The GRUNDIG SUPER COLOR 6836/30 SERIE 30F22 is a 22 inches (56cm) color television with 30 programs VST tuning search with green on screen search rising bar.
MICROPROCESSOR and microcomputer i.c.s seem to be cropping up everywhere since 1979. It's hardly surprising therefore that TV manufacturers have found uses for them. First, what's the difference? Well, they both enable a great deal of digital signal processing to be carried out in a single chip to control tuning as example. The differences relate to the internal memory arrangements. Clearly the chips require memories so that they can remember what they're supposed to do and how to do it, and to store data as necessary during the processing operations. A microprocessor's memory is of the ROM (read-only memory) type, i.e. it provides outputs as required but you can't feed data in and get it back later. Typical examples of ROMs are the character and graphics generator i.c.s used in VDUs and teletext decoders. A microcomputer is more flexible because it also incorporates a RAM (random-access memory) which will hold and release data as instructed. The data store in a VDU and the page memory device in a teletext decoder are of the RAM variety. The use of digital techniques in domestic TV sets started a few years back in the 70's - with a rather expensive, up-market Barco colour receiver. This had an automatic tuning system - similar to the arrangement used as example in the Grundig SVR videocassette recorder.. Digital tuning and remote control systems are becoming increasingly common in TV sets, and are also found in the latest VCRs. Once you start using digital control systems, it's logical to employ a microcomputer i.c. to control the system. Both Philips and ITT and Texas and Motorola and National have published details in the 70's of microcomputer TV receiver control systems recently, and we shall doubtless find these in the more complex TV sets featuring teletext and viewdata facilities before long. One of the first items of domestic TV equipment I've had The microcomputer chip itself is the TMS1000. ........ however, let's briefly outline what a microcomputer is and can do. It's a simple computer of course, and has been described as a very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSIC) which, by performing a sequence of programmable (in manufacture) operations, can fulfil a wide range of different electronic functions. The advantages of using a microcomputer are its low cost (today less than few pennies), the low component count achieved, and the ease with which the instructions (and thus the functions the device will perform) can be changed by the i.c. manufacturer to cater for different applications.
The set was first GRUNDIG models serie
s having a tuning control unit featured by a Microcomputer system based around Texas instruments TMS1000 and other group of Asic's.
(Microcomputer processing approach for a non-volatile TV station memory tuning system, Previously developed electronic channel tuning systems have not been
sufficiently flexible to enable wide-spread use for a variety of
different types of television sets in applications. For example, certain
previously developed systems have required extremely uniform varactor
tuning diodes to enable channel tuning, thereby allowing insufficient
tolerances for conventional variances between varactor diodes.Some prior art tuning systems for use with a voltage tunable tuner have
utilized a plurality of preset potentiometers each adjusted to supply a
voltage required to tune the tuner to a desired channel. Mechanical or
electronic switches have been employed to connect one of the preset
voltages at a time to the tuner. With this method of tuning, the channel
being received is not accurately identified by the system. Initially,
in order to set each of the potentiometers to permit reception of
desired channels, a viewer must determine the channel being received by
channel call letters and/or channel number identification periodically
transmitted from the television station. Typically, after the channel
being received has been identified, a plastic insert having the channel
number printed thereon is placed in front of a lamp which will be
illuminated whenever this channel is selected.
Other
previously developed systems have not been sufficiently modular to
enable a selection of various types of channel access or displays.
Moreover, previously developed electronic channel tuning systems have
not been sufficiently economical to fabricate and have required
uneconomical printed circuit boards or other uneconomical fabrication
techniques for construction. For example, certain prior systems have
required expensive potentiometers for each channel desired to be tuned.
In addition, previously developed electronic television tuning systems
have not satisfactorily satisfied recent regulatory requirements which
call for a television tuner to provide a comparable capability and
quality of tuning for both VHF and UHF stations. Specifically, such
prior tuning systems have not enabled selection of precise UHF channels,
nor have the prior systems provided means for easily changing selected
UHF channels.
A major disadvantage in the channel tuning sections
of television receivers has been the inability to electronically
program and store tune voltages under all operating and non-operating
conditions without using an auxiliary power source or a mechanically
programmed memory. Existing electronically operable tuners are dedicated
electronic circuitry to program tune voltage information in volatile
memories where the volatile memories require batteries to provide
standby power when the main power source is removed. The batteries are
undesirable because they represent an additional cost to the
manufacturer and a present a long-term tune voltage jeopardy if they
fail when the main power source is removed. Memory loss due to battery
failure can occur if there are poor battery connections, battery
corrosion, or excessive battery drain. Other tuning systems use
potentiometers to retain the channel tune voltage, but are also
undesirable because they are not electronically alterable, and require a
potentiometer for each channel to be tuned.
In accordance with
the present invention, the undesirable characteristics are eliminated by
using a non-volatile DIFMOS memory matrix to store the channel tune
voltages. The DIFMOS memory (dual injection floating gate MOS
technology) is electronically alterable and has a projected memory
retention capability of over 100 years with power removed. The control
circuitry for the system uses a microcomputer type architecture to
integrate the user control inputs and to generate the signals needed to
access and alter the DIFMOS memory matrix. A principal advantage of this
type of control compared to the dedicated control circuit approach is
the ease with which different manufacturers' system requirements can be
satisfied by simply reprogramming the algorithm of the instruction
memory.)
The set is incorporating the CHASSIS GSC200 and an HITACHI Crt TUBE.
The set has headphone jack and main speaker can be turned off separately with a switch (see picture).
The searching
of channels is performed after pressing the corrispondent band
selection button in the search front panel. A green rising bar shows
the Exploration of the band an when a broadcast is received it stops and
performs AFC automatically. Tuned channel is then stored in the shown
program number.
- Horizontal Beam Deflection and high voltage generating circuits realized with Thyristors circuits.
