The chassis is completely based on tubes technology and it's divided in 2 main sections:
- Above PCB Deflection power circuits.
- Bottom PCB Signal circuits.
NOTE: The chassis has some PCB's with cracks developed by unfair vandalism,
People are BAD believe me !
Tuning is obtained with rotatable drum selectors for VHF and variable rotatable capacitor for UHF.
A
rotatable drum containing twelve pre-defined channel-specific filters
determines the received channel, where the inductors of the input
matching, the channel filter and the LO tank circuit are changed. The
tuner is divided into two chambers for maximum isolation between the
sensitive RF input and the mixer-oscillator-IF section with its much
larger signals. Also on the drum there are eventually two separate
sub-modules.
It's completely based on tubes technology.
With
this concept, which essentially turned the tuner module into a kind of
Lego building block construction, many different tuners became possible.
Depending upon the country of destination and its associated standard
and IF settings, the required filter modules would be selected. Service
workshops and tv fabricants could later even add or exchange modules
when new channels were introduced, since every inductor module had its
individual factory code and could be ordered separately. As a
consequence more versions of the tuner were produced, covering at least
standards B, B-for-Italy, C. E, F and M.
The
principle of the drum tuner. On an axis two times 12 regularly spaced
channel-specific filter modules are mounted. In front are twelve channel
filter modules for both the channel filter and LO tank circuit tuning.
Seven contacts are available, and one module is shown removed. The
second row contains 12 modules with five contacts for the input filter
circuit. In the tuner module the front section (for mixer-ocillator and
channel filter) is separated by a metal shield from the rear RF input
and pre-amp section. [Philips Service "Documentatie voor de
kanalenkiezers met spoelenwals", 1954]
Examples
of the filter modules as used in the drum tuner. Left the 5-contact
input filter, right the 7-contact BPF and LO tank filters. In both
modules the coils are co-axial for (maximum) mutual coupling.
The
second new valve introduced in the tuners family was the PCF80, a
triode-pentode combo valve specifically designed for the VHF
mixer-oscillator role. First order the circuit principles didn't change
too much from the previous ECC81 based generation, with the triode
acting as a Colpitts oscillator with a tuned feedback from anode to
grid. The oscillator voltage was minimally 5V at the grid, and would be
inductively coupled to the input of the mixer pentode. This inductive
coupling was achieved by putting the oscillator coil S7 and the BPF
coils S5 and S6 on the same rod inside the drum tuner filter modules,
see Fig.5 above. By adjusting the distance between these coils for each
channel filter module, the coupling constant could be kept more or less
constant across all channels, providing as much as possible a
frequency-independent mixer performance. For the mixer the pentode
replaced the previous triode, providing more feedback isolation between
anode and grid. All in all the new tuner must have given a considerable
performance improvement compared to the previous generation.
Constant potential transformer / Constant Voltage transformer :
The
old B/W Tubes Television set was powered with a External Voltage stabiliser / Constant Voltage transformer unit (portable
metal box) because There was intermittent significant rapid line
voltage dips here and there that were rather annoying when watching a
tube set with an unregulated power supply (like all tvs of ancient
times) and it eliminates the line dip issue completely.
(The, of mine, Pictured Constant Voltage transformer unit taken as example is a "KURTIS" STV/3 Italian Manufactured
in Milan (Italy) in Year 1954 with a 250 VA power displacement and
developed under Italian Patent 50499. It's clearly reported that input
may be universal within -20% +10% variations, output is precisely
regulated within 1% range.........................click on pictures to
enlarge them at full screen......)
The
invention relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to supply
alternating
current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which
the line voltage varies. They are particularly advantageous in
connection with commercial applications such as amplifiers for talking
motion pictures, amplifiers for radio transmitters, Television sets
(tubes), mercury arc lamps, X-ray apparatus, etc.
Features : Instantaneous
Voltage regulation. No effect of input Transient and spikes on the
output. Sinusoidal output waveform. Was a perfect answer and remedy for
all types of electronic equipment. The CVT have been designed to give
you total protection against power related problems and to condition the
power to suit the needs of Tubes television sets based equipment. It
effectively regulates voltage variation, suppresses transients and
bridges short interruptions/dips.
Basics:
Ferro Resonant type Constant Voltage Transformers - CVT, the AC mains
power the input winding, which The input winding normally runs at very
moderate Flux linkage levels. The output winding exhibits an intrinsic
energy characteristic and this energy storage operate in conjunction
with mains capacitor to produce self-generated AC flux Field which is
indirectly extracted from the Input Winding.
These
Constant Voltage transformer or CVT use a tank circuit composed of a
high-voltage resonant winding and a capacitor to produce a nearly
constant average output with a varying input. The ferroresonant approach
is attractive due to its lack of active components, relying on the
square loop saturation characteristics of the tank circuit to absorb
variations in average input voltage.
The ferroresonant action is a
flux limiter rather than a voltage regulator, but with a fixed supply
frequency it can maintain an almost constant average output voltage even
as the input voltage varies widely.
All problems related to
variation / fluctuation in Voltages are effectively handled because of
this principle and a constant voltage output of ± 1% is given.
INVENTOR: JOSEPH G. SOLA.
The
invention relates to an improved constant potential transformer by
means of which variations of input voltage over a wide range of limits
may take place without affecting the output voltage to any substantial
extent.
One of the objects of my invention is to provide a
constant potential transformer which is compact as a unit and which may
be economically manufactured.
o1 It is another object of my
invention to provide a transformer of this type in which the efficiency
and input power factor are high while the temperature rise of the
magnetic core is low.
A further object of my invention is to
provide 1., a transformer, the outputvoltage wave of which will have
very little distortion and the device will be satisfactory for various
commercial applications.
The invention consists of the novel
constructions, arrangments and devices to be hereinafter described and
claimed for carrying out the above stated objects and such other objects
as will appear from the following description of certain preferred
embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein,Fig. 1 is a
sectional view of one form of construction that may be used; Fig. 2 is a
diagrammatic illustration of the wiring arrangement that may be used in
connection with a construction such as that shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a
sectional view of another form of construction embodying the principles
of my invention; Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the wiring
arrangement that may be used in connection with a construction such as
that shown in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the vector relations
between the various voltages obtained in the illustrated constructions
at different values of input voltage; and Fig. 6 is a graph showing the
relation between the magnitudes of various voltages obtained in the
illustrated constructions as the input voltage is varied.
Like characters of reference designate like parts in the several views.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, 
it
will be seen that a core type of transformer construction is
illustrated, the closed magnetic circuit 10 of which comprises a stack
of I-shaped laminations II in abutting relation with the end legs 12a of
a stack of E-shaped laminations 12, which may be held 5 together by any
suitable means. On the end portion A of the core bar 11, I have
provided a primary winding 13, the terminals 14 and 15 of which are
adapted to be connected with a source of alternating current, the
voltage of which from time to time may fluctuate or vary substantially. g
On the end portion B of the core bar 11, I have mounted a winding 16,
which is in spaced relation to but magnetically coupled with the winding
13, the winding 16 having terminal leads 17 and 18 and an intermediate
tap 19. That part of the winding 16 between the lead I7 and tap 19 may
be considered as an output or load winding, and the entire winding 16
between the leads 17 and 18 may be termed an intermediate winding.
