VHF signal from being transmitted through the VHF tuner 10. For example, the high band VHF signal applied to the input of the VHF tuner 10 may be transmitted through the input tuning circuit 16, however, will not be transmitted through the primary interstage tuning circuit 18, since the circuit 18 is operative only to the low band VHF signal. Therefore, the UHF signal transmitted through the mixer 15 will not be interfered by any VHF signal.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5IR2kTtxqFDYLEB63BtpS4yt9d5DED0oc4eOxlPhUQSaISbLFbLob-uuu75Lrvp7YV7nlQ9JKP0fvd8hCLMVPLnMqYAOIcSaIRWsyr1M4LYpcj0pDfHrmggTa7RHWJMnzcT6paRkgk0C4shktwSTi5QXSQ3TqTBpv4t8EZvaNsTfPSHolnxvcTuABeCG/s1282/IMGH_13373__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL5IR2kTtxqFDYLEB63BtpS4yt9d5DED0oc4eOxlPhUQSaISbLFbLob-uuu75Lrvp7YV7nlQ9JKP0fvd8hCLMVPLnMqYAOIcSaIRWsyr1M4LYpcj0pDfHrmggTa7RHWJMnzcT6paRkgk0C4shktwSTi5QXSQ3TqTBpv4t8EZvaNsTfPSHolnxvcTuABeCG/s320/IMGH_13373__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />It is to be noted that, when the UHF channel is tuned in, the irregularity in the VHF tuner 10 may have other combination than those described above and yet having the same effect as to prevent any of the VHF signal from being transmitted through the VHF tuner 10. For example, when the UHF channel is tuned in, one of the three tuning circuits 16, 18 and 19 may be arranged to be operative to the low band VHF signal while other two tuning circuits may be arranged to be operative to the high band VHF signal.<br /><br />As it has been described fully in the foregoing description, the combination VHF-UHF tuner of the present invention produces VHF or UHF signal which is not interferenced by UHF or VHF signal, respectively, since when the UHF signal is tuned in, one of the three tuning circuits is tuned as operative to the low band VHF signal or high band VHF signal while other two tuning circuits are tuned as operative to the high band VHF signal or low band VHF signal.<br /><br />Furthermore, the combination VHF-UHF tuner of the present invention employing the variable capacitance diode as an element constituting the tuning circuit and employing the mixer of the VHF tuner, when UHF channel is tuned in, as the intermediate frequency amplifier is applicable to a television receiver particularly positioned in a place where the VHF broad casting signal is strong.<br /><br />Although the present invention has been fully described by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are, unless they depart from the true scope of the present invention, to be understood as included therein.<br /><br /></div><p></p><p><b>SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 Chrominance signal processing circuit in color television receiver:</b></p><p>A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver which comprises a bandpass amplifier, a burst gate pulse source, a subcarrier generator, a 90° phase shifter for phase shifting the generated subcarrier, a B - Y demodulator and an R - Y demodulator both coupled to the bandpass amplifier and separately coupled to the subcarrier generator and the 90° phase shifter, respectively, characterized in that a flip-flop is provided responsive to the burst gate pulse to alternately provide a first and second selected burst gate pulses, the B - Y and R - Y demodulators are structured to provide a burst magnitude representing signal and a subcarrier phase drift representing signal, respectively, in the line blanking period and to be disabled responsive to the first and second selected burst gate pulses, respectively, an automatic col<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>or control sample and hold circuit is provided to be enabled to the second burst gate pulse to hold the burst magnitude representing output of the B - Y demodulator to supply the held level signal to the bandpass amplifier as a gain control signal, and an automatic phase control sample and hold circuit is provided to be enabled responsive to the first selected burst gate pulse to hold the subcarrier phase drift representing output of the R - Y demodulator to supply the held level signal to the subcarrier generator as a frequency control signal. Preferably a color gain control and tint control are provided, which are structured to be responsive to the burst gate pulse to be disassociated with the bandpass amplifier and the subcarrier generator.</p><p></p><p><br />1. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver, comprising:<br /><br />means for amplifying a composite chrominance signal including a burst signal in a line blanking period and a chrominance signal suppression modulated on a subcarrier during a line scanning period,<br /><br />means for providing a burst gate pulse during said line blanking period,<br /><br />means for generating a subcarrier,<br /><br />first chrominance demodulating means responsive to said composite chrominance signal amplifying means and said subcarrier generating means for providing a first chrominance demodulated signal in said line scanning period and for providing a first signal representing the magnitude of said burst signal in said blanking period,<br /><br />second chrominance demodulating means responsive to said composite chrominance signal amplifying means and said subcarrier generating means for providing a second chrominance demodulated signal in said line scanning period and for providing a second signal representing the phase drift of said subcarrier in said blanking period,<br /><br />first sample and hold means responsive to said burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to said first chrominance demodulating means for sampling said first magnitude representing signal and holding a first level signal representing said first magnitude representing signal, and<br /><br />second sample and hold means responsive to said burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to said second chrominance demodulating means for sampling said second phase drift representing said second phase drift representing signal,<br /><br />said composite chrominance signal amplifying means comprising a voltage controlled variable gain amplifying means connected to receive as a voltage control signal said first level signal representing said magnitude representing signal,<br /><br />said subcarrier generating means comprising a voltage controlled variable frequency oscillating means connected to receive as a voltage control signal said second level signal representing said phase drift representing signal;<br /><br />means coupled to said subcarrier generating means for adjusting the phase of said subcarrier; and<br /><br />means coupled to said phase adjusting means and responsive to said burst gate pulse for making said subcarrier generating means unresponsive to said phase adjusting means.<br /><br /><br />2. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein<br /><br />said burst gate pulse providing means comprises means responsive to said burst gate pulse for providing first and second trains of selected burst gate pulses which are complementary to each other,<br /><br />said first sample and hold means is adapted to be responsive to said first train of selected burst gate pulses to be enabled and responsive to said first chrominance demodulating means for sampling said first magnitude representing signal and holding said first level signal representing said first magnitude representing signal, and<br /><br />said second sample and hold means is adapted to be responsive to said second train of selected burst gate pulses to be enabled and responsive to said second chrominance demodulating means for sampling said second phase drift representing signal and holding a second level signal representing said second phase drift representing signal.<br /><br /><br />3. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 2, wherein<br /><br />said first chrominance demodulating means is structured to be disabled responsive to said first train of selected burst gate pulses for the time period of said first train of selected burst gate pulses, and<br /><br />said second chrominance demodulating means is structured to be disabled responsive to said second train of selected burst gate pulses for the time period of said second train of selected burst gate pulses.<br /><br /><br />4. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 2, wherein said first and second burst gate pulse train providing means comprises means responsive to said burst gate pulses for alternatively selecting said burst gate pulses as said first and second trains of selected burst gate pulses.<br /><br />5. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 4, wherein said alternate selecting means comprises a toggle type flip-flop.<br /><br />6. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein said composite chrominance signal amplifying means comprises means for adjusting the gain of said composite chrominance signal amplifying means.<br /><br />7. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 6, wherein said composite chrominance signal amplifying means further comprises means coupled to said gain adjusting means and responsive to said burst gate pulse for making said composite chrominance signal amplifying means irresponsive to said gain adjusting means.<br /><br />8. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 1, which further comprises means responsive to said first sample and hold means for providing a signal representing the presence or absence of said burst signal in said composite chrominance signal for disabling said composite chrominance signal amplifying means when said burst signal is not included in said composite chrominance signal.<br /><br />9. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 1, which further comprises means responsive to said first and second chrominance demodulating means for providing a third chrominance demodulated signal.<br /><br />10. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein said first chrominance demodulating means comprises B-Y color difference signal demodulating means for providing a B-Y color difference signal, and said second chrominance demodulating means comprises R-Y color difference signal demodulating means for providing an R-Y color difference signal.<br /><br />11. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 10, which further comprises G-Y color difference signal providing means operatively coupled to said B-Y color difference signal demodulating means and said R-Y color difference signal demodulating means for providing a G-Y color difference signal.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHK4HV8L0nSiKl_0cInXqfseJEAk6Ub09E1HZlWNbb23UTR8_qFLk3LBRMEv9t_95IIo3T291CNFFF32ymDI0G-c51WNHTHLKSMLLwvMcLp0Rg1rJKoIks1CG73tnedLiT1cgNCUt7gzjs4XMUv-dfcOq51zDsTRYXwWEfxPC8xVLbgqtxWrlyTNivdCno/s1282/IMGH_13375b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHK4HV8L0nSiKl_0cInXqfseJEAk6Ub09E1HZlWNbb23UTR8_qFLk3LBRMEv9t_95IIo3T291CNFFF32ymDI0G-c51WNHTHLKSMLLwvMcLp0Rg1rJKoIks1CG73tnedLiT1cgNCUt7gzjs4XMUv-dfcOq51zDsTRYXwWEfxPC8xVLbgqtxWrlyTNivdCno/s320/IMGH_13375b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />12. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver in accordance with claim 11, wherein said subcarrier generating means comprises a subcarrier generator for generating a first subcarrier signal to said B-Y color difference signal demodulating means, and phase shift means coupled to said subcarrier generator for phase shifting by 90° said first subcarrier signal for providing a second subcarrier signal having a phase difference of 90° with respect to said first subcarrier signal to said R-Y color difference signal demodulating means.<br /><br />13. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver, comprising:<br /><br />means for amplifying a composite chrominance signal including a burst signal in a line blanking period and a chrominance signal suppression modulated on a subcarrier during a line scanning period,<br /><br />means for providing a burst gate pulse during said line blanking period,<br /><br />means for generating a subcarrier,<br /><br />first chrominance demodulating means responsive to said composite chrominance signal amplifying means and said subcarrier generating means for providing a first chrominance demodulated signal in said line scanning period and for providing a first signal representing the magnitude of said burst signal in said blanking period,<br /><br />second chrominance demodulating means responsive to said composite chrominance signal amplifying means and said subcarrier generating means for providing a second chrominance demodulated signal in said line scanning period and for providing a second signal representing the phase drift of said subcarrier in said blanking period,<br /><br />first sample and hold means responsive to said burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to said first chrominance demodulating means for sampling said first magnitude representing signal and holding a first level signal representing said first magnitude representing signal, wherein said first sample and hold means is responsive to said second chrominance demodulating means and comprises means for comparing the output of said first chrominance demodulating means with the output of said second chrominance demodulating means as a reference for providing said first magnitude representing signal, and<br /><br />second sample and hold means responsive to said burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to said second chrominance demodulating means for sampling said second phase drift representing signal and holding a second level signal representing said second phase drift representing signal,<br /><br />said composite chrominance signal amplifying means comprising a voltage controlled variable gain amplifying means connected to receive as a voltage control signal said first level signal representing said magnitude representing signal,<br /><br />said subcarrier generating means comprising a voltage controlled variable frequency oscillating means connected to receive as a voltage control signal said second level signal representing said phase drift representing signal.<br /><br /><br />14. A chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver, comprising:<br /><br />means for amplifying a composite chrominance signal including a burst signal in a line blanking period and a chrominance signal suppression modulated on a subcarrier during a line scanning period,<br /><br />means for providing a burst gate pulse during said line blanking period,<br /><br />means for generating a subcarrier,<br /><br />first chrominance demodulating means responsive to said composite chrominance signal amplifying means and said subcarrier generating means for providing a first chrominance demodulated signal in said line scanning period and for providing a first signal representing the magnitude of said burst signal in said blanking period,<br /><br />second chrominance demodulating means responsive to said composite chrominance signal amplifying means and said subcarrier generating means for providing a second chrominance demodulated signal in said line scanning period and for providing a second signal representing the phase drift of said subcarrier in said blanking period,<br /><br />first sample and hold means responsive to said burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to said first chrominance demodulating means for sampling said first magnitude representing signal and holding a first level signal representing said first magnitude representing signal, and<br /><br />second sample and hold means responsive to said burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to said second chrominance demodulating means for sampling said second phase drift representing signal and holding a second level signal representing said second phase drift representing signal, wherein said second sample and hold means is responsive to said first chrominance demodulating means and comprises means for comparing the output of said second chrominance demodulating means with the output of said first chrominance demodulating means as a reference for providing said second phase drift representing signal,<br /><br />said composite chrominance signal amplifying means comprising a voltage controlled variable gain amplifying means connected to receive as a voltage control signal said first level signal representing said magnitude representing signal,<br /><br />said subcarrier generating means comprising a voltage controlled variable frequency oscillating means connected to receive as a voltage control signal said second level signal representing said phase drift representing signal.<br /><br /><br />Description:<br /><br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />1. Field of the Invention<br /><br />The present invention relates to a chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver. More specifically, the present invention relates to an improvement in an automatic color control and an automatic phase control in a color television receiver.<br /><br />2. Description of the Prior Art<br /><br />As well known, a composite color television signal comprises a luminance signal and a chrominance signal sup<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIyQePMK58We3_ThI44BgAG9v5gFbg_tZAx38uTLzMItUmIkzFVZCJ3QPRLGZDnIk4oUbBu6mb_AUe-REXAJsvqG7tNBFnBidbOtmV7tUt0Gbkp-6l7bUnpDIoiOqgekhZt1Fayj2eMIAORQ7CUYiToJzxnkU3xW0u7pimQo0zcvMkQwMnqIeKwmYutyVs/s1282/IMGH_13375__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIyQePMK58We3_ThI44BgAG9v5gFbg_tZAx38uTLzMItUmIkzFVZCJ3QPRLGZDnIk4oUbBu6mb_AUe-REXAJsvqG7tNBFnBidbOtmV7tUt0Gbkp-6l7bUnpDIoiOqgekhZt1Fayj2eMIAORQ7CUYiToJzxnkU3xW0u7pimQo0zcvMkQwMnqIeKwmYutyVs/s320/IMGH_13375__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>pression modulated on a subcarrier in a line scanning period, apart from a horizontal and vertical synchronizing signals in a blanking period and a burst signal at the back porch of the horizontal synchronizing signal. In a typical color television receiver, a luminance signal, horizontal and vertical synchronizing signals, and a chrominance signal plus a burst signal are separated for the purpose of signal processing. For the purpose of processing a chrominance signal, a composite chrominance signal including a chrominance signal suppression modulated on a subcarrier and a burst signal is provided. On the other hand, a burst gate pulse is also provided to sample a burst signal in the composite chrominance signal. A subcarrier is locally generated responsive to the sampled burst signal and the original color signals are demodulated responsive to the chrominance signal and as a function of the locally generated subcarrier.<br /><br />FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a typical prior art chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver. Referring to FIG. 1, a composite chrominance signal including a burst signal is applied to a bandpass transformer 1 adjusted to cover the frequency band of the composite chrominance signal. The output of the bandpass transformer 1 is applied to a first bandpass amplifier 2 and further to a second bandpass amplifier 3, wherein the composite chrominance signal is amplified. The output of the second bandpass amplifier 3 is applied to a color gain control, wherein the gain of the bandpass amplifiers 2 and 3 is adjusted. The chrominance signal thus amplified and gain adjusted is applied to an R-Y demodulator 5 and a B-Y demodulator 6, wherein an R-Y color difference signal and a B-Y color difference signal are demodulated as a function of a subcarrier obtained through a line 13 and a subcarrier obtained from a line 11, respectively, both of which have a phase difference of 90° to be described subsequently. More specifically, a subcarrier of the frequency 3.58 MHz is generated by a subcarrier generator 8 and is first applied to a hue or tint control 9, wherein the phase of the subcarrier is manually adjusted by means of a tint control variable resistor 10. The output of the tint control 9 is applied through the line 11 to the B-Y demodulator 6. On the other hand, the output of the tint control 9 is applied to a 90° phase shifter 20, wherein the original subcarrier is phase shifted by 90°. The output of the 90° phase shifter 12 is applied through the line 13 as another subcarrier to the R-Y demodulator 5. The output of the R-Y demodulator 5 and the output of the B-Y demodulator 6 are applied to a G-Y matrix 7, wherein the R-Y color difference signal and the B-Y color difference signal are subjected to an arithmetic operation to provide a G-Y color difference signal.<br /><br />As well known, various automatic controls such as an automatic color control, an automatic phase<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> control, an automatic color disabling control and the like are employed in a chrominance signal processing circuit. Referring to FIG. 1, an automatic color control will be first described. An automatic color control comprises a burst gate circuit 14 responsive to the burst gate pulse to gate only a burst signal in a composite chrominance signal obtainable from the first bandpass amplifier 2 to provide only a burst signal and a detector 15 for detecting the magnitude of the burst signal obtainable from the burst gate circuit 14 to provide the detected output representing the magnitude of the burst signal through a line 16 to the first bandpass amplifier 2 as a voltage control signal. For the purpose of automatic color control, the first bandpass amplifier 2 is structured in a voltage controlled variable gain amplifier. Therefore, the gain of the first bandpass amplifier 2 is controlled as a function of the output of the detector 15 and thus as a function of the magnitude of the burst signal. Thus, the overall gain of the amplifiers 2 and 3 and the control 4 is automatically controlled as a function of the magnitude of the burst signal. This type of automatic gain control is often referred to as an automatic color control. In FIG. 1, the automatic color control detector 15 is implemented by a synchronous detector operable as a function of the output from the subcarrier generator 8. Thus, the detector 15 is shown responsive to both the output of the burst gate circuit 14 and the output of the subcarrier generator 8.<br /><br />The output obtainable from the automatic color control detector 15 is not only representative of the magnitude of the burst signal but also of the presence or absence of the burst signal. Therefore, the output obtained through the line 16 from the automatic color control detector 15 is also applied to a color disabling circuit 17 and the output from the color disabling circuit 17 is applied to the second bandpass amplifier 3, so that the second bandpass amplifier 3 is disabled if and when no output is obtained from the automatic color control detector 15 representing the absence of the burst signal and is enabled only when the output representing the presence of the burst signal is obtained from the automatic color control detector 15. This type of automatic color disabling control is often referred to as "color killer".<br /><br />For the purpose of an automatic hue or phase control, the subcarrier generator 8 is implemented by a voltage controlled variable frequency oscillator and the output of the voltage controlled oscillator 8 is applied through a 90° phase shifter 18 to a phase detector 19, which is also connected to receive the burst signal obtained from the burst gate circuit 14. The phase detector 19 serves to detect the phase difference of the burst signal from the burst gate circuit 14 and of the output of the 90° phase shifter 18. The detected output from the phase detector 19 is applied through an amplifier 20 to the voltage controlled oscillator 8 as a voltage control signal. A closed loop including the voltage controlled oscillator type subcarrier generator 8, the phase detector 19 and the amplifier 20 automatically controls the phase of the output of the subcarrier generator 8 and is often referred to as an automatic phase control.<br /><br />According to the above described automatic phase control, the output of the first bandpass amplifier 2 is first applied to the burst gate circuit 14, where only the burst signal is sampled or gated and the gated burst signal is used to detect by means of the phase detector 19 the phase of the subcarrier generated by the voltage controlled oscillator type sub<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHK4HV8L0nSiKl_0cInXqfseJEAk6Ub09E1HZlWNbb23UTR8_qFLk3LBRMEv9t_95IIo3T291CNFFF32ymDI0G-c51WNHTHLKSMLLwvMcLp0Rg1rJKoIks1CG73tnedLiT1cgNCUt7gzjs4XMUv-dfcOq51zDsTRYXwWEfxPC8xVLbgqtxWrlyTNivdCno/s1282/IMGH_13375b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHK4HV8L0nSiKl_0cInXqfseJEAk6Ub09E1HZlWNbb23UTR8_qFLk3LBRMEv9t_95IIo3T291CNFFF32ymDI0G-c51WNHTHLKSMLLwvMcLp0Rg1rJKoIks1CG73tnedLiT1cgNCUt7gzjs4XMUv-dfcOq51zDsTRYXwWEfxPC8xVLbgqtxWrlyTNivdCno/s320/IMGH_13375b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>carrier generator 8, whereupon the output of the phase detector 19 is applied through the amplifier 20 to the subcarrier generator 8. However, this type of automatic phase control has not taken full advantage of an automatic phase control, inasmuch as no consideration has been paid to a phase drift in the tint control 9, the demodulators 5 and 6, the second bandpass amplifier 3, the color gain control 4 and the like. Conventionally, various countermeasures were taken to eliminate such phase drift as much as possible in the respective circuits. In addition, in order to match the phase of the subcarrier with that of the chrominance signal, a phase compensation circuit 21 was required, because no circuits corresponding to the tint control 9 and the demodulators 5 and 6 were not included in the closed loop for the automatic phase control. Thus, the conventional circuit has an undesirably increased number of portions being adjusted. In addition, the feature of a less temperature drift of the automatic phase control was not effectively utilized.<br /><br />Similarly, in case of a color gain or color saturation as well, a gain drift in the second bandpass amplifier 3, the color gain control 4, the demodulators 5 and 6, and the like was not automatically corrected, because the above described circuits were not included in the closed loop of the automatic gain control and as a result a gain drift in such circuits caused a variation of the color.<br /><br />SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />Briefly described, the present invention comprises a chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver, comprising bandpass amplifying means of a voltage controlled variable gain type for amplifying a chrominance signal, burst gate pulse source means, subcarrier generating means of a voltage controlled variable frequency oscillator type, and color demodulating means coupled to the bandpass amplifying means and the subcarrier generating means, characterized in that first chrominance demodulating means is provided responsive to the chrominance signal and subcarrier signal for providing a first chrominance demodulated signal in the line scanning period and for providing a first signal representing the magnitude of the chrominance signal in the blanking period, second chrominance demodulating means is provided responsive to the chrominance signal and the subcarrier signal for providing a second chrominance demodulated signal in the line scanning period and for providing a second signal representing the phase drift of the subcarrier signal in the blanking period, first sample and hold means is provided responsive to the burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to the first chrominance demodulating means for sampling the first magnitude representing signal and holding a first level signal representing the first magnitude representing signal, the first level signal being applied to the bandpass amplifying means as a voltage control signal, and second sample and hold means is provided responsive to the burst gate pulse to be enabled and responsive to the second chrominance demodulating means for sampling the second phase drift representing signal and holding a second level signal representing the second phase drift representing signal, the second level signal being provided to the subcarrier generating means as a voltage control signal. According to the present invention, an automatic color control signal and an automatic phase control signal are obtained by the use of the chrominance demodulating means. Therefore, any disadvantages encountered in the above described conventional chrominance signal processing circuit are eliminated.<br /><br />In a preferred embodiment, means is provided responsive to the burst gate pulse source means for providing first and second selected burst gate pulses which are complementary to each other, the first chrominance demodulating means is structured to be disabled and the first sample and hold means is structured to be enabled responsive to the first selected burst gate pulse for the time period of the first selected burst gate pulse, the second chrominance demodulating means is structured to be disabled and the second sample and hold means is structured to be enabled responsive to the second selected burst gate pulse for the time period of the second selected burst gate pulse, the first sample and hold means is further structured to compare the outputs of the first and second chrominance demodulating means using the latter as a reference and the second sample and hold means is further structured to compare the outputs of the second and first chrominance demodulating means using the latter as a reference.<br /><br />In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, means is provided coupled to the bandpass amplifying means for adjusting the gain of the bandpass amplifying means and further means is provided coupled to the adjusting means and responsive to the burst gate pulse for making the bandpass amplifying means irresponsive to the adjusting means in the time period of the burst gate pulse.<br /><br />In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, means is provided coupled to the subcarrier generating means for adjusting the phase of the output of the subcarrier generating means and further means is provided coupled to the phase adjusting means and responsive to the burst gate pulse for making the subcarrier generating means irresponsive to the phase adjusting means in the phase period of the burst gate pulse.<br /><br />Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved automatic color control and automatic phase control in a chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver.<br /><br />Another object of the present invention is to simplify adjustment of a phase relationship in an automatic color control and an automatic phase control in a chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver.<br /><br />A further object of the present invention is to make a bandpass amplifying means irresponsive to a gain adjusting means in a chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver.<br /><br />Still a further object of the present invention is to make a subcarrier generating means irresponsive to a phase adjusting means in a chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver.<br /><br />Another object of the present invention is to provide a simplified circuit configuration of a chrominance signal processing circuit including an automatic color control and an automatic phase control in a color television receiver.<br /><br />Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver including an automatic color control and an automatic phase control, which is adapted for implementation in an integrated circuit.<br /><br />These objects and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br /><br />FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver;<br /><br />FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the inventive chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver;<br /><br />FIG. 3 shows waveforms of the electrical signals at various portions in the FIG. 2 embodiment;<br /><br />FIG. 4 shows a vector diagram showing the phases of the burst signal and the color difference signals;<br /><br />FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the chrominance demodulators and the sample and hold circuits in the FIG. 2 embodiment; and<br /><br />FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the tint control shown in the FIG. 2 embodiment.<br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjA78RMpJe0T29JeewfhwhPUVAJu-Es1lEH1uIjxQV_jgwkBGQHBS-YMGThDkwx1aEj0g9vQ7U9Fpn4juwOWsOGSWdyoXlrKu8KmwJuIy5GY_bR-2D7BblAkQUSmV-SICVyCtgPo4oNeG_wAMbdAciB5mo1zjJ_Ath5irHRKioXDVR1QR9iRLIlEJzDbBO/s2558/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--6__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjA78RMpJe0T29JeewfhwhPUVAJu-Es1lEH1uIjxQV_jgwkBGQHBS-YMGThDkwx1aEj0g9vQ7U9Fpn4juwOWsOGSWdyoXlrKu8KmwJuIy5GY_bR-2D7BblAkQUSmV-SICVyCtgPo4oNeG_wAMbdAciB5mo1zjJ_Ath5irHRKioXDVR1QR9iRLIlEJzDbBO/s320/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--6__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk5WlCnk_awUKtXCChMU3WQzpk0L21vCvQuxaIksthiw_8Mv2b6ZUoVXfFrOdbKeNlDLLFpV_NP21h3BlKGjqR3s543VlOd5EsJNAiDJ4LZQL05PHNTQ2FVpN5XjH4uonRgPO_JlVD4NoO7FkTltMD-8VvaKjpYs9JWAqik-zKoInUOjwp6e6Ko2nh2EK6/s2558/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--5__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1742" data-original-width="2558" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk5WlCnk_awUKtXCChMU3WQzpk0L21vCvQuxaIksthiw_8Mv2b6ZUoVXfFrOdbKeNlDLLFpV_NP21h3BlKGjqR3s543VlOd5EsJNAiDJ4LZQL05PHNTQ2FVpN5XjH4uonRgPO_JlVD4NoO7FkTltMD-8VvaKjpYs9JWAqik-zKoInUOjwp6e6Ko2nh2EK6/s320/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--5__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8lCgY8DjoB6DHTfaXcPTb25LQhaG_3PTJ4wi1PPy4e8rF6mzkWQRnnxYxwwX4xAFqlBUyntbNGOJGg9oOD34kmzNt8jkUzCvUC_e9RGJKP1drMKh2G-46auN6ka_Me6-ZPGQXWMrZK2-ggThMPhSYSHqL1aqeqRCvXSO126PPeuDCuqIpPbu2kVK4APv3/s2558/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--4__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8lCgY8DjoB6DHTfaXcPTb25LQhaG_3PTJ4wi1PPy4e8rF6mzkWQRnnxYxwwX4xAFqlBUyntbNGOJGg9oOD34kmzNt8jkUzCvUC_e9RGJKP1drMKh2G-46auN6ka_Me6-ZPGQXWMrZK2-ggThMPhSYSHqL1aqeqRCvXSO126PPeuDCuqIpPbu2kVK4APv3/s320/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--4__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9KYzOB8Ao0POgfmL-yA47k0svkwWpbK3gT60YQ52njpCIF7n19elNTGl6aJZ2lM6YcBtpACC1kx9YC8V0olOtYYGiV_-jUcOHNMmBb960EdMVHx4WrittGwyVWmrNizvGMH3TtClevc9Du3V-bMrTjnCYCdGUW8SO8cBBXRIX-OtptWqzHQKgZ_W6fzsJ/s2558/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--3__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1742" data-original-width="2558" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9KYzOB8Ao0POgfmL-yA47k0svkwWpbK3gT60YQ52njpCIF7n19elNTGl6aJZ2lM6YcBtpACC1kx9YC8V0olOtYYGiV_-jUcOHNMmBb960EdMVHx4WrittGwyVWmrNizvGMH3TtClevc9Du3V-bMrTjnCYCdGUW8SO8cBBXRIX-OtptWqzHQKgZ_W6fzsJ/s320/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3BUh7jd6a6l919l6NNCuZllTfF3thN2bJAcuZSnpnDpS5FngpAOPXx_gyf4KDxvEwvz_-szXLspjM9VCoruA-4oNqGwgFRyEJDcO2gG-FFMa-g0YlVMvFzi6ckpCSoICeUzzYxd3YJUhtmPkwVU_oF5V48x_zGK_o2UMNg3FTEvaqj1NY1ML1AcQmANGc/s2558/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--2__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1742" data-original-width="2558" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3BUh7jd6a6l919l6NNCuZllTfF3thN2bJAcuZSnpnDpS5FngpAOPXx_gyf4KDxvEwvz_-szXLspjM9VCoruA-4oNqGwgFRyEJDcO2gG-FFMa-g0YlVMvFzi6ckpCSoICeUzzYxd3YJUhtmPkwVU_oF5V48x_zGK_o2UMNg3FTEvaqj1NY1ML1AcQmANGc/s320/SANYO-CHROMA-IC--2__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br />DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the inventive chrominance signal processing circuit in a color television receiver. The circuit configuration and operation of the FIG. 2 embodiment will be described with simultaneous reference to FIG. 3, which shows waveforms of the electrical signals at various portions in the FIG. 2 embodiment. It is pointed out that since some portions of the FIG. 2 embodiment are the same as those in the FIG. 1 diagram the same reference characters are used to denote the corresponding portions in the FIG. 2 embodiment.