The massive demand for colour television receivers in Europe/Germany
in the 70's brought about an influx of sets from the continent. Many of
these use the thin -neck (29mm) type of 110° shadowmask tube and the
Phillips 20AX CRT Tube, plus the already Delta Gun CRT .
Scanning
of these tubes is accomplished by means of a toroidally wound
deflection yoke (conventional 90° and thick -neck 110° tubes operate
with
saddle -wound deflection coils). The inductance of a toroidal yoke is
very much less than that of a saddle -wound yoke, thus higher scan currents are required.
The deflection current necessary for the line scan is about 12A peak
-to -peak. This could be provided by a transistor line output stage but a
current step-up transformer, which is bulky and both difficult and
costly to manufacture, would be required.
An entirely different
approach, pioneered by RCA in America and developed by them and by ITT
(SEL) in Germany, is the thyristor line output stage. In this system the
scanning current is provided via two thyristors and two switching diodes
which due to their characteristics can supply the deflection yoke
without a step-up transformer (a small transformer is still required to
obtain the input voltage pulse for the e.h.t. tripler). The purpose of
this article is to explain the basic operation of such circuits. The
thyristor line output circuit offers high reliability since all
switching occurs at zero current level. C.R.T. flashovers, which can
produce high current surges (up to 60A), have no detrimental effects on
the switching diodes or thyristors since the forward voltage drop across
these devices is small and the duration of the current pulses short. If
a surge limiting resistor is pro- vided in the tube's final anode
circuit the peak voltages produced by flashovers seldom exceed the
normal repetitive circuit voltages by more than 50-100V. This is well
within the device ratings.
It's a very good system to use where the line scan coils require large
peak currents with only a moderate flyback voltage an intrinsic
characteristic of toroidally wound deflection coils. The basic thyristor
line output stage arrangement used in all these chassis is shown in
Fig. 1
it was originally devised by RCA. Many sets fitted with
110°, narrow -neck delta -gun tubes used a thyristor line output stage -
for example those in the Grundig and Saba ranges and the Finlux Peacock
, Indesit, Siemens, Salora, Metz, Nordmende, Blaupunkt, ITT, Seleco,
REX, Mivar, Emerson, Brionvega, Loewe, Galaxi, Stern, Zanussi, Wega,
Philco. The circuit continued to find favour in earlier chassis designed
for use with in -line gun tubes, examples being found in the Grundig
and Korting ranges - also, Indesit, Siemens, Salora, Metz, Nordmende,
Blaupunkt, ITT, Seleco, REX, Mivar, Emerson, Brionvega, Loewe, Galaxi,
Stern, Zanussi, Wega, Philco the Rediffusion Mk. III chassis. Deflection
currents of up to 13A peak -to -peak are commonly encountered with 110°
tubes, with a flyback voltage of only some 600V peak to peak. The
total energy requirement is of the order of 6mJ, which is 50 per cent
higher than modern 110° tubes of the 30AX and S4 variety with their
saddle -wound line scan coils. The only problem with this type of
circuit is the large amount of energy that shuttles back and forth at
line frequency. This places a heavy stress on certain components.
Circuit losses produce quite high temperatures, which are concentrated
at certain points, in particular the commutating combi coil. This leads
to deterioration of the soldered joints around the coil, a common cause
of failure. This can hav
e
a cumulative effect, a high resistance joint increasing the local
heating until the joint becomes well and truly dry -a classic symptom
with some Grundig / Emerson sets. The wound components themselves can be
a source of trouble, due to losses - particularly the combi coil and
the regulating transductor. Later chassis are less prone to this sort of
thing, partly because of the use of later generation, higher efficiency
yokes but mainly due to more generous and better design of the wound
components. The ideal dielectric for use in the tuning capacitors is
polypropylene (either metalised or film). It's a truly won- derful
dielectric - very stable, with very small losses, and capable of
operation at high frequencies and elevated temperatures. It's also
nowadays reasonably inexpensive. Unfortunately many earlier chassis of
this type used polyester capacitors, and it's no surprise that they were
inclined to give up. When replacing the tuning capacitors in a
thyristor line output stage it's essential to use polypropylene types -a
good range of axial components with values ranging from 0.001µF to
047µF is available from RS Components, enabling even non-standard values
to be made up from an appropriate combination. Using polypropylene
capacitors in place of polyester ones will not only ensure capacitor
reliability but will also lower the stress on other components by
reducing the circuit losses (and hence power consumption).
Numerous circuit designs for completely transistorized television
receivers either have been incorporated in commercially available
receivers or have been described in detail in various technical
publications. One of the most troublesome areas in such transistor
receivers, from the point of View of reliability and economy, lies in
the horizontal deflection circuits.
As an attempt to avoid the voltage and current limitations of transistor
deflection circuits, a number of circuits have been proposed utilizing
the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), a semiconductor device capable
of handling substantially higher currents and voltages than transistors.
The circuit utilizes two bi-directionally conductive switching means
which serve respectively as trace and commutating switches.
Particularly, each of the switching means comprises the parallel
combination of a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) and a diode. The
commutating switch is triggered on shortly before the desired beginning
of retrace and, in conjunction with a resonant commutating circuit
having an inductor and two capacitors, serves to turn off the trace
switch to initiate retrace. The commutating circuit is also arranged to
turn oft the commutating SCR before the end of retrace.
The set is build with a Modular chassis design because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of
repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of
components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility
to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace
defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has
become even more complicated with the increasing number of color
television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger
number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and
white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required
to properly service the color television receiver.
Fortunately
for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes
used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube
is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television
receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such
as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the
defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the
serviceman is required.
Even with the great majority of the
color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and
repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain
due to the shortage of trained serviceman.
At the present time
advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the
increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The
receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture
tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active
components in the receiver being semiconductors.