The
magnetic core 10 is provided with a high leakage reactance path between
the windings 13 and 16 which in the form shown comprises the central
leg 12b of the E-shaped laminations and which terminates short of the
core bar 1 thereby providing a non-magnetic or air gap 20 between said
leg 12b and the core bar II. In this arrangement, a condenser 21 is
connected by leads 22 across the terminals 17 and 18 of the winding 16.
The
lead 17 forms one side and the tap 19 the other side of what may be
termed an output or load circuit. In the arrangement shown, an auxiliary
winding 23 is positioned over the winding 13 and is magnetically
coupled therewith, the terminals 24 of said winding 23 being connected
in series in the lead 19 of said output circuit. In Figs. 3 and 4, I
have illustrated my invention in connection with a well-known shell type
of transformer having two closed magnetic circuits 10 and 10a
comprising a straight central core bar 25 of I-shaped laminations, the
sides of which are in abutting contact with the end legs 26a of the
E-shaped laminations 26 and the end legs 27a of the E-shaped laminations
27, said parts being held in operative relation by any suitable means.
On the end portion A, of the core bar 25, I have mounted a primary
winding 28 the terminals 29 and 30 of which are adapted to be connected
to a source of alternating current, the voltage of which may fluctuate
substantially from time to time. Another winding 31 is positioned on the
end portion B of the core bar 25, the winding 31 being in spaced
relation to but magnetically coupled loosely with the winding 28.
A
condenser 32 is connected across the terminals 33 and 34 of the winding
31. Another winding 80 35 is mounted on the end portion B of the core
bar 25, in the arrangement shown the winding 35 being positioned over
and magnetically coupled tightly with the winding 31. The terminal 36 of
the winding 35 leads to one side of what may i be termed an output
circuit. An auxiliary winding 37 is positioned on the end portion A of
the core bar 25 and in the arrangement illustrated the winding 3I is
positioned over and magnetically coupled tightly with the winding 28.
A
lead 38 connects the winding.37 in series with the winding 35, the lead
39 of the winding 37 forming the other side of the aforesaid output
circuit. The winding 35 may be termed an output or load winding and the
winding 31 may be considered as an intermediate winding. The closed
magnetic circuits described are each provided with a high leakage
reactance path between the windings 28 and 37 on the end portion A of
the core bar 25 and the windings 31 and 35 on the end portion B of said
core bar, which in the arrangement shown comprise the central legs 40
and 41 of the respective E laminations 26 and 27. The shunts 40 and 41
terminate short of the adjacent sides of the core bar 25 thereby
providing non-magnetic or air gaps 42 and 43 between the legs 40 and 41
and the core bar 25.
In Figs. 2, 4, 5 and 6 Vo represents the
voltage across the output circuit, Vp shows the input voltage on the
primary winding, Vs indicates the voltage derived from the winding 16
between the lead 17 and tap IS, and from the winding 35 forming parts of
the respective output circuits, and Vpa is the component of the output
voltage taken across the terminals of the auxiliary winding 23 or 31, as
the case may be.
In
Fig. 5, I have shown the vector relations of the various voltages in
either arrangement at a certain power output and at different values of
primary voltage. The various voltages are either not primed or are
primed to correspond to the different values of Vp which is varied. As
shown, Vpa is nearly 180* out of phase with Vs, and hence the vectorial
sum Vo of the two is approximately their numerical difference.
In
Fig. 6, I have illustrated graphically the relation in the
constructions described between Vs, Vo, Vpa and Vp ata certain power
output.
The principles upon which my improved transformer
constructions operate will be clear from a detailed consideration of the
construction shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The flux set up by applying a
potential across the primary winding 28 will link with winding 31 and
cause a definite reactance to be set up by that winding. As the voltage
on the. primary winding is increased from zero to a higher level, the
flux threading through winding 31 tends to increase in nearly direct
proportion to the primary flux, due to the re5 luctance caused by the
air gaps 42 and 43, a very slight amount leaking through the shunts 40
and 41. As the Induced E. M. F. reaches a higher value in winding 31 a
critical point is reached where resonance takes place, since the
reactance of the effective inductance of the winding 31 and the capacity
reactance of the condenser 32 are approximately equal at the frequency
of the voltage impressed on the winding 28. that is to say.
WCfL
where f is the frequency of the voltage impressed on the primary winding
28, L is the effective 70 Inductance of the winding 31, and C is the
capacity of the condenser 32. Under this resonant condition, a definite
amount of current will flow in the resonant circuit, comprising the
winding 31, condenser 32 and leads 33 and 34, and such t6 current will
be limited by the constants of that circuit, with the result that a
potential will be set up across the winding 31 and a corresponding
amount of magnetic flux will be set up in the end portion B of the core
bar 25.
It is well known that the inherent characteristic of a resonant ci
rcuit
is such that its power vector may be many times greater than that of
the generator which supplies the energy to the resonant circuit; in this
case the energy is supplied by the primary of the transformer to the
resonant circuit comprising winding 31 and condenser 32. By varying the
primary voltage across winding 28 so that the magnetic density of
section A thereof will still remain under the maximum magnetic density
of section B of the core, with which the resonant circuit is associated,
the change of flux density in section A of the core due to line
variation in the primary will have no appreciable effect on the resonant
circuit as the reluctance of the leakage path will be under that of
section B of the core and flux will leak through the leakage path
between the primary and resonant core portions, which leakage path
comprises the shunts 40 and 41 and their respective nonmagnetic gap
portions 42 and 43. It is due to this leakage reactance path also that
the co-efficient of coupling between the primary winding 28 and the
aforesaid resonant circuit is reduced to a certain optimum value,
thereby maintaining a balanced condition so that the resonant circuit
will continue to oscillate with the maximum current therein at a
frequency equal to the frequency impressed on the primary winding. Under
this state of resonance, winding 31 will set up a magnetic field in the
core portion B which will remain practically constant so long as the
density in the magnetic field of the core portion A remains at a lower
density than that of the core portion B. It
follows that this substantially constant field strength in core portion
B will produce also a substantially constant voltage across the
terminals of winding 31 and condenser 32, and this voltage will remain
at practically a constant level regardless of variation of voltage
applied to the primary winding 28. The aforesaid resonant circuit,
therefore, becomes a constant primary source of voltage for any winding
such as the winding 35 that is directly coupled to the winding 31. This
coupling can be effected in any desired way, for example, by means of an
auto-type transformer arrangement as shown in Fig. 2, or by mounting
the winding 35 over the winding 31 as shown in Fig.