<br /><br />The burst gate pulse, as shown in FIG. 3(a) is applied to a toggle type or T type flip-flop 22. Therefore, the flip-flop 22 alternately assumes a reversed storing state responsive to each burst gate pulse, whereby the high level output is obtained alternately from the Q and Q terminals of the flip-flop 22. The waveform of the Q output of the flip-flop 22 is shown in FIG. 3(b) and the waveform of the Q output of the flip-flop 22 is shown in FIG. 3(c). It is pointed out that the burst gate pulse has the intervals of one horizontal period and thus the Q and Q outputs of the flip-flop 22 assume alternately the high level which lasts for one horizontal line period. The Q output of the flip-flop 22 is applied to an AND gate 23 and the Q output of the flip-flop is applied to an AND gate 24. The AND gates 23 and 24 are also connected to receive the burst gate pulse. The waveform of the output of the AND gate 23 is shown in FIG. 3(d) and the waveform of the output of the AND gate 24 is shown in FIG. 3(e). It would be appreciated that the flip-flop 22 and the AND gates 23 and 24 serve to select alternately the burst gate pulse to provide a first and second trains of selected burst gate pulses which are selected at every second burst gate pulse and which trains are complementary to each other.<br /><br />The output of the AND gate 23 is applied to the R-Y demodulator 5 as a disabling signal to disable the R-Y demodulator 5 as a function of the output of the AND gate 23 and is also applied to a first sample and hold circuit 25 as an enabling signal to enable the first sample and hold circuit 25 as a function of the output of the AND gate 23. Therefore, the R-Y demodulator 5 is disabled while the first sample and hold circuit 25 is enabled only during the pulse period shown in FIG. 3(d).<br /><br />Similarly, the output of the AND gate 24 is applied to the B-Y demodulator 6 as a disabling signal to disable the B-Y demodulator 6 as a function of the output of the AND gate 24 and is also applied to a second sample and hold circuit 26 as an enabling signal to enable the second sample and hold circuit 26 as a function of the output of the AND gate 23. As a result, the B-Y demodulator 6 is disabled while the second sample and hold circuit 26 is enabled only during the pulse period as shown in FIG. 3(e).<br /><br />The outputs of the R-Y demodulator 5 and the B-Y demodulator 6 obtainable during every burst gate pulse period are applied to both the first and second sample and hold circuits 25 and 26. Naturally, the outputs of both demodulators 5 and 6 obtainable even during the line scanning period are also applied to the first and second sample and hold circuits 25 and 26. However, since these sample and hold circuits 25 and 26 are not enabled during the line scanning period, the outputs of the demodulators 5 and 6 obtainable during the line scanning period including a chrominance signal, which is to be denoted by a hatched portion in FIG. 3(f) and (g), are not received by the first and second sample and hold circuits 25 and 26, respectively.<br /><br />Since the R-Y demodulator 5 is disabled for one burst gate pulse period at every second burst gate pulse as shown in FIG. 3(d), a constant level E1 is established in the above described disabled burst gate pulse period, while an output 29 associated with the difference between the phase of the burst signal and the R-Y demodulation axis, i.e. the phase of the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIyQePMK58We3_ThI44BgAG9v5gFbg_tZAx38uTLzMItUmIkzFVZCJ3QPRLGZDnIk4oUbBu6mb_AUe-REXAJsvqG7tNBFnBidbOtmV7tUt0Gbkp-6l7bUnpDIoiOqgekhZt1Fayj2eMIAORQ7CUYiToJzxnkU3xW0u7pimQo0zcvMkQwMnqIeKwmYutyVs/s1282/IMGH_13375__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIyQePMK58We3_ThI44BgAG9v5gFbg_tZAx38uTLzMItUmIkzFVZCJ3QPRLGZDnIk4oUbBu6mb_AUe-REXAJsvqG7tNBFnBidbOtmV7tUt0Gbkp-6l7bUnpDIoiOqgekhZt1Fayj2eMIAORQ7CUYiToJzxnkU3xW0u7pimQo0zcvMkQwMnqIeKwmYutyVs/s320/IMGH_13375__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>R-Y subcarrier, is generated in the not disabled burst gate period. This will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 4, which shows a vector diagram showing the phases of the burst signal and the color difference signals. As shown in FIG. 4, the R-Y demodulation axis 27 and the burst signal axis 28 must have a phase difference of 90°. However, the phase difference of 90° is changed by virtue of a phase drift in the subcarrier generator 8, a phase drift in other circuits and the like, which causes a level variation associated with the phase drift at the output of the R-Y demodulator 5 in the not disabled burst gate pulse period. Assuming that the above described phase difference between the R-Y demodulator axis and the burst signal axis is exactly 90°, the output of the R-Y demodulator 5 obtainable in the not disabled burst gate pulse period is exactly the reference level E1, since no burst signal component is obtained in the R-Y demodulation axis, but when the above described phase difference becomes larger than 90°, a negative going pulse shaped output is obtained from the R-Y demodulator 5 in the not disabled burst gate pulse period, as shown as the waveform 29 in FIG. 3(f), and when the above described phase difference becomes smaller than 90°, the positive going pulse shaped output is obtained from the R-Y demodulator 5 in the not disabled burst gate pulse period. It would be appreciated that the above described pulse shaped output obtainable from the R-Y demodulator 5 in the not disabled burst gate pulse period could be utilized for the purpose of automatic phase control. In the embodiment shown, however, the second sample and hold circuit 26 is structured to utilize the above described pulse shaped output from the R-Y demodulator 5 as a phase control signal by utilizing the output of the B-Y demodulator 6 in the corresponding burst gate pulse period, i.e. the reference level E2 of the B-Y demodulator 6 as a reference signal for generation of such an automatic phase control signal.<br /><br />On the other hand, the B-Y demodulator 6 is disabled as a function of the output of the AND gate 24 shown in FIG. 3(e), whereby a reference level E2 is established in the disabled burst gate pulse period, while the B-Y demodulator 6 remains enabled in the other burst gate pulse periods and accordingly a negative going pulse 30 associated with the variation of the color gain is caused. The above described pulse output 30 is applied to the first sample and hold circuit 25 and is utilized to generate an automatic color control signal. In generating the automatic color control signal based on the above described pulse signal 30, however, the reference level output E1 obtainable from the R-Y demodulator 5 is utilized as a reference signal for generation of an automatic color control signal. The first and second sample and hold circuits 25 and 26 also comprise smoothing circuits for smoothing the above described pulse shaped outputs 29 and 30.<br /><br />The output of the second sample and hold circuit 26 is applied to the subcarrier generator 8 as a voltage control signal. To that end, the subcarrier generator 8 is implemented by a voltage controlled variable frequency oscillator. As a result, the phase of the subcarrier generator 8 is controlled for the purpose of an automatic phase control. Similarly, the output of the first sample and hold circuit 25 is applied to the first bandpass amplifier 2 as a voltage control signal for controlling the gain thereof. To that end, the first bandpass amplifier 2 is implemented by a voltage controlled variable gain amplifier. The output of the first sample and hold circuit 25 can also be applied to the color disabling circuit 17 in the same manner as described in the FIG. 1 diagram, inasmuch as the output of the sample and hold circuit 25 also represents the presence or absence of the burst signal in the composite chrominance signal.<br /><br />Referring to FIG. 2, it is seen that the burst gate pulse is applied to both the color gain control 4 and the tint control 9. This will be described in some detail. Since the present invention utilizes the outputs of the R-Y demodulator 5 and the B-Y demodulator 6 for the purpose of an automatic color control and an automatic phase control, the levels as manually set by the color gain control 4 and the tint control 9 could influence upon the automatic color control detection and the automatic phase control detection. Therefore, means are provided in the color gain control 4 and the tint control for tentatively disassociating the adjusted levels by the color gain control 4 and by the tint control 9 with the demodulators 5 and 6 only during the burst gate pulse periods in response to the burst gate pulse.<br /><br />FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the R-Y demodulator 5, the B-Y demodulator 6, the first sample and hold circuit 25 and the second sample and hold circuit 26, which are implemented in an integrated circuit. Referring to FIG. 5, the B-Y demodulator 6 comprises a transistor Q3 serving as a constant current source, a differential amplifier including paired transistors Q4 and Q7 connected to receive a chrominance signal in a differential manner through lines 1 and 2, paired transistors Q8 and Q9 commonly connected at the emitter electrodes thereof to the collector electrode of the above described transistor Q4 and paired transistors Q10 and Q11 commonly connected at the emitter electrodes thereof to the collector electrode of the above described transistor Q7, whereby a double balanced type synchronous multiplier is implemented. The base electrodes of the above described transistors Q8 and Q11 are connected to receive the B-Y subcarrier CW1 through a terminal 36. The B-Y signal and the -(B-Y) signal are obtained across load resistors R13 and R14 connected to the collector electrodes of the transistors Q8 and Q10 and Q9 and Q11. Switching transistors Q5 and Q6 are connected in parallel with the above descirbed transistors Q4 and Q7, respectively, and the base electrodes of the switching transistors Q5 and Q6 are connected to receive the output of the AND gate 24 (see FIG. 3(e)) obtained through a line l3. As a result, if and when the transistors Q5 and Q6 are rendere<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>d fully conductive during the above described burst gate pulse period shown in FIG. 3(e), the transistors Q4 and Q7 are rendered non-conductive, whereby the B-Y demodulator 6 is disabled, while the transistors Q5 and Q6 are rendered non-conductive during the time period other than the above described burst gate pulse period shown in FIG. 3(e) and accordingly the transistors Q4 and Q7 are rendered conductive, whereby the B-Y demodulator 6 is enabled. During the time period when the above described transistors Q4 and Q7 are rendered conductive thereby to enable the B-Y demodulator 6, a normal demodulation operation is performed, whereby a chrominance signal as shown by a hatched portion in the FIG. 3(e) is obtained in the line scanning period and a negative going pulse shaped output 30 associated with the gain of the burst signal is obtained in the not disabled burst gate pulse period. On the contrary, when the transistors Q5 and Q6 are rendered conductive and the transistors Q4 and Q7 are rendered non-conductive, a constant current flows through the transistors Q5 and Q6, thereby to establish a constant level potential E2 shown in FIG. 3(g) across the resistors R13 and R14 as a detection output of the B-Y demodulator 6.<br /><br />The R-Y demodulator 5 comprises a transistor Q12 serving as a constant current source, paired transistors Q13 and Q16 connected to receive the chrominance signal from the color gain control 4 in a differential manner through the lines l1 and l2, paired transistors Q17 and Q18 commonly connected at the emitter electrodes to the collector electrode of the transistor 13 and paired transistors Q19 and Q20 commonly connected at the emitter electrodes thereof to the collector electrode of the transistor Q16, whereby a double balanced type synchronous multiplier is implemented. The base electrodes of the transistors Q17 and Q20 are connected to recieve the R-Y subcarrier CW2 through a terminal 37 which has a phase shift of 90° with respect to that of the B-Y subcarrier CW1. The R-Y signal and the -(R-Y) signal are obtained across load resistors R19, and R14 and R15, respectively. Switching transistors Q14 and Q15 are connected in parallel with the transistors Q13 and Q16, respectively, and the base electrodes of the transistors Q14 and Q15 are connected to receive the output pulse of the AND gate 23 shown in FIG. 3(d) through a line l4, so that the transistors Q13 and Q16 are rendered conductive or <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHK4HV8L0nSiKl_0cInXqfseJEAk6Ub09E1HZlWNbb23UTR8_qFLk3LBRMEv9t_95IIo3T291CNFFF32ymDI0G-c51WNHTHLKSMLLwvMcLp0Rg1rJKoIks1CG73tnedLiT1cgNCUt7gzjs4XMUv-dfcOq51zDsTRYXwWEfxPC8xVLbgqtxWrlyTNivdCno/s1282/IMGH_13375b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHK4HV8L0nSiKl_0cInXqfseJEAk6Ub09E1HZlWNbb23UTR8_qFLk3LBRMEv9t_95IIo3T291CNFFF32ymDI0G-c51WNHTHLKSMLLwvMcLp0Rg1rJKoIks1CG73tnedLiT1cgNCUt7gzjs4XMUv-dfcOq51zDsTRYXwWEfxPC8xVLbgqtxWrlyTNivdCno/s320/IMGH_13375b__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>non-conductive as a function of the output of the AND gate 23, shown in FIG. 3(d). As a result, as fully described with reference to FIG. 2, the R-Y demodulator 5 provides the output of the waveform shown in FIG. 3(f). It is pointed out that since in the FIG. 5 embodiment the demodulators 5 and 6 are implemented in a double balanced type, assuming that the output signal as shown in FIG. 3(f) is obtained across the load resistor R19 of the R-Y demodulator 5, the output of the 180° phase difference is obtained across the resistors R14 and R15, and similarly when the output as shown in FIG. 3(g) is obtained across the load resistor R13 of the B-Y demodulator 6 the output of the 180° phase difference is obtained across the resistor R14.<br /><br />The signals shown in FIG. 3(g) and (f) developed across the resistors R13 and R19, respectively, are withdrawn through the emitter electrodes of the subsequent stage transistors Q21 and Q23 to the output terminals 31 and 32, and further applied through the emitter followers Q22 and Q24 to the first and second sample and hold circuits 25 and 26, respectively. On the other hand, the -(B-Y) signal developed across the resistor R14 and the -(R-Y) signal developed across the resistors R14 and R15 are properly added to provide a G-Y signal. The G-Y signal is withdrawn from the emitter electrode of the transistor Q25 to the output terminal 33.<br /><br />The first sample and hold circuit 25 comprises a transistor Q26 serving as a constant current source and paired transistors Q27 and Q28 and a capacitor C1 externally connected at the terminal 34. The base electrode of the transistor Q26 is connected to the line l4. Therefore, the first sample and hold circuit 25 is enabled only in the period of the burst gate pulse obtainable from the AND gate 23 shown in FIG. 3(d). At that time, the output 30 shown in FIG. 3(g) obtained from the B-Y demodulator 6 applied to the base electrode of the transistor Q27 is compared with the constant potential, i.e. the emitter potential of the transistor Q24 based on the reference level output from the R-Y demodulator 5 applied to the base electrode of the transistor Q28, whereby an output having the magnitude and the sense associated with the difference is developed across the load resistor R26. A pulse shaped signal developed across the resistor R26 is applied through the transistor Q29 and the terminal 34 to the externally connected capacitor C1 and is smoothed thereby. The voltage signal as smoothed by the capacitor C1 is applied to the first bandpass amplifier 2 and the color disabling circuit 17, as described with reference to FIG. 2. If and when the first bandpass amplifier 2 and the color disabling circuit 17 are implemented in the same integrated circuit chip, then the collector electrode of the transistor Q29 can be directly coupled to the first bandpass amplifier 2 and the color disabling circuit 17.<br /><br />The second sample and hold circuit 26 is similarly structured. The output of the AND gate 24 shown in FIG. 3(e) is applied through the line l3 to the base electrode of the constant current source transistor Q30, whereby the transistor Q30 is rendered conductive only during the pulse period shown in FIG. 3(e) and thus the second sample and hold circuit 26 is enabled only during the pulse period shown in FIG. 3(e) and thus the second sample and hold circuit 26 is enabled only during the pulse period shown in FIG. 3(e) while the second sample and hold circuit 26 is disabled during the time period other than the pulse period shown in FIG. 3(e). The base electrode of one transistor Q32 of the transistor pair is connected to receive the output signal representing the phase drift o the R-Y signal obtained from the R-Y demodulator 5 and the base electrode of the other transistor Q31 of the transistor pair is connected to receive as a reference the output E2 representing the reference level of the B-Y demodulator 6. An automatic phase control signal is obtained from the load resistor R31 and is applied through the transistor Q33 to a capacitor C2 externally connected to the terminal 35 and is smoothed thereby. The voltage signal as smoothed by the capacitor C2 is applied to the subcarrier generator 8 as a voltage control signal.<br /><br />FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of the tint control 9 shown in FIG. 2. The subcarrier A obtained from the voltage controlled oscillator type subcarrier generator 8 and the subcarrier A' as 90° phase shifted by means of a phase shifter included in the tint control 9 but not shown in FIG. 6 are applied to the base electrodes of the transistors Q34 and Q35, respectively. The burst gate pulse is applied to the base electrode of the transistor Q40. Therefore, the transistor Q40 is rendered conductive during the scanning period t2 and is rendered non-conductive during the burst gate pulse period t1. Since the resistance values of the resistors R35 and R36 have been properly selected, if and when the transistor Q40 is rendered fully conductive, the base potential of the transistors Q41, Q42, Q43 and Q44 is much lower than the base potential of the transistors Q36, Q37, Q38 and Q39, irrespective of whatsoever level the base potential of the transistors Q36, Q37, Q38 and Q39 is, with the result that the transistors Q41, Q42, Q43 and Q44 are rendered non-conductive. Therefore, the subcarriers A and A' are withdrawn through the transistors Q36, Q37, Q38 and Q39 and combined at the base electrode of the emitter flower Q45 and is obtained at the output terminal 38. In this situation, the signal is subjected to an adjustment of the variable resistor 10 and thus a tint control can be achieved as desired through adjustment of the variable resistor 10 and the output as set by the variable resistor is obtained from the terminal 38.<br /><br />However, if and when the transistor Q40 is rendered non-conductive responsive to the burst gate pulse t1, the base potential of the transistors Q41, Q42, Q43 and Q44 becomes higher than the base potential of the transistors Q36, Q37, Q38 and Q39 by the value EB1, and the transistors Q36, Q37 Q38 and Q39 are rendered non-conductive with the result that the subcarriers A and A' are withdrawn through the transistors Q41, Q42 Q43 and Q44 and combined at the base electrode of the transistor Q45, which combined output is withdrawn from the output terminal 38. Accordingly, in this situation, the phase of the output signal is determined only dependent upon the division ratio of the current in the transistors Q41, Q42, Q43 and Q44, without being affected at all by adjustment of the variable resistor 10. In other words, the output signal as released from the set state in the variable resistor 10 is obtained. Since the base electrode of the transistor Q40 is supplied with the negative going burst gate pulse during the time period t1 and is supplied with the positive voltage during the scanning time period t2, the outputs obtainable from the R-Y demodulator 5 and the B-Y demodulator 6 during the burst gate pulse period t1 for the purpose of automatic phase control are not subjected to the influence of the variable resistor 10, with the result that the subcarrier generator 8 is controlled as desired. On the other hand, during the scanning period t2, the outputs of the R-Y demodulator 5 and the B-Y demodulator 6 are subjected to the influence of the set state of the variable resistor 10 and thus an automatic phase control as set by the variable resistor can be achieved. The output of the output terminal 38 is applied to the terminal 36 in FIG. 5 and is also applied through the 90° phase shifter 12 shown in FIG. 2 to the terminal 37.<br /><br />Although in the foregoing only the tint control 9 was described in detail with reference to FIG. 6, it is pointed out that the color gain control 4 can be structured in substantially the same manner. Thus, it is not believed necessary to describe the color gain control 4 in such detail, inasmuch as the same can be implemented by those skilled in the art in the light of the disclosure with reference to the FIG. 6 embodiment.<br /><br />Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.<br /><br /></p><p><b>SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 Video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in television receiver:</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><div class="disp_elm_text">
A video detecting circuit and an intercarrier sound signal
generating circuit suited for implementation in an integrated circuit
for use in a television receiver, comprising a video intermediate
frequency amplifier including a final stage video intermediate frequency
transformer, a tuning circuit coupled to the video intermediate
frequency amplifier to be tuned to the video intermediate frequency for
withdrawing a video intermediate frequency carrier signal, a diode
connection coupled to the tuning circuit for pulsing the video
intermediate frequency carrier signal, a double balanced synchronous
detector responsive to the video intermediate frequency amplifier and
the pulsing circuit for synchronous detecting the video intermediate
frequency signal for providing a detected video signal, and a double
balanced multiplier coupled to receive the primary and secondary signals
at the primary and secondary windings of the video intermediate
frequency transformer for evaluating the product of the primary and
secondary signals for providing a sound intermediate frequency signal.
Preferably, a phase shifter is provided in the double balanced
multiplier for causing a phase difference of an odd number times the
phase of π/2 between the primary and secondary signals to be applied to
the double balanced multiplier. </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> </div><div class="disp_elm_text"> 1. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver, comprising:<br /><br />video intermediate frequency amplifying means for amplifying a video intermediate frequency signal including a video carrier signal and a sound carrier signal having a predetermined frequency difference therebetween,<br /><br />means operatively coupled to said video intermediate frequency amplifying means for extracting the video intermediate frequency carrier signal,<br /><br />means responsive to said video intermediate frequency carrier signal and the video intermediate frequency signal from said video intermediate frequency amplifying means for synchronously detecting said video intermediate frequency signal with said video intermediate frequency carrier signal for providing a detected video signal, and<br /><br />multiplier means operatively coupled to said video intermediate frequency amplifying means and having a first and second inputs each adapted to receive the video intermediate frequency signal from said video intermediate frequency amplifying means for evaluating the product of the first and second input signals applied to said first and second inputs for providing the product output including a difference component of said video carrier frequency and said sound carrier frequency as a sound intermediate frequency signal.<br /><br /><br />2. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver in accordance with claim 1, which further comprises means operatively coupled to said multiplier means for causing a phase difference of an odd number times the phase of π/2 between said first input signal and said second input signal.<br /><br />3. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein said video intermediate frequency amplifying means comprises video intermediate frequency transformer means having a primary circuit and a secondary circuit magnetically coupled to each other, said first input of said multiplier means being coupled to said primary circuit of said video intermediate frequency transformer means and said second input of said multiplier means being coupled to said secondary circuit of said video intermediate frequency transformer means.<br /><br />4. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carrier wave extracting means comprises means responsive to said extracted carrier wave signal for pulsing the same, and said synchrnous detecting means comprises means responsive to said pulse output from said pulsing means for synchronously detecting said video intermediate frequency signal.<br /><br />5. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver in accordance with claim 4, wherein said synchronous detecting means comprises a double balanced synchronous detector.<br /><br />6. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein said multiplier means comprises a double balanced detector.<br /><br />7. A video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver in accordance with claim 1, wherein said synchronous detecting means comprises a double balanced synchronous detector adapted for a switching operation, and said multiplier means comprises a double balanced detector adapted for a linear operation.<br /><br />Description:<br /><br />BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />1. Field of the Invention<br /><br />The present invention relates to an improved video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver. More specifically, the present invention relates to a video detecting circuit and an intercarrier sound signal generating circuit particularly suited for implementation in an integrated circuit in a television receiver.<br /><br />2. Description of the Prior Art<br /><br />In view of a decreased mixed modulation of synchronous detection of a video intermediate signal for obtaining a d<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuQDXij5sfqB5bR_GPV0hpXN9N-WN9XTBkHBY8uZhz6soOC5mbbO0ZoTsP29sApRK5cHhltJ51SqUvWJwaSWMmWZyp1mrKTnSq_ZhKR-b7eT9epPOqlaEQVap8xC3nDtyxH2E_7GfdtlvInV_S-KJvdQiTlrx6HFgTt2j6iKqpw7B-tppu0ef1kouo179g/s1026/IMGH_13374b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuQDXij5sfqB5bR_GPV0hpXN9N-WN9XTBkHBY8uZhz6soOC5mbbO0ZoTsP29sApRK5cHhltJ51SqUvWJwaSWMmWZyp1mrKTnSq_ZhKR-b7eT9epPOqlaEQVap8xC3nDtyxH2E_7GfdtlvInV_S-KJvdQiTlrx6HFgTt2j6iKqpw7B-tppu0ef1kouo179g/s320/IMGH_13374b__TVM.jpg" /></a>etected video signal, a synchronous detector has been proposed and widely used for detection of a video signal from a video intermediate frequency signal in television receivers. It has also been proposed and practiced that a common multiplier is utilized for synchronous detection of a video intermediate frequency signal for providing a detected video signal and for multiplication of a video intermediate frequency signal for providing an intercarrier sound signal in the form of a sound signal of the frequency 4.5 MHz which is a beat of the video carrier frequency 58.75 MHz and the sound carrier frequency 54.25 MHz.<br /><br />FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the above described typical conventional video synchronous detector which is commonly utilized for generation of an intercarrier sound signal. Referring to FIG. 1, the video intermediate frequency signal from the final stage of the video intermediate frequency amplifier is applied to a video carrier frequency signal extracting circuit 1 and a multiplier 2. The video intermediate frequency carrier signal of the frequency 58.75 MHz obtained from the video intermediate frequency carrier signal extracting circuit 1 is also applied to the other input of the multiplier 2. The multiplier is responsive to the video intermediate frequency carrier signal from the video intermediate frequency signal extracting circuit 1 and the video intermediate frequency signal from the video intermediate frequency amplifier to effect synchronous detection of the video intermediate frequency signal as a function of the video intermediate frequency carrier signal to provide a detected video signal, as well known to those skilled in the art. The detected video output is applied to a video circuit 3. As well known to those skilled in the art, the multiplier 2 also provides an intercarrier sound signal of the frequency 4.5 MHz that is a beat of the video carrier frequency 58.75 MHz and the sound carrier frequency 54.25 MHz (Japanese Television Standard). The intercarrier sound signal is applied to a sound circuit 4.<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the video intermediate frequency carrier signal extracting circuit 1 and the multiplier 2, as implemented in an integrated circuit. The video intermediate frequency signal as received as a differential signal at input terminals 5 and 6 is applied to a pair of emitter followers Q1 and Q2 and the output video intermediate frequency signals from the emitter followers Q1 and Q2 are applied to the base electrodes of a pair of differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4, respectively, constituting a differential amplifier that constitutes the video intermediate frequency carrier signal extracting circuit 1. The collector electrodes of the differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4 are coupled to a parallel connection of an inductance coil L1 and a capacitor C1 provided externally of the integrated circuit that constitutes a tuning circuit 7 tuned to the central frequency of 58.75 MHz. Therefore, the video intermediate frequency carrier signal is extracted at the collector electrodes of the above described differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4. The collector electrodes of the differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4 are coupled to each other through diodes D1 and D2 in opposite polarities. Therefore, the video intermediate frequency carrier signal as obtained at the collector electrodes of the differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4 are subjected to a limiting function by these diodes D1 and D2, whereby the video intermediate frequency carrier signal is pulsed or is converted into a pulse form. The pulse signal of the video intermediate carrier frequency is obtained at each of the collector electrodes of the differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4 in an opposite polarity to each other and is applied to the corresponding one of a pair of emitter followers Q5 and Q6. The pulse outputs from the emitter followers Q5 and Q6 are applied as a switching control signal to the base electrodes of a pair of upper differential operating transistors Q7 and Q8 and another pair of upper differential operating transistors Q9 and Q10 of a double balanced synchronous detector that constitutes the multiplier 2. On the other hand, the base electrodes of a further pair of lower differential operating transistors Q11 and Q12 of the above described multiplier 2 are connected to receive the video intermediate frequency signal obtainable from the emitter followers Q1 and Q2. As a result, multiplication is made of the video intermediate frequency signal from the emitter followers Q1 and Q2 and the above described pulse control signal as applied to the upper differential operating transistors. As a result, a detected video signal is obtained through synchronous detection and an intercarrier sound signal of the frequency 4.5 MHz is obtained as a beat of the video and sound carrier frequencies at output terminals 8 and 9 as a differential output form. The video signal and the intercarrier sound signal thus obtained are separately extracted by individual filters, not shown, to be provided in the video and sound circuits, respectively.<br /><br />Since in the above discussed conventional video/intercarrier sound dectecting circuit a detected video signal and an intercarrier sound signal are obtained by the use of a single common multiplier structured to make multiplication of the video intermediate frequency signal by a pulse output of the video intermediate frequency carrier signal as a switching operation, buzz noises and the like are liable to occur for the reasons to be described in the following, that degrade the sound quality in television receivers. More specifically, since the video intermediate frequency signal is obtained from a televised signal, the amplitude of the extracted video intermediate frequency carrier signal is liable to fluctuate, as shown in FIG. 3, in accordance with amplitude modulation. Therefore, when the extracted video intermediate frequency carrier signal is pulsed by means of the limiting diodes D1 and D2 to unify the signal level, a portion a having a large amplitude is completely pulsed as shown as a' in FIG. 4, while portions b and c having smaller amplitude is incompletely pulsed as shown as b' in FIG. 4 or is not pulsed at all as shown as c' in FIG. 4, with the result that pulsing is diversified depending on the amplitude modulation, and thus a residual amplitude component contained in the switching control signal as applied to the multiplier 2.<br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXKqWezUkVwhCAg6l88o30oiAO1qerHXF25KGOTcvKK2eWJsHFFZpao4Gi-m5nU3yIwrOl2RVhuLVCMNY_ZC1TG5b74uXuLaWu8PdwGHtpxOuiTL2mWEOoz2FzaWk0uN5m9fGuUxCJ1P_iA4mU-8GI-kvvMJkqQ06VumPR5Ae4OuHnCndOgpaSAHRisrS/s2558/sanyo_vif-4__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOXKqWezUkVwhCAg6l88o30oiAO1qerHXF25KGOTcvKK2eWJsHFFZpao4Gi-m5nU3yIwrOl2RVhuLVCMNY_ZC1TG5b74uXuLaWu8PdwGHtpxOuiTL2mWEOoz2FzaWk0uN5m9fGuUxCJ1P_iA4mU-8GI-kvvMJkqQ06VumPR5Ae4OuHnCndOgpaSAHRisrS/s320/sanyo_vif-4__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNz4Zh3cCr-G-Q-iH2uDlfZj3dIZ9NCzYOCTj3uslBCLwaukFi6vjksyAv7u7kTMweLGHGYcXRK1hmNy-ppnuAnG5ouDNn-FClNveU9jiW7iS9bDg-IujtSfuM7B5JGfGFsYAWhPPE9uljvVFM2dDWqf2VZ9YJF3E6yYhZo0qKMuL-Sw3FzjrhipVTzXQx/s2558/sanyo_vif-3__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1742" data-original-width="2558" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNz4Zh3cCr-G-Q-iH2uDlfZj3dIZ9NCzYOCTj3uslBCLwaukFi6vjksyAv7u7kTMweLGHGYcXRK1hmNy-ppnuAnG5ouDNn-FClNveU9jiW7iS9bDg-IujtSfuM7B5JGfGFsYAWhPPE9uljvVFM2dDWqf2VZ9YJF3E6yYhZo0qKMuL-Sw3FzjrhipVTzXQx/s320/sanyo_vif-3__TVMS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcc7N8fPaa_qHJYohpGR7J5UG0CvkbPl4tbiWdn5-8hAzwMQVL1w342WWCSYEbr63rvBm3D5Si8gVhIygDBdiYPwXNs6ObW-yREXKUGO-YJD97pheiN6IpoDVODKXbE_qnHZKI3RGhMxLWHwLygL38lOqxDb0WSozF7K6nrPN5_IUNxp7ZtV3dZVpv3vRB/s2558/sanyo_vif-2__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcc7N8fPaa_qHJYohpGR7J5UG0CvkbPl4tbiWdn5-8hAzwMQVL1w342WWCSYEbr63rvBm3D5Si8gVhIygDBdiYPwXNs6ObW-yREXKUGO-YJD97pheiN6IpoDVODKXbE_qnHZKI3RGhMxLWHwLygL38lOqxDb0WSozF7K6nrPN5_IUNxp7ZtV3dZVpv3vRB/s320/sanyo_vif-2__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIuhLQw0Zo6MZCIm2d_vpolPAvKgsjdTPAFklJw_X0GQuDdKykKVhol3ff232jqtLTUmpUjrsPi3lf4uTK07ObyyuS9aPam2JeyUnllfYy7NudSip9L0w6Uqudjf9kq4Cto0auY8zc238haEOrxgCfjlJJdw5aZECXqV5P4dLoqwGqIPb0648peJDfF7DN/s2558/sanyo_vif-1__TVMS.