One important
characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in
comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated
circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in
comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is
true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in
future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will
require more highly qualified servicemen.
The primary symptoms
of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of
the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are
located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver
require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must
use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis
from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components
are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they
are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components
in the receiver.
Repairing a modern color television receiver
often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to
a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive
undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require
at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to
the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these
reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in
operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and
is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be
purchased.
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized
color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily
accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color
television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a
plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and
maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the
cabinet so
that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner
as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance
and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another
aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the
owner.
The
remote, TELEPILOT 300, allows controlling even a VCR and can be
fitted in the house compartment after using it to avoid incidentally
dropping and flying actions performed by eventually crappy childrens.
(I
guess they were higly more educated in that far era of time and see
the fact that if they were 6 7 years old in 1979, according of the age
of the tellye, TODAY THEY'RE mans of 38 39 YEARS OLD....NOW THINK HOW
TIME IS........... RUNNING..............).
(Obsolete Technology Tellye Museum is a Time machine ! )
Grundig AG
is (WAS) a German manufacturer of consumer electronics for
home entertainment which transferred to Turkish control in the
period 2004-2007. Established in 1945 in Nuremberg, Germany
by Max Grundig the company changed hands several times before
becoming part of the Turkish Koç Holding group. In 2007, after
buying control of the Grundig brand, Koc renamed its
Beko Elektronik white goods
and consumer electronics division Grundig Elektronik A.Ş., which has
decided to merge with Arçelik A.Ş. as declared on February 27, 2009
Max Grundig (7
May 1908 – 8 December 1989) was the founder of electronics company
Grundig AG.Max Grundig is one of the leading business personalities of
West German post-war society, one of the men responsible for the German
“Wirtschaftswunder” (post-war economic boom).
GRUNDIG Early years
Max
Grundig was born in Nuremberg on May 7, 1908. His father died early, so
Max and his three sisters grew up in a home without a father. At 16,
Max Grundig began to be fascinated by radio technology, which at the
time was gaining in popularity. He built his first detector in the
family’s apartment, which he had turned into his own laboratory. In
1930, he turned his hobby into his profession and opened a shop for
radio sets in Fürth with an associate. The business prospered and soon
Grundig was able to employ his sisters and buy out his associate. By
1938, he was already manufacturing 30,000 small transformers.
GRUNDIG Success after World War II
Max
Grundig’s real success story began after World War II. On May 15, 1945,
Grundig opened a production facility for universal transformers at
Jakobinerstraße 24 in Fürth. Using machines and supplies from the war
era, he established the basis for what would turn into a global company
at this address. In addition to transformers, Grundig soon manufactured
tube-testing devices. As manufacturing radios was subject to a licence,
Grundig had the brilliant idea of developing a kit that would allow
anyone to quickly build a radio on their own. This kit was sold as a
“toy” called “Heinzelmann”.
Following
the monetary reform, Max Grundig quickly expanded his production under
the new company name “Grundig Radio-Werke GmbH” and served the expanding
mass market. From 1952, his company was the biggest European
manufacturer of radios and the worldwide leader in the production of
audio tape recorders.
Grundig
became a real pioneer in consumer electronics. From 1951, the company’s
portfolio also included the production and distribution of television
sets, and dictaphones were added in 1954. The company was turned into a
shareholding company, the Grundig AG, in 1971. In the 1970s, the company
was one of the leading companies in Germany, employing more than 38,000
people in 1979. Max Grundig had built a strong company from the ruins
of the war.
GRUNDIG and the rules are changing
In
the second half of the 1970s, another innovation entered the market for
consumer electronics, the VCR. And with the VCR, competitors from Japan
and later other countries of the Far East entered the world market.
Even though the European competitors Philips and Grundig had developed
the superior technology for recording video, the Japanese VHS succeeded
on the market. The rules of the game changed dramatically in the field
of consumer electronics. The competition for establishing the video
standard proved that companies could only succeed in consumer
electronics with the financial power of global corporations. In 1979,
Max Grundig decided to sell some shares to his Dutch competitor Philips,
and in 1984 he began the process of restructuring the ownership of the
Grundig companies, which would be completed two decades later.
Max
Grundig died on December 8, 1989 in Baden-Baden. The Grundig name
continues to be known to this day and is now a globally recognised brand
for innovative consumer electronics. Max Grundig is remembered in
Germany as a dynamic entrepreneur from the post-war era.
Max GRUNDIG: Born on 7 May 1908 in the Denis Street 3 in Nuremberg
workers
district Gostenhof Parents of "Magaziners" or warehouse worker Max Emil
and his wife Marie. The enlargement of the family through the birth of
three sisters require in the aftermath several moves within Nuremberg.
In
1920, his father
died unexpectedly at the consequences of an
appendectomy. The already poor family is financially worse rapidly. This
is followed by further moves into ever smaller and cheaper housing. Max
Grundig starts in April 1922 commercial apprenticeship at the
installation company Jean Hilpert in Nuremberg. His interest lies in the
crafting of radios, a hobby, the early 1920s was indulged by tech-savvy
youngsters often. But Max Grundig tinkering not only simple radios, but
also more complex technical equipment such as image receiver.(Photos
refering to
Father and Mother of Max GRUNDIG.)
After
the end of his teaching is Max Grundig 1927 Head of a new branch of the
company in Fürth Hilpert and supervised by commercial side of the
installation work of the under construction Municipal Hospital Fürth. In
May 1928 and in October 1930 Grundig also occurs on a radio dealer and
take part in an event organized by Workers' Radio Association Germany on
the occasion of Fürth Kirchweih 1930 radios exhibition. A first
marriage in 1929 held only briefly. From her daughter Inge comes.