4. In the
Fig. 4 construction, the output voltage of the windings 35 will also
have a practically 5, constant level voltage independent of the voltage
variation in the primary winding 28 so long as the circuit which
includes the winding 31 remains in resonance.
The
auxiliary regulating winding 37 is coupled go to the portion A of the
core and is used to change the percentage of regulation of Vo across the
terminals 36 and 39 of the output circuit with a variation of Vp. Since
this auxiliary winding 37 on core portion A is directly coupled to the
pri- 05 mary winding 28, the voltage induced will always be proportional
to the turns ratio of primary winding 28 and the auxiliary winding 37.
A
very constant level of voltage Vo across the terminals 36 and 39 may be
obtained by suitably T0 apportioning the number of turns of said
auxiliary winding 37 in relation to the number of turns in the winding
35. Any percentage of regulation of output voltage in relation to
variations of Vp also may be obtained from terminals Ts 2 t ist. .y 36
and 39,-for example, an increase in the prinrary voltage on winding 28
will produce a decrease in output voltage Vo by properly arranging or
apportioning winding 37 in relation to the winding 35.
The
relation of voltages described has been upon the assumption that the
transformer is on an open output circuit, that is to say, with no load
on the terminals 36 and 39. If a load be applied on said terminals, a
magnetic flux in the aforesaid resonant circuit will be developed
corresponding to the load on said output circuit thereby unbalancing the
magnetic flux in section B of the core. This density change in core
section B will in turn affect the stable relation of the flux in core
sections A and B and also the leakage reactance through the aforesaid
shunt paths thereby causing a greater amount of useful flux from core
section A to thread through core section B, which compensates for the
energy used by the consuming circuit and at the same time maintains the
resonant circuit in the desired oscillating condition.
It will be
readily understood that in transformers embodying the principles of my
invention the primary winding electrically connected to the source
serves to induce voltage to the resonan
t
circuit which is separated from the primary circuit by a high leakage
reactance path, thereby providing a low co-efficient of coupling between
the primary and the resonant circuits. The aforesaid resonant circuit
may be considered as the primary or main source of controlling energy to
the winding 35 and hence'to o3 the output or consuming circuit of the
transformer.
My improved constant potential transformers are
compact and efficient, and are of a small size relative to their power
output as compared with other and more cumbersome and expensive
apparatus intended for the same purpose. My improved transformers
operate at an inherent high power factor, and the output voltage is very
close to a pure sine wave.
My improved transformers may be used
for many different purposes. They are particularly advantageous in
connection with commercial applications such as amplifiers for talking
motion pictures, amplifiers for radio transmitters, Television sets
(tubes), mercury arc lamps, X-ray apparatus, etc.
I wish it to
be understood that my invention is not to be limited to the specific
constructions shown and described, except so far as the claims may be so
limited, as it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
changes in the constructions and arrangements may be made without
departing from the principles of my invention.
I claim:1. In a
constant potential transformer, the combination of a magnetic core, a
winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source of alternating
current of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said core, said core
providing a high leakage reactance path for a portion of the flux to
thread through one of the windings to the exclusion of the other
winding, and means for maintaining the potential across the second
winding substantially constant regardless of fluctuations in the input
voltage comprising a resonant circuit including said second winding and a
condenser, the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the
frequency of the voltage impressed on the first winding.
2.
In a constant potential transformer, the 7T combination of a magnetic
core, a winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source of
alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said
core in spaced relation to said first winding, said core having
magnetically disposed between said windings a magnetically 6 permeable
shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, and means for maintaining the
potential across the second winding substantially constant regardless of
fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a resonant circuit
including said second winding and a condenser, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the first winding.
3. In a constant potential transformer,
the combination of a closed magnetic circuit comprising first and second
core portions, a winding on said first core portion adapted to be
connected to a source of alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a
second winding on said second core portion, said circuit providing a
high leakage reactance path for a portion of the flux to thread through
one of the windings to the exclusion of the other winding, and means for
maintaining the potential across the second winding substantially
constant regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a
resonant circuit including said second winding and a condenser, the
resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the
voltage impressed on the first winding, the magnetic density at maximum
predetermined input voltage of the first core portion being less than
the maximum magnetic density of the second core portion.
4. In a
constant potential transformer, the 85 combination of a closed magnetic
circuit comprising first and second core portions, a win
ding
on said first core portion adapted to be connected to a source of
alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said
second core portion in spaced relation to said first winding, said
circuit having magnetically disposed between said windings a
magnetically permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, and means
for maintaining the potential across the second winding substantially
constant regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a
resonant circuit including said second winding and a condenser, the
resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the
voltage impressed on the first winding, the magnetic density at maximum
predetermined input voltage of the first core portion being less than
the maximum magnetic density of the second core portion.
5. A
constant potential transformer comprising in combination a magnetic
core, a primary winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a load winding on said
core adapted to be connected to an output circuit, said core providing a
high leakage reactance path for a portion of the flux to thread through
one of the windings to the exclusion of the other winding, and means
for maintaining the potential across the load winding substantially
constant regard- 05 less of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising
a resonant circuit including a condenser and a third winding, the
resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the
voltage impressed on the primary winding, the third winding being in
inductive relation to the load winding.
6. A constant potential transformer comprising
in combination a magnetic core, a primary winding on said core adapted
to be connected to a source of alternating current of fluctuating
voltage, a load winding on said core in spaced relation to said primary
winding and adapted to be connected to an input circuit, said core
having magnetically disposed between said winlings a magnetically
permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion.; and means for
maintaining the potential across the load winding substantially constant
regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage comprising a resonant
circuit including a condenser and a third winding, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the primary winding, the third winding being in inductive relation
to the load winding.
7. A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a closed
magnetic circuit comprising first and second core portions, a primary
winding on said first core portion adapted to be Sconnected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage, a load winding on said
second core portion and adapted to be connected to an output circuit,
said magnetic circuit having magnetically disposed between said windings
a magnetically permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, and
means for maintaining the potential across the load winding
substantially constant regardless of fluctuations in the input voltage
comprising a resonant circuit including a conSdenser and a third
winding, the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the
frequency of the voltage impressed upon the primary winding, the third
winding being on the second core portion and in inductive relation to
the load winding, the magnetic density at maximum predetermined input
voltage of the first core portion being less than the maximum magnetic
density of the second core portion.
8. A constant potential
transformer comprising in combination a magnetic core, a primary wind40
ing on said core adapted to be connected to a source of alternating
current of fluctuating voltage, a load winding on said core adapted to
be connected to an output circuit, said core providing a high leakage
reactance path for a portion of the 45 flux to thread through one of the
windings to the exclusion of the other winding, a resonant circuit
including a condenser and a third winding, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the 50 primary winding, the third winding being in inductive
relation to the load winding, and an auxiliary winding on the core in
inductive relation to the primary winding and in series with the load
winding, for the purpose described.