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2558" data-original-width="1742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIuhLQw0Zo6MZCIm2d_vpolPAvKgsjdTPAFklJw_X0GQuDdKykKVhol3ff232jqtLTUmpUjrsPi3lf4uTK07ObyyuS9aPam2JeyUnllfYy7NudSip9L0w6Uqudjf9kq4Cto0auY8zc238haEOrxgCfjlJJdw5aZECXqV5P4dLoqwGqIPb0648peJDfF7DN/s320/sanyo_vif-1__TVMS.jpg" width="218" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><br />Another problem is caused with the above described conventional video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit as shown in FIG. 2. More specifically, when one of the limiting diodes D1 and D2 becomes conductive, the other is cut off to function as a capacitance. As a result, it follows that these diodes D1 and D2 exhibits a somewhat rectifying function with respect to the extracted video intermediate frequency signal, which causes harmonics with respect to the above described amplitude modulation component. This means that when a video signal of the frequency 2.25 MHz is received, a frequency component 4.5 MHz that is the second harmonic of the above described video signal is applied to the base electrodes of the upper stage pairs of differential operating transistors Q7 and Q8 and Q9 and Q10 constituting the multiplier 2. As a result, a pseudo sound signal is obtained and is applied to the sound circuit 4, thereby to degrade the quality of sound.<br /><br />In this context, a video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit of interest is described in the article, entitled "A New TV Video/Intercarrier Sound Detector IC" by Milton E. Wilcox, in IEEE Transaction on Broadcast and TV Receivers. The above discussed problems encountered in the video/intercarrier sound detector shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are solved to some extent by the video/intercarrier sound detector described in the above referenced article. More specifically, in accordance with the above referenced article, a separate sound detector is employed. The approach used therein is a half wave equivalent of the multiplier which switches the video carrier with the sound carrier input signal to produce a desired difference frequency. The sound detecting circuit shown has a separate input for the sound carrier and applies the video carrier signal derived in the video detector to the base electrodes of the lower differential operating transistors of the half wave equivalent of the multiplier. The output is tuned to the sound intermediate frequency of 4.5 MHz. Nevertheless, the problems discussed previously in conjunction with the sound quality are not fully solved by the video/intercarrier sound detector in the above referenced article. More specifically, in accordance with the video/intercarrier sound detector in the above referenced article, the video carrier signal derived in the video detector is applied to the sound detector, which means that the video carrier signal of a very large signal level is applied to the sound detector rather in the form of a switching control signal. Thus, according to the above referenced article, the sound detector does not operate in a linear manner but rather operates in a non-linear manner. The fact that the sound detector operates rather in a non-linear manner is liable to cause harmonics, which degrades the quality of sound, as fully discussed previously. In this context, there is room for improvement in the video/intercarrier sound detector described in the above referenced article.<br /><br />SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br /><br />Briefly described, the present invention comprises a television receiver, comprising: a video intermediate frequency amplifier, means coupled to the video intermediate frequency amplifier for extracting the video intermediate frequency <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>carrier signal, synchronous detecting means responsive to the video intermediate frequency carrier signal from the video intermediate frequency carrier extracting means and the video intermediate frequency output from the video intermediate frequency amplifier for synchronously detecting the video intermediate frequency signal with the video intermediate frequency carrier signal for providing a detected video signal, means for withdrawing the detected video signal, multiplier means having first and second inputs each receiving the video intermediate frequency signal for evaluating the product of the first input signal and the second input signal including a difference component of the video and sound carriers, and means responsive to the product output from the multiplier means for withdrawing an intercarrier sound signal.<br /><br />According to the present invention, the sound detecting multiplier is adapted to receive directly the video intermediate frequency signal as the first and second input signals. Since the video intermediate frequency signal is utilized which is of a low level and a linear form, a multiplying operation is carried out in a rather linear manner. As a result, the harmonics occuring in the multiplying operation is considerably reduced. As a result, the quality of sound as reproduced is enhanced.<br /><br />According to another aspect of the present invention, a phase shifter means is provided for causing a phase difference of an odd number times the phase of π/2 between the first and second input signals to be applied to the sound detecting multiplier. As a result, any adverse affect that could be caused by the amplitude modulation component in the video intermediate frequency signal can be eliminated or extremely reduced.<br /><br />In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first and second inputs of the sound detecting multiplier are coupled to the primary and secondary, respectively, of the last stage video intermediate frequency transformer in the video intermediate frequency amplifier.<br /><br />Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver, particularly suited for implementation in an integrated circuit.<br /><br />Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver, wherein the quality of a reproduced sound is enhanced.<br /><br />A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver separately employing a synchronous video detector and a sound detecting multiplier.<br /><br />Still a further object of the present invention is to provide an improved video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver separately employing a synchronous video detector and a sound detecting multiplier, wherein any adverse affect caused by an amplitude modulation component in the video intermediate frequency signal is reduced.<br /><br />These objects and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.<br /><br />BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS<br /><br />FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a conventional video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit employing a synchronous detector in a television receiver;<br /><br />FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a video intermediate frequency carrier extracting circuit and a multiplier in a conventional video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit;<br /><br />FIGS. 3 and 4 show wave forms of electrical signals in the FIG. 2 diagram for explanation of the operation thereof;<br /><br />FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in a television receiver;<br /><br />FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit; and<br /><br />FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of a portion of a modified embodiment of the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit.<br /><br />DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS<br /><br />According to an essential feature of the present invention, a sound detecting multiplier is separately provided from a synchronous video detector, wherein the sound detecting multiplier is adapted to receive a video intermediate frequency signal without using a pulsed output obtainable from the synchronous video detector.<br /><br />FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit. In comparison with the FIG. 1 diagram, the FIG. 5 video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit comprises a second multiplier 10 apart from a first multiplier 2 corresponding to the multiplier 2 in FIG. 2. The second multiplier 10 is connected to receive the video intermediate frequency signal from the video intermediate frequency amplifier as a first and second input signals. The first multiplier 2 is utilized as a synchronous video detector. On the other hand, the second multiplier 10 is utlized as a sound detecting multiplier. The output from the first multiplier 2 is coupled to the video circuit 3 and the output of the second multiplier 10 is coupled to the sound circuit 4. Since the remaining portions in the FIG. 5 diagram are the same as those in the FIG. 1 diagram, it is not believed necessary to describe any more.<br /><br />FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit in accordance with the FIG. 5 block diagram. Since the FIG. 6 embodiment resembles in part the FIG. 2 diagram, the same portions have been denoted by the same reference characters in FIGS. 2 and 6. In comparison with the FIG. 2 diagram, the FIG. 6 embodiment additionally comprises the second multiplier 10 serving as an intercarrier sound signal generator, which is also configured in a double balanced circuit comprising a first upper stage pair of differential operating transistors Q13 and Q14 and a second upper stage pair of differential operating transistors Q15 and Q16 which are coupled to receive the output from the final stage 11 of the video intermediate frequency amplifier and a lower pair of differential operating transistors Q17 and Q18 coupled to a constant current source 12 and serving by themselves as a constant current to the above described upper stage differential operating transistors Q13 and Q14 and Q15 and Q16, the lower stage differentia<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuQDXij5sfqB5bR_GPV0hpXN9N-WN9XTBkHBY8uZhz6soOC5mbbO0ZoTsP29sApRK5cHhltJ51SqUvWJwaSWMmWZyp1mrKTnSq_ZhKR-b7eT9epPOqlaEQVap8xC3nDtyxH2E_7GfdtlvInV_S-KJvdQiTlrx6HFgTt2j6iKqpw7B-tppu0ef1kouo179g/s1026/IMGH_13374b__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuQDXij5sfqB5bR_GPV0hpXN9N-WN9XTBkHBY8uZhz6soOC5mbbO0ZoTsP29sApRK5cHhltJ51SqUvWJwaSWMmWZyp1mrKTnSq_ZhKR-b7eT9epPOqlaEQVap8xC3nDtyxH2E_7GfdtlvInV_S-KJvdQiTlrx6HFgTt2j6iKqpw7B-tppu0ef1kouo179g/s320/IMGH_13374b__TVM.jpg" /></a>l operating transistors Q17 and Q18 being coupled to receive the video intermediate frequency signal from the emitter followers Q1 and Q2. It is pointed out that the embodiment shown has been adapted such that the signal is applied from the emitter followers Q1 and Q2 to the lower stage transistors Q17 and Q18 in a single ended fashion; however, the circuit may be configured such that the signal is applied in a double ended fashion. It is, therefore, intended that both are covered by the present invention. The collector electrodes of the upper stage differential operating transistors are coupled to load resistors R5 and R6 in a well known manner, as done in conjunction with the first multiplier 2, and the collector electrodes of the upper stage differential operating transistors in the second multiplier 10 are coupled through a 4.5 MHz band pass filter in the sound circuit 4.<br /><br />As seen from FIG. 6, the base electrodes of the upper stage differential operating transistors Q13 and Q14 and Q15 and Q16 in the second multiplier 10 are coupled to a primary circuit including a parallel connection of an inductance coil L2 and a capacitor C2 of a video intermediate frequency transformer 13 in the final stage video intermediate frequency amplifier 11, while the base electrodes of the lower stage differential operating transistors Q17 and 18 in the second multiplier 10 are coupled to the emitter followers Q1 and Q2 which are coupled to a secondary circuit including a series connection of an inductance coil L3 and a capacitor C3 of the video intermediate frequency transformer 13 in the final stage video intermediate frequency amplifier 11.<br /><br />Thus, it would be appreicated that the second multiplier 10 is connected to receive the first input from the primary circuit of the final stage video intermediate frequency transformer 13 and the second input signal from the secondary circuit of the final stage video intermediate frequency transformer 13. As a result, the second multiplier 10 is supplied with, at both the first and second inputs thereof, a video intermediate frequency signal of a relatively low level, as not pulsed. Therefore, the second multiplier 10 achieves a relatively linear operation rather than a switching operation. Such a linear operation is facilitated by inserting resistors in the emitter electrodes of the differential operating transistors Q13 and Q14 and Q15 and Q16, thereby to broaden the linear operational range. Since in the FIG. 6 embodiment the second multiplier 10 has been coupled to receive a video intermediate frequency signal of a relatively low level, such emitter resistors have been dispensed with.<br /><br />In the embodiment shown, a biasing circuit has been improved to implement the same economically, which is particularly advantageous in implementing the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit and the video intermediate frequency amplifier in a single chip integrated circuit. More specifically, the bias circuit comprises a series connection of a first a<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>nd second biasing voltage source E1 and E2 and the positive terminal of the second voltage source E2 is coupled to the video intermediate frequency amplifier including the final stage video intermediate frequency amplifier 11 for the purpose of supplying a biasing voltage and the positive terminal of the second voltage source E2 is also applied to the upper stage differential operating transistors of the second multiplier 10, while the junction of the first and second voltage sources E1 and E2 is coupled to the lower stage differential operating transistors Q17 and Q18 through the emitter followers Q1 and Q2, inasmuch as the lower stage differential operating transistors Q17 and Q18 need be supplied with a voltage lower than the voltage to be applied to the upper stage differential operating transistors. The direct current output voltage from the emitter followers Q1 and Q2 is also applied as a base bias of the differential operating transistors Q3 and Q4 constituting the video intermediate frequency carrier extracting circuit 1 for the first video detecting multiplier 2 and is also applied as a base bias of the lower differential operating transistors Q11 and Q12 of the first multiplier 2. Thus, the embodiment shown has been contemplated such that the biasing voltages required at various portions therein are supplied from a least number of biasing voltage sources and the signal transmission path is utilized for supplying the bias voltages to various portions. For this reason, the FIG. 6 embodiment is extremely advantageous in implementing the same together with the remaining portion of the video intermediate frequency amplifiers in a single chip integrated circuit. It is pointed out that the above described final stage video intermediate frequency transformer 13 including the coils L2 and L3 and the capacitors C2 and C3 is provided externally of such an integrated circuit.<br /><br />As understood from the foregoing description, according to the essential feature of the present invention, a first multiplier of such as a double balanced type is provided for synchronous detection of a video intermediate frequency signal as a function of the pulsed output of the video intermediate frequency carrier signal for providing a detected video signal and a second multiplier of such as a double balanced type is separately provided such that the upper and lower stage differential operating pairs are supplied with a video intermediate frequency signal from the video intermediate frequency signal amplifier, whereby an intercarrier sound signal is obtained through multiplication of two video intermediate frequency signal inputs. It has been observed that according to the inventive video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit any pseudo sound signal encountered in the conventional video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit is eliminated. In addition, since the second multiplier is adapted for a linear operation, any distortion of the sound signal in the second multiplier is avoided and hence the quality of a reproduced sound in a television receiver employing the present invention is enhanced.<br /><br />Although the FIG. 6 embodiment has substantially eliminated the shortcomings encountered in the prior art video/intercarrier sound detecting circuit, there is still further room for improvement in the FIG. 6 embodiment from the standpoint of reduction of buzz noises for the reasons to be described subsequently. More specifically, it could happen that the video intermediate frequency carrier signal as extracted is still subjected to an amplitude fluctuation for some reason, which could cause harmonics with respect to the above described amplitude fluctuation component. Therefore, when the video signal of the frequency 900 KHz is received, the 4.5 MHz component of the fifth harmonic is applied to the base electrodes of the upper stage differential operating transistors Q7 and Q8 and Q9 and Q10 constituting the first multiplier 2, which causes a pseudo signal in the sound circuit 4, with the result that the quality of a repdocued sound is degraded.<br /><br />The foregoing may be explained using the following mathematical expression. Assuming that the video modulation index is m, the angular frequency of the modulated signal is ωP, the angular frequency of the video carrier wave is ωC, and the angular frequency of the sound carrier wave is ωS, then the synchronous detection may be expressed by the following formula: [(1+m cos ωPt) cos ωCt+cos ωSt]×[(1+m cos ωPt) cos ωCt+cos ωSt] (1)<br /><br />However, since only the video carrier wave signal cos ωCt in the video intermediate frequency signal is required to produce the intercarrier sound signal, formula (1) may be expressed as follows: [(1+m cos ωPt) cos ωCt+cos ωSt]×cos ωCt (1A)<br /><br />When the components 2ωC and (ωS+ωC) in the above described formula are cut by the use of the respective filters, then the following formula is obtained: 1/2 (1+m cos ωPt)+1/2 cos (ωC-ωS) t (2)<br /><br />The formula (2) corresponds to a case where the carrier wave extracted from the carrier wave extracting circuit is completely pulsed. However, in actuality some amplitude modulation component remains as described previously. Therefore, each term is divided by the residual amplitude modulation component 1+m cos ωPt/A, so that the following formula is obtained: 1/2 (1+m cos ωPt)×(1+m cos ωPt/A)+1/2 cos (ωC-ωS) t×(1+m cos ωPt/A) (3)<br /><br />The first term in the formula (3) indicates that the harmonics of the modulated signal could appear and that when ωP=ωC-ωS/5 a pseudo signal component ωC-ωS occurs by the component ωP.<br /><br />If and when the circuit configuration as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is employed, then the situation may be expressed by the above described formula (2). Although the first term in the formula (2) does not include any harmonic as different from the above described formula (3), the amplitude modulation signal component of the video signal is required in obtaining an intercarrier sound signal corresponding to the second term and should be preferably eliminated.<br /><br />Therefore, according to another aspects of the present invention, an improvement in the FIG. 6 embodiment is provided, wherein the first term in the above described formulas (2) and (3) is eliminated to properly eliminate or considerably reduce any influence caused by the amplitude modulation component of the video signal.<br /><br />More specifically, according to an another aspect of the present invention, the above described second sound detecting multiplier is adapted to receive a first and second input signals with a phase difference of an odd number times the phase of π/2.<br /><br />In practicing the present invention, if the second sound detecting multiplier 10 is adapted to receive the first and second input signals with a phase difference of π/2, then the following formula is obtained: [(1+m cos ωPt) cos ωCt+cos ωSt]×cos (ωCt+π/2) (4)<br /><br />If and when the components 2ωC and (ωC+ωS) are removed by means of the respective filters, the above described formula (4) may be expressed as follows: 1/2 cos (ωCt-ωSt+π/2) (5)<br /><br />The above described formula (5) may further be changed to the following: -1/2 sin (ωC-ωS) t (6)<br /><br />Thus it would be appreciated that nothing corresponding to the first term in the formula (2) occurs. Assuming that the same is applied to the FIG. 5 embodiment, then it would be further appreciated that as seen in the formulas (5) and (6) no amplitude modulation component occurs.<br /><br />FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of a left half portion in the FIG. 6 embodiment, wherein the above described additional feature of the present invention has been practiced. In the following, only a modified portion will be described in the FIG. 7 embodiment in comparison with the FIG. 6 embodiment. Since the remaining portions in the FIG. 7 embodiment are substantially the same as those in the FIG. 6 embodiment and have been denoted by the same reference characters, it is not believed necessary to describe the same again in detail. Now with particular reference to the left portion in FIG. 7, and particularly to a line running from the primary circuit of the video intermediate frequency transformer 13 to the base electrode of the transistor Q13, a phase shifter 14 is interposed in the line, such that one input signal to the multiplier 10 is phase shifted by the phase π/2 or an odd number times the phase π/2 with respect to the second input signal to be applied to the multiplier 10. As a result, the foregoing description made in conjunction with the mathematical equations is achieved and a reproduced sound of good quality is effectively obtained.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s1282/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwFDKYjdIhBMsMkk0Ew2BriV8QmqApjpRLolppjR5sP5krvgszAXkkuE37F0Br-cyA4fBg38o9uBj7ntraiUrhRCu-CugiYWYUDXcsf2wv6jxVzPOQK-svZaTL4yELgkzpodADHLjgx1Esv5vJIiLFdwoVHVv7JsdsS95owLD3vXANrGgUC86mbAJwFjir/s320/IMGH_13368__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><br />Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.</div><br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-28411509077955695902023-10-18T17:00:00.000+02:002023-10-18T17:00:00.149+02:00SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 CRT TUBE SANYO (TOSHIBA) 370HGB22<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s1282/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s320/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7pdFcR0Fzp6DYXXX3yOexNC0_tOMaK_GXbwBr9iwNMTdyG4yaSu8H4ShVI3_jmN8h9vynYooPg1Atkr6qpjUkutuCZFnPXxaKG3L9dT90f-cGbM8oi3ip3_Pq1UqE2hjjdxmw143OU5Mv03ZlUo8gj3AiwV1aHqgaEKsAYJU32MWXE2swYOS6yT9MynZy/s1282/IMGH_13383__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7pdFcR0Fzp6DYXXX3yOexNC0_tOMaK_GXbwBr9iwNMTdyG4yaSu8H4ShVI3_jmN8h9vynYooPg1Atkr6qpjUkutuCZFnPXxaKG3L9dT90f-cGbM8oi3ip3_Pq1UqE2hjjdxmw143OU5Mv03ZlUo8gj3AiwV1aHqgaEKsAYJU32MWXE2swYOS6yT9MynZy/s320/IMGH_13383__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p> </p><p> First recalling principles........<br /></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><b>SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 CRT TUBE SANYO (TOSHIBA) 370HGB22 IN-LINE TYPE TRIPLE ELECTRON GUN ASSEMBLY:</b></span> </p><p>An
in-line type triple electron gun assembly which comprises three
electron gun members arranged in the same plane with the axis of the
side gun members inclined at a predetermined angle to that of the
central gun member; and support members fitted to the gun members for
their integral assembly, said support member comprising two longitudinal
elements each disposed between two adjacent gun members and at least
one bridge element connecting said two longitudinal elements.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdY5rT5fduraatCtYuxpVQbQ5-OSWy0WdHHVUHuWExSLCmh3SNgy9Ekz0UN9WnadfbqIfNYu8hoYnl8Gf1KVlyeuzSUk0Sx6hUFfE5v0hhK3zkEvyaWLdJI67ZYWO389MtI1X10nVMMwTy/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdY5rT5fduraatCtYuxpVQbQ5-OSWy0WdHHVUHuWExSLCmh3SNgy9Ekz0UN9WnadfbqIfNYu8hoYnl8Gf1KVlyeuzSUk0Sx6hUFfE5v0hhK3zkEvyaWLdJI67ZYWO389MtI1X10nVMMwTy/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a><br />
An
in-line type triple electron gun assembly comprising: 2. An electron
gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein said at least one lateral
component of at least one of the support members is fused to the cathode
electrodes and plane grid electrodes of electron gun members. 3. An
electron gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein said at least one
lateral component of at least one of the support members is fused to the
cathode electrodes and plane grid electrodes of all of the electron gun
members. 4. An electron gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein each
of said support members is generally H-shaped and comprises two
longitudinal components and a lateral component bridging said two
longitudinal components. 5. An electron gun assembly according to claim 4
wherein said lateral component of at least one of the H-shaped support
members is fused to the cathode electrode and plane grid electrodes of
electron gun members. 6. An electron gun assembly according to claim 4
wherein said lateral component of at least one of the H-shaped support
members is fused to the cathode electrode and plane grid electrodes of
all of the electron gun members. 7. An electron gun assembly according
to claim 4 wherein said generally H-shaped support members each include a
metal support member bridging the ends of the longitudinal components
thereof. 8. An electron gun assembly according to claim 5 wherein said
generally H-shaped support members each include a metal support member
bridging the ends of the longitudinal components thereof. 9. An electron
gun assembly according to claim 1 wherein each of said support members
comprises one longitudinal component and a plurality of lateral
components integrally connected to said longitudinal component. 10. An
electron gun assembly according to claim 9 wherein at least one of said
lateral components is fused to the cathode electrodes and plane grid
electrodes of electron gun members.<!--Description--> <br />
</p><div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
This invention relates to an in-line type triple electron gun assembly.<br />
<br />
The
prior art in-line type triple electron gun assembly is fabricated by
fitting glass beads to the prescribed positions between two adjacent
ones of three electron gun members arranged in the same plane by the aid
of brackets fitted to grid electrodes constituting each electron gun
member so as to fix together the three electron gun members.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdY5rT5fduraatCtYuxpVQbQ5-OSWy0WdHHVUHuWExSLCmh3SNgy9Ekz0UN9WnadfbqIfNYu8hoYnl8Gf1KVlyeuzSUk0Sx6hUFfE5v0hhK3zkEvyaWLdJI67ZYWO389MtI1X10nVMMwTy/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdY5rT5fduraatCtYuxpVQbQ5-OSWy0WdHHVUHuWExSLCmh3SNgy9Ekz0UN9WnadfbqIfNYu8hoYnl8Gf1KVlyeuzSUk0Sx6hUFfE5v0hhK3zkEvyaWLdJI67ZYWO389MtI1X10nVMMwTy/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-2.jpg" width="218" /></a>With
the prior art in-line type triple electron gun assembly, the glass
beads are provided separately from each other, making the relative
position of the gun members unstable and in consequence giving rise to
their mutual displacement. Particularly, the brackets fitted to the grid
electrodes constituting each gun member are bent intricately and
subject to a certain degree of mechanical stress during fabrication, so
that application of heat required for the assembly of gun members most
likely deforms the brackets. Though very slight for the individual
brackets, this deformation assumes a prominent proportion for all the
brackets, resulting in the noticeable displacement of the electron gun
assembly as a whole. This displacement of the constituent gun members
occurs particularly in their axial direction, leads to the irregular
arrangement of its grid electrodes.<br />
<br />
It is accordingly
the object of this invention to provide an electron gun assembly whose
constituent members are accurately arranged to keep the assembly as a
whole free from any deformation.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION<br />
<br />
According
to this invention, triple electron gun members each having a cathode
electrode, plane grid electrode and cylindrical electrodes coaxially
arranged in succession are placed side by side in the same plane with a
prescribed convergence angle defined therebetween. To both sides of the
electron gun assembly are fused two support members to hold the
respective gun members securely in place. Each support member comprises
at least one lateral or bridging component fused in common to at least
the cathode electrodes and plane grid electrodes of the respective
electron gun members and at least one longitudinal component
intersecting said at least one lateral component at right angles and
fitted in common to said electron gun members through the later
described means which are fused to said electron gun members.<br />
<br />
The
present invention can be more fully understood from the following
detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:<br />
<br />
FIG. 1 is a side view of an in-line type triple electron g<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s1282/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s320/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>un assembly according to the first embodiment of this invention;<br />
<br />
FIG. 2 is a sectional view on line 2--2 of the electron gun assembly of FIG. 1;<br />
<br />
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a plane grid electrode of a side electron gun member;<br />
<br />
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a plane grid electrode of a central electron gun member;<br />
<br />
FIG. 5 is a side view of a triple electron gun assembly according to the second embodiment of the invention; and<br />
<br />
FIG. 6 is a sectional view on line 6--6 of the triple electron gun assembly of FIG. 5.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVttZSmx6WKvqhtahvNnKn2ROnyalS60614wuthvaHE4NEO3mDXks1x_TDb25OYUpwzb11L6bJ5VBLwDZnUSd0swqaTDNjHdFkiYEmpkUYqUANFqujJhqYQwLookdHMlAtWT1ip-CDFJJ/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVttZSmx6WKvqhtahvNnKn2ROnyalS60614wuthvaHE4NEO3mDXks1x_TDb25OYUpwzb11L6bJ5VBLwDZnUSd0swqaTDNjHdFkiYEmpkUYqUANFqujJhqYQwLookdHMlAtWT1ip-CDFJJ/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" width="218" /></a>As
seen from FIG. 1, each electron gun member 12 of an in-line type triple
electron gun assembly 11 comprises a cathode electrode 13, a first
plane grid electrode 14 and second to fourth cylindrical grid electrodes
15 to 17, all coaxially arranged in succession. Said electron gun
assembly 11 comprises triple electron gun members 12 each having the
above-mentioned arrangement, and a magnetic convergence assembly 18
disposed ahead of the furthest end of the fourth cylindrical grid
electrodes of the electron gun members 12. The juxtaposed triple
electron gun members 12 are securely held between two generally H-shaped
support members 19 made of, for example, glass. The cathode electrode
13 of the electron gun member 12 comprises a heater received in a
generally funnel-shaped support member 20. The first plane grid
electrode 14s of each side electron gun member 12 comprises, as shown in
FIGS. 2 and 3, a semicircular effective plate electrode 22 bored with a
hole 21s for allowing the passage of a beam of electrons and an
electrode holder 23 erected on said plate electrode 22, thus presenting
an L-shaped cross section as a whole. Both side grid electrodes 14 each
constructed as described above are so disposed as to cause the electrode
holders 23 to face each other. As shown in FIG. 4 first plane grid
electrode 14c of the central electron gun member 12 comprises a
channel-shaped effective grid electrode 24 bored with a hole 21c
allowing the passage of a beam of electrons and electrode holders 25
projecting outward from both ends of said effective electrode 24.<br />
<br />
The
H-shaped support member 19 is so designed that when it is fused to the
electron gun assembly 11, the lateral component 19b bridging the two
longitudinal components 19a is so positioned as to face the first grid
electrode and cathode electrode of each electron gun member 12. As shown
in FIG. 1. lateral component 19b is integral with (i.e., integrally
connected to) components 19a and is made of the same material as
components 19a. Said H-shaped support member 19 is fitted to the
electron gun assembly 11 through the support member 20 of the cathode
electrodes 13, the holders 23 and 25 of the first plane grid electrodes
14s and 14c, and brackets 26 fused to the cylindrical grid electrodes 15
to 17. A metal support element 19C bridges the ends of the H-shaped
support member 19.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVttZSmx6WKvqhtahvNnKn2ROnyalS60614wuthvaHE4NEO3mDXks1x_TDb25OYUpwzb11L6bJ5VBLwDZnUSd0swqaTDNjHdFkiYEmpkUYqUANFqujJhqYQwLookdHMlAtWT1ip-CDFJJ/s1600/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVttZSmx6WKvqhtahvNnKn2ROnyalS60614wuthvaHE4NEO3mDXks1x_TDb25OYUpwzb11L6bJ5VBLwDZnUSd0swqaTDNjHdFkiYEmpkUYqUANFqujJhqYQwLookdHMlAtWT1ip-CDFJJ/s320/TOSHIBA-IL-1.jpg" width="218" /></a>According
to the in-line type triple electron gun assembly of this invention of
the aforementioned arrangement, the three electron gun members 12 are
fixed in place by the H-shaped support members 19, so that the
respective electron gun members 12 and the electrodes included therein
can be located accurately with the support members 19 used as the base.
Since the electron gun members 12 are substantially free from any
deformation or distortion, a beam of electrons emitted from the electron
gun members 12 can display excellent characteristics of emission and
focusing simply by slightly adjusting an external magnetic field.
Further, the electrodes of the electron gun members 12 are independently
supported by the H-shaped support members 19, so that the brackets 26
are required to hold only the grid electrodes to which they are fused,
namely, are not subject to any extra load. Therefore, the brackets 26
can be made of thin light material having a relatively small mechanical
strength. This offers various advantages that the brackets 26 can be
easily fabricated; work stress occurring in the brackets 26 is reduced;
when the thin brackets 26 are fused to the electrodes the roundness of
said electrodes is little affected; and the electron lens constituted by
the electron gun members is substantially free from aberration.<br />
<br />
The
lateral component 19b of the H-shaped support member 19 is fused to the
first plane grid electrode and cathode electrode of each electron gun
member, thereby minimizing the deformation of the mechanically weak
first plane gride electrode which would occur when the triple electron
gun members are assembled and the harmful effect of displacement caused
by said distortion between the axis of the first grid electrode and
those of the other grid electrodes. Further, the above-mentioned lateral
component 19b plays the part of elevating the overall mechanical
strength of the electron gun members constituting the in-line type
electron gun assembly which is mechanically weaker than the delta-shaped
type.<br />
<br />
There will now be described by reference to FIG.