Following
the closure of Fürth Branch company Hilpert for the finished
installation works at the hospital, Max Grundig together with Karl
Wurzer, who was funders primarily, on 15 November 1930 as a radio dealer
in Sternstraße 4 in Fürth independently. Today this street
Ludwig-Erhard-Straße is, since there - was directly opposite the first
by Max Grundig Radio Load - - the business of the parents of the future
economy minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard (1977 1897).
His radio
action called Max Grundig "Radio Sales Fürth" short RVF. On June 21,
1934, a procession of RVF in the Schwabacher Straße carried 1. The
partnership Karl Wurzer is paid, Max Grundig is now the sole owner. In
addition to selling and repairing radios Grundig starts construction of
transformers. In 1938, he is Sales millionaire. In the same year he
married the singer and manufacturer's daughter Annelie Jorgensen. The
marriage remains childless.
During
the Second World War Grundig continues its production of small
transformers continued on a larger scale in the Fürth suburb Vach, where
he rents rooms in three inns. He himself is in 1941 drafted into the
army, some time must remain as a corporal in Paris, but shortly before
his entire company is reassigned to the East - also because of its
possibilities, to provide supervisors with radios - "indispensable" (uk)
provided and forwards Fuerth his company to continue the war.
On
18 May 1945, the US Army occupied the suburb Vach. Grundig's stock will
not be plundered, neither of German or foreign looters nor by the US
military because the workforce that consists partly of Ukrainian slave
laborers, has a sign "Off limits" - "no trespassing" - at the door,
protects the company. In June 1945, Grundig rented a factory building in
the Jakobinenstraße 24 in Fürth. are manufactured now transformers and
measuring instruments: The tube tester "Tubatest" and the fault locator
"Nova Test". The commercial license is replaced by the Radio-sales Fürth
on 7 November 1945. In December 1945, Grundig has 42 employees.
On April 10, 1946 Max Grundig starts own production of radios.
His first instrument is the "
Heinzelmann"
This radio can also complete as a kit or under the hand, but are always
acquired without tubes. But the tubes are widely available on the black
markets of the early postwar years. Since a wireless without tubes per
se is not operational, allowing the American military government Max
Grundig, "no quota", ie without limitation in quantity, produce radio
and distribute. With the mass sale of "Heinzelmann" Max Grundig creates
the basis for further economic success of the company as a manufacturing
company after the Second World War.
As of August 1, 1946 is the
company "RVF - Electrotechnical Factory". Beginning in March 1947, work
began in the Kurgartenstraße 37 in Fuerth, the later main plant of the
company Grundig. On 7 July 1948 re-naming of the company is carried out
in "Grundig radio-Werk GmbH". As of spring 1948, the superhit radio
"Weltklang" comes on the market. In February 1949, the 100,000th
Wireless is already prepared. In the same year built a Grundig FM radio
stations trying to prepare for the introduction of the ultra-short wave
on 15 March 1950. In December 1949 the company Grundig counts 1,600
employees.
In May 1951 Max Grundig acquires Lumophon radio
stations in Nuremberg and Georgensgmünd and integrates them into its
"Grundig radio-Werke GmbH". In September and October 1951, he is with a
purpose-built television station Directorate building his company in
Fürth the first public television broadcasts in Southern Germany. he
produced 94 televisions this year. The production of tape recorders
starts 1951st
1954 lets Max Grundig his first dictation machine, the
"Stenorette" build. In 1957 he buys the office machine manufacturer
Triumph-Adler in Nuremberg and Adler in Frankfurt that remain until 1968
in his possession. In 1958 he founds the Grundig Bank in Fürth. In the
same year, with the introduction of the transistor instead of the Radio
tube, penetrate the first Japanese companies like Sony in the European
and German market, initially still in the lowest price segment. 1960
Grundig has 16,495 employees.
The 1960s are marked by the further
expansion of the company: Grundig is the biggest radio manufacturer in
Europe. In 1961 he acquired a large area in Nuremberg-Langwasser, on the 1963 first tape recorders are produce
d. In other parts of Germany companies to buy or newly built shortly afterwards in Italy and Austria.
1964
leads the Dutch company Philips in tape recorders, the compact cassette
CC and thus the cassette recorder, and it initially in the lower price
range. The leader Grundig countered in 1965 with the cassette system DC
International, but can not prevail.
After 1967, the beginning of
color television initially causes a strong boom in the production of
related hardware. This results not only in their own country
overcapacity, but the Japanese competition suppressed due to lower wages
and production costs at the same time always noticeable with affordable
devices on the European and German market.
1969 bring the company
Philips and Grundig together the first video recorder for home
appliances on the market. It is still a tape machine. But soon the world
led the struggle for the enforcement of various video cassette systems begins.
In
1970, Grundig has approximately 25,000 employees. This year, Max
Grundig builds to his company. He built on 22 February 1970, the "Max
Grundig Foundation", added on 12 March 1970, the "Grundig-family club".
The Max Grundig Foundation is now the sole owner. In addition, on 1
April 1972, the "Grundig-Werke GmbH" in a corporation, the "Grundig AG"
converted. The foundation holds about 94% of the capital.
From 1970,
the television production is relocated to Nuremberg-Langwasser. The
expectations regarding equipment sales for the 1972 Olympic Games in
Munich true. With the Super-Color TVs a new product range is presented
in a modular design. In Nuremberg-Langwasser,
daily production reached
1,200 color TV.
1977 founds the Grundig "Hotel Management Max Grundig
Foundation". The Hotel Forsthaus Fuerth and Hotel Fuschl near Salzburg
to buy. A year later Grundig donates 30 million DM for the "Grundig
Academy of Economics and Technology", which serves the training of
professionals and executives. 1978 produced in Langwasser also a new VCR
plant.
Increasingly Max Grundig is weakened by illness, repeated he
needs surgery. The European consumer electronics industry is committed
to strategies against existing overcapacity and the growing economic
influence of companies from the Far East. In Europe, these are mainly
the French state company Thomson-Brandt, the Dutch company Philips and
Grundig.
