The PHILIPS I20T600 MISURINA is a B/W 20 inches (50cm) portable television with 6 programs mechanic tuning keyboard.
The mechanical turret approach to television tuning has been used
almost exclusively for the past 60 years. Even though replete with the
inherent disadvantages of mechanical complexity, unreliability and cost,
such apparatus has been technically capable of performing its intended
function and as a result the consumer has had to bear the burdens
associated with the device. However, with the " recent " Broadcast
demands for parity of tuning for UHF and VHF channels, the increasing
number of UHF and cable TV stations have imposed new tuning performance
requirements which severely tax the capability of the mechanical turret
tuner. Consequently, attempts are now being made to provide all
electronic tuning to meet the new requirements.
The present invention relates to a pushbutton tuner for radio sets,
television sets and other apparatus, and particularly for TV sets or the like. A pushbutton tuner of this type presents a
plurality of pushbutton assemblies mounted on the tuner frame for in and
out movement, each one of these pushbutton assemblies carrying
adjustable memory means for recalling a memorized broadcast frequency
when the pushbutton assembly is pushed inwardly. Conventional pushbutton tuners comprise a plurality of pushbutton
assemblies arranged side by side and parallel to each other,
longitudinally slidable inside a tuner frame, and each carrying an
abutment member which can be angularly adjusted around an axis which is
perpendicular to the plane of the pushbutton assembly, and is associated
to means for locking or unlocking same so as to adjust its angular
position at will and maintain such position once adjusted. Each
pushbutton assembly cooperates, by means of its abutment member, with
the inclined edges of a V-shaped notch obtained in a control bar
transversely arranged with respect to the pushbutton assemblies, said
control bar being operatively associated to the tuner group of the radio
set, so as to actually control same as a consequence of its
longitudinal movement promoted by the insertion of any pushbutton
assembly and by the consequent action of the abutment member on the
inclined edge of the V-shaped notch. In the known pushbutton tuners, the abutment member consists of a pin
which is mounted angularly adjusted on each pushbutton assembly.
Whenever a pushbutton assembly is pushed inwardly to select a
predetermined frequency, the abutment pin rests, at the end of the
inward movement of the pushbutton assembly, in the vertex angle of the
associated V-shaped notch of the control bar. In this end position, the
abutment pin normally results to be inclined with respect to the
longitudinal axis of the pushbutton assembly and consequently also
inclined with respect to the thrust force exerted by the pushbutton
assembly. Consequently, a component of the said thrust is transmitted
from the abutment pin to the control bar, in the longitudinal direction
of the said control bar, and tends to longitudinally shift said control
bar. As a consequence, in the pushbutton tuners of this type, the tuning
cannot be very accurate, also in consideration of the fact that most of
the times the pushbutton assemblies are pushed, by the user, with great
force.
The commands are top above located.
(Note:knobs aren't originals).
The story of the PHILIPS I20T600 MISURINA here shown:
- One day .......in a cold 1987 winter day (december) i have had a work trip with a bus at 6:30AM to a place in a town approx 30km far from my home . During the trip the lights of the bus dazzled in the darkness briefly so that the light in a small adiacent road gave a flash to see out of the bus window the PHILIPS tellye lying near a dump container on a curbside floor. Ofcourse in that moment the bus can't be stopped (to pickup a telly) and I was unable to pick up the TV...... in that moment.....
Then I ,patiently, awaited the return back trip at 5:30PM of the same day hoping to find it again and not retired by dump services............indeed the PHILIPS I20T600 MISURINA was still there..... awaiting me........to be picked up................and after 25 years here is it, today in 2012 , on the WEB at Obsolete Technology Tellye !
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.), most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.
Philips is one of the largest electronics
companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The
company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.
Philips
is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles
(formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances
and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly
Philips Medical Systems).
he
company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of
Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light
bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives
as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company
started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known
worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic
valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer
Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their
electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco
brand name).
Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.
As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.
In
December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the
Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of
"disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.
On
2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling
80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity
investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR),
Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a
process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a
separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic
options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a
letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were
speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone
entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then
that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the
most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and
the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those
involved with Semiconductors".
In its more than 115 year history, this co
unts
as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company.
Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the
transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the
electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such,
Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over
the past 50 years.
Agreeing
to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell
the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest
decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.
On
21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they
had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium
headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the
Semiconductors Division.
On
1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new
semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.
Coinciding
with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced
that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus
becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).
PHILIPS FOUNDATION:
The
foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips
established Philips & Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The
company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of
the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe.
Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first
research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the
x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has
only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to
enrich people’s everyday lives.
In
the early years of Philips &; Co., the representation of the
company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial
letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on
the glass of metal filament lamps.
One
of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips
used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as
marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row
of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the
Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.
The
now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the
packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an
early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while
the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the
radio waves would travel.
In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the
stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring
this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle
emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.
At
this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the
company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent
Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of
other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the
combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield
emblem.
In 1938, the Philips
shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the
basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the
wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced
today.
The first steps of CRT production by
Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips
Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics
laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe,
just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and
oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started
experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on
this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of
television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon
developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT
production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube
in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into
CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's
for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in
1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated
tubes like storage CRT's.
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked
on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees
managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has
to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their
main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large
medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small
Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray
Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop
these new products was too big.
28 of September 2012,
Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube
factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so
much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland
about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115
years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and
acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic
decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of
years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.
Gerard Philips:
Gerard
Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27,
1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder
(with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family
business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed
the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips'
Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation,
Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.
Early life and education
Gerard
was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 –
12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active
in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands;
he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.
Career
Gerard
Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was
the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in
Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated
the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.
Marriage and family
On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.
Gerard
was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into
the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz
Otten.
Gerard and his brother Anton
supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the
Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they
founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department
developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.
Anton Philips:
Anton
Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7,
1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with
his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He
served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.
Early life and education
Anton
was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David
Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in
the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He
was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years
older.
Career
In
May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son
Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business.
In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips
Electronics N.V.
During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increas
e
sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several
countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.
Anton
(and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In
Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities,
such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the
best-known example.
Anton Philips brought his son Frits
Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times.
Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to
escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War
II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.
His
son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the
occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of
Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews
by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them
evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.
Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.
Marriage and family
Philips
married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30,
1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:
*
Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925
to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:
o Diek Otten
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)
*
Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married
firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G.
Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married
thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November
8, 2005). They had the following children:
o ..., Jonkheerin
Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on
February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja,
March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without
issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3,
1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to
Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise,
August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella
Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December
12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 –
Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and
wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at
Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes,
Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux,
without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre,
September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan
François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem
Pieter
Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.
(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)
A comment...........of a 1996 reality ..................
Philips,
which seems to be a perennial walking wounded case. The company had
appeared to be on the mend after a worldwide cost- cutting programme
which was started five years ago when Jan Timmer took over as chairman.
But,
following a sharp profits fall, with the company's first quarterly loss
since 1992, a further shake up is being undertaken.
The
difficulty is that the company operates in a mature market, in which
prices are falling at an annual rate of six per cent. Manufacturers are
competing by cutting costs to gain a larger share of static demand. It's
not a situation in which any firm that does its own manufacturi
ng
can achieve much. Philips' latest plan involves an overall loss of
6,000 jobs in its consumer electronics business, with far greater
reliance placed on a group of external suppliers which are referred to
as "a cluster of dedicated subcontractors".
This is an
approach that was pioneered many years ago by major Japanese
manufacturers. Rather than make everything yourself, you rely on
subcontractors who, in return, rely on you for their main source of
work. It is hardly a cosy arrangement: the whole point seems to be that
the major fain can exert pressure on its subcontractors, thereby - in
theory - achieving optimum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. What
happens when lower and lower prices are demanded for subcontracted work
is not made clear.
The whole edifice could collapse.
However that might be, this is the course on which Philips has now
embarked. The company is also to carry out distribution, sales and
marketing on a regional rather than a national basis, and has said that
it will not support Grundig's losses after this year.
But
Philips' chief financial officer Dudley Eustace has said that it has "
no
intention of abandoning the television and audio business". One has to
assume that the subcontracting will also be done on an international
basis, as major Japanese firms have had to do. There is a sense of déjà
vu about this, though one wishes Philips well - it is still one of the
major contributors to research and development in our industry.
Toshiba,
which has also just appointed a new top man, Taizo Nishimoro, provides
an interesting contrast. Mr Nishimoro thinks that the western emphasis
on sales and marketing rather than engineering is the way to go. So the
whole industry seems to be moving full circle. Taizo Nishimoro has
become the first non engineering president of Toshiba. Where the company
cannot compete effectively on its own, he intends to seek international
alliances or go for closures. He put it as follows. "
The technology and the businesses we are engaged in are getting more complex.