5 the second embodiment of this invention. The triple electron gun
members arranged in the same manner as in the first embodiment have the
electrodes operated with the same potential or three juxtaposed
electrodes. The three electron gun members 12 are securely held between
two insulating support members 30 each formed of lateral components 31,
32, 33 and 34 fused to the respective crosswise groups 13, 14, 15, 16
and 17, each group consisting of said three juxtaposed electrod<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>es and a
longitudinal component 35 intersecting said lateral components at right
angles. Lateral components 31-34 are integral with and are made of the
same material as the longitudinal component 35.<br />
<br />
The
electron gun assembly of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 5 attains
not only the same effect as the first embodiment but also displays the
following advantage that since the lateral components support the
crosswise groups each consisting of three juxtaposed grid electrodes
operated with the same potential, the electrodes of the lengthwise
groups operated with different potentials can be spaced relatively far
from each other, thereby elevating the degree of insulation
therebetween.<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /> <b>SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 CRT TUBE SANYO (TOSHIBA) 370HGB22</b>
<span style="font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Deflection device for use in color television receiver:<br />Self convergent deflection system in color CRT TUBE TOSHIBA.</b></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALLsqMtasXJPlSo3rGmXTRQCE478dHDp1UV8pwlwud3V3a4orjLCMJ_LNKdVmtXdvezbN_mDr4FciKHCXkar9aa6_xyDRgGvldHaY6vKNHCQ2_9JOKAOlj3MNrf2AVsckCdo4tDOdqtV4/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645265163713836786" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALLsqMtasXJPlSo3rGmXTRQCE478dHDp1UV8pwlwud3V3a4orjLCMJ_LNKdVmtXdvezbN_mDr4FciKHCXkar9aa6_xyDRgGvldHaY6vKNHCQ2_9JOKAOlj3MNrf2AVsckCdo4tDOdqtV4/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>A
deflection device for use in a color television receiver comprises a
deflection yoke fitted to a neck portion of the color television
receiver having three horizontally arranged electron guns so designed as
to emit three electron beams, for deflecting horizontally and
vertically said three electron beams emitted onto a fluorescent screen
from the electron guns of the color television receiver, and soft
magnetic material pieces fitted to an end portion of the deflection yoke
nearer to the screen, for locally varying the distribution of a
deflection field generated by the yoke so as to correct mis-convergence
of said three electron beams occurring at the peripheral portion of the
screen.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. In a deflection device
for use in a color television receiver, which is fitted to a neck
portion of a color picture tube having electron guns emitting three
electron beams, said electron guns being arranged in a horizontal plane
and which comprises a deflection yoke for horizontally and vertically
deflecting said three electron beams on a screen and at least a soft
magnetic material piece fitted on said deflection yoke, the improvement
which comprises a deflection yoke which is so designed as to eliminate
mis-convergences MC<sub>1</sub>, MC<sub>2</sub>, MC<sub>3</sub>, MC<sub>4</sub> and MC<sub>7</sub>, in the mis-convergence MC<sub>1</sub>
the three electron beams being horizontally displaced from each other
at both the upper and lower end portions of the vertical or Y axis, in
the mis-convergence MC<sub>2</sub>, the three electron beams being
vertically displaced from each other at both the upper and lower end
portions of the Y axis, in the mis-convergence MC<sub>3</sub>, the three
electron beams being horizontally displaced from each other at both the
right and left end portions of the horizontal or X axis, in the
mis-convergence MC<sub>4</sub> three electron beams being vertically
displaced from each other at both the right and left end portions of the
X axis, and in the mis-convergence MC<sub>7</sub> scanning lines of the
three electron beams being vertically displaced at intermediate
portions between the Y axis and each of said right and left ends of the
screen; and at least a soft magnetic material piece fitted to an end
portion of said deflection yoke nearer to the screen of the color
picture tube so as only to eliminate a mis-convergence MC<sub>5</sub>
wherein the three electron beams are horizontally displaced from each
other at the diagonal end portions of the screen and a mis-convergence
MC<sub>6</sub> wherein the three electron beams are vertically displaced from each other at the diagonal end portions of the screen.<br />
<br />
2.
A deflection device according to claim 1, wherein said soft magnetic
piece defines an angle θ of 45° to 70° with a vertical line of the color
picture tube.<br />
<br />
3. A deflection device according to
claim 1 wherein said soft magnetic material pieces are fitted at
positions symmetrical with respect to each of two planes including
therein the axial center of said deflection yoke and being in parallel
with the<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a> horizontal and vertical deflecting directions, respectively.<br />
<br />
4. A deflection device according to claim 1 wherein said soft magnetic material pieces have a configurational anisotropy.<br />
<br />
5.
A deflection device according to claim 1 wherein said soft magnetic
material pieces are constructed so that at least either one of their
configurational anisotropy and attachment position can be varied.<br />
<br />
<!--Description--> <br />
<div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
This
invention relates to a deflection device for use in a color television
receiver, used in a three-electron beam type color picture tube wherein
reproduction of a picture image is effected by causing three electron
beams corresponding to three primary colors of red, green and blue to
scan a fluorescent screen in both horizontal and vertical directions
while said three electron beams being allowed to impinge upon said
screen. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBqrUFNx2kBS7negbOWGcTKkf8pL6lYrpAPy0ov2SK0-AiHm-HCpFCzZTeXgCImigzIh97CTeUWWtXdzEqrtbJRPCqEM0MwPSd27NvHCYRTPjc87xt_R2LPniAnBdDRcLVUXPqlVAmHOW/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-2.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645265164618070130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYBqrUFNx2kBS7negbOWGcTKkf8pL6lYrpAPy0ov2SK0-AiHm-HCpFCzZTeXgCImigzIh97CTeUWWtXdzEqrtbJRPCqEM0MwPSd27NvHCYRTPjc87xt_R2LPniAnBdDRcLVUXPqlVAmHOW/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>The
three-electron beam type color picture tube should be so constructed
that when the three electron beams corresponding to red, green and blue
scan the fluorescent screen of the color picture tube, the rasters of
the three primary colors are overlapped by permitting the three electron
beams to be converged, for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of
color displacement due to mis-convergence of said three electron beams.
To this end, in a color picture tube of a so-called in-line arranged
beam system wherein three electron beams are emitted in a state wherein
they are arranged in a horizontal plane, electron guns 1, 3 at both
opposite sides of a central electron gun 2 shown in FIG. 1 are usually
disposed respectively horizontally inclined at prescribed angles to the
central electron gun. In an actually manufactured color picture tube
unit, however, three electron beams ER, EG and EB are not always
converged at one point due to a low accuracy with which the electron
guns are arranged, the effect of an external magnetic field, etc. To
solve this problem, a static convergence yoke 5 is usually fitted to a
neck portion 4 of the color picture tube and a so-called static
convergence is effected by this yoke 5 so as to permit the
three-electron beams to be completely converged at least at the screen
center. <br />
Even in a color picture tube so constructed that the
three electron beams ER, EB and EG are converged at the screen center by
effecting the static convergence as above mentioned, in cases where the
three electron beams are deflected by a deflection yoke 6 up to the
peripheral portion of the screen, they fail to be converged at one
point, that is, a mis-convergence occurs. The reason is that the three
electron guns 1, 2 and 3 are disposed spatially separately from each
other. In order to zero this mis-convergence, a dynamic convergence is
generally carried out. For the purpose of effecting the dynamic
convergence, as shown in, for example, FIG. 2, a pair of cores 7a, 7b
are disposed, respectively, at both opposite sides of a neck portion 6
of the color picture tube and dynamic convergence windings 8a, 9a, 10a
and 8b, 9b, 10b are wound, respectively, about said pair of cores, and a
dynamic correcting current is supplied from a dynamic convergence
control circuit 11 to said windings 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b. Note
that in FIG. 2 reference numerals 12, 13 and 14, 15 denote permanent
magnets for effecting a static convergence. The above-mentioned dynamic
correcting current is made to have a suitable waveform so as to correct
in accordance with the line scanning rate, field scanning rate, etc. the
paths of the side beams ER and EB of the three electron beams (ER, EG,
EB of FIG. 1) emitted from the electron guns 1, 2 and 3, in order to
attain a sufficient convergence at all points of the screen.
Accordingly, a circuit for supplying said correcting current, i.e., said
dynamic convergence control circuit 11 generally becomes extremely
complicated in construction and simultaneously the power consumption in
this circuit 11 becomes large. In cases where, in a shadow mask type
color receiving tube as presently widely used, a dynamic convergence is
carried out, the incident angle of the three electron beams incident
into the shadow mask is also varied as this dynamic convergence is
effected. Accordingly, when it is desired to obtain a desired color
purity, a correcting device used for light exposure in forming a
fluorescent screen also becomes complicated. <br />
The above-mentioned
problems encountered where the dynamic convergence is carried out are
becoming more and more remarkable with the widening of a deflection
angle for the electron beams of the color picture tube (at present,
there is a tend<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>ency that a wide-angled Braun tube of 110° or more is
favourably used), or with application of higher anode voltage. In the
case of, for example, a color picture tube 20 inch in screen size and
110° in electron beam-deflecting angle, the dynamic convergence control
circuit 11 has 10 or more portions to be readjusted. In such a case, the
manufacturer needs a long time to perform the convergence-correcting
operation, which results in a costly color picture tube. Further, there
is an inconvenience that difficulties are encountered in performing
quickly and properly the above-mentioned readjustment upon a domestic
replacement of the color picture tube. <br />
The color picture tube of
in-line arranged beam system is somewhat simplified in respect of the
construction of its circuit device for effecting the above-mentioned
dynamic convergence as compared with the conventionally widely used
color picture tube of Δ-arranged beam system but if possible, it is
strongly desired for the color picture tube to require no dynamic
convergence-operation at all. <br />
There have in recent years been
contemplated various color picture tubes which eliminate the necessity
of performing the dynamic convergence, for example, through making the
magnetic field distribution of the deflection device appropriate and yet
reducing the manufacturing errors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,764,628
describes in its specification that three horizontally arranged
electron beams are allowed to scan directly the fluorescent screen
without being converged, and three primary color signals for modulating
the three electron beams are delayed by a length of time corresponding
to the interval between the three parallel emitted electron beams,
thereby to prevent the color pictures from being subjected to color
displacement. This system will indeed well serve the purpose if the
deflection field is not distorted at all by the deflection yoke, but in
the case of an actual deflection yoke it is impossible to zero the
distortion of the deflection field. The color picture tube of this
system, therefore, has no realizability. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQxV47muNkWDxK5zDkNHn1sWvrGwj5eP5p-ndv7lsB0WQwTv449YcrQQIAa72v1ArWrW_4nW1lvNgunaMH96JAZ66Q9ITFdaxR3L5Re2ISrJMTJhqOVyiKqhCqaSi9V4PbjGk5Z3Q70psW/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-3.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645265159194729634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQxV47muNkWDxK5zDkNHn1sWvrGwj5eP5p-ndv7lsB0WQwTv449YcrQQIAa72v1ArWrW_4nW1lvNgunaMH96JAZ66Q9ITFdaxR3L5Re2ISrJMTJhqOVyiKqhCqaSi9V4PbjGk5Z3Q70psW/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>Under
these circumstances, the present inventors have contemplated a color
picture tube which does not have the above-mentioned drawbacks. As shown
in FIG. 3, in this color picture tube, the direction and position in
which the three electron guns 1, 2 and 3 are disposed are so determined
that electron beams ER, EG and EB emitted from the three electron guns
1, 2 and 3 are converged at a point outside of a fluorescent screen F. A
deflection yoke 6 for deflecting the three electron beams ER, EG and EB
is so designed as to generate a deflection field whose distribution has
an appropriate distortion. Three primary color signals for modulating
the three electron beams ER, EG and EB are respectively delayed by a
length of time corresponding respectively to the intervals D between
those points of the fluorescent screen F upon which the three electron
beams ER, EG and EB impinge at a point of time. Accordingly, the three
electron beams ER, EG and EB scan the fluorescent screen under the
requirements that they impinge upon a given region of the fluorescent
screen F substantially at prescribed intervals, to permit each of
phosphor dots provided on the fluorescent screen to emit a necessary
amount of fluorescent light. On the other hand, the three primary color
signals for modulating the three electron beams ER, EG and EB are
respectively given a prescribed length of delay time in corresponding
relationship to a length of time corresponding to the above-mentioned
intervals D. Thus, this color picture tube exhibits the same function as
that in the case where the three electron beams ER, EG and EB scan the
fluorescent screen while being kept converged at one point of the
fluorescent screen. The color picture tube having the foregoing
construction, however, still remains to have the following problems. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s1282/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s320/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2xArPQDO59fvirR8FPhbEViRMTyCnOCKXX_ddaQgSUXmNfMHqqvKickrYVLZR2W_sUjeRlt5ZJA1Y2PgbrIzx4q-0_UxItMfrZb-dAYDNfCcYL3lvR250Wn1AL1medUS8TcYXG_bGJkbcYCtWs1xBmjk5ol9hVq5sZRruznOUy66Z1Ji-AdwjVC_jIC6n/s1282/IMGH_13345__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>Usually,
where, in the color picture tube of in-line arranged beam system, the
three electron beams as emitted are deflected by the deflection yoke,
they are mis-converged as shown in FIG. 4. That is to say, when it is
assumed that a horizontal one of two axes passing through a screen
center and intersecting at right angles to each other is represented by X
and a vertical one of said two axes by Y. Then, the following
mis-convergences occur. That is, a mis-convergence MC <sub>1 </sub>
wherein the three electron beams are horizontally displaced from each
other at both the upper and lower end portions of the Y axis and a
mis-convergence MC <sub>2 </sub> wherein the three electron beams are
verticaly displaced from each other at both the upper and lower end
portions of the Y axis, a mis-convergence MC <sub>3 </sub> wherein the
three electron beams are horizontally displaced from each other at both
the right and left end portions of the X axis and a mis-convergence MC <sub>4 </sub>
wherein the three electron beams are vertically displaced from each
other at both the right and left end portions of the X axis, a
mis-convergence MC <sub>5 </sub> wherein the three electron beams are
horizontally displaced from each other at the diagonal end portions of
the screen and a mis-convergence MC <sub>6 </sub> wherein the three
electron beams are vertically displaced from each other at the diagonal
end portions of the screen, and a mis-convergence MC <sub>7 </sub>
wherein scanning lines at the proximities of both the upper and lower
ends of the screen coincide with each other at the respective
proximities of the Y axis and the right and left ends of the screen and
are vertically displaced at intermediate portions between the Y axis and
each of said right and left ends of the screen. <br />
The MC <sub>2 </sub> and MC <sub>4 </sub>
of the above-mentioned mis-convergence occur due to errors in arranging
the electron guns, errors in attaching the deflection yokes, or
unsymmetry of the deflection yokes, but can be adjusted by constructing
an attaching mechanism for electron guns and an attaching mechanism for
attaching deflection yokes to a color picture tube so that each of these
mechanisms may have a correcting function. That is to say, said MC <sub>2 </sub> and MC <sub>4 </sub> can readily be corrected by simple adjusting mechanisms mounted on a conventional picture tube and deflection yoke. <br />
The MC <sub>1 </sub>
can be removed by distorting into an appropriate barrel-configuration
the distribution of a magnetic field produced by vertical deflection
coils. The MC <sub>3 </sub> can be removed by distorting into an
appropriate pincushion-configuration the distribution of a m<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>agnetic
field produced by horizontal deflection coils. Further, the MC <sub>5 </sub> can be substantially zeroed by removing said MC <sub>1 </sub> and MC <sub>3 </sub>. <br />
Where attempts are made to remove the MC <sub>1 </sub> and MC <sub>3 </sub> by varying the winding distribution of each deflection coil, either one of the MC <sub>6 </sub> and MC <sub>7 </sub> necessarily occurs, that is to say, it is impossible to remove both of them at the same time the MC <sub>6 </sub> and MC <sub>7 </sub>
run counter to each other, that is, are related to each other in such a
manner that if either one of them becomes small, the other becomes
large. In the prior art, no attempt was made to completely remove any
one of the MC <sub>6 </sub> and MC <sub>7 </sub>. That is, in the prior art, at ten or more portions of the color picture tube adjustment was so made as to permit the MC <sub>6 </sub> and MC <sub>7 </sub>
to be equalized in degree with each other thereby to prevent occurrence
of an extremely large mis-convergence, or alternatively arrangement was
so made as to permit mis-convergences to occur at the peripheral
portion of the screen where mis-convergences are relatively not
outstanding. Accordingly, in the case of time indication or score
display of baseball, a viewer has heretofore viewed a deteriorated
picture image. <br />
The above-mentioned reciprocal relationship between the MC <sub>6 </sub> and MC <sub>7 </sub> is established also in the case of the above-mentioned color picture tube of FIG. 3. <br />
The
object of the invention is to provide a deflection device for use in a
color television receiver wherein soft magnetic material pieces having a
configurational anisotropy, for example, rectangular soft iron pieces
are fitted to the front end portion of a deflection yoke mounted on an
in-line arranged three-electron beam type color picture tube, that is,
to an end portion of the deflection yoke on the screenside, whereby the
distribution of a deflection field produced by the deflection yoke is
locally varied so as to correct the mis-convergence of in-line arranged
three-electron beams occurring at four corners of the screen thus to
achieve a good convergence over a substantially entire region of the
screen. <br />
According to the present invention there can be obtained a
deflection device which comprises a deflection yoke fitted to a neck
portion of a color picture tube provided with three electron guns
emitting three electron beams in a state arranged in a horizontal plane,
said deflection yoke being horizontally and vertically, and soft
magnetic material pieces fitted to an end portion of the deflection yoke
nearer to the screen, whereby the distribution of deflection field from
the deflection yoke is varied by the soft magnetic material pieces to
correct mis-convergences. <br />
The present inventors have found that the above-mentioned mis-convergences MC <sub>6 </sub> and MC <sub>7 </sub>
can be both removed at the same time if the following measures are
taken. A first measures is to prepare vertical and horizontal deflection
coils so designed that they can remove the MC <sub>1 </sub> and MC <sub>3 </sub>, respectively, and also remove the above MC <sub>7 </sub>. With respect to the MC <sub>6 </sub>
occurring at corners of the screen as shown in FIG. 5, a magnetic
material piece free from permanent magnetization, for example, a soft
magnetic material piece 23 is fitted to the front end portion of a
deflection yoke 21, that is, to a yoke holder 22 as shown in FIGS. 6A,
6B and 7, thereby to locally vary the distribution of deflecti<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdnUETIdsI1Cft74yEwurHricXKkubzbLiQZM9zplnmw9iCchwWjxgzcDaKoSddmwyHrDSwjlNkyqOmEsyXulhgNnB7lDkXAByR2WzsM4Ep5GO6aZoy1-u10rPFsqXFMPJmVOLbTC0CKq/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-4.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645265156292492706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdnUETIdsI1Cft74yEwurHricXKkubzbLiQZM9zplnmw9iCchwWjxgzcDaKoSddmwyHrDSwjlNkyqOmEsyXulhgNnB7lDkXAByR2WzsM4Ep5GO6aZoy1-u10rPFsqXFMPJmVOLbTC0CKq/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>on field, thus to remove the MC <sub>6 </sub>
utilizing the relative movement of the three electron beams made in
accordance with the variation of the deflection field distribution. If
arrangement is made as such, a dynamic convergence becomes unnecessary.
Therefore, a great advantage results. Note here that what is important
is that unless a material free from permanent magnetization is used as
said magnetic material piece, the effect of the invention can not be
obtained. This material should be magnetically soft, namely, is a soft
magnetic material. Have it in mind that it is important to locally vary
the distribution of magnetic field produced by the deflection yoke 21 so
as to remove the MC <sub>6 </sub> of FIG. 5 without affecting the
convergence at the remaining region of the screen, through adjusting the
size (width a, length b and thickness c), the attachment position (an
angle θ defined by the piece 23 with a vertical line Y in the case where
the piece 23 is fitted to the picture tube), or the attachment angle
(an inclined angle Ψ defined by the longitudinal axis of the piece 23
with said vertical line Y) of the magnetic material piece 23. <br />
This
invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed
description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in
which: <br />
FIGS. 1 to 4 are intended to explain the object of the present invention, <br />
FIG. 1 being a sectional view schematically showing a prior art color picture tube, <br />
FIG. 2 showing a dynamic convergence means fitted to the prior art color picture tube, <br />
FIG.
3 schematically showing a color picture tube wherein color displacement
is corrected by giving a prescribed length of delay time to each of
modulation signals of three electron beams without causing said three
electron beams to be converged on a fluorescent screen of the color
picture tube, <br />
FIG. 4 being intended to explain mis-convergences in a color picture tube of in-line arranged beam system; <br />
FIGS. 5 to 7 are intended to explain the fundamental principle of the present invention, <br />
FIG. 5 showing the condition wherein mis-convergences occur only at four corners of the screen, <br />
FIGS.
6A and 6B being respectively side and rear views showing the condition
wherein a soft magnetic material piece is fitted to a deflection yoke, <br />
FIG. 7 being a perspective view of the soft magnetic material piece; and <br />
FIGS. 8 to 22 show an embodiment of the present invention, <br />
FIG. 8 showing respective details of a shadow mask type color picture tube and a three-primary color signal supply section, <br />
FIG. 9 showing the relations between inclined angles of electron beams and various values associated with said inclined angles, <br />
FIGS. 10A and 10B being curve diagrams showing the distribution of deflection field from a horizontal deflection coil, <br />
FIGS. 11A and 11B being curve diagrams showing the distribution of deflection field from a vertical deflection coil, <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbGQLAOpoVRQE_hB_7O-oL31evbkBsc8mRW6TT8P7UX7RoWzVx1G9YDl_jpnobHsLMWb6fZV8oYnMJEEv6rniTu5__8IR7ZT3-tA6RcRYsW2ik4bZpd5WFsvFb4NNlgViRocGLA0DdD_6/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-10.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263468473095506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbGQLAOpoVRQE_hB_7O-oL31evbkBsc8mRW6TT8P7UX7RoWzVx1G9YDl_jpnobHsLMWb6fZV8oYnMJEEv6rniTu5__8IR7ZT3-tA6RcRYsW2ik4bZpd5WFsvFb4NNlgViRocGLA0DdD_6/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-10.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS.
12 and 13 showing respectively the variations in intensity of magnetic
fields produced from the horizontal and vertical deflection coils, as
viewed on the Z axes thereof, <br />
FIG. 14 being intended to explain the positional displacement of three electron beams on the fluorescent screen, <br />
FIGS.
15A and 15B being respectively side and rear views showing the
condition wherein soft magnetic material pieces are fitted to a
deflection yoke, <br />
FIG. 16 being a perspective view of the soft magnetic material piece, <br />
FIGS.
17A and 17B showing vertical and horizontal movements of the three
electron beams relative to the variation of the attachment position of
the soft magnetic material piece, <br />
FIGS. 18A and 18B showing
vertical and horizontal movements of the three electron beams relative
to the variation of the attachment angle of the soft magnetic material
piece, <br />
FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C, 19D, 19E, 19F, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20D,
20E and 20F showing individually vertical and horizontal movements of
the three electron beams relative to the variation in width, length and
thickness of a rectangular magnetic material piece, <br />
FIG. 21 showing a detailed arrangement of a delay circuit, <br />
FIG. 22 being intended to explain the operation of this embodiment. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdnUETIdsI1Cft74yEwurHricXKkubzbLiQZM9zplnmw9iCchwWjxgzcDaKoSddmwyHrDSwjlNkyqOmEsyXulhgNnB7lDkXAByR2WzsM4Ep5GO6aZoy1-u10rPFsqXFMPJmVOLbTC0CKq/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-4.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645265156292492706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMdnUETIdsI1Cft74yEwurHricXKkubzbLiQZM9zplnmw9iCchwWjxgzcDaKoSddmwyHrDSwjlNkyqOmEsyXulhgNnB7lDkXAByR2WzsM4Ep5GO6aZoy1-u10rPFsqXFMPJmVOLbTC0CKq/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>FIG.
8 shows the detail of a shadow mask type color picture tube
constituting the main part of a color television receiver to which the
present invention is applied and the detail of a three-primary color
signal supply section for supplying three primary color signals to said
color picture tube. In FIG. 8, a glass bulb 31 is a vacuum envelope
having at its front portion a face plate 31a constituting a screen of
the color television receiver and at its rear portion a neck portion 31b
whose diameter is made small. In the inner surface of the face plate
31a of the glass bulb 31 is formed a fluorescent screen 32 on which are
arranged in a regular order phosphor dots which, when three electron
beams have impinged thereupon, emit three color television primary
colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B). At a position a little
shifted from the surface of the fluorescent screen 32 toward the
incident side of the electron beams is disposed a shadow mask 33 having a
large number of small holes (not shown) corresponding to the phosphor
dots of the fluorescent screen 32. Within the neck portion 31b of the
glass bulb 31 are arranged three electron guns 34R, 34G and 34B, which
are in-line arranged horizontally to the screen. These electron guns
34R, 34G and 34B are so constructed as to emit toward the fluorescent
screen 32 three electron beams ER, EG and EB modulated by three primary
color signals SR, SG and SB as later described, respectively. Further,
these three electron guns 34R, 34G and 34B are arranged such that both
side-electron guns 34R and 34B are inclined in the same horizontal plane
at a prescribed angle α to the center electron gun 34G so as to permit
the three electron beams ER, EG and EB to be converged at one point in a
region outside of the fluorescent screen 32, that is, outside of the
face plate 31a. Since, as above described, a converged point of the
three electron beams ER, EG and EB is situated outside of the
fluorescent screen 32, these three electron beams impinge, at intervals
D, upon the surface of the fluorescent screen 32. <br />
Further in
detail, when α represents the inclined angle of the electron guns 34R,
34G and 34B, d represents the intervals between the three electron be<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>ams
at the electron beam-emitting ends of the electron guns (in other
words, the mutual intervals between the center positions of those ends
of the electron guns from which to emit the electron beams ER, EG and
EB), and L represents the distance between the forward, or electron
beam-emitting end of the electron guns and the fluorescent screen 32,
the mutual relation between said α, d and L is so determined as to
satisfy the following inequality. d/6< d- Lα <d 2=""></d><br />
That
is to say, the difference between the interval d (mm) between the
forward ends of the electron guns, and a product Lα obtained by
multiplying the angle α (rad.) defined by both side-electron beams ER,
EB with the center electron beam EG by the distance L between the
forward end of the electron guns and the fluorescent film 32, namely,
d-Lα, is so determined that it is greater than d/6 and smaller than d/2.
<br />
The d- Lα of the above inequality (1) is substantially equal to
said interval D between the electron beam spots on the fluorescent
screen 32. That is, since, as apparent from FIG. 9, tan α = (d- D)/L, D÷
d- Lα. In order to obtain a high resolution, it is preferred that 6.5
mm< d and that, in the case where the fluorescent screen size
ranges from 14 inch-tube to 25 inch-tube, 1 mm< D< 5 mm. <br />
For reference, a color picture tube manufactured for experimental use is of the following dimensions. <br />
<table> <tbody>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>Fluorescent
Screen Size 20 inch-tube Electron Beam-Deflecting Angle 110° Outer
Diameter of the Neck Portion 36.5 φ Inclined Angle α of Electron Beam
1.06° Distance Between the Forward End of the Electron Gun and the 280
mm Fluorescent Screen Interval Between the Forward Ends 8.2 mm of the
Electron Guns Interval Between the Electron Beam Spots on the
Fluorescent 2.5 mm Screen Distance Between the Converged Point of the
Electron Beams and 160 mm the Fluorescent Screen </td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
A
deflection yoke 35 is fitted to the outer periphery of the neck portion
31b of the glass bulb 31. This deflection yoke 35 has horizontal and
vertical deflection coils producing magnetic fields for horizontally and
vertically deflecting said three electron beams ER, EG and EB. Said
horizontal deflection coil is so formed that a magnetic field
distribution formed by this horizontal deflection coil may assume a
so-called pincushion shape wherein the magnetic field intensity becomes
gradually high as the measuring position horizontally goes away from the
axial center of the deflection yoke 35. Said vertical deflection coil
is so formed that a magnetic field distribution formed by this vertical
deflection coil may assume a so-called barrel shape wherein the magnetic
field intensity becomes gradually low as the measuring position
vertically goes away from the axial center of the deflection yoke 35. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAIdgoOSRZWWoJdw695QT_28jqymDz7cnec2VnPGTUnWcOnckgHW9a9u6a2zWAlo-l-Nozb0HQqtTKE4X0qegpEZjZZ9wU5h7FtYJGn7GrBoYJjGoOuHB3WtYB6QUuggX_hEn70edaKvjL/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-5.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263934970242626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAIdgoOSRZWWoJdw695QT_28jqymDz7cnec2VnPGTUnWcOnckgHW9a9u6a2zWAlo-l-Nozb0HQqtTKE4X0qegpEZjZZ9wU5h7FtYJGn7GrBoYJjGoOuHB3WtYB6QUuggX_hEn70edaKvjL/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-5.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS.
10A and 10B are curve diagrams showing the magnetic field distribution
of a horizontal deflection coil 35H with a radially (horizontally)
shifted position from the axial center of the deflection yoke 35 plotted
on the abscissa and the magnetic field intensity (relative value)
plotted on the ordinate and a position on the Z axis of the deflection
yoke 35 taken as a parameter. In FIGS. 10A and 10B, however, numerical
values indicating the positions on the Z axis are defined as follows.
That is to say, Z = 0 (mm) is defined to indicate the position of the
forward end (the screen side) of the horizontal deflection coil, and
positive values (Z > 0) are defined to indicate positions shifted
forwardly of this position, that is, positions shifted toward the
screen while negative values (Z< 0) are defined to indicate
positions shifted rearwardly of that position, that is, positions going
away from the screen. At this time, the position of the rear end of the
horizontal deflection coil is represented by Z = -80 mm. Similarly,
FIGS. 11A and 11B are curve diagrams showing the magnetic field
distribution of a vertical deflection coil 35V with a radially
(vertically) shifted position from the axial center of the deflection
yoke 35 plotted on the abscissa and the magnetic field intensity
(relative value) plotted on the ordinate and a position on the Z axis of
the deflection yoke 35 taken as a parameter. Numerical values
indicating the positions on the Z axis are defined in the same manner as
in FIGS. 10A and 10B. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAWRvJpg-wtioAPiCjXYK_HD5vLi-6GR4Ly15cBE5nA9T5brrTS6f0nZuZV7u85h-SJ5Tm_C0kpH327IBlx2IkY94YMGmtSRvds2ZZhLoT76H5tPAyJg_zhgTUdXN8NQ8CYSyxgboVVpIc/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-6.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263929052687778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAWRvJpg-wtioAPiCjXYK_HD5vLi-6GR4Ly15cBE5nA9T5brrTS6f0nZuZV7u85h-SJ5Tm_C0kpH327IBlx2IkY94YMGmtSRvds2ZZhLoT76H5tPAyJg_zhgTUdXN8NQ8CYSyxgboVVpIc/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-6.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>As
apparent from FIGS. 10A and 10B, in the region where the deflecting
magnetic field on the axial center (Z axis) of the deflection yoke 35
has an intensity of 1/2 the maximum value, the magnetic field
distribution of the horizontal deflection coil 35H assumes a pincushion
shape wherein the magnetic field intensity becomes gradually high as the
measuring position radially (horizontally) goes away from the Z axis.