The cooperation with the Dutch company Philips thickens in
the VCR production. In 1979 share swaps. Philips makes 24.5% of the
shares of Grundig AG, Grundig 6% of Philips and is thereby the largest
single shareholder.
1979 achieved the Grundig AG with
38,460 employees 
worldwide their personal peak.
The company has 31 plants, nine branches with 20 branches and three
Werksvertretungen, eight sales companies and 200 worldwide export
missions. Also, sales continue to rise. But the profit is shrinking. In
1981, the Grundig AG writes first losses. After divorcing his second
wife Annelie Max Grundig marries 1980, the French woman Chantal Girard.
In the same year the daughter Marie was born.
1982 at the
presentation of "Eduard Rhein honor ring" and before the European
Commission, presents Max Grundig be EURO concept, the united front of
the European consumer electronics market to Japanese companies: "Acting
together, jointly produce, market share". But he can not prevail. Too
much stalking and distrusts you also mutually in the European
broadcasting industry. And Japan is not the only competitor. An
agreement between the companies Grundig and Thomson-Brandt, which is
scheduled also built in 1982, can - among other things due to the
resistance of the Bundeskartellamt and because the company Philips is
involved in Grundig - not be implemented.
On 26 March 1984 Philips
increased its share of Grundig AG by 7.1% to 31.6%. In April 1984, the
Federal Cartel Office approved the merger of Grundig and Philips under
the condition that Grundig sells its voice recorders range. New CEO of
Grundig AG is the Dutchman Hermanus Koning on April 1 (1924 - 1998).
From 1984 to 1998, the Dutch have entrepreneurial saying. Max Grundig
receives for his departure from the company, among other things a
guaranteed 20-year-income annual return of 50 million marks.
Not
quite voluntarily leaving Max Grundig the company he has built up and
which bears his name. But there can be only one boss. 1985 must Grundig
also his top job at the Grundig-Bank ad, which is sold to a Swiss
institute.
Grundig expands its hotel ownership, 1986, he acquired the
luxury hotel "Bühlerhöhe", which he renovated at great expense.
On 8
December 1989 Max Grundig dies. Under
great public participation he will
be buried in Baden-Baden.
After a brief economic boom as a
result of German reunification takes place until 1991 a rapid decline of
the company Grundig. Between 1992 and 1996 the Grundig Group makes
almost two billion marks loss. The number of employees decreased from
16,250 to 8,580 employees.
1998, the Philips Group withdraws.
According to its own description Philips has been paying 1.5 billion
marks. A consortium of banks and insurance companies under the
leadership of the antenna manufacturer Kathrein, the personally liable
partners of Kathrein Werke KG, takes on 18 December 1998 the Grundig AG.
In
2000 and 2001, the company headquarters and the remaining departments
of Fürth be routed to Nuremberg. But Grundig continues to make losses.
On 1 April 2003, Grundig AG announces insolvency.
2004 Turkey company
Beko electronics in Istanbul, belonging to the Turkish Koc Holding,
together with the British company Alba Radio Ltd. accepts the division
consumer electronics. This company is now called "Grundig Intermedia".
Both companies each own fifty percent of "Grundig Multimedia B.V.",
which is a holding full ownership of Grundig Intermedia GmbH. In
addition, proceeds from the office equipment division as buy-out the
company "Grundig Business Systems" produced. The car radio range is
taken from the Delphi Corporation, the activities of the former Grundig
range satellites for "Grundig SAT Systems GmbH".
In October 2006 and
January 2007, two production lines for TV at Grundig Elektronik in
Istanbul are put into operation. On 18 December 2007, Koç Group acquires
through its subsidiary Arçelik A.S. the shares of Alba plc. And that is
the sole owner of Grundig Multimedia B.V. or the Grundig Intermedia
GmbH. The development area in Nuremberg closes the end of 2008 as part
of an ending in 2009 the restructuring process. When Grundig
headquarters in Nuremberg with around 140 employees Sales, marketing,
communications, design, quality assurance, customer service and the
office staff remain. The Turkish Grundig Intermedia GmbH is now divided
into six product areas: TV, Audio, HiFi, "Personal Care", "Floor Care"
and kitchen appliances.
The Radio Museum in Fürth, located in the
former Directorate of Max Grundig, shows in addition to the history of
the development of broadcasting in Germany and the corporate and
entrepreneurial story of Max Grundig, the man who the radio and
television development in Germany after the Second World War three has
for decades dominated the market leader.
He was married lastly to Chantal Grundig.
Early history
The
history of the company began in 1930 with the establishment
of a store named Fuerth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), which
sold radios. After World War II Max Grundig recognized the
need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a
factory and administration centre were under construction at
Fürth. In 1951 the first televisions were manufactured at the
new facility with the company and the surrounding area growing
rapidly. At the time Grundig was the largest radio
manufacturer in Europe. Divisions in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and
Karlsruhe were set up.
Grundig in Belfast
A
plant was opened in 1960 to manufacture tape recorders in
Belfast, Northern Ireland, the first production by Grundig
outside Germany. The managing director of the plant Thomas
Niedermayer, was kidnapped and later killed by the Provisional
IRA in December 1973. The factory was closed with the loss of around 1000 jobs in 1980.
Philips takeover
In
1972, Grundig GmbH became Grundig AG. After this Philips
began to gradually accumulate shares in the company over the
course of many years, and assumed complete control in 1993.
Philips resold Grundig to a Bavarian consortium in 1998 due to
unsatisfactory performance.