55
9. A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a closed
magnetic core comprising first and second core portions, a primary
winding on said first core portion adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating 60 voltage, a load winding on said
second core portion and adapted to be connected to an output circuit,
said core having magnetically disposed between said windings a
magnetically permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion, a reso65
nant circuit including a condenser and a third winding, the resonant
circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage
impressed on the primary winding, the third winding being in inductive
relation to the load winding, and an auxiliary winding on said first
core portion in inductive relation to the primary winding and in series
with the load winding, the magnetic density at maximum predetermined
input voltage of said first core portion being less thain the maximum
density of said second core portion.
10. A constant potential
transformer comprising in combination a magnetic core, a primary winding
on said core adapted to be connected to a source of alternating current
of fluctuating voltage, a second winding on said core provided with two
leads and an intermediate tap, one of said leads and said tap leading
to an output circuit, said core providing a high leakage reactance path
for a portion of the flux to thread through one of the windings to the
exclusion of the other winding, and means for maintaining in said output
circuit a substantially constant potential regardless of fluctuations
in the input voltage cornprising a resonant circuit including a
condenser connected in series between the leads of said second winding,
the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of
the voltage impressed on the primary winding.
11.
A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a magnetic
core; a primary winding on said core adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage; a second winding on said
core provided with two leads and an intermediate tap; said core having
magnetically disposed between said windings a magnetically permeable
shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion; and means for maintaining in said
output circuit a substantially constant potential comprising a resonant
circuit ineluding a condenser connected in series between the leads of
the second winding, the resonant circuit operating at a frequency equal
to the frequency of the voltage impressed on the primary winding, and an
auxiliary winding on said core in 40 inductive relation to the primary
winding and in series with the load winding.
12.
A constant potential transformer comprising in combination a closed
magnetic core comprising first and second core portions; a primary 45
winding on said first core portion adapted to be connected to a source
of alternating current of fluctuating voltage; a second winding on the
second core portion and provided with two leads and an intermediate tap;
one of said leadsandsaidtap 50 leading to an output circuit; said core
having magnetically disposed between said windings a magnetically
permeable shunt with a non-magnetic gap portion; the maximum density at
maximum predetermined input voltage of said first 55 core portion being
less than the maximum density of said second core portion; and means for
maintaining in said output circuit a substantially constant potential
comprising a resonant circuit including a condenser connected in series
between 60 the leads of the second winding, the resonant circuit
operating at a frequency equal to the frequency of the voltage impressed
on the primary winding, and an auxiliary winding on said core in
inductive relation to the primary winding and o5 in series with the load
winding.
JOSEPH G. SOLA.
Transformer having constant and harmonic free output voltage
This
invention relates to voltage transforming and regulating apparatus, and
to core and coil constructions therefor, more particularly to such
apparatus having a substantially harmonic free output voltage, and it is
an object of the invention to provide improved apparatus and
constructions of the character indicated.
It is a
further object of the invention to provide improved apparatus of the
character indicated having an output voltage which is substantially
constant irrespective of variations of input voltage over a certain
range, and which is substantially free of harmonics.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved transformer.
To
provide a sourc
e of alternating current voltage of a desired frequency
which is free of harmonics, that is, a sine wave, has long been a
problem because of the undesired eifects produced thereby. For example,
instruments which receive a voltage having harmonics therein may give
erroneous and sometimes erratic indications. Apparatus supplied with a
voltage having harmonies therein may overheat, and its useful life may
be lessened. If the transformer which is supplying a voltage is
responsible for the generation of harmonics, the supply transformer as
well as the apparatus connected to it may overheat.
Commercial
power systems supplying alternating current voltage approach the
desired condition of a harmonic free voltage, and a large amount of
technical eifort is devoted thereto. However, even with the extensive
attention directed to this problem, it frequently occurs, in industrial
areas particularly, that the supply voltage has an undesired percentage
of harmonics.
In
the Patent No. 2,143,745, Joseph G. Sola, entitled Constant Voltage
Transformer, there is disclosed and claimed apparatus including a
transformer and a condenser wherein a substantially constant output
voltage is obtained throughout a certain range of variation in input
voltage. While the output voltage of apparatus constructed according to
the said patent has good wave form, that is, one largely free of
harmonics, under certain conditions the voltage output has included as
much as five per cent of third harmonic.
Filter
circuits which are connected between the output of a source and a load
and which serve to substantially reduce or eliminate harmonics are
known. Such filters generally require the use of additional condensers
and inductors and will correct the output voltage only when load current
is flowing. Moreover, the correction may depend upon the amount of the
load, there being the greatest correction at full load and substantially
none at no load.
Accordingly, it is a further object
of the invention to provide an improved transformer which will provide a
constant output voltage substantially free of harmonics, which does not
require additional condensers or inductors, and which will
substantially eliminate the harmonics from no load to full load.
It
is a further object of the invention to provide an improved transformer
of the character indicated which will have improved efficiency in
operation and which is economical to manufacture.
In
carrying out the invention in one form, a transformer is provided having
substantially constant output voltage and a substantially harmonic free
output voltage and comp
rising in combination, a core, a primary winding
and a secondary winding on the core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between the primary 2,694,177 Patented Nov. 9,
1954 and secondary windings, a third winding disposed on the core in a
position to link with a portion of the leakage flux of the secondary
winding and to be substantially free of any linkage with the leakage
flux of the primary winding, a condenser which is connected in circuit
with the secondary winding and the third winding, the condenser having a
value of capacity such that when the transformer is excited with a
voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a series
resonant nature exists at that frequency, and means for connecting a
load circuit to a certain portion of the secondary winding.
For
a more complete understanding of the invention, relilferfince should be
had to the accompanying drawings in w to Figure 1 is a sectional view
of a transformer core and coils according to one form of the invention,
and
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a system according to the invention and employing the core and coils of Fig. 1.
Referring
to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawing, the in
vention is shown embodied in
regulating apparatus including a core and coil arrangement 10 having
input, output, regulating and compensating windings and a condenser 11
connected to certain of these windings, all to be more particularly
described.
The core and coil arrangement 10 comprises a
core 12 which may be made of laminations stamped in the form shown and
made of suitable material such, for example, as 26 gauge transformer C
steel. The core, as shown, is composed of laminations or layers, each of
which consists of two pieces, and when assembled into a stack of
desired thickness form an outer piece or shell 13 and a center leg 14.
The outer shell includes a pair of end legs 6 and 7 and a pair of side
legs 8 and 9. The laminations of center leg 14 may be stamped from the
pieces forming the outer shell 13 as part of the same process during
which the openings or coil windows 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 21 are also
formed. A core of the proper thickness is formed by assembling together
the required number of outer shell laminations and pressing into the
appropriate space the same number of center leg laminations assembled
together, as is well understood in this art.