As apparent from FIGS. 11A and 11B, the magnetic field distribution of
the vertical deflection coil 35V assumes a barrel shape wherein the
magnetic field intensity becomes gradually low as the measuring position
radially (vertically) goes away from the Z axis of the deflection yoke
35. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbGQLAOpoVRQE_hB_7O-oL31evbkBsc8mRW6TT8P7UX7RoWzVx1G9YDl_jpnobHsLMWb6fZV8oYnMJEEv6rniTu5__8IR7ZT3-tA6RcRYsW2ik4bZpd5WFsvFb4NNlgViRocGLA0DdD_6/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-10.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263468473095506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNbGQLAOpoVRQE_hB_7O-oL31evbkBsc8mRW6TT8P7UX7RoWzVx1G9YDl_jpnobHsLMWb6fZV8oYnMJEEv6rniTu5__8IR7ZT3-tA6RcRYsW2ik4bZpd5WFsvFb4NNlgViRocGLA0DdD_6/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-10.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIG.
12 shows for reference the variation of a horizontally deflecting
magnetic field intensity BH on the axial center (Z axis) of the
deflection yoke 35, and FIG. 13 similarly shows for reference the
variation of a vertically deflecting magnetic field intensity BV. The BH
curve of FIG. 12 corresponds to the magnetic field distribution curve
of FIGS. 10A and 10B while the BV curve of FIG. 13 corresponds to the
magnetic field distribution curve of <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijJ06_AT8jtL5Pyp8TwxCHi8cuGbPLTPtBofs1SERP9TCYEvsi8xfs-XB3bq-09aGStHmYH8uEpBrytRwE1smsskaK4qu-s5lk-ZQzHOIkRmu1QC28_uyp-bMHaTSU7pZ-aMFlMj3itdoR/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-8.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263920452272018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijJ06_AT8jtL5Pyp8TwxCHi8cuGbPLTPtBofs1SERP9TCYEvsi8xfs-XB3bq-09aGStHmYH8uEpBrytRwE1smsskaK4qu-s5lk-ZQzHOIkRmu1QC28_uyp-bMHaTSU7pZ-aMFlMj3itdoR/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-8.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS. 11A and 11B.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The
main reason of using the deflection yoke 35 having the above-mentioned
magnetic field distribution is to make zero any of both the difference
YH- XH (this difference corresponds to said MC <sub>1 </sub>) where YH
represents the interval between the electron beam spots at both the
upper and lower ends of the screen and XH the interval between the
electron beam spots at the center of the screen and the difference XH-
XH' (this difference corresponds to said MC <sub>3 </sub>) where XH'
represents the horizontal interval between the electron beam spots at
both the right and left ends of the screen. Note that in FIG. 14 DV
represents the vertical interval between the electron beam spots at both
the right and left ends of the screen. <br />
By the use of the
deflection yoke 35 having the above-mentioned construction all the
mis-convergences shown in FIG. 4 can be substantially removed except for
said MC <sub>6 </sub>, but through a complete removal of the MC <sub>7 </sub> the MC <sub>6 </sub> is relatively allowed to occur to an extent of about 1 mm. Hereinafter, how to zero this MC <sub>6 </sub> is described. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ziOU9UnFTMDvS87xl-iJrgirfrtv4pc4Jj1SEEcRsjYAbO8XkUt5RmuwpcjkIbATJu2c5Dy-NY19AcvPGdrfU-TR3TXbPvckl3_uqpvE7FlM_fbF6WDYm0UbLyNo0oHl68D3fxQuvnvs/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-7.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263926008825570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ziOU9UnFTMDvS87xl-iJrgirfrtv4pc4Jj1SEEcRsjYAbO8XkUt5RmuwpcjkIbATJu2c5Dy-NY19AcvPGdrfU-TR3TXbPvckl3_uqpvE7FlM_fbF6WDYm0UbLyNo0oHl68D3fxQuvnvs/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-7.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 218px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 320px;" /></a>As
shown in FIG. 15A, to the front end portion of the deflection yoke 35,
that is to say, to an end portion of the deflection yoke 35 on the side
of the screen are fitted four soft rectangular magnetic material pieces
41, 42, 43 and 44 in order to correct mis-convergences of the three
electron beams occurring at the peripheral portion of the screen. That
is to say, these soft magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 are fitted to
one side face of a yoke holder 45 for the deflection yoke 35, at a
position inclined, as shown in FIG. 15B, at an angle θ to a vertical
line Y in the case where the deflection yoke 35 is mounted on the color
picture tube. Accordingly, said four soft magnetic material pieces 41 to
44 are disposed substantially axis-symmetrical about said vertical line
Y and a horizontal line X intersecting said vertical line Y at right
angles thereto (these vertical and horizontal lines Y and X are
hereinafter referred to as Y axis and X axis, respectively). The soft
magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 have a configurational anisotropy
through forming a magnetic material such as permalloy into a thin,
rectangular sheet-like configuration as shown in FIG. 16, and so act as
to locally vary the magnetic field distribution formed by the deflection
yoke 35. The movements on the fluorescent screen, of the three electron
beams ER, EG and EB due to the local variation of this magnetic field
distribution are made different because of the difference between the
respective effects of said local variation upon said three electron
beams. In addition, the greatness and direction of the movements of the
three electron beams ER, EG and EB are made different depending upon the
configuration, size, attachment position θ, or attachment angle Ψ of
the soft magnetic material pieces 41 to 44. Accordingly, if such
dimensions are appropriately determined, it will be possible to correct
the mis-convergence MC <sub>6 </sub> occurring at four corners of the screen. <br />
It
will hereinafter be explained taking examples how the relative
movements of the three electron beams ER, EG and EB are varied in
accordance with the size of the soft magnetic material pieces 41 to 44,
the condition wherein they are fitted to the deflection yoke 35, etc. <br />
At
the front end portion of the deflection yoke 35 mounted on a color
picture tube having in-line arranged electron guns whose screen size is
20 inch and whose electron beam deflecting angle is 110°, rectangular
magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 (whose magnetic permeability μ = 3500)
each having a width a of 60 mm, a length b of 40 mm and a thickness c
of 0.25 mm are fitted to one side face of the yoke holder 45 in a manner
inclined at an angle Ψ of 30° to the Y axis. When, in this arrangement,
the attachment position θ is varied, the relative movements at the
right upper corner of the screen between the center beam EG and each of
the side beams ER, EB are made as shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B. That is to
say, FIG. 17A shows the vertical movement Δy and FIG. 17B the
horizontal movement Δx of the electron beams. Note that positive and
negative numerical values of each of the Δy and Δx represent the
direction in which the electron beams go away from the horizontal and
vertical center axes passing through the center of the screen and the
direction in which the electron beams come near to said horizontal and
vertical center axes, respectively. As apparent from FIGS. 17A and 17B,
with respect to the vertical movement, the movement of one side beam EB
in a direction in which it goes away from the horizontal center axis of
the screen relatively to the center beam EG becomes great as the θ
increases, whereas the movement of the other side beam ER in a direction
in which it comes near to the horizontal center axis of the screen
relatively to the center beam EG becomes great as the θ increases. With
respect to the horizontal movement, the side beams ER and EB move in a
direction in which both of them are aligned with the center beam EG, but
this horizontal movement Δx is extremely small as compared with the
vertical movement Δy. For this reason, if the θ is adjusted within the
range of 45° to 70°, a vertical mis-convergence will be able to be
corrected practically. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht82sMm8d6v7A_Q2ChPh9ZCFBFGCwXt9UkizaJpV7apvWd6Z4imcQ78uL_doC_AAJIWd1GiJHMv_s_5hmteAgV3S7r142LreSA0YPvJw-Jy2EJ3kYVggSFkYgmxfo6RmEanHjGeZO-ykTD/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-11.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263464145219730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht82sMm8d6v7A_Q2ChPh9ZCFBFGCwXt9UkizaJpV7apvWd6Z4imcQ78uL_doC_AAJIWd1GiJHMv_s_5hmteAgV3S7r142LreSA0YPvJw-Jy2EJ3kYVggSFkYgmxfo6RmEanHjGeZO-ykTD/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-11.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS.
18A and 18B show the movements of the side beams ER, EB relative to the
center beam EG in the case where the attachment angle Ψ of the same
magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 as those in FIGS. 17A and 17B is
varied with the θ set at 60°. With respect to the vertical movement Δy
of the electron beams, the side beam ER has a tendency to slightly
approach the center beam EG, whereas the side beam EB is little moved
relatively. With respect to the horizontal movement Δx, the three
electron beams are aligned with each other in the proximity of Ψ = 35°
and, with this point as a boundary, one side beam EB tends to move
toward the vertical axis of the screen relative to the center beam EG as
the Ψ increases, whereas the other side beam ER tends to retreat from
the vertical axis of the screen relatively to the center beam EG as the Ψ
increases. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht82sMm8d6v7A_Q2ChPh9ZCFBFGCwXt9UkizaJpV7apvWd6Z4imcQ78uL_doC_AAJIWd1GiJHMv_s_5hmteAgV3S7r142LreSA0YPvJw-Jy2EJ3kYVggSFkYgmxfo6RmEanHjGeZO-ykTD/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-11.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263464145219730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht82sMm8d6v7A_Q2ChPh9ZCFBFGCwXt9UkizaJpV7apvWd6Z4imcQ78uL_doC_AAJIWd1GiJHMv_s_5hmteAgV3S7r142LreSA0YPvJw-Jy2EJ3kYVggSFkYgmxfo6RmEanHjGeZO-ykTD/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-11.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKzSTn2_V9Ian_doUuYT8q-pDjQctm8r6h5-QnfHZGfRDH9hSr7YkEQpdUm2L2CWlbGF9EpJwfhQXDOzYWkOmfMLPV6f0vdzpWgqGk4q75sQRjqMb3Z3M_TPO-_mEtU8zpw5RefJtJCxM/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-12.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263457487782706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHKzSTn2_V9Ian_doUuYT8q-pDjQctm8r6h5-QnfHZGfRDH9hSr7YkEQpdUm2L2CWlbGF9EpJwfhQXDOzYWkOmfMLPV6f0vdzpWgqGk4q75sQRjqMb3Z3M_TPO-_mEtU8zpw5RefJtJCxM/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-12.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS.
19A, 19B, 19C, 19D, 19E and 19F show the movements at the right upper
corner of the screen, of both side beams ER, EB relative to the center
beam EG in the case where the width a, length b and thickness c of the
magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 are varied. As apparent from FIGS.
19A, 19B, 19C, 19D, 19E and 19F, with respect to the vertical movement,
when the width a of the magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 is increased,
the side beam EB is greatly moved toward the horizontal center axis of
the screen relative to the center beam EG, whereas when the thickness C
of the magnetic material pieces 41 to 44 is increased, the side beam EB
is greatly moved in a direction in which it goes away from the
horizontal center axis of the screen relative to the center beam EG. In
the case of the width a and the thickness c being varied, the horizontal
movement of the electron beams is little varied. In the case of the
length b being varied, the horizontal movement of the electron beams has
a tendency to become great as the length b is increased, though the
vertical movement of the electron beams is little varied. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyeDkq-1ib9G8inxBKcdG9OQ-yOo1CxHWFUdAb-hfF78-aBX8xrsCGpd0TPD_8xWYOcF0kIGAvBnTOps1XAhyphenhyphenT3BBfljb5yEe9yf5NHAtiRksaT33Bm6STuW5aCsoXialtHkSE9Zb_nxAB/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-13.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263452165123538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyeDkq-1ib9G8inxBKcdG9OQ-yOo1CxHWFUdAb-hfF78-aBX8xrsCGpd0TPD_8xWYOcF0kIGAvBnTOps1XAhyphenhyphenT3BBfljb5yEe9yf5NHAtiRksaT33Bm6STuW5aCsoXialtHkSE9Zb_nxAB/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-13.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>FIGS.
20A, 20B, 20C, 20D, 20E and 20F show the similar movements of both side
beams ER, EB relative to the center beam EG in the case where θ=55° and
Ψ = 0°. As seen, the vertical and horizontal movements of the electron
beams have a tendency similar to that shown in FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C, 19D,
19E and 19F. <br />
Hereinafter, explanation is made, in accordance
with the results of actual measurements, of the circumstances of the
correction of the mis-convergences in the case where magnetic material
pieces each of the dimensions a = 60 mm, b = 40 mm and c = 0.25 mm and
of the magnetic permeability μ= 3500 are fitted to the front end portion
of the deflection yoke 35 under the condition wherein θ = 65° and Ψ=
0°. When measurement was made of the vertical movements of the three
electron beams at a corner position of the screen shifted 135 mm from
the screen center in the Y axial direction and shifted 180 mm from the
screen center in the X axial direction, one side beam, center beam and
the other side beam were moved 1.8 mm, 1.3 mm and 0.9 mm in the vertical
deflecting direction, respectively. Accordingly, the interval between
both side beams is reduced by the extent of 0.9 mm. At this time, each
of said three electron beams was moved 1.5 mm toward the Y axis i.e., in
the horizontal direction. In contrast, at a position shifted 85 mm in
the Y axial direction and spaced 100 mm in the X axial direction, the
vertical and horizontal movements of each of the three electron beams
were in the range of 0.2 mm or less. That is, it has been proved that
the effect upon the screen center portion, of the fitting of the
magnetic material pieces to the front end portion of the deflection yoke
is practically negligibly small. Where, in this manner, the magnetic
material pieces are fitted to the front end portion of the deflection
yoke 35, mis-convergences occurring at the peripheral portion of the
screen of the color picture tube can be corrected with no practical
effect upon the convergences at the remaining portion of the screen. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh35gafuGyX2nraC6NA-6152GWewrFVKYBO5x4lVpMgG4BhL47FLi90Z3AaACdyYpRhY3c3KcF4QUzZ_L7zibed7OWg6B7z59XH70NQfKjgyjQhkPHYp8uJb3j4jr1A0t56XDNC48nLfqgH/s1600/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-14.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5645263450847648738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh35gafuGyX2nraC6NA-6152GWewrFVKYBO5x4lVpMgG4BhL47FLi90Z3AaACdyYpRhY3c3KcF4QUzZ_L7zibed7OWg6B7z59XH70NQfKjgyjQhkPHYp8uJb3j4jr1A0t56XDNC48nLfqgH/s320/TOSHIBA-SELF-CONV-14.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>Primary
color signals SR, SG and SB corresponding to the three primary colors
of red, green and blue are supplied from a color television receiver
body (not shown) to the three electron guns 34R, 34G and 34B of FIG. 8
so as to permit the electron beams ER, EG and EB to be independently
modulated. In FIG. 8, a reference numeral 36 denotes a primary color
signal demodulation circuit, and the red-primary color signal SR of the
three primary color signals SR, SG and SB demodulated by this modulation
circuit 36 is directly amplified by a video amplifier 38R to a
prescribed amplitude and is thereafter supplied to the electron gun 34R
so as to modulate the electron beam ER. The green-primary color signal
SG is supplied to a delay circuit 37G and subject there to a time delay
of tG, and after amplified by a video amplifier 38G to a prescribed
amplitude, is supplied to the electron gun 34G so as to modulate the
electron beam EG. The blue-primary color signal SB is supplied to a
delay circuit 37B and subject there to a time delay of tB and then is
amplified by a video amplifier 38 to a prescribed amplitude and then is
supplied to the electron gun 34B so as to modulate the electron beam EB.
<br />
The length of time tG by which the primary color signal SG is
delayed by the delay circuit 37G and the length of time tB by which the
primary color signal SB is delayed by the delay circuit 37B are given
for the purpose of spatially correcting the picture image displacement
due to the interval D between the electron beam spots on the fluorescent
screen 32. Accordingly, when the lateral width of the fluorescent
screen 32 is represented by W <sub>H </sub> (mm) and the horizontal scanning frequency by f <sub>H </sub> (Hz), said lengths of times tG and tB are so determined as to satisfy the following inequalities. 0.8/W <sub>H </sub>.f <sub>H </sub> < tG< 0.65d/W <sub> </sub> H.f <sub>H </sub> (2) 1.6/w <sub>h </sub>.f <sub>H </sub> < tB< 1.3d/W <sub>H </sub>.f <sub>H </sub> (3) <br />
note
that it is desirable that where the picture quality, discriminating
limit, manufacturing cost, etc. are taken into consideration, said delay
times be set at about 0.15 microseconds. <br />
An example of a delay
circuit giving the above-mentioned delay times is shown in FIG. 21. This
example is a delay circuit constructed using an LC type delay line
having intermediate taps. In FIG. 21, a reference numeral 51 denotes a
delay line, 52 at-the-input-end matching impedance element, 53 an output
terminating impedance element, 54a to 54d a plurality of intermediate
taps equidistantly provided sequentially from the output end-side of the
delay line 51, 55 an intermediate tap changer, and 56 a buffer. These
intermediate taps 54a to 54d are provided, considering that a small
deviation occurs in a prescribed length of delay time due to a minute
deviation in the arranging accuracy of the electron guns 34R, 34G and
34B or a minute deviation in the distribution of magnetic field produced
by the deflection yoke 35, for the purpose of adjusting said small
deviation. Accordingly, where this deviation is extremely small to have
no substantial effect upon the prescribed length of delay time, said
intermediate taps 54a to 54d do not have to be necessarily provided. A
length of delay time tT between said intermediate taps is determined
from the limit within which color displacement on the fluorescent screen
32 is permissible. That is to say, the tT should be so determined as to
meet the following inequality. tT< 1/W <sub>H </sub>.f <sub>H </sub> <br />
in
the case of using the above-constructed delay circuit in place of the
delay circuits 37G and 37B of FIG. 8, the delay time of the delay line
51, that is, the length of time required for a signal applied to an
input terminal 51 <sub>IN </sub> of the delay line 51 to reach an output terminal 51 <sub>OUT </sub> of the delay line 51 has only to be so set as to satisfy the requirements of said unequalities (2) and (3). <br />
Hereinafter,
the operation of the embodiment of the invention having the foregoing
construction is explained. For convenience of explanation, description
is made on the temporary assumption that the delay circuits 37G and 37B
are not provided. The primary color signals SR, SG and SB demodulated by
the demodulation circuit 36 are amplified by the video amplifiers 38R,
38G and 38B, respectively, and then are supplied to the electron guns
34R, 34G and 34B, respectively, at the same time. For this reason, the
three electron beams ER, EG and EB emitted from the electron guns 34R,
34G and 34B, respectively, are respectively modulated by the primary
color signals and then are allowed to impinge upon the fluorescent
screen 32. <br />
Since a converged point of the three electron beams
ER, E<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s1282/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCgLWUiDqObheZJwXiu2ewh6UIOzonwK-VQIdgbPhVXHL-IyTHydUeFY2p8JlTHKGeaHVDPTAmAwBVJdAJEG25xCf45Cwil2uTGpiylYAMlUNwozE27H_i9CMCEe5l6h1iss7q4QWqpQ_TBW3g7HOj2Lu5cZDMv4bnN9XkkSnitxDwoMEA9Sn0tBRexUK/s320/IMGH_13369__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjPhjWn0nDOR6c_wxPdDs5NAtcn__b-umiGPu4cTEoNPOoHWptqHtwPONmPdnK3VzBr17fHc758_OYwtegcZuC4kjR-p4-8BQoohwLZA4-S2Vi6dkd0L6l4qYwZEF7a69aaQCEE9fpoRrUG24dE6sz6iUcod9yEoBdvotBwON5fUyspBHzpWONfzq9xg1l/s1026/IMGH_13357__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"></a>G and EB is situated outside of the fluorescent screen 32, the
respective impingement positions of the three electron beams are
arranged such that each of the side beams ER, EB is spaced by the
distance of D from the center beam EG. These three electron beams ER, EG
and EB are horizontally and vertically deflected by the deflection yoke
35 and scan the fluorescent screen 32. Even if, at this time, the three
electron beams ER, EG and EB are horizontally deflected thus to scan
the peripheral portion of the screen, the beam-to-beam's interval D will
be subject to little variation since, as above described, a converged
point of the three electron beams is situated outside of the screen 32.
In addition, the magnetic field for horizontal deflection assumes a
pincushion-like configuration and the magnetic field for vertical
deflection assumes a barrel-like configuration and yet the magnetic
material pieces 41 to 44 are axis-symmetrically fitted to the front end
portion of the deflection yoke 35. For this reason, as shown in FIG. 22,
the mis-convergences at the central part of the screen are corrected
and simultaneously the mis-convergence MC <sub>6 </sub> at the
peripheral portion, particularly four corners of the screen is
completely corrected or removed. However, if any further step is taken,
color displacement will occur in the color picture image since the
mutual interval between the center beam EG and each of the side beams
ER, EB is kept at D. <br />
Suppose now that the length of delay time tG
corresponding to the interval D between the electron beams ER and EG is
given to the primary color signal by the delay circuit 37G and that the
length of delay time corresponding to the interval 2D between the
electron beams ER and EB is given to the primary color signal SB by the
delay circuit 37B. Then, picture images formed by the respective
electron beams ER, EG and EB are allowed to spatially coincide with each
other and therefore any color displacement does not take place. <br />
Note
here that what is important is that the lengths of delay times allotted
to the delay circuits 37G and 37B are respectively fixed at all times
and are not varied depending upon the scanning region. <br />
This
invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment but can be
practised in various modifications. That is to say, the magnetic
material piece is not limited to a rectangular configuration but may be
formed into an elliptical configuration, a semicircular configuration,
or a bent plate-like configuration such as an L shape or U shape.
Further, with respect to the magnetic material piece, the one whose
configuration and size are predetermined may be fixedly fitted to the
deflection yoke, or may be fitted to the deflection yoke with some
tolerance left for adjustment so that the attachment position of the
magnetic material piece can be varied after it has been fitted. Further,
various kinds of magnetic material pieces of different configurations
and sizes are prepared in advance and a suitable kind of magnetic
material piece selected from these pieces may be fitted. Further, the
preceding embodiment referred to the case where the magnetic material
pieces of the same configuration and size were fitted, under the same
condition, at four positions axis-symmetrical with respect to the Y and X
axes of the deflection yoke, but the magnetic material pieces of
different configurations and sizes may be fitted at said positions so as
to absorb errors in manufacturing the color picture tube and deflection
yoke and unsymmetrical mis-convergences produced in combining both.
Further, it is not necessary that one magnetic material piece is fitted
at each of said four positions. The point is that the magnetic material
pieces have only to be fitted at positions symmetrical with respect to
each of two planes including therein the axial center of the deflection
yoke and being in parallel with the horizontal and vertical deflecting
directions, respectively. <br />
The preceding embodiment referred to
the case where, on the premise that the dynamic convergence means are
not used at all, this invention was applied to the color picture tube of
in-line arranged beam system, but this invention may be used as a
supplementary means for dynamic convergence and in this sense can be
widely applied to the color picture tube of in-line arranged beam system
and of Δ-arranged beam system. Further, the preceding embodiment
referred to the case where this invention was applied to the color
picture tube of the system wherein a converged point of the three
electron beams is situated outside of the fluorescent screen, but can of
course be applied also to the color picture tube of the system wherein
the three electron beams are converged at one point of the fluorescent
screen. </div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;">
<br /></div><div style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">More in details...........</span></span><br /></div><p>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TOSHIBA </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">UNITIZED Electron gun</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>An
electron gun comprising a plurality of focusing grids spatially
arranged along the path of an electron beam generated from a cathode and
each bored with at least one opening for allowing the passage of the
electron beam, wherein at least one of said plural focusing grids is
formed of at least one electrode set at a grounding potential or a
lower potential than a focusing voltage and at least one more
electrode whose potential is defined by an electrostatic capacity; and
a high voltage is produced to provide an electron lens, though
enabling the electron lens to improve its performance without being
obstructed by requirements associated with the construction of a
picture tube. <br />
<br />
1. An electron gun comprising a
plurality of focusing grids spatially arranged along the path of an
electron beam generated from a cathode and each bored with at least
one opening for allowing passage of the electron beam, wherein at
least one of said plural focusing grids is formed between two other
grids and includes a second electrode set at a grounding potential or a
lower potential than a focusing voltage, and first and third
electrodes arranged on opposite sides of said second electrode along
the electron beam path and electrically connected with each other,
the potentials of said first and third electrodes being defined by
the potentials of said two other grids and the potential of said
second electrode and by the capacitance between said first electrode
and the adjacent other grid, the capacitance between said first
electrode and said second electrode, the capacitance between said
third electrode and the adjacent other grid and the capacitance
between said third electrode and said second electrode.
2. The electron gun according to claim 1,
wherein the second electrode is grounded through a variable
capacitor. <br />
</p><div class="disp_doc2">
<div class="disp_elm_title">
Description:</div>
<div class="disp_elm_text">
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION <br />
This
invention relates to an electron gun for generating one or more
electron beams and more particularly to an electron gun provided with
means for effectively focusing the electron beams on a target. <br />
With
the ordinary color picture tube provided with a multi-beam electron
gun designed to generate a plurality of electron beams, the
respective electron beams pass through separate electron lenses to be
focussed at a point on a target. The electron lens is generally
formed of a static electric field to focus the electron beams at a
single point. The static electric field is formed at right angles to
an electron beam path, and is disposed between at least two
electrodes each bored with an opening allowing the passage of an
electron beam. The properties of the electron lens can generally be
varied according to interelectrode voltage, the size of an opening
bored in the electrodes and a distance therebetween. <br />
The
electron gun is generally regarded to have a more improved
performance, according as the electron lens is more reduced in the
degree of magnification and spherical aberration. To provide an
electron gun of high quality, therefore, it is necessary to extend
the focal length of the electron lens. The most effective process to
attain this object is to vary interelectrode voltage. However, the
level of the interelectrode voltage should generally be restricted to
fall within such a range as prevents arcing from taking place at the
base portion of a picture tube. Further, enlargement of an electrode
opening to extend the focal length of the electron lens is subject
to certain limitations, because the neck diameter of the picture tube
is restricted by other electrical requirements. Moreover, extension
of the interelectrode distance is not advisable since the properties
of the electron lens are harmfully affected by a electric charge
occurring in the neck portion of the picture tube and the generation
of an unnecessary electric field in the electron gun. As mentioned
above, the design of the electron lens is subject to limitations due
to various physical requirements associated with the construction of a
picture tube. These limitation are particularly rigid in the case of
a color picture tube using a multi-beam electron gun. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Z6E3wJfjaBYt59xdtkOxoNCetqr6_EzV_I_i-GDCIRs8QvvhKx94gijy8PO99Z34G4ictLymQmoP9QZ4jgzIMMWPE2xRHuhKJSARBTl8DlaPXhZk2_YsVxKKiv8wNCmpw1eT6IVs3TMMBVGeuskwq0HFlvwJQYTQVDxsfKGW6FEaNQU590NJ6vS3OA/s1026/IMGH_12882__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>The
customary process of manufacturing an electron lens having a long
focal length without being obstructed by the above-mentioned
limitations is to combine properly interelectrode voltage and the kind
of electrode. An electron gun constructed by the above-mentioned
process has already beam set forth in the Japanese patent disclosures
Nos. 76072/1976 and 77061/1976. <br />
However, the disclosed
processes have the drawbacks that the electron gun unavoidably has a
complicated construction and extra voltage has to be applied to
improve the formation of an electron lens, thus leading to economic
disadvantage. For elevation of the performance of an electron lens, it
is necessary to apply high voltage with respect to not only the
electron guns used in the above-mentioned disclosed processes but also
electron guns in general use. In such a case, a special device has to
be provided to suppress arcing which might otherwise occur in the
base portion of a picture tube in order to ensure its reliable
operation, thus rendering the picture tube more expensive. <br />
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION <br />
It
is accordingly the object of this invention to provide an electron
gun admitting of the elevation of the performance of an electron lens
without being obstructed by requirements associated with the
construction of a picture tube. <br />
According to this invention,
there is provided an electron gun comprising a plurality of focusing
grids spatially arranged along the path of an electron beam generated
from a cathode and each bored with at least one opening for allowing
the passage of the electron beam, wherein at least one of said plural
focusing grids is formed of at least one electrode set at a
grounding potential or a lower potential than the focusing voltage
and at least one more electrode whose potential is defined by an
electrostatic capacity. <br />
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING <br />
FIG. 1A is a front view of an electron gun according to one embodiment of this invention; <br />
FIG. 1B is a plan view of the electron gun of FIG. 1A; <br />
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the electron gun of FIG. 1A; <br />
FIG. 3 shows an equivalent circuit of the electron gun of FIG. 2; <br />
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a modification of a fourth focusing grid used with the electron gun of FIG. 2; <br />
FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a modification of the electron gun of FIG. 1; and <br />
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of an electron gun according to another embodiment of this invention. <br />
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS <br />
For an electron gun embodying this in<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5-8YPuYeuDw/TzGWYhvXW-I/AAAAAAAALWQ/_JBLC0XUrIY/s1600/TOSHIBA-ELECTR-GUN-1980-1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5706507550973189090" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5-8YPuYeuDw/TzGWYhvXW-I/AAAAAAAALWQ/_JBLC0XUrIY/s320/TOSHIBA-ELECTR-GUN-1980-1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>vention,
there is applied an entirely novel process never known to date which
utilizes an electrostatic capacity of an electrode to apply voltage
on said electrode. Therefore, an electron lens can be designed to act
as a high voltage electrode, though actually a much lower voltage is
externally applied. <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Z6E3wJfjaBYt59xdtkOxoNCetqr6_EzV_I_i-GDCIRs8QvvhKx94gijy8PO99Z34G4ictLymQmoP9QZ4jgzIMMWPE2xRHuhKJSARBTl8DlaPXhZk2_YsVxKKiv8wNCmpw1eT6IVs3TMMBVGeuskwq0HFlvwJQYTQVDxsfKGW6FEaNQU590NJ6vS3OA/s1026/IMGH_12882__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>There will now be described by reference
to the accompanying drawing the cases where this invention is
applied to a uni-potential type electron gun and a bi-potential type
electron gun. Description is first given of the case where this
invention is applied to the uni-potential type electron gun. FIGS.