Later history
At
the end of June 2000 the company relocated its headquarters
in Fürth and Nuremberg. Grundig lost €1.281 million the
following year. In autumn 2002, Grundig's banks did not extend
the company's lines of credit, leaving the company with an
April 2003 deadline to announce insolvency. Grundig AG
declared bankruptcy in 2003, selling its satellite equipment
division to Thomson. In 2004 Britain's Alba plc and the Turkish Koc's Beko
jointly took over Grundig Home InterMedia System, Grundig's
consumer electronics division. In 2007 Alba sold its half of
the business to Beko for US$50.3 million, although it retained the licence to use the Grundig brand in the UK until 2010, and in Australasia until 2012.
................The Federal Republic of Germany: struggling to stay on its feet ?
For more than thirty years after the Second World War, consumer
electronics in West Germany, as elsewhere, was a growth industry.
Output growth in the industry was sustained by buoyant consumer
demand for successive generations of new or modified products,
such as radios (which had already begun to be manufactured, of
course, before the Second World War), black-and-white and then
colour television sets, hi-fi equipment.” Among the largest West
European states, West Germany had by far the strongest industry.
Even as recently as 1982, West Germany accounted for 60 per cent
of the consumer electronics production in the four biggest EEC
states. The West German industry developed a strong export
orientation--in the early 1980s as much as 60 per cent of West
German production was exported, and West Germany held a larger
share of the world marltet than any other national industry apart
from the]apanese.ltwas also technologicallyextremelyinnovative-
the first tape recorders, the PAL colour television technology, and
the technology which later permitted the development of the video
cassette recorder all originated in West Germany.
The standard-bearers of the West German consumer electronics
industry were the owner-managed firm, Grundig, and Telefunken,
which belonged to the electrical engineering conglomerate, AEG-
Telefunlten. The technological innovations for which the West
German industry became famous all stemmed from the laboratories
of Telefunlten, which, in the 19605, still constituted one of AEG’s
most profitable divisions. Telefunlcen and Grundig together prob-
ably accounted for around one-third of employment in the German
Industry in the mid-1970s. Both had extensive foreign production
facilities. At the same time, compared with the other EEC states,
there was still a relatively large number of small and medium-sized
consumer electronics firms in Germany. Besides Grundig and
Telefunken, the biggest were Blaupunkt, a subsidiary of Bosch, the
automobile components manufacturer, Siemens, and the sub-
sidiaries of the ITT-owned firm, SEL. Up until the late 1970s, there
was relatively little foreign-owned manufacturing capacity in the
West German consumer electronics industry.
GOVERNMENTS, MARKETS, AND REGULATION
During the 1970s, this picture of a strong West German
consumer electronics industry began slowly to change and, by the
end of the 19705, colour television manufacture no longer offered a
guarantee for the continued prosperity or even survival of the
German industry. The market for colour television sets was
increasingly saturated——by 1978 56 per cent of all households in
West Germany had a colour television set and 93 per cent of all
households possessed a television set of some kind.2° From 1978
onwards, the West German market for colour television sets began
to contract. Moreover, the PAL patents began to expire around
1980 and the West German firms then became exposed to more
intense competition on the (declining) domestic market.
The West German firms’ best chances for maintaining or
expanding output and profitability lay in their transition to the
manufacture of a new generation of consumer electronics products,
that of the video cassette recorder (VCR). Between 1978 and 1983,
the West German market for VCRs expanded more than tenfold, so
that, by the latter year, VCRs accounted for over a fifth of the
overall consumer electronics market.“ However, in this product
segment, Grundig was the only West German firm which, in
conjunction with Philips, managed to establish a foothold, while
the other firms opted to assemble and/or sell VCRs manufactured
according to one or the other of the two Japanese video
technologies. By 1981, the West German VCR market was more
tightly in the grip of Japanese firms than any other segment of the
market. More than any other, this development accounted for the
growing crisis of the West German consumer electronics industry in
the early 1980s. The West German market stagnated, production
declined as foreign firms conquered a growing share of the
domestic market and this trend was not offset by an expansion of
exports, production processes were rationalized to try to cut costs
as prices fell, employment contracted,” and more and more plants
were either shut down or—more frequently——taken over.
The
relationship between the state and the consumer electronics industry in
the long post-war economic ‘boom’ was of the ‘arm’s length’ kind which
corresponded to the West German philosophy
of the ‘social market
economy’. The state's role was confined largely to ‘holding the ring’
for the firms and trying to ensure by means of competition policy that
mergers and take-overs did not enable any single firm or group of firms
to achieve a position of market domination and suspend the ‘free play of
market forces’.
The implementation of competition policy was the
responsibility of the Federal Cartel Office (FCO), which must be
informed of any planned mergers or take-overs if the two firms each have
a turnover
exceeding 1 DM billion or one of them has a turnover of more than
2 DM billion. The FCC must reject any proposed merger which, in
its view, would lead to the emergence of a, or strengthen any
existing, position of market domination.“
Decisions of the FCO may be contested in the Courts, and firms
whose merger or take-over plans have been rejected by the Cartel
Office may appeal for permission to proceed with their plans to the
Federal Economics Minister. He is empowered by law to grant such
permission when it is justified by an ‘overriding public interest’ or
‘macroeconomic benefits’, which may relate to competitiveness on
export markets, employment, and defence or energy policy.”
However, the state had no positive strategy for the consumer
electronics industry and industry, for its part, appeared to have no
demands on the state, other than that, through its macroeconomic
policies, it should provide a favourable business environment. This
situation changed only when, as from the late 1970s onwards, the
Japanese export offensive in consumer electronics plunged the West
German industry into an even deeper crisis.
The Politics of European Restructuring
The burgeoning crisis of not only the West German, but also the
other national consumer electronics industries in the EC in the
early 1980s prompted pleas from the firms (and also organized
labour) for protective intervention by the state——by the European
Community as well as by its respective national Member States.