Each
lamination of the outer shell 13, as shown, comprises a complete or
continuous piece of metal with no joints therein. It will be understood,
however, that the same configuration can be made up of individual
pieces if so desired. Projecting inwardly from leg 8 between the coil
windows 16 and 17 is a member 22 formed of the corresponding parts of
the laminations of shell 13, and projecting inwardly from leg 9 between
coil windows and 18 is a member 23 also formed of the corresponding
parts of the laminations of shell 13. Projecting inwardly between coil
windows 17 and 21 is a member 24 formed of parts of the laminations of
shell 13, and projecting inwardly between coil windows 18 and 19 is a
member 25 also formed of the corresponding parts of the laminations of
shell 13. Projecting outwardly from the center leg 14 are members 26 and
27 formed of corresponding parts of the center leg laminations and so
disposed as to lie between the coil windows 15 and 18 and 16 and 17 and
to be disposed opposite the members 23 and 22, respectively, when the
center leg 14 is disposed in shell 13 with the right end thereof forming
the joint 28.
The members 22 and 27 are spaced from
each other by a nonmagnetic gap 29, and the members 23 and 26 are spaced
from each other by a nonmagnetic gap 31. The members 24 and 25 are
formed of such a length as to tightly abut the center leg 14 at the
joints 32 and 33 and have a cross-sectional area substantially less than
that of the end leg 7 of the outer shell 13. The center .leg 14 is
formed of a length so as to tightly abut the outer shell at joint 28 at
one end and to leave a nonmagnetic gap 35 between the other end of the
center leg and the inside surface of end leg 7.
Coil
windows 15 and 16 comprise a space within which a primary winding 36 and
a compensating winding 37 are disposed; coil windows 17 and 18 form a
space within which a secondary winding 38 is disposed;
and
coil windows 19 and 21 comprise a space within which a neutralizing
winding 3% is disposed. Each of the coils or windings 36, 3'7, 38 and 39
comprise an appropriate number of turns and are provided with
sufficient insulation, as is shown schematically in Fig. 1. Each of the
coils may be preformed and placed upon the center leg and the unit
pressed into the outer shell so as to form the nonmagnetic gap 35 and
the abutting joints 23, 32 and 33.
The members 22 and
27 and gap 29, and members 23 and 26 and gap 31, form a high magnetic
leakage path between the primary winding 36 and the secondary winding
38. The width of the members 22, 27, 23 and and the length of the
nonmagnetic gaps 23 and 31 are chosen so as to provide the desired
amount of magnetic leakage reactance, as will become clear subsequently
in this specification. While the members 22 and 2'7 and gap 29, and
members 23 and 26 and gap 31, as shown, form a high magnetic leakage
pathway, it will be understood that the high magnetic leakage pathway
may be formed in other well understood manners.
The
members 24 and 25, the end of leg 14 together with the end leg 7 and the
nonmagnetic gap 35 complete the end path for magnetic flux generated by
the primary winding. Since the joints 32 and 33 are press-fits, there
is little magnetic reluctance thereat, and consequently the members 24
and 25 form a return path which carries the major portion of the primary
flux. These mom bers, however, are formed narrower than the end leg 7
whereby a small percentage of the primary flux flows through the end leg
7. The nonmagnetic gap 35 produces high reluctance in the path of the
primary flux, thereby reducing the amount of flux which would flow
through leg 7 if the gap were not there, and increasing the percentage
of primary flux which flows through members 24 and 25.
The
structure as thus far described in Fig. l is illustrated
diagrammatically in Fig. 2, the same reference characters being used in
the two figures to designate corresponding parts. Thus the windings 36
and 38 are disposed on a common core with a high leakage reactance shunt
22, 27, 29, 23, 26, and 31 disposed therebetween, winding 39 is
disposed on the same magnetic core with the nonmagnetic gap 35
separating the core parts, and winding 3'7 is disposed in a closely
coupled relationship to winding 36.
The effect of the
high leakage path between primary winding 36 and second
ary winding 38 is
to relatively loosely couple these windings so that each of the
windings has a high leakage reactance, and nonmagnetic gap 35 tends to
isolate the winding 39 from the flux of the primary winding.
The
primary winding 36 is adapted to be connected to a line or source by
conductors 41 and 42. The secondary winding 38 has one of its ends
connected by means of a conductor 43 to one terminal of condenser ll,
and has its other end connected by means of a conductor 44 to one end of
neutralizing winding 39 by a conductor 45. The other end of
neutralizing winding 3% is connected by means of a conductor 46 to the
other terminal of condenser 11. The conductors 44 and 45 connected
together may be connected to one side of a load circuit through a
conductor 47, and the other side of the load may be connected through a
conductor 48 to one end of a compensating winding 37, the other end of
which is connected by means of a conductor 49 to a tap on the secondary
winding 38. The load circuit may then be traced as follows: From one
side of the load through conductor 47, conductor 44, the right-hand
portion of winding 38, conductor 49, winding 37, and conductor 43 to the
other side of the load.
The operation of the apparatus
may perhaps best be understood by considering its operation in two
phases; that is, as a constant voltage apparatus alone, and as the
combination of the constant voltage and the harmonic elimination or
neutralizing apparatus. Considering first the constant potential aspects
of the apparatus, it may be made such in one form by removing, in
efiect, the neutralizing winding 39. Referring to Fig. 2, this may be
accomplished by connecting conductor 46 to conductors 44 and 47 and
disconnecting conductor 45 from conductors 44 and 47. When so connected,
the apparatus of Figs. 1 and 2 is essentially similar to the form of
the apparatus illustrated in the Patent No. 2,143,745, already
hereinbefore referred to. When connected in this form as only a constant
potential device,
the
members 24 and 25, together with leg 7, form a portion of the return
circuit for the primary winding flux and provide a return leg having
substantially the same elfgctgive cross section as the other flux return
legs 8 an For a complete understanding of the operation of the device
in this form as a constant voltage transformer, reference may be had to
the aforesaid Patent No. 2,143,745. Briefly, however, when voltage above
a certain magnitude is applied to the primary winding 36 through
conductors 41 and 42, a condition approximating series resonance is set
up in the apparatus, and particularly in the circuit including condenser
11 and winding 38. When this condition exists, a substantially constant
voltage is obtained across conductors 4'7 and 49 over a wide range of
variations in voltage applied to the primary winding. Such small changes
as occur in this voltage may be compensated for by the winding 37 which
is closely coupled to winding 36 and which is in such a relation as to
buck the voltage existing across conductors 47 and 49. Thus, if the
primary voltage rises and the output voltage would tend to rise on
account thereof, the compensating winding prevents it. Likewise, if the
primary voltage falls and the output voltage tends to fall, the bucking
voltage is also reduced and the output voltage remains the same. By
proper choice of turns of winding 37, the load voltage, that is, the
voltage appearing across conductors 47 and 48, is made substantially
constant.