1A, 1B and 2 are respectively a front view, plan view and sectional
view of an in-line type electron gun used with a color picture tube.
An electron gun 1 comprises a plurality of electrodes and glass
supports thereof. The plural electrodes constitute these cathodes 2,
3, 4, first grid 5, second grid 6, third grid or first focusing grid
7, fourth grid or third focusing grid 8 and fifth grid or second
focusing grid 9. These grids are fitted to the glass supports 10 in
the order mentioned as counted from the cathode side. The cathodes 2,
3, 4, send forth electron beams along three paths lying on the same
plane. The first grid 5 and second grid 6 are flat electrodes closely
facing each other and are respectively bored with a group of three
openings 11-12-13 and another group of three openings 14-15-16 which
are aligned with the three electron beam paths. The third grid or
first focusing grid 7 is positioned adjacent to the second grid 6.
The grid 7 is formed of a pair of cups 20, 21 joined with each other
on the peripheral edges of the openings thereof. The bottoms of said
cups 20, 21 are respectively bored with a group of three openings
17-18-19 and another group of three openings 22, 23, 24 which are
aligned with the three electron beam paths. The openings 17, 18, 19
of the first cup 20 have a larger diameter than the openings 14, 15,
16 of the second grid 6. The openings 22, 23, 24 of the second cup 21
have a larger diameter than the openings 17, 18, 19 of the first cup
20. The fourth grid or third focusing grid 8 is formed of at least
three auxiliary electrodes 25, 26, 27. The first electrode 25 and
third electrode 27 are respectively formed of a pair of cups joined
with each other. Both electrodes 25, 27 are respectively bored with a
group of three openings 28-29-30 and another group of three openings
33-34-35 which are aligned with the three electron beam paths. Said
electrodes 25, 27 are electrically connected together to have the
same potential, and spatially arranged along the electron beam paths.
Provided between the electrodes 25, 27 is a plate-shaped second
electrode 26, which is also bored with three openings aligned with
the three electron beam paths. The fifth grid or second focusing grid
9 is cup-shaped, spaced from the fourth grid 8 substantially as much
as a distance between the third grid 7 and fourth grid 8, and also
bored with three openings 36, 37, 38. The central opening 37 is
aligned with the axis 43 of the central opening of the first grid 5
to that of the fourth grid 8. But the other openings 36, 38 are
respectively slightly displaced outward from the axes 44 of the side
openings of the first grid 5 to that of the fourth grid 8. The
displacement is intended to cause two electron beams other than the
central one to be slightly deflected by an asymmetrical electric field
in order to converge the three electron beams at a single point on a
target. The fifth grid or second focusing grid 9 is fitted with a
cylindrical shield cup 42 whose bottom is bored with three openings
aligned with the three electron beam paths. A plurality of bulb spacers
45 made of a metal strip are mounted on the edge of the open side of
the cylindrical shield cup 42. <br />
The grids of the electron gun are spaced from each other as follows. <br />
<table> <tbody>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
<tr align="center"> <td>A
distance between the third grid or first focusing grid 7 and the
first electrode 25 of the fourth grid or about 1 mm third focusing
grid 8 A distance between the third electrode 27 of the fourth grid
or third focusing about 1 mm grid 8 and the fifth grid or second
focusing grid 9 A distance between the second electrode 26 and the
first electrode 25 of the about 0.6 mm fourth grid or third focusing
grid 8 A distance between the second electrode 26 and the third
electrode 27 of the about 0.6 mm fourth grid or third focusing grid 8
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>______________________________________ </td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
The
third grid 7 and fifth grid 9 are electrically connected together to
have the same potential. The second electrode 26 of the fourth grid 8
is electrically insulated from the first electrode 25 and third
electrode 27 of said fourth grid 8, and is set at a grounding
potential or externally applied with a prescribed value of voltage
when the electron gun is put into operation. However, the first
electrode 25 and third electrode 27 of said fourth grid 8 are not
externally supplied with any voltage. <br />
When an electron gun is
built in a picture tube, the bulb spacers 45 are pressed against the
inner wall of the picture tube, thereby electrically connecting the
fifth grid 9 to the inner wall of the picture tube. During the
operation of the electron gun, the third grid 7 and fifth grid 9 are
applied with voltage of about 25 to 30 kv through the inner wall of
the picture tube. The second electrode 26 of the fourth grid 8 is
grounded through the base portion of the picture tube. At the time,
the first electrode 25 and third electrode 27 of the fourth grid 8 are
naturally applied with voltage of about 10 kv. The reason why this
voltage is naturally generated in the first and third electrodes 25,
27 of the fourth grid 8 may be explained as follows by reference to
the equivalent circuit of FIG. 3. <br />
Two capacitors<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnO680RA3JGh08mv6nZrzuznfdKmpYmBUHRHQkTCLC9P6FRRE89Lj7EpLG0_51IW237GuyTIFIlZlXHXZRgCQueiwrPPWnvgsQJDcIN5A4tMzBL_E8fJZ_lZmlESDRu5_IXv-YKRrw9LiT/s1600/TOSHIBA-ELECTR-GUN-1980-2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5706507545339538914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnO680RA3JGh08mv6nZrzuznfdKmpYmBUHRHQkTCLC9P6FRRE89Lj7EpLG0_51IW237GuyTIFIlZlXHXZRgCQueiwrPPWnvgsQJDcIN5A4tMzBL_E8fJZ_lZmlESDRu5_IXv-YKRrw9LiT/s320/TOSHIBA-ELECTR-GUN-1980-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a> C <sub>1 </sub>
of FIG. 3 are respectively formed between the third grid 7 and the
first electrode 25 of the fourth grid 8, and also between the third
electrode 27 of the fourth grid 8 and fifth grid 9. Two other
capacitors C <sub>2 </sub> are produced between the first and second
electrodes 25, 26 of the fourth grid 8, and also between the second
and third electrodes 26, 27 of said fourth grid 8. <br />
Referring to the equivalent circuit of FIG. 3, the two capacitors C <sub>1 </sub> and the two other capacitors C <sub>2 </sub> are respectively connected in series. The character M <sub>1 </sub> denotes the third grid 7; the character M <sub>2 </sub> the fifth grid 9; the charactor L <sub>1 </sub> the first electrode 25; the character L <sub>2 </sub>
the third electrode 27; and the character N the second electrode 26.
Where voltage of, for example, 25 kv is applied on the third grid 7
or M <sub>1 </sub> and the fifth grid 9 or M <sub>2 </sub>, and the
second electrode 26 or N is set at a grounding potential, then voltage
corresponding to the capacities of two capacitors C <sub>1 </sub>, C <sub>2 </sub> constituting one set is generated in the first electrode 25 or L <sub>1 </sub>, and voltage corresponding to the capacities of two capacitors C <sub>1 </sub>, C <sub>2 </sub> constituting another set is generated in the third electrode 27 or L <sub>2 </sub>. The capacities of the capacitors C <sub>1 </sub>, C <sub>2 </sub>
are defined only by a distance between the respective electrodes
constituting said capacitors, if the electrodes have substantially the
same shape. Where, therefore, levels of voltage being applied on the
first and third electrodes 25, 27 of the fourth grid 8 are selected in
designing an electron gun, then a ratio which a distance between the
electrodes constituting the capacitor C <sub>1 </sub> bears to a distance between the electrodes constituting the capacitor C <sub>2 </sub>
is defined. Conversely speaking, where the ratio between said
distances is chosen, then values of voltage applied on the first and
third electrodes 25, 27 of the fourth grid 8 are determined. Values of
the above-mentioned voltage and distance are practically decided as
follows. An electron gun in which all the electrodes constituting the
fourth grid 8 have the same potential represents the ordinary
uni-potential type. Where this type of electron gun is designed by
setting the focusing voltage (voltage impressed on the fourth grid 8)
at 10 kv when voltage of 25 kv is applied on the third and fifth grids
7, 9, then it is advised to set a distance between the first and
second electrodes 25, 26 of the fourth grid 8 and that between the
second and third electrodes 26, 27 thereof and ground the second
electrode 26. Assuming that a distance between the third grid 7 and
first electrode 25, and a distance between the fifth grid 9 and third
electrode 27, that is, distances between the electrodes respectively
constituting the two capacitors C <sub>1 </sub> are chosen to be 1
mm, then a distance between the first and second electrodes 25, 26 of
the fourth grid 8 and a distance between the second and third
electrodes 26, 27 thereof, that is, distances between the electrodes
respectively constituting the two other capacitors C <sub>2 </sub> are calculated to be 0.67 mm, as measured from the following equation: ##EQU1## <br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s1026/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxIJ4umZ-eTJejKBisxN46aLcCx9zgLdAwvz-JCBSLG2-ltSjqfqSHznBTfy1CUGLrFs6xHg8tep7oxOEZLYm0j_LAc1-fCmlptWr_AiQteqhrshc0_FOj1lV6WteBETkK4S_PBja_eQ2gSgpbnbyq3Pb6OO-xvCAbv_WiPDBeRoW175d9n91MeEwWvMb/s320/IMGH_13382__TVM.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4Z6E3wJfjaBYt59xdtkOxoNCetqr6_EzV_I_i-GDCIRs8QvvhKx94gijy8PO99Z34G4ictLymQmoP9QZ4jgzIMMWPE2xRHuhKJSARBTl8DlaPXhZk2_YsVxKKiv8wNCmpw1eT6IVs3TMMBVGeuskwq0HFlvwJQYTQVDxsfKGW6FEaNQU590NJ6vS3OA/s1026/IMGH_12882__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>What
should be taken into consideration in adopting the above-mentioned
method of designing an electron gun, is to prevent the potential of
the second electrode 26 of the fourth grid 8 from exerting a harmful
effect on an electron lens. Namely, it is necessary, for example, to
bore the second electrode 26 of the fourth grid 8 with three openings
larger than those of the first and third electrode 25, 27 thereof
and, where required, construct the fourth grid 8 as illustrated in
FIG. 4, thereby preventing an electrostatic field created by the
second electrode 26 from substantially exerting a harmful effect on
the function of an electron gun particularly, an electron lens. The
fourth grid of FIG. 4 is formed of a first electrode 47, second
electrode 48 and third electrode 49. The peripheral edges of the
three openings bored in the first electrode 47 and those of the third
electrode 49 projects towrard the second electrode 48. If however,
an electrostatic field generated in the neighborhood of the second
electrode does not substantially exert any harmful effect on the
function of an electron lens, then it is unnecessary to construct the
fourth grid 8 as shown in FIG. 4. It is obviously possible
positively to utilize an electrostatic field produced in the
proximity of the second electrode 48. In such case, the
interelectrode distance can not be determined by the previously
described method. <br />
Rigidly speaking, an electrostatic capacity
is not defined solely by a distance between two mutually facing
electrodes or other factors thereof, but is actually affected by the
properties of other electrodes and earth capacity. Practically,
therefore, a proper interelectrode distance has to be experimentally
determined. <br />
FIG. 5 schematically shows the arrangement of a
modification of focusing means used with an electron gun embodying this
invention. This focusing means is formed of a first focusing grid
52, second focusing grid 53 and third focusing grid 54. The first
focusing grid 52 is bored with three openings aligned with three
electron beam paths. The second focusing grid 53 is bored, like the
first focusing grid 52, with three openings aligned with three
electron beam paths, and further fitted with a shield cup 57. The
third focusing grid 54 is formed of an inner annular auxiliary
electrode 55 disposed substantially halfway between the first and
second focusing grids 52, 53 along an electron beam path and an outer
annular auxiliary electrode 56 positioned coaxially with the inner
annular auxiliary electrode 55 spatially to surround it. The inner
annular auxiliary electrode 55 is not externally impressed with
voltage. The outer annular auxiliary electrode 56 is set at a
grounding potential. With the focusing means of the above-mentioned
construction, the potential of the inner annular auxiliary electrode
55 is substantially defined by an electrostatic capacity generated
between the first and second focusing grids 52, 53 and an
electrostatic capacity produced between the inner annular auxiliary
electrode 55 and outer annular auxiliary electrode 56. <br />
The
foregoing description relates to the case where this invention was
applied to a uni-potential type electron gun. There will now be
described by reference to FIG. 6 the case where the invention is applied
to a bi-potential type electron gun. The electron gun of FIG. 6
comprises a cathode 60, first grid 61, second grid 62, first focusing
grid 63 and second focusing grid 64 which are arranged in the order
mentioned as counted from the cathode side, and each bored with one
opening aligned with a common electron beam path. The first focusing
grid 63 is formed of at least three electrodes, namely, first electrode
65, second electrode 66 and third electrode 67. With a bi-potential
type electron gun constructed as described above, the second focusing
grid 64 is applied with the final electron beam-accelating voltage
(for example, 25 kv) of a picture tube. The second grid 62 is
generally applied with voltage of about 500 v. With the ordinary
bi-potential type electron gun, the first focusing grid 63 is applied
with voltage of 3 to 4 kv. With a bi-potential type electron gun
embodying this invention, however, it is only necessary to impress
low voltage of, for example, 500 v or grounding voltage on the second
electrode 66 and connect together the first and third electrodes 65,
67 disposed on both sides of the second electrode 66 with the same
potential. Namely, the first and third electrodes 65, 67 are not
externally impressed with any voltage. The potential of the mutually
connected first and third electrodes 65, 67 is defined by the
potentials of the second focusing grid 64, second electrode 66 and
second grid 62 and the capacitances C <sub>1 </sub>, C <sub>2 </sub>, C <sub>3 </sub>, C <sub>4 </sub>
generated between the respective electrodes (FIG. 6). The
interelectrode distance is determined by the similar method to the
aforementioned embodiment. Since the capacitances C <sub>1 </sub> to C <sub>4 </sub> vary with the shape of the corresponding electrodes, it should be defined with said variation taken into account. <br />
With
the bi-potential type electron gun of FIG. 6 embodying this
invention, a sort of uni-potential electrostatic lens is formed in the
first focusing grid 63. Therefore, electron beams are subjected to a
certain degree of focusing while passing through the openings of the
first focusing grid 63, thereby improving the focusing property of
the bi-potential type electron gun of FIG. 6 over that of a similar
type of electron gun in which the above-mentioned uni-potential
electrostatic lens is not produced. Unless required, it is obviously
possible to change that portion of the first focusing grid 63 in which
the above-mentioned uni-potential electrostatic lens is produced
into such shape as prevents electron beams from being focusing. <br />
As
described above, this invention makes it possible to elevate
electron lens-forming voltage whose level has hitherto been subject
to certain limitations due to requirements associated with the
construction of a picture tube, thereby improving the function of the
electron lens. <br />
Namely, with the electron gun of this
invention, high electrode voltage is indeed applied to increase the
performance of an electron lens. To this end, however, much lower
voltage has only to be externally applied, thereby eliminating
arcings at the base portion of a picture tube which have hitherto
raised problems. Further advantages of the invention are that since
an external power source need<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o3YRgtHS7kM/TzGWXkUZwrI/AAAAAAAALV4/ttt8N0QGhxs/s1600/TOSHIBA-ELECTR-GUN-1980-3.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5706507534485537458" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o3YRgtHS7kM/TzGWXkUZwrI/AAAAAAAALV4/ttt8N0QGhxs/s320/TOSHIBA-ELECTR-GUN-1980-3.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 218px;" /></a>
not generate high voltage, the arrangement of a picture tube circuit
is simplified, decreasing the power consumption of said circuit; and
since the base portion of the picture tube is not applied with high
voltage, the picture tube can be operated more reliably, making it
possible to design the base portion so as to ensure the reduction of
cost. With the first embodiment of FIG. 2 relative to a uni-potential
type electron gun, the second electrode 26 was set at a grounding
potential. With the second embodiment of FIG. 6 relative to a
bi-potential type electron gun, the second electrode 66 is impressed
with low voltage of, for example, 500 v. With either type of electron
gun, the second electrode may be set at a grounding potential or be
impressed with low voltage. Where, as show in FIG. 6, the second
electrode is set at a grounding potential, provision of a variable
capacitor 68 between the second electrode 66 and the grounding electrode
outside of the picture tube makes it possible to control focusing
voltage, if necessary. Further, insertion of a high resister between
the second electrode and grounding electrode, though not changing the
focusing voltage, has the advantage that should a arcing take place
in a picture tube, said high resistor acts as a damping resistor,
minimising the generation of arc current and saving the cathode from
damage and other difficulties. <br />
The first embodiment relates to
a uni-potential type electron gun provided with three in-line
cathodes. The second embodiment relates to a bi-potential type electron
gun comprising a single cathode. Obviously the type of electron gun
and that of cathode can be freely combined. The point is that this
invention is applicable to any type of electron gun, provided the
focusing electrode or grid can be used as a capacitor type. With the
foregoing embodiments, electrodes aligned with electron beam paths were
utilized as the capacitor electrodes. However, application of this
invention need not be limited to such type of electron gun. Namely,
the electron gun of, for example, FIG. 2 may comprise a second
cylindrical electrode which encloses a fourth grid and is bored with
three openings aligned with three electron beam paths. In this case,
an electron lens has its inner diameter reduced. Therefore, the
electron lens should be constructed in consideration of the result of
comparison between the effect of the voltage supplied thereto and the
effect of the inner diameter thereof. Obviously, this invention is
applicable to a tri-potential type electron gun. </div>
</div><p><br />
<br /><b>
Toshiba, "Blackstripe Vertical Stripe Screen Colour Picture Tube", 1973. </b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHZJ6U2S4Tb2ySUZPd18hXCVI-V4nFbYOJCRjtbbRrnDiUeIzQQALnblfJFlzw0BbrNz2DaHGyZ4nbHJmWhxymY4f-XuSDw7iYjapZvlmjxZ0pWWt9QCWfDFQmCl3qngtJVgmWDZZkQcO/s1600/blackstripe-1.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlHZJ6U2S4Tb2ySUZPd18hXCVI-V4nFbYOJCRjtbbRrnDiUeIzQQALnblfJFlzw0BbrNz2DaHGyZ4nbHJmWhxymY4f-XuSDw7iYjapZvlmjxZ0pWWt9QCWfDFQmCl3qngtJVgmWDZZkQcO/s320/blackstripe-1.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HgAR1qGBQVjzsfwXClwl_TgGJS2l3seguwl4_bDuaq6RXLXxbqoUlQCU01DWICBw8ldOLzOa0i_QqI9697nV1lCt5YYqvTi_mAJ9RFfIRW8QPZIZkRBJcz7M0CEu4hDLZ7gRAJxVFjkr/s1600/blackstripe-2.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-HgAR1qGBQVjzsfwXClwl_TgGJS2l3seguwl4_bDuaq6RXLXxbqoUlQCU01DWICBw8ldOLzOa0i_QqI9697nV1lCt5YYqvTi_mAJ9RFfIRW8QPZIZkRBJcz7M0CEu4hDLZ7gRAJxVFjkr/s320/blackstripe-2.jpg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
Claims:<br />
<br />
<br />
I claim: 1. In a cathode ray tube including a faceplate and a shadow
mask containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to impinge upon and
excite selected areas of phosphor material on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising: <br />
<br />
a horizontally repetitive pattern of sets of three vertically oriented
stripes of phosphor material extending vertically across and coating the
inside surface of said faceplate, each stripe within a set being of
different phosphor material so as to emit a different color when excited
by the corresponding one of the three electron beams passing through
the associated aperture in said shadow mask, and <br />
<br />
a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said
faceplate and containing a vertical and horizontal array of vertically
oriented slotted openings, said stripes and openings being juxtaposed so
that said openings define viewable portions of said stripes, each
viewable portion being totally surrounded with light absorbing material,
<br />
<br />
said openings and stripes being aligned with the apertures in said
shadow mask so that a corresponding one of said three electron beams is
allowed to impinge upon each viewable portion, <br />
<br />
the vertical dimension of each opening being greater than the vertical
dimension of that part of said viewable portion excited by the electron
beam impinging thereupon, such that a positive vertical guardband is
provided, and <br />
<br />
the horizontal dimension of each opening being less than the horizontal
dimension of the impinging electron beam, such that a negative
horizontal guardband is provided.<br />
<br />
2. In a cathode ray tube including a faceplate and a shadow mask
containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to impinge upon and
excite selected areas of phosphor material on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising: <br />
<br />
a series of vertically oriented stripes of phosphor material extending
across and coating the inside surface of said faceplate, the phosphor
material of horizontally successive stripes differing in a repetitive
pattern so as to emit different colors within each pattern when excited
by electron beams, and <br />
<br />
a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said
faceplate in the form of a matrix comprising vertical stripes of
material interposed between the phosphor stripes and horizontal spans of
material crossing said phosphor stripes, <br />
<br />
the vertical stripes and horizontal spans of light absorbing material defining the viewable portions of said phosphor stripes, <br />
<br />
the vertical dimension of said horizontal spans being less than or equal
to the vertical region of each phosphor stripe between vertically
adjacent beam landings not excited by said electron beams, such that a
zero to positive vertical guardband is provided for each viewable
portion, <br />
<br />
the horizontal dimension of the vertical stripes of light absorbing
material being greater than the horizontal separation between
horizontally adjacent phosphor stripes, such that a negative horizontal
guardband is provided for each viewable portion.<br />
<br />
3. In a cathode ray tube including a faceplace and a shadow mask
containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to land upon and excite
selected areas of phosphor materials on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising: <br />
<br />
a layer of light absorbing material coating the inside surface of said
faceplate and comprising a web containing an array of vertically
oriented slotted openings therein, there being a unique set of three
horizontally spaced openings for each aperture of said shadow mask
aligned to receive the electron beams passing through said aperture, and
<br />
<br />
a layer of phosphor material coated on the inside surface of said
faceplate within the boundaries of said openings, there being a
different phosphor material for each of the openings of a set so as to
emit a different color when excited by the electron beam impinging
thereupon, <br />
<br />
the height of said web between vertically adjacent sets of openings
being less than or equal to the vertical distance between vertically
adjacent beam landings to provide a zero to positive vertical guardband
for each phosphor area, <br />
<br />
the width of said web between horizontally adjacent openings being
greater than the horizontal distance between horizontally adjacent beam
landings to provide a negative horizontal guardband for each phosphor
area.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Description:<br />
<br />
This invention relates to cathode ray tube screens, and more
particularly to black matrix screens for color television picture tubes
employing slotted aperture masks and a process for fabricating such
screens. <br />
<br />
Manufacturers of cathode ray tubes of the color television picture tube
type have recently begun employing aperture masks having slotted
apertures instead of the more conventional circular apertures in order
to achieve greater electron beam transmission through the mask, since an
array of slots in an aperture mask allows the mask geometrically to be
fabricated with more total open area than the same size mask containing
round or circular apertures. The slotted apertures are typically
arranged in vertical columns on the mask, each column being comprised of
a plurality of slotted apertures. Since more electrons can impinge on
the phosphor regions of the screen in a tube of this type than of the
circular aperture, mask type, a brighter picture results. Unlike the
circularly-configured phosphor regions on the screen of a tube employing
an aperture mask having circular apertures, however, the phosphor
regions on the screen of a tube employing an aperture mask having
slotted apertures are formed in a pattern of adjacent vertical stripes,
typically with each stripe running continuously from the top of the
screen to the bottom. <br />
<br />
Black matrix tubes have also become widely popular as of late, both in
circular aperture mask tubes and slotted aperture mask tubes. As seen
from the viewing side of the screen of circular aperture mask tubes, the
black matrix material completely surrounds each circular phosphor dot,
serving to improve image contrast by absorbing ambient light that might
otherwise be reflected by the screen. Also as seen from the viewing side
of the screen of slotted aperture mask tubes, each vertical phosphor
stripe is separated from the adjacent vertical phosphor stripe by a
stripe of black matrix material running from the bottom to the top of
the screen. <br />
<br />
In fabricating screens for conventional slotted aperture mask tubes of
the black matrix type, a photoresist material coated over the inside
surface of a tube faceplate is exposed in a so-called lighthouse to
actinic radiation in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of matrix
openings ultimately to be formed on the screen. This radiation is
transmitted through the slotted apertures in the mask before impinging
on the photoresist material. The actinic light source used in this
fabrication process is linearly-elongated in a direction parallel to the
columns of slots in the aperture mask in order to permit the black
matrix material to be formed with a pattern of vertically and
horizontally-aligned, vertically-oriented slots extending between the
top and bottom of the screen. The phosphor stripes are thereafter
deposited so that phosphor of a predetermined color emission
characteristic, respectively, is deposited on the faceplate through a
predetermined slot, respectively. Three different phosphor materials are
conventionally deposited in a horizontally-repetitive pattern. <br />
<br />
When a screen formed in the aforementioned manner is operated in a color
television picture tube, parts of each of the phosphor stripes are not
excited by the electron beams, since electrons are blocked by the webs
of the mask between vertically-adjacent slots. These parts of the
stripes, therefore, are essentially useless in producing images, since
they provide no illumination on the face of the tube as a result of
direct bombardment by primary electrons. Moreover, the phosphor material
in these regions adds to overall reflectivity of the screen and hence
has a deleterious effect on image contrast. To overcome this problem,
the present invention contemplates substituting black matrix material to
be seen from the viewing side of the screen to avoid reflection from
the parts of the phosphor stripes not excited by the electron beams.
This may be accomplished by using a source of actinic radiation for
producing slotted openings in the black matrix material that is of
shorter length than the linear source of actinic radiation for producing
the phosphor stripes. The resulting increase in area of black matrix
material serves to reduce screen reflectivity and enhance contrast of
the displayed images. Moreover, by controlling vertical size of the mask
webs between vertically-adjacent openings in the black matrix material,
either a positive guardband or negative guardband mode of operation in
the vertical direction may be achieved. <br />
<br />
Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide a new and
improved color television picture tube of the black matrix type
exhibiting reduced screen reflectivity and enhanced image contrast. <br />
<br />
Another object is to provide a color television picture tube of the
slotted aperture mask type having a screen, as seen from the viewing
side, formed of a plurality of vertically-oriented linear phosphor
regions completely surrounded by black matrix material. <br />
<br />
Another object is to provide a black matrix color television picture
tube of the slotted aperture mask type capable of operating in a
positive or negative guardband mode of operation in the vertical
direction. <br />
<br />
A further object is to provide a black matrix color television picture
tube wherein the vertical guardband of the matrix is controlled to
enhance image contrast without reducing image brightness. <br />
<br />
Another object is to provide a method of fabricating a color television
picture tube of the black matrix type wherein exposures to different
levels of actinic radiation are employed sequentially in forming the
picture tube screen. <br />
<br />
Briefly, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a
viewing screen is provided for a cathode ray tube. The tube includes a
faceplate and employs a shadow mask containing an array of
vertically-oriented slotted apertures for restricting electron beams
directed therethrough to impinge on, and excite, selected areas of
phosphor material on the faceplate. The viewing screen comprises a layer
of light-absorbing material coated over the inside surface of the
faceplate, with the layer including a pattern of vertically-elongated
openings therein, and a plurality of vertically-oriented stripes of
phosphor material arranged such that horizontally successive stripes are
comprised of different phosphor materials according to a repeating
pattern. Each of the stripes, respectively, is coated over substantially
the entire area of all the elongated openings situated essentially in
separate vertical alignment, respectively. <br />
<br />
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, a
method of forming on the faceplate of a cathode ray tube a viewing
screen for a high contrast color television picture tube of the slotted
aperture mask, black matrix type is described. The method comprises
forming a first layer of photosensitive material on the inside surface
of the faceplate and exposing the photosensitive material to actinic
radiation through slotted apertures in the mask from a first linear
radiation source of predetermined dimension along its longitudinal axis.
The longitudinal axis of the first source is maintained substantially
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the slotted apertures. The
unexposed regions of the first layer of photosensitive material are then
removed, and a layer of black matrix material is formed atop the first
layer of photosensitive material and the inside surface of the
faceplate. The exposed regions of the first layer of photosensitive
material and the black matrix material coated thereon are next removed,
leaving openings in the black matrix material. A second layer of
photosensitive material is formed atop the black matrix material coated
on the inside surface of the faceplate and atop the exposed portions of
the inside surface of the faceplate. The second layer of photosensitive
material carries a phosphor material either coated thereon or mixed
therein, emitting a characteristic color of light when excited by
electrons. This is followed by exposing the second layer of
photosensitive material to actinic radiation through the slotted
apertures from a second linear radiation source of dimension along its
longitudinal axis exceeding the predetermined dimension, the
longitudinal axis of the second source also being substantially parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the slotted apertures. The unexposed
regions of the second layer of photosensitive material are then removed.
In this fashion, phosphor material is applied over the inside surface
of the faceplate in registry with the openings in the black matrix
layer. If desired, the phosphor material may be applied in the form of
vertical stripes extending between the top and bottom of the screen by
increasing the length of the second radiation source, increasing the
duration of exposure therefrom, or a combination of both. <br />
<br />
<br />
Toshiba Corporation (Kabushiki-gaisha Tōshiba) is a Japanese<br />
<br />
multinational conglomerate corporation, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.
The company's main business is in infrastructure, consumer products,
electronic devices and components.<br />
<br />
Toshiba-made Semiconductors are among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor
Sales Leaders. In 2009, Toshiba was the world's fifth largest personal
computer vendor, after Hewlett-Packard of the U.S., Dell of the U.S.,
Acer of Taiwan, and Lenovo of China.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Toshiba was founded by the merging of two companies in 1939.<br />
<br />
One, Tanaka Seisakusho (Tanaka Engineering Works), was Japan's first
manufacturer of telegraph equipment and was established by Hisashige
Tanaka in 1875.[2] . In 1904, its name was changed to Shibaura
Seisakusho (Shibaura Engineering Works). Through the first part of the
20th century Shibaura Engineering Works became a major manufacturer of
heavy electrical machinery as Japan modernized during the Meiji Era and
became a world industrial power.<br />
<br />
The second company, Hakunetsusha, was established in 1890 and was
Japan's first producer of incandescent electric lamps. It diversified
into the manufacture of other consumer products and in 1899 was renamed
Tokyo Denki (Tokyo Electric).<br />
<br />
The merger in 1939 of Shibaura Seisakusho and Tokyo Denki created a new
company called Tokyo Shibaura Denki (Tokyo Shibaura Electric) (東京芝浦電気).