The partial ‘Europeanization’ of consumer electronics politics
reflected the strategies chosen and pursued by the major European
firms to try to counter, or avoid, the Japanese challenge. These
strategies contained two major elements: measures of at least
temporary protection against Japanese imports to give the firms
breathing space to build up or modernize their production
capacities and improve their competitiveness uis-ci-uis the Japanese
and partly also to put pressure on the Japanese to establish
production facilities in Europe and produce under the same
conditions as the European firms and (b), through mergers, take-
overs, and co-operation agreements, to regroup forces with the aim
of achieving similar economies of scale to those enjoyed by the most
powerful Japanese firms. The first element of these strategies
implicated the European Community in so far as it is responsible
for the trade policies of its Member States. The second element did
not necessarily involve the European Community, but had a Euro-
pean dimension to the extent that most of the take-overs and mergers
envisaged in the restructuring of the industry involved firms from
two or more of the EEC Member States, including the French state-
owned Thomson (see above). As this ‘regrouping of the forces’ of
the European consumer electronics industry was to unfold at first
largely on the West German market, the firms could only
implement their strategies once they had obtained the all-clear of
the FCO or, failing that, of the Federal Economics Ministry.
The Politics of Video Recorder Trade between japan and the EEC:
The Dutch-based multinational conglomerate, Philips, was the first
firm in the world to bring a VCR on to the market. Between 1972
and 1975, it had no competitors at all in VCR manufacture and, as
late as 1977, it split up the European market with Grundig, with
which Philips developed the V2000 VCR which came on to the
market in 1980. By this time, the Japanese consumer electronics
firms had already built up massive VCR production capacities and
had cornered first their own market and then, unchallenged by the
European firms, the American as well. With the advantage of much
greater economies of scale, they were able to manufacture and offer
VCRs more cheaply than Philips and Grundig when the VCR
market did eventually ‘take off‘ in Western Europe. German
imports of VCRs, for example, increased almost eightfold between
1978 and 1981.2
The immediate background to the calls for protection against
imported Japanese VCRs by European VCR manufacturing firms
was formed by massive cuts in prices for Japanese VCRs, as a
consequence of which, in 1982, the market share held by the V2000
VCR manufactured by Philips and Grundig declined sharply.”
Losses incurred in VCR manufacture led to a dramatic worsening
of Grundig’s financial position. In November 1982 Philips and
Grundig announced that they were considering taking a dumping
case against the Japanese to the European Commission. The case,
which was later withdrawn, can be seen as the first move in a
political campaign designed to secure controls or restraints on
Japanese VCR exports to the EEC states. This campaign was
pursued at the national and European levels, both through the
national and European trade associations for consumer electronics
firms and particularly through direct intervention by the firms at
the national governments and the European Commission. However,
the European firms, many of whom had licensing agreements with
the Japanese, were far from being united behind it.
Philips, seconded by its VCR partner, Grundig, was the ‘real
protagonist’ of protectionist measures against Japanese VCRs. In
pressing their case on EEC member states and the European
Commission, they emphasized the unfair trading practices of the
Japanese in building up production capacities which could meet the
entire world demand for VCRs (‘laser-beaming’), and the threats
which the Japanese export offensive posed to jobs in Western
Europe and to the maintenance of the firms’ R. 8: D. capacity and
technological know-how. Above all, however, was the threat which
the crisis in VCR trade and the consumer electronics industry
generally posed to the survival of a European microelectronic
components industry, over half of whose output, according to
Grundig, was absorbed in consumer electronics products.”
These arguments found by all accounts a very receptive audience
at the European Commission, where, by common consent of
German participants in the policy-formation process, Philips wields
great political influence. By all accounts, Philips‘s pressure was also
responsible for the conversion to the protectionist camp of the
Dutch Government, which hitherto had been a bastion of free trade
philosophy within the EEC. By imposing unilateral import controls
through the channelling of imported VCRs through the customs
depot at Poitiers (see above), the French Government had already
staked out its position on VCR trade with Japan. It presumably
required no convincing by Philips and Grundig on the issue,
although it is interesting to speculate over the extent to which its
stance also reflected the preferences of Thomson which in the past
had been the ‘chief of the protectionists’ in the European
industry.”
With the Dutch Government having been shifted into the
protectionist camp by Philips, the greatest resistance to the
mposition of some form of import controls on Japanese VCRs
could have been expected to come from the West German
Government. Along with the Danish and (hitherto) the Dutch
Governments, the West German Government had generally been
the stoutest defender of free trade among the EEC Member States.
The Federal Economics Ministry’s antipathy towards import
controls may in fact have had some impact on the form of
protection ultimately agreed by the EEC Council of Ministers,
which was a ‘voluntary self-restraint agreement’ with japan.
However, even such self-restraint agreements had in the past been
vetoed by West Germany in the Council. The West German
Government’s abstention in the vote on the agreement in the
Council of Ministers signified if not a radical, then none the less a
significant, modification of its past trade policy.
Within the Bonn Economics Ministry, the section for the
electrical engineering industry-—characteristically—had the most
receptive attitude to the V2000 firms’ case. Elsewhere in the
Ministry, in the trade and European policy and policy principles
divisions and at the summit, the Ministry’
s traditional policy in
favour of free trade was given up much more reluctantly. The
Ministry did not oppose the voluntary restraint agreement after it
had been negotiated, but it may be questioned whether the
Ministry’s acquiescence in the agreement was motivated solely by its
feeling of impotence vis-£1-vis the united will of the other Member
States. Abstaining on the vote in the Council of Ministers enabled
the V2000 protectionist lobby to reap its benefits without the West
German Government being held responsible for its implementation.
The Govemment’s abstention may equally have been the result of
the pressure exerted on the Economics Ministry by the V2000
firms, particularly Philips and Grundig, both of which engaged in
bilateral talks with the Ministry, and from the consumer electronics
sub-association of the electrical engineering trade association of the
ZVEI (Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen lndustrie), in which
a majority of the member firms had sided with Philips and Grundig.