Vvhile explanation of the operation of this
form of the device as a constant potential apparatus does not lend
itself to simple terms, it is th
ought that the currents flowing in the
condenser 11 and winding 38, due to the existing resonance condition,
set up a llux condition in the portion of the core underneath and
directly associated with the winding 38, due to the presence of the
shunts between the primary and secondary windings 36 and 38, such that
changes in flux caused by changes in voltage across the primary winding
are largely absorbed in the shunts and thus do not change the flux
conditions of the secondary winding. The output voltage or" the device
as a constant voltage transformer has good wave shape, but it does have
appreciable percentages of harmonies in it which are eliminated by the
presence of the neutralizing winding 39. When the device is operating as
a constant voltage apparatus and the winding 39 is present in the core
but is not connected to the circuit, the winding 39 will, of course,
have a voltage induced into it since a certain percentage of flux will
course through the center leg 14 and through the end leg 7. With the
core constructed as shown and described, it has been found that the
voltage of coil 3? has a high percentage of odd harmonics in it, that
is, third, fifth, seventh and ninth, etc. There is also present a
certain value of fundamental since the winding 39 is linked by a small
percentage of the flux set up by the primary winding. The presence of
the odd harmonic voltages in winding 39 is due to the linkage of winding
39 by the leakage flux created by winding 38 when current flows through
the condenser 11 and winding 33. This leakage flux, of course, has two
pathways to follow, one of these including a portion of the central leg
14, the members 24 and 25, a portion of the legs 8 and 9 of the core,
. which links with winding 39, that is, that portion of these windings prior to such connection.
the
secondary leakage flux which flows across gap 35 and through leg 7. The
leakage flux of the primary winding 36 flows largely through the sh
unts
22, 27, 29 and 23, 26, 31 and thus does not link with winding 39.
Consider now the second phase of the device. The winding 39 is connected
in circuit with and in additive polarity to winding 38 and with
condenser 11 as shown, to form a constant voltage and harmonic free
device. When so connected the combined voltage of windings 38 and 39 is
increased over the sum of the voltages of With the con nections so made,
the percentage of odd harmonics existing in the winding 38 and across
the conductors 47 and 49 is very much reduced and a constant voltage
output also is had. They are, in fact, reduced to a virtually negligible
amplitude. After. the connection has been made, as shown in Fig. 2, the
harmonic voltage still '5 exists across winding 39 and also across the
condenser 11, but these harmonic voltages are of such phase that they
neutralize the harmonics which formerly existed in the Winding 38. For
example the third harmonic, which exists in winding 39, is induced
therein by the leakage flux from Winding 38, and this harmonic voltage
is approximately 180 out of phase with the third harmonic voltage
existing in winding 38.
With winding 39 connected into
circuit in additive polarity, there has been, in effect, a number of
turns added to the secondary winding, but these turns and the core
configuration produce harmonic elimination and do not destroy the
constant voltage. The flux in the core remains such that the condition
of a series resonant nature still exists and hence substantially
constant volt age exists across Winding 38. In order to have the proper
value of output voltage with the higher voltage available when winding
39 is connected in circuit with winding 38 in additive polarity, the
number of turns of winding 38 may be less than in a construction having
only constant voltage output of the same value.
The
number of turns in winding 39, the cross-sectional area of members 24
and 25, the length of gap 35, and the cross-sectional area of leg 7
enter into the magnitude of the th
ird harmonic voltage produced as
compared with the fundamental voltage in winding 39. The fundamental
component is not essential since winding 38 may have a sufficicnt number
of turns to produce the necessary value thereof, and it is thought that
by coupling the winding 39 to the winding 38, as shown, the necessary
.third harmonic neutralizing voltage is obtained while at the same time
the fundamental voltage is not changed much.
Reduction
of the harmonic voltages, and consequently currents in winding 38,
reduces the heating of the windings and of the iron thereby making the
transformer itself more eificient and economical, this being an
advantage in addition to the desirable effects due to the lack of
harmonics in loads.
By way of additional and more
complete disclosure, one form of apparatus which was constructed and op;
erated may be particularly described. This apparatus had a continuous
rating of 500 volt amperes, a rated primary (across conductors 41 and
42) voltage range of 90 to 125 volts, a rated load voltage (across
conductors 47 and 48) of 115 volts, and a rated load current of 4.35
amperes. In this apparatus the primary winding 36 had 106 turns of No.
13 copper wire arranged in 10 layers of 11 turns per layer, the winding
37 had 12 turns of No. 14 copper wire arranged in one layer of 12 turns,
the secondary winding 38 had 405 turns of No. 15 copper wire arranged
in 14 layers of 29 turns each, and the winding 39 had 207 turns of No.
15 copper wire arranged in 23 layers of 9 turns each. That portion of
winding 38 lying between conductors 44 and 47, that is, the load portion
of the winding,
had 290 turns arranged in 10 layers.
The
core of the apparatus described was designed to operate at a flux
density of 100,000 lines per square inch and consisted of a stack of
laminations 3 inches thick of No. 26 gauge transformer C steel. The
length of side legs 8 and 9 was 6 inches and the length of end legs 6
and 7 was 5 inches; the width of end leg 6 and side legs 8 and 9
adjacent windings 36 and 38 was /8 of an inch; the width of side legs 8
and 9 adjacent winding 39 and the width of end leg 7 was /8 of an inch;
the width of members 24 and 25 was A of an inch; the width of center leg
14 inside of coils 36 and 38 and members 24 and 25 was 1% inches, and
the width of leg 14 inside of coil 39 was of an inch; the width of shunt
members 22, 27, 23 and 26 was /2 of an inch; the length of gaps 29 and
31 was 0.050 of an inch; and the length of gap 35 was 0.150 of an inch.
The width of center leg 14 inside of coil 39 may be the same as inside
of coil 38 and the number of turns in coil 39 changed to fit the
different space of windows 19 and 21.
The condenser 11 had a capacity of 16 microfarads and was rated at 660 volts.
By
way of further disclosure, the results of a harmonic analvsis on the
foregoing apparatus. as described and particularized, may be summarized.
The first analysis was made at no load; that is, there'was no load
connected across conductors 47 and 48. The winding 36 was connected to a
sine wave generator supplying 115 volts R. M. S. A harmonic analysis of
the sine wave generator voltage indicated that 'the voltage supplied to
winding 36 had a fundamental component (60 cycles) of arbitrarily
assigned amplitude equal to 100 per cent, and a third harmonic of 1.1
per cent of the fundamental, the remaining harmonics being less than one
per cent of the fundamental and consequently negligible. With this same
connection, the R. M. S. voltage across condenser 11, that is, across
combined windings 38 and 39, was 610 volts. The harmonic analysis of
this voltage showed on the basis of a fundamental of arbitrarily
assigned amplitude equal to per cent, a third harmonic having an
amplitude of 7 per cent, and a fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 2
per cent all in terms of the fundamental. The voltage across the winding
39 had an R. M. S. amplitude of 122 volts. The harmonic analysis showed
on the basis of a fundamental of arbi trarily assigned amplitude equal
to 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of 100 per cent, a
fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 20 per cent, a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of 4 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an
amplitude of 17 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The voltage
across winding 38 had an R. M. S. amplitude of 522 volts, the harmonic
analysis showing on the basis of a fundamental of arbitrarily assigned
amplitude equal to 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of
1.1 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an amplitude of l per cent, and
a ninth harmonic having an amplitude of 1.8 per cent, all in terms of
the fundamental. Correspondingly, the voltage across that portion of
win
ding 38 between conductors 44 and 49 (load winding) had an R. M. S.
amplitude of 127 volts, the harmonic analysis showing on the basis of a
fundamental of arbitrarily assigned amplitude equal to 100 per cent, a
third harmonic having an amplitude of .4 per cent, a fifth harmonic
having an amplitude of .6 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an
amplitude of 1.2 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an amplitude of
1.6 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The output voltage, that
is, the voltage across conductors 47 and 48, had an R. M. S. value of
114 volts with the harmonic analysis showing on the basis of an
arbitrarily assigned fundamental component having an amplitude equal to
100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of .4 per cent, a
fifth harmonic having an amplitude of .7 per cent, a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of 1.3 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an
amplitude of 1.7 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental.