It was soon nicknamed Toshiba, but it was not until 1978 that the
company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation.<br />
<br />
The group expanded strongly, both by internal growth and by
acquisitions, buying heavy engineering and primary industry firms in the
1940s and 1950s and then spinning off subsidiaries in the 1970s and
beyond. Groups created include Toshiba EMI (1960), Toshiba International
Corporation (1970's) Toshiba Electrical Equipment (1974), Toshiba
Chemical (1974), Toshiba Lighting and Technology (1989), Toshiba America
Information Systems (1989) and Toshiba Carrier Corporation (1999).<br />
<br />
Toshiba is responsible for a number of Japanese firsts, including radar
(1942), the TAC digital computer (1954), transistor television and
microwave oven (1959), color video phone (1971), Japanese word processor
(1978), MRI system (1982), laptop personal computer (1986), NAND EEPROM
(1991), DVD (1995), the Libretto sub-notebook personal computer (1996)
and HD DVD (2005).<br />
<br />
In 1977, Toshiba merged with the Brazilian company Semp (Sociedade Eletromercantil Paulista), forming Semp Toshiba.<br />
<br />
In 1987, Toshiba Machine, a subsidiary of Toshiba, was accused of
illegally selling CNC milling machines used to produce very quiet
submarine propellers to the Soviet Union in violation of the CoCom
agreement, an international embargo on certain countries to COMECON
countries. The Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal involved a subsidiary of
Toshiba and the Norwegian company Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk. The incident
strained relations between the United States and Japan, and resulted in
the arrest and prosecution of two senior executives, as well as the
imposition of sanctions on the company by both countries.[3] The US had
always relied on the fact that the Soviets had noisy boats, so
technology that would make the USSR's submarines harder to detect
created a significant threat to America's security. Senator John Heinz
of Pennsylvania said "What Toshiba and Kongsberg did was ransom the
security of the United States for $517 million."<br />
<br />
In 2001, Toshiba signed a contract with Orion Electric, one of the
world's largest OEM consumer video electronic makers and suppliers, to
manufacture and supply finished consumer TV and video products for
Toshiba to meet the increasing demand for the North American market. The
contract ended in 2008, ending 7 years of OEM production with Orion.<br />
<br />
In December 2004, Toshiba quietly announced it would discontinue
manufacturing traditional in-house cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions.
In 2006, Toshiba terminated production of in-house plasma TVs. Toshiba
quickly switched to Orion as the supplier and maker of Toshiba-branded
CRT-based TVs and plasma TVs until 2007. To ensure its future
competitiveness in the flat-panel digital television and display market,
Toshiba has made a considerable investment in a new kind of display
technology called SED.<br />
<br />
Toshiba is a diversified manufacturer and marketer of electrical
products, spanning information & communications equipment and
systems, Internet-based solutions and services, electronic components
and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure
systems, and household appliances.</p><p>SANYO CTP3209 CHASSIS 79P-88CA02 CRT TUBE SANYO (TOSHIBA) 370HGB22
</p><br />FRANK http://www.blogger.com/profile/05899055923323016216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3229613061874897826.post-56080758385757412342023-09-27T18:00:00.154+02:002023-09-27T18:00:00.152+02:00GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510B IT YEAR 1979<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnFyR5v9V00YM_tiuqyBoHxnlP5gZy5rexVIdPONhsta9Sj0KR3sTxhVHOP5cPSfEIaazVmjccPQ1FsM0i3EAEbCJtFcfHJLg81xiMX7ieoOZkcY0rzzJRe5GG3L8Zu3LCk2YT1K4WWX9LD8QGB52jCs62mGFzr-eNaMdNA09IV7XpAKIZzk9PLV4VUQ8G/s1282/IMGH_13337__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnFyR5v9V00YM_tiuqyBoHxnlP5gZy5rexVIdPONhsta9Sj0KR3sTxhVHOP5cPSfEIaazVmjccPQ1FsM0i3EAEbCJtFcfHJLg81xiMX7ieoOZkcY0rzzJRe5GG3L8Zu3LCk2YT1K4WWX9LD8QGB52jCs62mGFzr-eNaMdNA09IV7XpAKIZzk9PLV4VUQ8G/s320/IMGH_13337__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkR3dHbZ4zjw-_jDYc9gBiqqS5TMzL7JutfdoGudsjCq8An_gtEsFZf1Xrnmpd_aeRjzKcFgT84OEwJGU5qE2NhWEhe19Jm1SglE1J2IeLxI6IA-b1mJq8eVnLp29yKayI-S8ioPrideGz_D0G88gX4l2cGqrRIyeosLlVj1uH3oR6giaLK9IlLRWI_27/s1026/IMGH_13338__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="742" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkR3dHbZ4zjw-_jDYc9gBiqqS5TMzL7JutfdoGudsjCq8An_gtEsFZf1Xrnmpd_aeRjzKcFgT84OEwJGU5qE2NhWEhe19Jm1SglE1J2IeLxI6IA-b1mJq8eVnLp29yKayI-S8ioPrideGz_D0G88gX4l2cGqrRIyeosLlVj1uH3oR6giaLK9IlLRWI_27/s320/IMGH_13338__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSDQjN7GiNmwYixQGbMt6FrUAEVGJW7o3kkBCQoJTyC3H0UQtv-LkJB2-7rYoXGjeHQcnvyAKlbGbpDonTYo7kYLJcR3y9egew65E9wfditgda8RgFjEf-ugX6O69FY1krecZo9ETeOwMF_UM8oY17WwLDIhlcL3P25TOcVj49OCGuEBwWsWA-IINeDk2/s1026/IMGH_13339__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSDQjN7GiNmwYixQGbMt6FrUAEVGJW7o3kkBCQoJTyC3H0UQtv-LkJB2-7rYoXGjeHQcnvyAKlbGbpDonTYo7kYLJcR3y9egew65E9wfditgda8RgFjEf-ugX6O69FY1krecZo9ETeOwMF_UM8oY17WwLDIhlcL3P25TOcVj49OCGuEBwWsWA-IINeDk2/s320/IMGH_13339__TVM.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJln59vEOG0CSGbcDPlxagGLvH9MKYFt5xrCxz8ZkfMetEYnK3uWBrj-CzEcJ8Ypl4u27sH_Z76PtH17xMUVNLBsbDxIL_IJYs6yNdxeLSKOs-F7y0IYmy9MPvof1DfT9XHQYa9dREj2sjXIqpwkVMUysbeNJCoBngpFs6UKkWvHuzcN_DpxLQNobX6Tx/s1282/IMGH_13340__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJln59vEOG0CSGbcDPlxagGLvH9MKYFt5xrCxz8ZkfMetEYnK3uWBrj-CzEcJ8Ypl4u27sH_Z76PtH17xMUVNLBsbDxIL_IJYs6yNdxeLSKOs-F7y0IYmy9MPvof1DfT9XHQYa9dREj2sjXIqpwkVMUysbeNJCoBngpFs6UKkWvHuzcN_DpxLQNobX6Tx/s320/IMGH_13340__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlIJaibBjXNFQPJUkOy7PiFFlWAsoQuYhWe3tjFxuSengFgm_Kd01sYkxcYGF3X38gJz6GfiwkDxJkhNv3oSYAiPisbywjqL50wr7Ajyhko2sn7l16-TLlNSARA48W39lejnwqVizpNh2vbPHljWQa7X1rohkiIYEDS9JZsUqAsmtEjRK32JEr5tObsHL/s1282/IMGH_13341__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMlIJaibBjXNFQPJUkOy7PiFFlWAsoQuYhWe3tjFxuSengFgm_Kd01sYkxcYGF3X38gJz6GfiwkDxJkhNv3oSYAiPisbywjqL50wr7Ajyhko2sn7l16-TLlNSARA48W39lejnwqVizpNh2vbPHljWQa7X1rohkiIYEDS9JZsUqAsmtEjRK32JEr5tObsHL/s320/IMGH_13341__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioMhD15cf3EEjp0dZe_qR7l36jgBOXSPbIaQlTsE29-Rtzx8UM3eG-72_YJqh208_eoQWjVClIJXTQlhPBQ_QqAHIP84lBDv0l360_tppwwvIv6wBNWaAL_BzAjek727njdUMPWyciEX7jEPjqJpi9oaDkWrjPZOwkK5_ENGP__gM8XxJJmjiMoc7-WOId/s1282/IMGH_13360__TVM.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioMhD15cf3EEjp0dZe_qR7l36jgBOXSPbIaQlTsE29-Rtzx8UM3eG-72_YJqh208_eoQWjVClIJXTQlhPBQ_QqAHIP84lBDv0l360_tppwwvIv6wBNWaAL_BzAjek727njdUMPWyciEX7jEPjqJpi9oaDkWrjPZOwkK5_ENGP__gM8XxJJmjiMoc7-WOId/s320/IMGH_13360__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/w149-h200/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" width="149" /></a></div><p>
<br />
The GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 1510B IT is an heavy portable color television with 15 (37CM) inches color screen.<br />
<br />Features:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> TOSHIBA BLACKSTRIPE CRT TUBE. </li></ul>1 - <b>With first arrangement for a without convergence unit CRT Tube</b>.<br /><p>As for this kind of color cathode ray tube apparatus, it was a current
trend in the field of color cathode ray tubes to use a self-convergence
in-line type color cathode ray tube. In particular, this color cathode
ray tube employs an in-line type electron gun assembly for emitting
three electron beams consisting of a center beam and a pair of side
beams which extend on one same horizontal plane and are positioned in
one line, and the three electron beams are self-concentrated, while
generating a horizontal deflection magnetic field of a pin-cushion type
and a vertical deflection magnetic field of a barrel type, by means of a
deflection device. In this self-convergence type deflecting device, there may be obtained
satisfactory convergence characteristics of electron beams. However,
since the curvature of the screen is different from the beam deflecting
curvature, the raster is distorted to have a pincushion distortion on
both side. </p><p>At present, in order to correct the pincushion distortion, a
pincushion distortion correcting circuit is used to produce in
synchronism with a vertical signal an output signal which has an
amplitude varied in a parabolic form and is superposed on a horizontal
signal. However, such a distortion correcting circuit is inconsistent
with the goal of fewer components, low cost and simple construction. </p><div><p>2 - <b>With BlackStripe Technology</b> as a cathode ray tube including a faceplate and a shadow mask
containing an array of vertically oriented slotted apertures for
restricting electron beams directed therethrough to impinge upon and
excite selected areas of phosphor material on said faceplate, a viewing
screen comprising:a horizontally repetitive pattern of sets of
three vertically oriented stripes of phosphor material extending
vertically across and coating the inside surface of said faceplate, each
stripe within a set being of different phosphor material so as to
emit a different color when excited by the corresponding one of the
three electron beams passing through the associated aperture in said
shadow mask, and a layer of light absorbing material coating
the inside surface of said faceplate and containing a vertical and
horizontal array of vertically oriented slotted openings, said stripes
and openings being juxtaposed so that said openings define viewable
portions of said stripes, each viewable portion being totally
surrounded with light absorbing material,said openings and
stripes being aligned with the apertures in said shadow mask so that a
corresponding one of said three electron beams is allowed to impinge
upon each viewable portion,the vertical dimension of each
opening being greater than the vertical dimension of that part of said
viewable portion excited by the electron beam impinging thereupon,
such that a positive vertical guardband is provided, and the
horizontal dimension of each opening being less than the horizontal
dimension of the impinging electron beam, such that a negative
horizontal guardband is provided. <br />
<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
It has 8 program preselection with mechanic push buttons and
potentiometric tuning via a "special tool" included in the little door
on the tuning board.<br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
This tuning feature was called "<b>Preomat</b>" by GRUNDIG.</li></ul><p style="text-align: left;">
This kind of tuning system was called by GRUNDIG the " <b>PREOMAT</b> " which
in further models was featured electronically television receiving
apparatus including a presettable tuner having a plurality of
plunger-actuated, frequency-determining, elements with which the
operator can select desired VHF and UHF stations. The actuating elements
are normally concealed behind a control panel door, and the door is so
constructed that portions thereof define a plurality of deflectable keys
any one of which may be depressed to engage and operate an underlying
tuning element. T<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSDQjN7GiNmwYixQGbMt6FrUAEVGJW7o3kkBCQoJTyC3H0UQtv-LkJB2-7rYoXGjeHQcnvyAKlbGbpDonTYo7kYLJcR3y9egew65E9wfditgda8RgFjEf-ugX6O69FY1krecZo9ETeOwMF_UM8oY17WwLDIhlcL3P25TOcVj49OCGuEBwWsWA-IINeDk2/s1026/IMGH_13339__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1026" data-original-width="770" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUSDQjN7GiNmwYixQGbMt6FrUAEVGJW7o3kkBCQoJTyC3H0UQtv-LkJB2-7rYoXGjeHQcnvyAKlbGbpDonTYo7kYLJcR3y9egew65E9wfditgda8RgFjEf-ugX6O69FY1krecZo9ETeOwMF_UM8oY17WwLDIhlcL3P25TOcVj49OCGuEBwWsWA-IINeDk2/w150-h200/IMGH_13339__TVM.jpg" width="150" /></a>he door, including the keys, may be moved to open
position to accommodate presetting of desired frequency channels. This
invention provides for placement of all of the plungers behind a door
which covers the control panel area of the cabinet, and it is the
general object of our invention to provide novel door structure which is
movable to an open position affording ready access to the control means
for presetting purposes, and which door structure includes a panel
defining a plurality of key members carried by the door in such a way
that each key member normally lies substantially in the plane of the
door panel and is depressable to a position, out of said plane, in which
it actuates its corresponding plunger and adjusts the tuner to one of
the channels which have been preselected. In achievement of this general
objective, we prefer to divide the main panel of the door into a frame
portion and to slot remaining panel portions in a direction generally
perpendicular to the panel frame portion, to provide a plurality of
individual keys fixed at one side to the panel frame and free to be
deflected with respect to the panel, preferably out of the plane of the
latter. In such apparatus the door serves not only as a means to cover
the controls, but also as a means for actuating the same. This tuning
apparatus is known in the art, and apparatus suitable for use as the
aforesaid switching and frequency determining device is available, for
example, from Prehelektrofeinmechanische Werke, of Bad Neustadt, West
Germany, being identified as Model No. P-12/12 and designated PREOMAT.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>First however let's briefly recap on the principles involved in this tuning system:</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span> The
tuners use variable capacitance (or "varicap") diodes as the variable
tuning elements: the effective capacitance of the diodes is controlled
by the reverse bias applied across them, tuning being achieved by
varying this voltage. As the reverse bias across a varicap diode is
increased so its junction depletion region widens thus reducing its
capacitance.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>A
VHF/ UHF television tuner is constructed in accordance with the present
invention includes a preselector tuned circuit having a solid state
voltage controlled capacitor as its tunable element, a radio frequency
amplifier coupled to the preselector circuit and alsoother circuit to
perfect the signal receiving capability and the application the like.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><u><i>Considering the Mechanical Tuner Problems:</i></u></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>To get the servicing problems in perspective let us next consider the tuning arrangements previously used.</span></span><br />
<span><span> The earliest of these, employed on v.h.f., was the switched tuner which was either of the turret or incremental type.</span></span><br />
<span><span> The
turret tuner substituted a coil bearing "biscuit" mounted on the
rotating drum or turret when channels were changed. Twelve positions
were normally provided, with a fine tuning knob to adjust the local
oscillator frequency. As its name suggests the incremental tuner simply
added more inductance to the tuned circuits at every downward channel
movement: thus the highest inductance was present on channel one and the
least on channel 12 (which normally covered 13 as well with
manipulation of the fine tuner).</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The
movement towards u.h.f. TV working, initially with dual standard sets
and later with single standard ones, brought about the need for u.h.f.
tuners. In the earliest u.h.f. receivers valve tuners which were not
particularly efficient were used.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The
drive mechanism was usually a dual speed rotary system calibrated from
channels 21 to 68. Experience in the field indicated that 625 line
television was in many cases considered by the viewer to be inferior to
405 -line reception, on account of the poor signal to noise ratio
achieved by the valve tuners. Many viewers were not prepared to use
external u.h.f. aerials of course, having achieved satisfactory
reception on v.h.f. with an indoor aerial: this aggravated the situation
even more.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Another
aspect which caused difficulty was the care needed to tune in a u.h.f.
channel using a rotary tuner covering the whole of Bands IV and V. Many
viewers simply could not tune in BBC 2 or ZDF or ORF or any channel
correctly with such a tuning mechanism, finding that they had passed
right over the channel they wanted before realising what they had done.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The
advent of transistor tuners rapidly improved the quality of u.h.f.
reception but use of a rotary mechanism was continued by many
manufacturers. Thus while potential reception was improved the same
tuning difficulties remained and viewers continued to gravitate towards
405 line viewing using the "old faithful" switched tuner. The
operational breakthrough came with the introduction of the push-button
u.h.f. channel change. </span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The
mechanism is basically simple. Adjustable push buttons press down on a
lever bar which in turn rotates the tuner's variable capacitors to the
appropriate position. Each button is capable of tuning over the entire
u.h.f. bands and this leads to customer confusion at times when after
some adjustments which were too heavy handed they find themselves
receiving ITV on a BBC button or a ORF and ZDF broadcasting or any
channel possible !</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><u><i>Mechanical Faults:</i></u></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span> Mechanical
tuning obviously has its snags. There are for example contact springs
which earth the tuning capacitor and go intermittent. This gives rise to
the most random tuning defects, capable of driving the. most patient
viewer to a state of total exasperation. It is also possible for the
rotation mechanism to hang up and jam intermittently, or just become
sticky, so that the reset accuracy of the mechanism is impaired and the
receiver has to be retuned every time the channel is changed.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The
vanes in the tuning capacitor can also short out at different settings,
thereby eliminating some channels. The Varicap Tuner It will be seen
then that mechanical defects can cause very irritating fault symptoms.
If one thinks along the lines that anything mechanical is nasty, then
the elimination of mechanical parts can only be to the good.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>The
logic of this is splendid provided the electronic replacement for the
mechanical system is more reliable! Otherwise we are leaping out of the
frying pan into the fire! In the light of experience gained with
mechanical tuning devices it seems great that with the varicap tuner we
have at last dispensed with the dreaded rotary tuning capacitor,
replacing it instead with a variable voltage to the tuner. </span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Let
us think about this however since things are never quite as simple as
they first appear. The tuning voltage has to be variable in order to
tune the receiver. Obviously then a means of varying the voltage has to
be provided to act as the tuning control.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>As
it is a voltage that has to be varied the tuning control takes the form
of a potentiometer., Now we have returned to a mechanical system again,
though in a less complex form.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>A potentiometer is required for each channel, selected by pressing the appropriate channel button.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>We
have lost a tuning capacitor and its rotating mechanism and gained a
set of pots and selector switches therefore. Provided the pots and
switches are mechanically more reliable than the tuning capacitor we
should be better off-or should we? </span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><u><i>Need for Voltage Stabilisation.</i></u></span></span><br />
<span><span> The
voltage selected by the pots cannot be allowed to drift otherwise the
receiver will go off -tune. The voltage supply to the potentiometers has
to be stabilised therefore and a stabilising zener diode or integrated
circuit (TAA550) .is needed for this purpose.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><u>Any failure in this part of the circuit</u>
will give rise to tuning drift or worse, a total loss of reception. A
short-circuit TAA550 for example will completely remove the tuning
voltage while if it is open circuit the tuning can vary with picture
brightness. Likewise any intermittency in the potentiometers or
associated switching and/or resistors can also cause problems.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><u><i>Relative Reliability of Tuners:</i></u></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span> It
will be seen then that in order to lose our troublesome mechanical
arrangement we have had to introduce considerably more electronics which
we trust are going to be more reliable. In addition we have not so far
considered the relative reliability of the varicap tuner itself compared
with the mechanical type. Since two r.f. transistors are generally used
to compensate for the reduced Q of the varicap tuned circuits we
immediately have twice the likelihood of an r.f. stage breaking down! </span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>And
being semiconductors the varicap diodes themselves are more likely to
fail than the sections of a ganged tuning capacitor. It is reasonable
then to conclude that if mechanical faults are the most prevalent the
use of varicap tuners will make life easier. Mechanical faults are
generally not too difficult to sort out however and the field engineer
can often cope with them in the home. </span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Can
the same be said of the varicap tuner? It seems that this type of tuner
does not need so much attention as its mechanical counterpart but is
likely to throw up some much more difficult faults when it does,
resulting in bench repairs being needed. So far my own experience has
indicated that varicap tuning faults nearly always need servicing on the
bench.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>Generally
speaking it seems true to say that varicap tuners themselves are
adequately reliable: the snags result from the tuning system and
stabilised power supply.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><u><i>Tuning Drift with Varicap Tuners:</i></u></span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span><br /></span></span>
<span><span> If
a varicap tuned receiver is constantly drifting off tune the +30V
supply should be the number one suspect. It is best to connect an
Avometer permanently to the supply so that it can be precisely
monitored-if necessary write down the exact voltage measured.</span></span><br />
<span><span> If
the receiver drifts, check the voltage. If it has changed, even
slightly, this may well be enough to be the cause of the fault. To
pinpoint and confirm the diagnosis aerosol freezer should be applied to
the stabiliser i.c. or zener. If the voltage returns to normal or
changes wildly for the worse the stabiliser is almost certainly the
cause of the trouble and should be replaced.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span><span>A
prolonged soak test should then be carried out. Another point
concerning varicap tuners arises with their use in colour receivers.</span></span><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span>
</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Special VHF Channel tuner for Italy</b> The model designation with the final "<b>IT</b>" suffix describes the tuner type realized for Italy market at the time as the national Tv Broadcast R.A.I. was transmitting in VHF B 3 PAL . The at the time.VHF
channel numbers were allocated by in-country governement/ authorities/agencies, or
by groups of such technical organizations acting together.The set has a tuner prepared for italian broadcast arrangement of channels, just five of them, and was certainly
different to that proposed by other Western European countries that were
planning to use the 625-line system. At that time no numbers or other
designations were shown for these channels.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>First GRUNDIG TV Set featuring a <b>Vertical / Frame deflection</b> realized with a special Ic monolithic <b>integrated<br />circuit</b> designed for use in TV vertical deflection systems. They are manufactured using<br />the Fairchild Planar* process. Both devices are supplied in the 12-pin plastic power package with the heat sink fins bent for insertion into the printed circuit board.The IC includes a sync circuit, oscillator, ramp generator, buffer stage, preamplifier, power amplifier, flyback generator and voltage generator.<br />The TDA1170 was designed primarily for large and small screen black and white TV<br />receivers and industrial TV monitors.</li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> Manual commands for volume, bright, color .<br /></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>
The Horizontal Beam Deflection and high voltage generating circuits are realized with Thyristors circuits.
</li></ul><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The massive demand for colour television receivers in Europe/Germany
in the 70's brought about an influx of sets from the continent. Many of
these use the thin -neck (29mm) type of 110° shadowmask tube and the
Philips 20AX CRT Tube, plus the already Delta Gun CRT . </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Scanning
of these tubes is accomplished by means of a toroidally wound
deflection yoke (conventional 90° and thick -neck 110° tubes operate
with
saddle -wound deflection coils). The inductance of a toroidal yoke is
very much less than that of a saddle -wound yoke, thus <i>higher scan currents are required</i>.
The deflection current necessary for the line scan is about 12A peak
-to -peak. This could be provided by a transistor line output stage but a
current step-up transformer, which is bulky and both difficult and
costly to manufacture, would be required. </span></div>
<span face=""helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;">
An entirely different
approach, pioneered by RCA in America and developed by them and by ITT
(SEL) in Germany, is the thyristor line output stage. In this system the
scanning current is provided via two thyristors and two switching diodes
which due to their characteristics can supply the deflection yoke
without a step-up transformer (a small transformer is still required to
obtain the input voltage pulse for the e.h.t. tripler). The purpose of
this article is to explain the basic operation of such circuits. The
thyristor line output circuit offers high reliability since all
switching occurs at zero current level. C.R.T. flashovers, which can
produce high current surges (up to 60A), have no detrimental effects on
the switching diodes or thyristors since the forward voltage drop across
these devices is small and the duration of the current pulses short. If
a surge limiting resistor is pro- vided in the tube's final anode
circuit the peak voltages produced by flashovers seldom exceed the
normal repetitive circuit voltages by more than 50-100V. This is well
within the device ratings.</span> Numerous circuit designs for completely transistorized television
receivers either have been incorporated in commercially available
receivers or have been described in detail in various technical
publications. One of the most troublesome areas in such transistor
receivers, from the point of View of reliability and economy, lies in
the horizontal deflection circuits.<br />
As an attempt to avoid the voltage and current limitations of transistor
deflection circuits, a number of circuits have been proposed utilizing
the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), a semiconductor device capable
of handling substantially higher currents and voltages than transistors.<br />
The circuit utilizes two bi-directionally conductive switching means
which serve respectively as trace and commutating switches.
Particularly, each of the switching means comprises the parallel
combination of a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) and a diode. The
commutating switch is triggered on shortly before the desired beginning
of retrace and, in conjunction with a resonant commutating circuit
having an inductor and two capacitors, serves to turn off the trace
switch to initiate retrace. The commutating circuit is also arranged to
turn oft the commutating SCR before the end of retrace. <br />
All other standard commands are even manual.<br />
<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloz4i5e2rZV-UVo_SqPgKXCEJvaEtrf5vjR5LrAzG7cPIM7DPoz3mbBut1s4l7MQujW8VCsk3SSO46r8o50QdLoHVyG4EFIo6TJKIbGNFCavWulRPMebZfXCKzkGuUTCMUM9YrCMZ8cs/s1600/img_2219.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiloz4i5e2rZV-UVo_SqPgKXCEJvaEtrf5vjR5LrAzG7cPIM7DPoz3mbBut1s4l7MQujW8VCsk3SSO46r8o50QdLoHVyG4EFIo6TJKIbGNFCavWulRPMebZfXCKzkGuUTCMUM9YrCMZ8cs/s320/img_2219.jpg" width="320" /></a><ul style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDtZ2ydImIJEGGLORgvyqnB9UNGnMpW7z_9ovNa73k0n63jmtZN6-OJwPXp9vQMwkOj0w_OYT5TkAuBE4hSKjwpPBTFhyphenhyphen3NwuEDctBeItDMMdPS1MTpqxtSaUdm0sJz0NMFZ3MisrBDC8/s1600/img_1203.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><li>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iLAyM9jCjpU/T8PSqS9D7OI/AAAAAAAAL2A/zoVWYOzUtdU/s1600/ITT-VIDOM-ADV1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>The set is build with a Modular chassis design because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver. </li></ul>
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required. <br />
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman. <br />
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors. <br />
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will
require more highly qualified servicemen. <br />
The primary symptoms
of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of
the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are
located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver
require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must
use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis
from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components
are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they
are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components
in the receiver. <br />
Repairing a modern color television receiver
often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to
a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive
undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require
at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to
the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these
reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in
operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and
is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be
purchased. <br />
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized
color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a
plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and
maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the
cabinet so
that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner
as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance
and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another
aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the
owner.<br /> </div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>A headphone jack connector ,side located, is present with a switch to exclude the internal speaker.</li></ul></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>These tellyes were offering excellent superb bright sharp picture and they were running warm.