In
these circumstances, if we try to do everything ourselves we are making
a mistake." Here's how Minoru Makihara, who became head of Mitsubishi
Corporation four years ago, sees it. "
Technologies are now moving so fast that it is impossible for the top manager to know all the details.
Companies
are now looking for generalists who can understand broad changes,
delegate and provide leadership." Corporate change indeed amongst our
oriental colleagues. Major firms the world over are facing similar
problems and having to adopt similar policies.
In a mature market such as consumer electronics, you have to rely
on marketing to squeeze the last little bit of advantage from such
developments as Dolby sound and other added value features. The consumer
electronics industry has been hoping that the digital video disc would
come to its aid and get sales and profits moving ahead.
The
DVD was due to be released in Sept 1996 , but we are unlikely to hear
much more about it yet awhile. There's no problem with the technology:
the difficulty is with licensing and software. There is obviously no
point in launching it without adequate software support. But the movie
companies,
which control most of the required supply of software, are concerned that a
recordable version
of the disc, due in a couple of years' time, would be a gift to pirates
worldwide. Concessions have been made by the electronics industry, in
particular that different disc formats should be used in different parts
of the world. But a curious problem has arisen.
The other main use of the DVD is as a ROM in computer systems.
For this application flexible copying facilities are a major
requirement. But the movie companies are unwilling to agree to this. At
present the situation is deadlocked and the great hope of an autumn
launch, all important for sales, has had to be postponed. Next year
maybe? It's a great pity, since the DVD has much to offer.
There's
a lot of sad news on the retail side as well. Colorvision has been
placed in administrative receivership, with a threat to 800 jobs at its
76 stores, while the Rumbelows shops that were taken over by computer
retailer Escom have suffered a similar fate. The receivers have closed
down the UK chain with the loss of 850 jobs at some 150 stores. Nothing
seems to be going right just now................................rip Netherlands !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A good point on good old B/W Televisions.....................
The Sixties was a time of great change for TV. At
the start of the decade there were just monochrome sets with valves,
designed for 405 -line transmissions at VHF. By the end there was 625
-line colour at UHF, with transistorised chassis that used the odd IC.
The following decade was one of growth. The "space race" had begun in 1957, when the USSR launched Sputnik 1 and terrified the
Americans. Thereafter the USA began to spend countless billions of
dollars on space missions. This got underway in earnest in the Sixties,
with the announcement that America would be going all out to get a man
on the moon by the end of the decade. There followed the Mercury series
of earth - orbit missions, then the Apollo launches. Success was
achieved in 1969. Most of these missions were televised, and in those
days anything to do with space was hot stuff. It was inevitable that
everyone wanted to have a television set. At the time an average
receiver would be a monochrome one with a 14in. tube - there was no
colour until 1967. It would cost about 75 guineas.
TV sets were often priced in guineas (21 shillings)
as it made the price look a bit easier on the pocket. Anyway 75 guineas,
equivalent to about £78.75 in 2000's currency, was a lot of money
then. For those who couldn't, rental was a good option. The Sixties was
a period of tremendous growth for rental TV.
Much else was rented at that time, even radios, also
washing machines, spin driers, refrigerators and, later on, audio tape
recorders (no VCRs then).
For most people these things were too expensive for cash purchase.
There were no credit cards then. And when it came to
a TV set, the question of reli- ability had to be taken into account:
renting took care of repair costs.
TV reliability.........The TV sets of the period
were notoriously unreliable. They still used valves, which meant that a
large amount of heat was generated. The dropper resistor contributed to
this: it was used mainly as a series device to reduce the mains voltage
to the level required to power the valve heaters. These were generally
connected in series, so the heater volt- ages of all the valves were
added together and the total was subtracted from the mains voltage. The
difference was the voltage across the heater section of the dropper
resistor, whose value was determined by simple application of Ohm's
Law.
As valves are voltage -operated devices, there was
no need to stabilise the current. So the power supply circuits in TV
sets were very simple. They often consisted of nothing more than a
dropper resistor, a half or biphase rectifier and a couple of smoothing
capacitors. If a TV set had a transformer and a full wave rectifier in
addition to the other components, it was sophisticated!