The
percentage of harmonics at the load conductors 47 and 48 is of the same
general order as that of the applied voltage, the third harmonic being
an improvement and some of the higher harmonics being very slightly
increased.
In the apparatus as described and for the
harmonic values given, when the conductor 46 was connected to the
conductor 44, that is, the winding 39 was removed from the circuit as
previously described, and the same sine wave generator was connected to
the winding 36, the voltage across winding 36 had an R. M. S. amplitude
of 115 volts. A harmonic analysis thereof showed on the basis of a 6D
cycle or fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100
per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of .8 per cent, a fifth
harmonic having an amplitude of .4 per cent, and a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of .3 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The
voltage across condenser 11 or across winding 38 had an R. M. S.
amplitude of 467 volts, the harmonic analysis showing on the basis of a
fundamental component of 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an
amplitude of 23 per cent, and a fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 6
per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The portion of winding 38
forming the load winding, that is, the winding connected across
conductors 47 and 49, had an R. M. S. amplitude of 113 volts, the
harmonic analysis showing on the basis of a fundamental component
arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100 per c
ent, a third harmonic
having an amplitude of 23 per cent, and a fifth harmonic having an
amplitude of 6 per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. Under these
conditions, the output voltage, that is, across conductors 47 and 48,
had an R. M. S. amplitude of 100 volts, the harmonic analysis showing on
the basis of a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude
of 100 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of 27 per cent, a
fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 7 per cent, and a seventh harmonic
having an amplitude of one per cent, all in terms of the fundamental.
The voltage across winding 39 had an R. M. S. amplitude of 73 volts, a
harmonic analysis showing on he basis-of a fundamental componen
arbitrarily assignedau amplitude f 100. per cent. a-third harmonic havin
an amplitude of 11.00, per cent, a fifth harmoni havingan amplitudeof
.78 per cent, a sev nth harmonic having an amplitude; of percent, an a
ninth harmonic having an amplitude'of 6 per cenhall in terms of the
fundamental.
A compari n f he rela ive harmonic val es
across conductors a7 and 43 with the condenser c nnected to include the
winding 39 andto exclude it, reveals. the reduction in the harmonic
content' t? he output vol age.
A
m lar h rmonic a alysis was. made with the apparatus opera ng at full
loa with th sin wavesource as alr adyescrib providing l.15 volts acros
he primary winding 36. With, the condenser 11 connected s shown in F
gthe output volt ge across conductors 47 and cent, a third harmonic
having an amplitude of 1-1 per cent, a fifth harmonic having an
arriplittldev of .4 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an amplitude of
1.6 percent, an a ni th h rmonic having an amplitude of 1.2 p r. cent.
These harmonic values are not substa tially diiferent from those taken
at no load. Under the full load condition described, the voltage across
winding 3,9had an R. M. S. amplitude of 111 volts, the harmonic analysis
showing on the basis of a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an
ampltiude of 100 per cent, a third harmonic-having an amplitude of ,98
per cent, a fifthv harmonic having an amplitude of 16 per cent, a
seventh harmonic having an amplitude of ll per cent, and a ninth
harmonic having an amplitude of 11 per cent, all in terms of
thefundamental- The vol age across Condenser 11 had an R. M. S. value of
593 volts with the harmonic analysisshowing n the basis of a
fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100 per cent,
a third harmonic having an amplitude of 13 per cent, a fifth harmonic
having an amplitude of 1.5 per cent, a seventh harmonic having an
amplitude of .2 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an amplitude of .1
per cent, all in terms of the fundamental. The voltage across winding
38'had an R. M. S. amplitude of 512 volts, the harmonic analysis show
ing a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an amplitude of 100 per
cent, a third harmonichaving an amplitude of 1.7 per cent, a fifth
harmonic having an amplitude of zero per cent, a seventh harmonic having
an am.- plitude of 1.4 per cent, and a ninth harmonic having an
amplitude of 1.2 per cent.
With full load being
supplied by the transfor
mer, and i with the condenser 11 connected so as
to-remove wind.- ing .39 from the circuit,-tha.t is, conductor
connected to conductor 44, the output voltage across conductors 4.7. and
48 had an R. M. S. amplitude of '97 volts, the harmonic analysis
showing on the basis of a fundamental component arbitrarily assigned an
amplitude of 10.0 per cent, a third harmonic having an amplitude of 23
per cent, a fifth harmonic having an amplitude of 6 per cent, and a
seventh harmonic haying'an amplitude of .Tper cent. The voltage of
winding 3.8 or condenser 11 had an, R. M. ,S. amplitude of 452 volts,
the harmonic analysis showing a fundamental component arbitrarily
assigned an amplitude of .100 per cent, a third harmonic having an
amplitude of '20 per cent, a fifth harmonic having ah amplitude of per
cent, and a seventh harmonichaving an amplitude of ,4 per cent.
Comparing the relativeharlmonic value between the-full load condition
where-in the neutralizing winding 39 is connected into and out .of the
circuit, reveals that the harmonic content is very much by the presence
of winding 39 in the core structure defined.
The loads fed by the transformer in the preceding tests were resistance loads.
"The
structure as shown in Fig. 2 and having the harmonic analysis as given,
was connected to a re ular The. in en on ha ing h s be descr ed, Wha is
el imedandde re to. be s cur d by L e s. a nt s:
A transformer having
substantially costant output voltage and a substantially armonic free
voltage comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary
winding on said core, ahigh reluctance shunt magnetrc l v disposed t
eens d v nd ngs, a con e av ng a value of capacity such that
when'connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is
excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a
condition of a seriesresonaut nature exists at the said freq v, a third
ind ng d pos d n sa d ore n a P tion to link with a portion ofthe
leakage flux of said secondary Windingand to be substantially free of
any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary winding, said
secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser being connected
in circuit, and means for connecting a load circuit to at least a
certain portion of said secondary winding.