</b></li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s320/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a> <br />
<br />
<b>Grundig AG</b>
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its <span class="mw-redirect">Beko Elektronik</span> <span class="mw-redirect">white goods</span>
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Max Grundig</b> </u>(7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Early years<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG Success after World War II<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.<br />
<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.<br />
<br />
<br />
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5566552241150121922" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkUhgOYM7N6fvqfpGIYAfVblX_U83Qc_hmzxxBWuZBA3Ks0FalwMKUjInMB7cI1hmOlbNzK-3ld8Wph0DcPRhLIOCcFZeF0fdrZEeTQuLT_1NhVjgTXuW-6hyphenhyphenHY_itcGgkcMKVp4Ffc64n/s200/max-grundig.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="135" /><br />
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6nWVGGJjy5Tsyt8Z6Y5CUpBNVzl-8Gb7jEEE0vioDpIczHhu4WLkhVGTCfc4XHHf6ADUa9_ht7CLb0_gFc7EqcUFp1h8P86DamL_mcrmj4pD54_xzTGmqYGVbBXlT2PGTqGAMNDYnWs/s1600/GRUNDIG-FATHER__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6nWVGGJjy5Tsyt8Z6Y5CUpBNVzl-8Gb7jEEE0vioDpIczHhu4WLkhVGTCfc4XHHf6ADUa9_ht7CLb0_gFc7EqcUFp1h8P86DamL_mcrmj4pD54_xzTGmqYGVbBXlT2PGTqGAMNDYnWs/s200/GRUNDIG-FATHER__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM80k_NYx06-vxBc2fOM1LD0yFto3-7OlXiS7KOxOQwZMIQawtCLOiOl8ESyrddoxCvkJN7_cVQb6Yc1zwCVFsToDhOG94fpdK8GXU-whjek9djnChv60Ws1a1mBZ_VULjMxD6IcemtEI/s1600/GRUNDIG-MOTHER__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM80k_NYx06-vxBc2fOM1LD0yFto3-7OlXiS7KOxOQwZMIQawtCLOiOl8ESyrddoxCvkJN7_cVQb6Yc1zwCVFsToDhOG94fpdK8GXU-whjek9djnChv60Ws1a1mBZ_VULjMxD6IcemtEI/s200/GRUNDIG-MOTHER__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><b><i><u>Max GRUNDIG:</u></i></b> Born on 7 May 1908 in the Denis Street 3 in Nuremberg<br />
workers
district Gostenhof Parents of "Magaziners" or warehouse worker Max Emil
and his wife Marie. The enlargement of the family through the birth of
three sisters require in the aftermath several moves within Nuremberg.<br />
In
1920, his father <b>died unexpectedly </b>at the consequences of an
appendectomy. The already poor family is financially worse rapidly. This
is followed by further moves into ever smaller and cheaper housing. Max
Grundig starts in April 1922 commercial apprenticeship at the
installation company Jean Hilpert in Nuremberg. His interest lies in the
crafting of radios, a hobby, the early 1920s was indulged by tech-savvy
youngsters often. But Max Grundig tinkering not only simple radios, but
also more complex technical equipment such as image receiver.(Photos
refering to<br />
Father and Mother of Max GRUNDIG child.)<br />
<br />
After
the end of his teaching is Max Grundig 1927 Head of a new branch of the
company in Fürth Hilpert and supervised by commercial side of the
installation work of the under construction Municipal Hospital Fürth. In
May 1928 and in October 1930 Grundig also occurs on a radio dealer and
take part in an event organized by Workers' Radio Association Germany on
the occasion of Fürth Kirchweih 1930 radios exhibition. A first
marriage in 1929 held only briefly. From her daughter Inge comes.<br />
Following
the closure of Fürth Branch company Hilpert for the finished
installation works at the hospital, Max Grundig together with Karl
Wurzer, who was funders primarily, on 15 November 1930 as a radio dealer
in Sternstraße 4 in Fürth independently. Today this street
Ludwig-Erhard-Straße is, since there - was directly opposite the first
by Max Grundig Radio Load - - the business of the parents of the future
economy minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard (1977 1897).<br />
His radio
action called Max Grundig "Radio Sales Fürth" short RVF. On June 21,
1934, a procession of RVF in the Schwabacher Straße carried 1. The
partnership Karl Wurzer is paid, Max Grundig is now the sole owner. In
addition to selling and repairing radios Grundig starts construction of
transformers. In 1938, he is Sales millionaire. In the same year he
married the singer and manufacturer's daughter Annelie Jorgensen. The
marriage remains childless.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X5ixBaMBuN0zuoh80paD4fIKaNn-FEDEGH0QmWKLVCGHqiV562SqJ84kgEuolKPZjpbtwZln2_Uhf6FWaGmzwewb9AigeaERXKOypmi6MprMpCMvQEyfpCVZ7siTPLUJ8Ev_g24iG4c/s1600/MAX-GRUNDIG-1984-HA__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5X5ixBaMBuN0zuoh80paD4fIKaNn-FEDEGH0QmWKLVCGHqiV562SqJ84kgEuolKPZjpbtwZln2_Uhf6FWaGmzwewb9AigeaERXKOypmi6MprMpCMvQEyfpCVZ7siTPLUJ8Ev_g24iG4c/s200/MAX-GRUNDIG-1984-HA__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
During
the Second World War Grundig continues its production of small
transformers continued on a larger scale in the Fürth suburb Vach, where
he rents rooms in three inns. He himself is in 1941 drafted into the
army, some time must remain as a corporal in Paris, but shortly before
his entire company is reassigned to the East - also because of its
possibilities, to provide supervisors with radios - "indispensable" (uk)
provided and forwards Fuerth his company to continue the war.<br />
<br />
On
18 May 1945, the US Army occupied the suburb Vach. Grundig's stock will
not be plundered, neither of German or foreign looters nor by the US
military because the workforce that consists partly of Ukrainian slave
laborers, has a sign "Off limits" - "no trespassing" - at the door,
protects the company. In June 1945, Grundig rented a factory building in
the Jakobinenstraße 24 in Fürth. are manufactured now transformers and
measuring instruments: The tube tester "Tubatest" and the fault locator
"Nova Test". The commercial license is replaced by the Radio-sales Fürth
on 7 November 1945. In December 1945, Grundig has 42 employees.<br />
<br />
On April 10, 1946 Max Grundig starts own production of radios. <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYmugr8TVpjOjd3Wj363QBVAklpaS20vPKGz3DX3IveByIAbr_kX_9V3rf1kHl3emH0eQlQ91K5Hykg003YC4447Bplu5DV4igNf4YwTYgIuIJSHlRZzG9ND8YY9KxM6o9lP7C6y2Y5I/s1600/GRUNDIG-HEINZELMANN__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYmugr8TVpjOjd3Wj363QBVAklpaS20vPKGz3DX3IveByIAbr_kX_9V3rf1kHl3emH0eQlQ91K5Hykg003YC4447Bplu5DV4igNf4YwTYgIuIJSHlRZzG9ND8YY9KxM6o9lP7C6y2Y5I/s200/GRUNDIG-HEINZELMANN__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a>His first instrument is the "<b>Heinzelmann</b>"
This radio can also complete as a kit or under the hand, but are always
acquired without tubes. But the tubes are widely available on the black
markets of the early postwar years. Since a wireless without tubes per
se is not operational, allowing the American military government Max
Grundig, "no quota", ie without limitation in quantity, produce radio
and distribute. With the mass sale of "Heinzelmann" Max Grundig creates
the basis for further economic success of the company as a manufacturing
company after the Second World War.<br />
As of August 1, 1946 is the
company "RVF - Electrotechnical Factory". Beginning in March 1947, work
began in the Kurgartenstraße 37 in Fuerth, the later main plant of the
company Grundig. On 7 July 1948 re-naming of the company is carried out
in "Grundig radio-Werk GmbH". As of spring 1948, the superhit radio
"Weltklang" comes on the market. In February 1949, the 100,000th
Wireless is already prepared. In the same year built a Grundig FM radio
stations trying to prepare for the introduction of the ultra-short wave
on 15 March 1950. In December 1949 the company Grundig counts 1,600
employees.<br />
<br />
In May 1951 Max Grundig acquires Lumophon radio
stations in Nuremberg and Georgensgmünd and integrates them into its
"Grundig radio-Werke GmbH". In September and October 1951, he is with a
purpose-built television station Directorate building his company in
Fürth the first public television broadcasts in Southern Germany. he
produced 94 televisions this year. The production of tape recorders
starts 1951st<br />
1954 lets Max Grundig his first dictation machine, the
"Stenorette" build. In 1957 he buys the office machine manufacturer
Triumph-Adler in Nuremberg and Adler in Frankfurt that remain until 1968
in his possession. In 1958 he founds the Grundig Bank in Fürth. In the
same year, with the introduction of the transistor instead of the Radio
tube, penetrate the first Japanese companies like Sony in the European
and German market, initially still in the lowest price segment. 1960
Grundig has 16,495 employees.<br />
<br />
The 1960s are marked by the further
expansion of the company: Grundig is the biggest radio manufacturer in
Europe. In 1961 he acquired a large area in Nuremberg-Langwasser, on the 1963 first tape recorders are produce<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlk2304bc2JKO5XOwlnsIdhQV_1nZlOeJ__Nr8QOZRrGLzt176eQWb3NKvn1ix3F9XOHiO5U7xTTT1KoI2B-Hata0z2OrH_ZUkOCQZcQeOScENMiEs3eBsUXfczaguqm4kCY670FF2wUc/s1600/GRUNDIG-MANIFEST__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlk2304bc2JKO5XOwlnsIdhQV_1nZlOeJ__Nr8QOZRrGLzt176eQWb3NKvn1ix3F9XOHiO5U7xTTT1KoI2B-Hata0z2OrH_ZUkOCQZcQeOScENMiEs3eBsUXfczaguqm4kCY670FF2wUc/s320/GRUNDIG-MANIFEST__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>d. In other parts of Germany companies to buy or newly built shortly afterwards in Italy and Austria.<br />
1964
leads the Dutch company Philips in tape recorders, the compact cassette
CC and thus the cassette recorder, and it initially in the lower price
range. The leader Grundig countered in 1965 with the cassette system DC
International, but can not prevail.<br />
After 1967, the beginning of
color television initially causes a strong boom in the production of
related hardware. This results not only in their own country
overcapacity, but the Japanese competition suppressed due to lower wages
and production costs at the same time always noticeable with affordable
devices on the European and German market.<br />
1969 bring the company
Philips and Grundig together the first video recorder for home
appliances on the market. It is still a tape machine. But soon the world
led the struggle for the enforcement of various video cassette systems begins.<br />
<br />
In
1970, Grundig has approximately 25,000 employees. This year, Max
Grundig builds to his company. He built on 22 February 1970, the "Max
Grundig Foundation", added on 12 March 1970, the "Grundig-family club".
The Max Grundig Foundation is now the sole owner. In addition, on 1
April 1972, the "Grundig-Werke GmbH" in a corporation, the "Grundig AG"
converted. The foundation holds about 94% of the capital.<br />
From 1970,
the television production is relocated to Nuremberg-Langwasser. The
expectations regarding equipment sales for the 1972 Olympic Games in
Munich true. With the Super-Color TVs a new product range is presented
in a modular design. In Nuremberg-Langwasser, <b>daily production reached
1,200 color TV.</b><br />
1977 founds the Grundig "Hotel Management Max Grundig
Foundation". The Hotel Forsthaus Fuerth and Hotel Fuschl near Salzburg
to buy. A year later Grundig donates 30 million DM for the "Grundig
Academy of Economics and Technology", which serves the training of
professionals and executives. 1978 produced in Langwasser also a new VCR
plant.<br />
Increasingly Max Grundig is weakened by illness, repeated he
needs surgery. The European consumer electronics industry is committed
to strategies against existing overcapacity and the growing economic
influence of companies from the Far East. In Europe, these are mainly
the French state company Thomson-Brandt, the Dutch company Philips and
Grundig.<br />
The cooperation with the Dutch company Philips thickens in
the VCR production. In 1979 share swaps. Philips makes 24.5% of the
shares of Grundig AG, Grundig 6% of Philips and is thereby the largest
single shareholder.<br />
<br />
<br />
1979 achieved the Grundig AG with <b>38,460 employees </b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5FR2ECTNmhiaitIlRVtWBF4TAoikaDcG8UMlLsjzt4FeegB1yBs-JU5cZO8980GVwZ0ULvXvYmrZwPhm89PGrKtz141xTeKYb4Z0SwsWDvUO5y6_lPMm-ZOoTNMOu-eyuWFcaDQguyo/s1600/GRUNDIG-FABRICATIO-30AX-TVS__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX5FR2ECTNmhiaitIlRVtWBF4TAoikaDcG8UMlLsjzt4FeegB1yBs-JU5cZO8980GVwZ0ULvXvYmrZwPhm89PGrKtz141xTeKYb4Z0SwsWDvUO5y6_lPMm-ZOoTNMOu-eyuWFcaDQguyo/s320/GRUNDIG-FABRICATIO-30AX-TVS__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a>worldwide their personal peak.
The company has 31 plants, nine branches with 20 branches and three
Werksvertretungen, eight sales companies and 200 worldwide export
missions. Also, sales continue to rise. But the profit is shrinking. In
1981, the Grundig AG writes first losses. After divorcing his second
wife Annelie Max Grundig marries 1980, the French woman Chantal Girard.
In the same year the daughter Marie was born.<br />
1982 at the
presentation of "Eduard Rhein honor ring" and before the European
Commission, presents Max Grundig be EURO concept, the united front of
the European consumer electronics market to Japanese companies: "Acting
together, jointly produce, market share". But he can not prevail. Too
much stalking and distrusts you also mutually in the European
broadcasting industry. And Japan is not the only competitor. An
agreement between the companies Grundig and Thomson-Brandt, which is
scheduled also built in 1982, can - among other things due to the
resistance of the Bundeskartellamt and because the company Philips is
involved in Grundig - not be implemented.<br />
On 26 March 1984 Philips
increased its share of Grundig AG by 7.1% to 31.6%. In April 1984, the
Federal Cartel Office approved the merger of Grundig and Philips under
the condition that Grundig sells its voice recorders range. New CEO of
Grundig AG is the Dutchman Hermanus Koning on April 1 (1924 - 1998).
From 1984 to 1998, the Dutch have entrepreneurial saying. Max Grundig
receives for his departure from the company, among other things a
guaranteed 20-year-income annual return of 50 million marks.<br />
Not
quite voluntarily leaving Max Grundig the company he has built up and
which bears his name. But there can be only one boss. 1985 must Grundig
also his top job at the Grundig-Bank ad, which is sold to a Swiss
institute.<br />
Grundig expands its hotel ownership, 1986, he acquired the
luxury hotel "Bühlerhöhe", which he renovated at great expense. <b>On 8
December 1989 Max Grundig dies. </b>Under <u>great public participation </u>he will
be buried in Baden-Baden.<br />
<br />
After a brief economic boom as a
result of German reunification takes place until 1991 a rapid decline of
the company Grundig. Between 1992 and 1996 the Grundig Group makes
almost two billion marks loss. The number of employees decreased from
16,250 to 8,580 employees.<br />
1998, the Philips Group withdraws.
According to its own description Philips has been paying 1.5 billion
marks. A consortium of banks and insurance companies under the
leadership of the antenna manufacturer Kathrein, the personally liable
partners of Kathrein Werke KG, takes on 18 December 1998 the Grundig AG.<br />
<br />
In
2000 and 2001, the company headquarters and the remaining departments
of Fürth be routed to Nuremberg. But Grundig continues to make losses.
<i><b>On 1 April 2003, Grundig AG announces insolvency.</b></i><br />
2004 Turkey company
Beko electronics in Istanbul, belonging to the Turkish Koc Holding,
together with the British company Alba Radio Ltd. accepts the division
consumer electronics. This company is now called "Grundig Intermedia".
Both companies each own fifty percent of "Grundig Multimedia B.V.",
which is a holding full ownership of Grundig Intermedia GmbH. In
addition, proceeds from the office equipment division as buy-out the
company "Grundig Business Systems" produced. The car radio range is
taken from the Delphi Corporation, the activities of the former Grundig
range satellites for "Grundig SAT Systems GmbH".<br />
In October 2006 and
January 2007, two production lines for TV at Grundig Elektronik in
Istanbul are put into operation. On 18 December 2007, Koç Group acquires
through its subsidiary Arçelik A.S. the shares of Alba plc. And that is
the sole owner of Grundig Multimedia B.V. or the Grundig Intermedia
GmbH. The development area in Nuremberg closes the end of 2008 as part
of an ending in 2009 the restructuring process. When Grundig
headquarters in Nuremberg with around 140 employees Sales, marketing,
communications, design, quality assurance, customer service and the
office staff remain. The Turkish Grundig Intermedia GmbH is now divided
into six product areas: TV, Audio, HiFi, "Personal Care", "Floor Care"
and kitchen appliances.<br />
<br />
The Radio Museum in Fürth, located in the
former Directorate of Max Grundig, shows in addition to the history of
the development of broadcasting in Germany and the corporate and
entrepreneurial story of Max Grundig, the man who the radio and
television development in Germany after the Second World War three has
for decades dominated the market leader.<br />
<br />
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGRyuTkIg3t2ca809prSo_VpBA76Cl8hyphenhyphencbnidawjSNE7VAUiCSBxTrazqug68rsy-FtRm94VvQUqGt3PvG2r23ak6U7hdGdDP0F_I5RiiZFZFgJCnZtiRrjULVHgPOsEwAJ744Akwb4Y/s1600/MAX-GRUNDIG%252BCHANTAL__TVM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGRyuTkIg3t2ca809prSo_VpBA76Cl8hyphenhyphencbnidawjSNE7VAUiCSBxTrazqug68rsy-FtRm94VvQUqGt3PvG2r23ak6U7hdGdDP0F_I5RiiZFZFgJCnZtiRrjULVHgPOsEwAJ744Akwb4Y/s320/MAX-GRUNDIG%252BCHANTAL__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIgTkoNnaf8nITMPXxG3JIaFhQ9PPT0-jVcKMkb6Q4kg3Qh1fHeMswKpbhfPMetqEmjB4SFyN9pQfN5rwCc0UOOkdlcZGs41R1bw0xjoCrrY_UhY9TRstqsJuzX8JHStguyfoHfsK32SH/s1600/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854993327966386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAIgTkoNnaf8nITMPXxG3JIaFhQ9PPT0-jVcKMkb6Q4kg3Qh1fHeMswKpbhfPMetqEmjB4SFyN9pQfN5rwCc0UOOkdlcZGs41R1bw0xjoCrrY_UhY9TRstqsJuzX8JHStguyfoHfsK32SH/s320/grundig-76_0002.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 242px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history" style="font-size: small;">Early history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJn9RkUt5B_N3iLXVlLRpjL3K-TClRsfSSbad8yLknaaKodU39aRcgsqA3gP9uJ13g4SKRXbQ0njEr72wwSN1mvZg1qzI0bERlyrW2T8qqmCL3ZCl0b6ho87tAZ63IB-5GfdYXgj2v-X-/s1600/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696854772817362898" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJn9RkUt5B_N3iLXVlLRpjL3K-TClRsfSSbad8yLknaaKodU39aRcgsqA3gP9uJ13g4SKRXbQ0njEr72wwSN1mvZg1qzI0bERlyrW2T8qqmCL3ZCl0b6ho87tAZ63IB-5GfdYXgj2v-X-/s200/grundig-fabr.jpg" style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt;" width="151" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Grundig_in_Belfast" style="font-size: small;">Grundig in Belfast</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.</span></div>
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<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Philips_takeover" style="font-size: small;">Philips takeover</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyyTppe6domVlxYPhb943734zPekM4dOUG2uqDP8fPfgYGJrMlNrZgQm0AAydI-QUFhEtjq3qr6wGumTG9eaBIVUabbaA1zi6KUnKoRagcOe8FyjmEpVQn5C5uhlbgZwimUc8QogvOdNQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-3__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_history" style="font-size: small;">Later history</span></h2>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Thomson</span><span style="font-size: small;">. In 2004 Britain's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Alba plc</span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the Turkish Koc's </span><span class="mw-redirect" style="font-size: small;">Beko</span><span style="font-size: small;">
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million,<sup> </sup>although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">...........................................The Federal Republic of Germany: Industry perspective......</b></span><u><br /></u></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">For more than thirty years aft</span><span style="font-size: small;">er t</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">he Second World War, consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demand for successive generations of new or modified products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">states. The West German industry developed a strong export</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the technology which later permitted the development of the video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics<br />industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,<br />which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-<br />Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West<br />German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories<br />of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s<br />most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-<br />ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German<br />Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production<br />facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,<br />there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized<br />consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and<br />Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the<br />automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-<br />sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there<br />was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the<br />West German consumer electronics industry.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfO3t36nNSUfxfvLpVgYkH6U-kZVY9TR0VDuB70iwqqURxObEyJes7u4o9l1peMsI-ROCuMV0iqjRr2HfCQfEroygXumvdGCrIxjatzKnn8MgjlRdGtaM03XL6ZvRMtMWwtIZiDZsa6M/s1600/IMGH_05455.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIfO3t36nNSUfxfvLpVgYkH6U-kZVY9TR0VDuB70iwqqURxObEyJes7u4o9l1peMsI-ROCuMV0iqjRr2HfCQfEroygXumvdGCrIxjatzKnn8MgjlRdGtaM03XL6ZvRMtMWwtIZiDZsa6M/s200/IMGH_05455.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry. The market for colour television sets was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expanding output and</span><span style="font-size: small;"> profitability lay in their transition to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to one or the other of the two Japanese video</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">tightly in the grip of Japanese f</span><span style="font-size: small;">irms than any other segment of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market. More than any other, this development accounted for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">were either shut down or—more frequently——take</span><span style="font-size: small;">n over.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy<br />of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.<br /><br />The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover<br />exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than<br />2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in<br />its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any<br />existing, position of market domination.“</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German industry into an even deeper crisis.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of European Restructuring</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Community as well as by its respective national Member States.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">strategies contained two major elements: m</span><span style="font-size: small;">easures of at least</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">breathing space to build up or modernize their production</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">production facilities in Europe and produce under the same</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">largely on the West German market, the firms could only</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:<br /><br />The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, </span><span style="font-size: small;">was the first<br />firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972<br />and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as<br />late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with<br />which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the<br />market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics<br />firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and<br />had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the<br />European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much<br />greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer<br />VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR<br />market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German<br />imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between<br />1978 and 1981.2</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The immediate background to the calls for protection against</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was formed by massive cuts in price</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s1600/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700198778390643122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNQb0QL4wdXUmsTvLiD2ybC8u4AFYmNd6HRSTb88TO1c33doUlCD-vxlXCKymNdaQKyqRpp5ME6sVNVduaLZbskbsHFJ0ouL5VTR4hdh78i8IHuKPNuDR0m8MSOuzpLvE3f6tLhn24jOc/s320/GRUNDIG-SERVICE-AD1.jpg" style="float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 238px;" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s for Japanese VCRs, as a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig announced that they were considering takin</span><span style="font-size: small;">g a dumping</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pursued at the national and European levels, both through the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">national and European trade associations for consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the national governments and the European Commission. However,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">pressing their case on EEC member states and the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">components industry, over half of whose output, according to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">These arguments found by all acc</span><span style="font-size: small;">ounts a very receptive audience</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">at the European Commission, where, by common consent of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the<br />protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the<br /><br />mposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">could have been expected to come from the West German<br />Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch<br />Governments, the West German Government had generally been<br />the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.<br />The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import<br />controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of<br />protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,<br />which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.<br />However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been<br />vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German<br />Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the<br />Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a<br />significant, modification of its past trade policy.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBWohHSKYgcMXIa3PCaKjP99knS_UY9LnOqSAhblI9VXBGO4TnvmtxVmapRBgSQEdAtMQcsbIHllt-Hp2JbMCrzer0Y6byl1d4HhS-Gkes5RcKwfj9PG8LoGg0rebO3_rsOGA3eslHx8/s1600/IMG_5142.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBWohHSKYgcMXIa3PCaKjP99knS_UY9LnOqSAhblI9VXBGO4TnvmtxVmapRBgSQEdAtMQcsbIHllt-Hp2JbMCrzer0Y6byl1d4HhS-Gkes5RcKwfj9PG8LoGg0rebO3_rsOGA3eslHx8/s200/IMG_5142.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">s traditional policy in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">German Government being held responsible for its implementation.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Min</span><span style="font-size: small;">istry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The success</span><span style="font-size: small;"> of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-</span><span style="font-size: small;">overs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Japanese competition.</span></blockquote>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxq0QFYSyfWwPnFTP4QvK6kHdQoeTpyOH0uh1tK4U2NCrMSh6HfSYjPKOoPgRPnkMGtKUIQ96mq1b2H0Y9zw9MKnGgmWv0HuSIH-BunvXt_wtTZGFHzPcTySMOgorgZGxh92ufYFMdDH0/s1600/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxq0QFYSyfWwPnFTP4QvK6kHdQoeTpyOH0uh1tK4U2NCrMSh6HfSYjPKOoPgRPnkMGtKUIQ96mq1b2H0Y9zw9MKnGgmWv0HuSIH-BunvXt_wtTZGFHzPcTySMOgorgZGxh92ufYFMdDH0/s320/IMGH_08683__TVM.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West<br />German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate<br />financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.<br />Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence<br />of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a<br />formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,<br />which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked<br />at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks<br />on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in<br />1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a<br />result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BDB7JFRUDF9dTEC68oybqGRDfVaf9b_7Cwczf8vqg7VnH4ePwSb5ZfovVOGnNqWgmW9cnkC2x1NgjMwRcg4xhoLgA54BlJBNlUHCVnCENugQ8S4s0IC2a0NfxTugmozvpIfAytJYgLI/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3BDB7JFRUDF9dTEC68oybqGRDfVaf9b_7Cwczf8vqg7VnH4ePwSb5ZfovVOGnNqWgmW9cnkC2x1NgjMwRcg4xhoLgA54BlJBNlUHCVnCENugQ8S4s0IC2a0NfxTugmozvpIfAytJYgLI/s320/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Grundig c</span><span style="font-size: small;">onfessed
publicly that if the firm carried on five more years as it was doing,
it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in summer 1982, had become
insolvent. Grundig intensified his search for stronger partners, which
he had apparently begun by talking with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982,
at the same time as Grundig and Philips were pressing for curbs on
Japanese VCR imports, Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around
Grundig, a European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,
Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the prospective
participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">securing special ministerial permission for the</span><span style="font-size: small;">ir deal were exacer-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s1600/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqcI4UT6k9lqx9FjqyKr-6FXluuAk2JK3Az-bYjKr-hjmjYcQFFPQ6qNQ9uA6PNcI5t8KS-z7AUXjaYGrCbI-B3bQnZsL9272NqY4HLtG-EY2Zr0lqSFuHog4OaGrmoMTx4_Vw3k6Vip0/s320/Max-Grundig-Foto-1958-__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">French Government, which could then have demanded increased</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">in other West German subsidiaries).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in<br />1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of<br />Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring<br />programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two<br />main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other<br />around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in<br />West Germany left under West German control. But a common<br />European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the<br />Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig</span><u><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzOInCfN7Ukc8viN1c1hXhyTwvqKB51w5W8y9EYXZsgEl8sO_UlkFS3RX2peqfpWXqBoCaLHiUfjsMcBA5WXwmLcmniXnDGoOsJN9uxjng1V70xM9Kztc7sl4yHLYV01W1BdMW_ZN1f8/s1600/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzOInCfN7Ukc8viN1c1hXhyTwvqKB51w5W8y9EYXZsgEl8sO_UlkFS3RX2peqfpWXqBoCaLHiUfjsMcBA5WXwmLcmniXnDGoOsJN9uxjng1V70xM9Kztc7sl4yHLYV01W1BdMW_ZN1f8/s200/Max_Grundig_Farbe__TVM.jpg" width="156" /></a></u><span style="font-size: small;"> had envisaged<br />in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given<br />Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much<br />more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in<br />Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,<br />especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty<br />Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring<br />within Europe is far from complete.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">The recent experience of the European consumer electronics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">various national industries and governments to the challenges</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">others.”</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<u><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:</span></u></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft m</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s1600/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_6ldLa_LiZH3msedfxpSd5-5ygvVkuN9LnWPHKX6r5G0bGseIfamlpKBP1HjZFRdJvz_0TwW7nRul-zfOjwzzp956f52kclYyBy77mSw6vXOHQU-D5vGgoWLkyDYUR7wmqwLktZvrrSQ/s200/MAX_GRUNDIG_1984-2__TVM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">it Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM </span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673166810869282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5esqJ-zYmPcZkJzqfOaCcXBaLsI9G_kf7iszRrEmb_pb7hzDI4OhJPHKu4fuT4WbrgJWqN3Fr0-FhlluoCZcZbXt6aVRO-kKKAV2Ib7ypgeVXYFDiOdZ88piO9zwFQLlVEYO2XSy8xm0/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a> erweitert.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="outTAx" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s1600/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5593673168582363986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPL1n3E0RQNgq4fbr2LojUaW8lUMOsy63ff9EfBVFkC-jgVLzMP150Utf4xlpd_CJ_wCIzEeOieWxYmOb2sH0tnQH6vLv8WS_gLunMop30EAUF4-8hm7NpHltIRaSmCrpbqxRHkzhHMOE/s320/GRUNDIG_FIRM-ADV2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 249px;" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZqIwC6cATDS8oivqYLC5XlG4fe_trI1Qn8hBAAIfD26dmz3O2klkmOaj98tzWVPnSYh9Mki0HQRI9V5jBa_ssU37gNk3RrFV2IPym10phLQhvWptsfooAfwdIMjyg-iDuyFk_5Baxo/s1600/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSZqIwC6cATDS8oivqYLC5XlG4fe_trI1Qn8hBAAIfD26dmz3O2klkmOaj98tzWVPnSYh9Mki0HQRI9V5jBa_ssU37gNk3RrFV2IPym10phLQhvWptsfooAfwdIMjyg-iDuyFk_5Baxo/s200/IMG_4499__TVM.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany". </span></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzzu7jUMNEciuASFkLznBr9Tf9b_EIrL1mBUq25fYczwdbn-JT1WBXVmkqqueWDg1b3EB4E0pnMyGd-C12oTKFYJXJVXZzgrrJGAzn3AS3xsHcTVCfYtrz3u05OtavQUshJRTshWkcBHM/s1600/Afrika_Schule_Bildung_Asyl_Deutschland_Beruf_Ziel__TVM.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzzu7jUMNEciuASFkLznBr9Tf9b_EIrL1mBUq25fYczwdbn-JT1WBXVmkqqueWDg1b3EB4E0pnMyGd-C12oTKFYJXJVXZzgrrJGAzn3AS3xsHcTVCfYtrz3u05OtavQUshJRTshWkcBHM/s320/Afrika_Schule_Bildung_Asyl_Deutschland_Beruf_Ziel__TVM.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References:</span></span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="mw-headline" id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise:</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Stephan Maurer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/meldungen/elektrik-ein-jahr-nach-der-grundig-insolvenz-526043.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Ein Jahr nach der Grundig-Insolvenz.</i></a> In: <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern.de" title="Stern.de">Stern.de</a>.</i> 27. Juni 2004,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 7 f., 11 f.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 8.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Stephan Maurer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/wissen/technik/100-jahre-max-grundig-pionier-des-wirtschaftswunders-619558.html" rel="nofollow"><i>100 Jahre Max Grundig: Pionier des Wirtschaftswunders.</i></a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern.de" title="Stern.de">stern.de</a>, 7. Mai 2008,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Hans Knoll: Ursprünge des Radiobaukastens „Heinzelmann“, S. 14. In: Rundfunk und Museum. Zeitschrift des <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundfunkmuseum_F%C3%BCrth" title="Rundfunkmuseum Fürth"> Rundfunkmuseums der Stadt Fürth</a>, Heft 71, Dezember 2009, S. 9–16.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 17 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Vgl.
z. B. Nürnberger Nachrichten v. 28. September 1951, S. 3:
„Fernseh-Uraufführung in Fürth“; der Sender strahlte täglich um 11, 14
u. 16 Uhr einen Spielfilm aus, der in Nürnberg u. Fürth empfangen werden
konnte.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 17 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9, 71 ff, 121 ff.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 9 f.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13513310.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Aus dem Ruder</i></a>, In: <i>Der Spiegel 9/1985</i>, abgerufen am 21. September 2015.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text">Alexander Mayer: <i>Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder.</i> Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866803053">ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3</a>, S. 10.</span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="http://www.computerwoche.de/a/grundig-meldet-insolvenz-an,537717" rel="nofollow"><i>Grundig meldet Insolvenz an.</i></a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerwoche" title="Computerwoche">Computerwoche</a>, 14. April 2003,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Thiemo Heeg: <a class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/aktuell/technik-motor/ifa/unterhaltungselektronik-grundig-ist-wieder-da-11872079.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Grundig ist wieder da.</i></a> Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. August 2012,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 21. November 2013</span>.</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nordbayern.de/politik/abschied-von-nurnberg-grundig-tv-verlasst-die-region-1.5113572" rel="nofollow">Abschied von Nürnberg: Grundig-TV verlässt die Region</a>. In: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordbayern.de" title="Nordbayern.de">Nordbayern.de</a> vom 7. April 2016.</span></span></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Ritzer: <a class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/industriegeschichte-grundig-verabschiedet-sich-aus-nuernberg-1.2943077" rel="nofollow">Grundig verabschiedet sich aus Nürnberg</a> In: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> vom 11. April 2016, S. 33.</span></span></span><br />
<h2>
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