As the valve heaters were connected in series they
were like Christmas -tree lights: should one fail they all went out and
the TV set ceased to function. Another common problem with valves is the
cathode -to -heater short. When this fault occurs in a valve, some of
the heaters in the chain would go out and some would stay on. Those that
stayed on would glow like search- lights, often becoming damaged as a
result. Dropper failure could cause loss of HT (dead set with the
heaters glowing), or no heater supply with HT present. When the HT
rectifier valve went low emission, there was low EHT, a small picture
and poor performance all round. CRTs would go soft or low emission, the
result being a faint picture, or cathode -to -heater short-circuit, the
result this time being uncontrollable brightness. On average a TV set
would have twelve to fourteen valves, any one of which could go low
-emission or fail in some other way. All valves have a finite life, so
each one would probably have to be replaced at one time or another. The
amount of heat generated in an average TV set would dry out the
capacitors, which then failed. So you can see why people rented!
The CRT could cause various problems. Because
of its cost, it was the gen- eral practice to place its heater at the
earthy end of the chain. In this position it was less likely to be
overloaded by a heater chain fault. But during the winter months, when
the mains voltage dropped a bit, it would be starved of power. This
would eventually lead to 'cathode poi- soning' with loss of emission.
The 'cure' for this was to fit a booster transformer designed to overrun
the heater by 10, 20 or 30 per cent. It would work fine for a while,
until the CRT completely expired. At about this time CRT reactivators
came into being - and a weird and wonderful collection of devices they
turned out to be. Regunned tubes also started to appear. You couldn't do
this with the `hard -glass' triode tubes made by Emitron. These were
fitted in a number of older sets. Yes, they were still around, at least
during the early Sixties.
Developments................... A great deal
of development occurred during the Sixties. Many TV sets and radios made
in the early Sixties were still hard -wired: the introduction of the
printed circuit board changed the construction of electronic equipment
forever. The first one was in a Pam transistor radio. PCBs were ideal
for use in transistor radios, because of the small size of the
components used and the fact that such radios ran almost cold.
They were not so good for use with valve circuitry,
as the heat from the valves caused all sorts of problems. Print cracks
could develop if a board became warped. If it became carbonised there
could be serious leakage and tracking problems. In addition it was more
difficult to remove components from a PCB. Many technicians at that time
didn't like PCBs. As the Sixties progressed, transistors took over more
and more in TV sets. They first appeared in a rather random fashion,
for example in the sync separator stages in some Pye models. Then the IF
strip became transistorised. Early transistors were based on the use of
germanium, which was far from ideal.
The change to silicon produced d
evices that were more robust and had a better signal-to-noise ratio.
Car radios became fully transistorised, and
'solid-state' circuitry ceased to be based on earlier valve
arrangements. Many hi-fi amplifiers had been transistorised from the
late Fifties, and all tape recorders were now solid-state.
Both reel-to-reel and compact -cassette recorders
were available at this time. Initially, audio cassette recorders had a
maximum upper frequency response of only about 9kHz.
To increase it meant either a smaller head gap or a
faster speed. Philips, which developed the compact audio cassette and
holds the patents for the design (which we still use in 2000!) wouldn't
allow an increase in speed. Good reel-to-reel recorders had a fre-
quency response that extended to 20kHz when the tape speed was
15in./sec.
This is true hi-fi. In time the frequency response
of compact -cassette recorders did improve, because of the use of better
head materials with a smaller gap.
This led to the demise of the reel-to-reel audio
recorder as a domestic product We began to benefit from spin-offs of the
space race between the USA and the USSR.
The need to squeeze as much technology as possible
into the early computers in the Mercury space capsules used by the USA
lead to the first inte- grated circuits.
This technology soon found its way into consumer
equipment. Often these devices were hybrid encap- sulations rather than
true chips, but they did improve reliability and saved space. The few
chips around in those days were analogue devices. To start with most
UHF tuners used valves such as the PC86 and PC88. They were all manually
tuned. Some had slow-motion drives and others had push -buttons. They
didn't have a lot of gain, so it was important to have an adequate
aerial and use low -loss cable..............................
Publications
A. Heerding: The origin of the Dutch incandescent lamp industry. (Vol. 1 of The history of N.V. Philips gloeilampenfabriek). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32169-7
A. Heerding: A company of many parts. (Vol. 2 of The history of N.V. Philips' gloeilampenfabrieken). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-32170-0
I.J. Blanken: The development of N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken into a major electrical group. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 3 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V.). ISBN 90-288-1439-6
I.J. Blanken: Under German rule. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 4 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V). ISBN 90-288-1440-X
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The Milan industrialist Giovanni Borghi founded
the IGNIS brand of household appliances. His factories would turn out
one appliance every eight seconds, and make billions selling them to
Italy's exploding middle class. Borghi was famous for his early
support of cycling, and his yellow IGNIS jerseyed squadra won more than a
few great races in the late fifties and early sixties.