2. A
transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said windings, a condenser having a value
of capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and
the transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a positionto link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary windingand to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and said co
ndenser
being connected in circuit with said third winding in additive polarity
to said secondary winding, a compensating winding disposed on said core
in close coupled relationship with said primary winding and connected in
b ng r lat onship to saidse ary nd ng. and means for connecting a load
circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding and to
said compensating winding,
A ns m ha ing suhstantia yc
nst toutput voltage and a substantially harmonic free output voltage
comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary winding on said
core, a high reluctance shunt magnetically disposed-between said
windings, a condenser having a value of capacity such that when
connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is excited
with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition-of a
series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, a harmonic
eliminating winding disposed on said core in a position to link with a
portion of the leakage flux'of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said harmonic eliminating winding and
said condenser being connected in circuit, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
4.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said windings, a condenser having a value
of capacity such that when connected across said secondarywinding and
the transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the-said
frequency, a third w'mding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, saidse'condary winding, saidthird winding and said condenser
being connected in a series circuit with said third winding in additive
polarity relative to said secondary winding, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion .of said secondary winding.
5-
A n o m h in subs ant ally con tant ou pu voltage an a substanti l y
harmonic free output lt ge mpr sing, a c e, a pr ary Winding and a se nd
ry in g o said co e, a hi h re uct n s un ma c ly d posed be ween a d i
di s, .a cond se having a alu o apac y such t a h n e ted a r ss sai se
da y in ing. and he t an former is excited with a voltage of
predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a series resonant
nature exists at the said frequency, a thir:l winding disposed on said
core, the leakage flux path of said third winding including a portion
having low reluctance and a portion having high reluctance to the fluxes
of said primary and secondary windings, said secondary winding, said
third winding and said condenser being connected in circuit, and means
for connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of said
secondary winding.
6.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said windings, a condenser having a value
of capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and
the transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding on said core, a low reluctance shunt
magnetically disposed between said third winding and said primary and
secondary windings, and high reluctance means disposed in the flux path
of said third winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and
said condenser being connected in circuit, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
7.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding disposed on one leg of said core, a secondary winding disposed
on said one leg, said primary and secondary windings being relatively
loosely coupled thereby to provide said windings with high leakage
reactance, a condenser having a value of capacity such that when
connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is excited
with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a
series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, a third winding on
said one leg, at low reluctance shunt disposed between said third
winding and said secondary winding, high reluctance means in said core
beyond said shunt, and means for connecting a load circuit to at least a
certain portion of said secondary winding.
8. A
transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding disposed on one leg of said core, a secondary winding disposed
on said one leg, said primary and secondary windings being relatively
loosely coupled thereby to provide said windings with high leakage
reactance, a condenser having a value of capacity such that when
connected across said secondary winding and the transformer is excited
with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a
series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, a third winding on
said one leg, a low reluctance shunt disposed between said third
winding and said secondary winding, high reluctance means in said one
leg beyond said shunt, and means for connecting a load circuit to at
least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
9. A
transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a
primary winding disposed on one leg of said core, a secondary winding
disposed on said one leg, said primary and secondary windings being
relatively loosely coupled thereby to provide said windings with high
leakage reactance, said high leakage reactance means including a
magnetic shunt having a nonmagnetic gap, a condenser having a value of
capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding on said one leg, a low reluctance shunt
disposed between said third winding and said secondary winding, high
reluctance means in said core beyond said shunt, said high reluctance
means including a core portion and a nonmagnetic gap, and means for
connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of said
secondary winding.
10. A transformer having
substantially constant output voltage and a substantially harmonic free
output voltage comprising, a core, a pr
imary winding and a secondary
winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt magnetically disposed
between said windings, a third winding disposed on said core in a
position to link With a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary
winding and to be substantially free of any linkage with the leakage
flux of said primary winding, a condenser, said secondary winding, said
third winding and said condenser being connected in circuit, said
condenser having a value of capacity such that when the transformer is
excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a
condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said frequency, and
means for connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of
said secondary winding.
ll. A transformer having
substantially constant output voltage and a substantially harmonic free
output voltage comprising, a core, a primary winding and a secondary
winding on said core, a high reluctance shunt magnetically disposed
between said windings, a third winding disposed on said core in a
position to link with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary
winding and to be substantially free of any linkage with the leakage
flux of said primary winding, a condenser, said third winding in
additive polarity to said secondary winding and said condenser being
connected in circuit with said secondary winding, said condenser having a
value of capacity such that when the transformer is excited with a
voltage of predetermined magnitude and frequency a condition of a series
resonant nature exists at the said frequency, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
12.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core and having high leakage
reactance associated therewith, a condenser having value of capacity
such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser
being connected in a series circuit with said third winding in additive
polarity relative to said secondary winding, and means for connecting a
load circuit to at least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
13.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary Winding on said core, said primary and
secondary windings being relatively loosely coupled thereby to provide
said windings with high leakage reactance, a condenser having a value of
capacity such that when connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third Winding and said condenser
being connected in circuit with said third winding in additive polarity
to said secondary winding, and means for connecting a load circuit to at
least a certain portion of said secondary winding.
14.
A transformer having substantially constant output voltage and a
substantially harmonic free output voltage comprising, a core, a primary
winding and a secondary winding on said core, said primary and
secondary windings being relatively loosely coupled thereby to provide
said windings with high leakage reactance, a condenser having a value of
capacity such that w
hen connected across said secondary winding and the
transformer is excited with a voltage of predetermined magnitude and
frequency a condition of a series resonant nature exists at the said
frequency, a third winding disposed on said core in a position to link
with a portion of the leakage flux of said secondary winding and to be
substantially free of any linkage with the leakage flux of said primary
winding, said secondary winding, said third winding and said condenser
being connected in circuit with said third winding in additive polarity
to 11 said secondary Winding, a compensating winding disposed on said
core in close coupled relationship with said primary winding and
Connected in bucking relationship to said secondary winding, and means
for connecting a load circuit to at least a certain portion of said
secondary Winding and to said compensating Winding.
The
pilot control device which may be employed singly or may comprise three
units or their equivalent when applied to multiphase supply systems
comprises a pair of closed magnetic circuits or cores constructed of
strip wound magnetic material or stacked laminations, the twoThe Sixties was a time of great change for TV. At the start of the decade there were just monochrome sets with valves, designed for 405 -line transmissions at VHF. By the end there was 625 -line colour at UHF, with transistorised chassis that used the odd IC.
Developments................... A great deal of development occurred during the Sixties. Many TV sets and radios made in the early Sixties were still hard -wired: the introduction of the printed circuit board changed the construction of electronic equipment forever. The first one was in a Pam transistor radio. PCBs were ideal for use in transistor radios, because of the small size of the components used and the fact that such radios ran almost cold.
evices that were more robust and had a better signal-to-noise ratio.
This is true hi-fi. In time the frequency response of compact -cassette recorders did improve, because of the use of better head materials with a smaller gap.