The Ministry, by its own admission, did not listen as closely to the
firms which were simply marketing Japanese VCRs as to those
which actually manufactured VCRs in Europe: ‘we were interested
in increasing the local content (of VCRs) to preserve jobs.’
The success of the V2000 firms in obtaining any agreement at all
from the Japanese to restrain their exports of VCRs to the EEC
does not mean that they were happy with all aspects of the
agreement, least of all with its contents concerning VCR prices and
concrete quotas which were agreed with the Japanese. As the
market subsequently expanded less rapidly than the European
Commission had anticipated, the quota allocated to Japanese
imports (including the ‘kits’ assembled by European licensees of
Japanese firms) amounted to a larger share of the market than
expected and the European VCR manufacturers did not sell as
many VCRs as the agreement provided. Ironically, within a year of
the adoption of the agreement, both Philips and Grundig announced
that they were beginning to manufacture VCRs according to the
Japanese VHS technology and by the time the agreement had
expired (to be superceded by increased tariffs for VCRs) in 1985,
the two firms had stopped manufacturing V2000 VCRs altogether.
The Politics of Transnational European Mergers and Take-overs
The wave of merger and take-over activity in the European
consumer electronics industry which peaked around 1982 and
1983 had begun in West Gemany in the late 1970s, when Thomson
swallowed up several of the smaller West German firms- Normende,
Dual, and Saba ...and Philips, apparently reacting to the threat it
perceived Thomson as posing to its West German interests, bought
a 24.5 per cent shareholding in Grundig.3° The frenzied series of
successful and unsuccessful merger and take-over bids which
unfolded in 1982 and 1983 is inseparable from the growing crisis of
the European industry and the major European firms’ perceptions
as to how they could restructure in order to survive in the face of
Japanese competition.
The first candidate which emerged for take-over on the West
German market was Telefunken, for which AEG, itself in desperate
financial straits, had been seeking a buyer since the late 1970s.
Telefunken’s heavy indebtedness, which was largely a consequence
of losses it had incurred in its foreign operations, posed a
formidable obstacle to its disposal, however, and first Thomson,
which had bought AEG’s tube factory, and then Grundig, baulked
at taking it on as long as AEG had not paid off its debts. While talks
on Telefunken’s possible sale to Grundig were still going on in
1982, Grundig’s own financial position was quickly worsening as a
result primarily of its mounting losses in VCR manufacture.
Grundig c
onfessed publicly that if the firm carried on five more
years as it was doing, it would ‘go under like AEG’, which, in
summer 1982, had become insolvent. Grundig intensified his search
for stronger partners, which he had apparently begun by talking
with Siemens in 1981. In late 1982, at the same time as Grundig
and Philips were pressing for curbs on Japanese VCR imports,
Grundig floated the idea of creating, based around Grundig, a
European consumer electronics ‘superfirm’ involving Philips,
Thomson, Bosch, Siemens, SEL, and Telefunken. Most of the
prospective participants in such a venture were unenthusiastic
about Grundig’s plans, however, and the outcome of Grundig’s
search for a partner or partners to secure its survival was that
Thomson offered to buy a 75.5 per cent shareholding in the firm.
Political opinion in West Germany was overwhelmingly, if not
indeed uniformly, hostile to Thomson’s plan to take over Grundig.
The political difficulties which Thomson and Grundig faced in
securing special ministerial permission for the
ir deal were exacer-
bated by the probability of job losses given a rapidly deteriorating
labour market situation, and by the fact that, as late as 1982 and
early 1983, an election campaign was in progress. Moreover, the
Federal Economics Ministry was apparently concerned that, if
Thomson took over Grundig, the West German Government would
have been exposed to the danger of trade policy blackmail from the
French Government, which could then have demanded increased
protection for the European consumer electronics industry as the
price for Thomson not running down employment at Grundig (and
in other West German subsidiaries).
The decisive obstacle to Thomson's taking over Grundig,
however, lay not with the position of the Federal Economics
Ministry (or that of the Government or the FCO or the Deutsche
Bank), but rather in that of Grundig’s minority shareholder,
Philips. Against expectations, the FCO announced that it would
approve the take-over, but only provided that Philips gave up its
shareholding in Grundig and that Grundig also abandoned its plans
to assume control of Telefunken. As talks on Grundig’s plan to take
over Telefunken had already been suspended, the latter condition
posed no problem to Thomson’s taking over Grundig.
Once it had been put on the spot by the FCO's decision, Philips
was forced to leave its cover and declare that it would not withdraw
from Grundig. Apart from its general concern at being confronted
with an equally strong competitor on the European consumer
electronics market, Philips’s motives in thwarting Thomson's take-
over of Grundig were probably twofold. First, Thomson evidently
did not want to commit itself to continue manufacturing VCRs
according to the Philips—-Grundig V2000 technology, but wanted
rather to keep the Japanese (VHS) option open and, according to its
public declarations, to work with Grundig on the development of a
new generation of VCRs. Secondly, Philips was, ahead of Siemens,
Grundig’s biggest components supplier, with annual sales to
Grundig worth several hundred million Deutschmarks. lf Thomson
had taken over Grundig, this trade would have been lost.
A sequel to the failure of Thomson's bid for Grundig was that in
1984, with bank assistance, Philips assumed managerial control of
Grundig. Thus, at the end of this phase of the restructuring
programme of the European consumer electronics industry, two
main groups have emerged, one centred around Philips, the other
around Thomson, and Blaupunkt is the only significant firm in
West Germany left under West German control. But a common
European response (i.e. one involving Philips and Thomson) to the
Japanese challenge of the kind which Max Grundig
had envisaged
in 1982 had not come about, and may be less likely given
Thomson’s acquisitions in Britain and the US which make it a much
more powerful competitor to Philips. But the acceleration in
Japanese and also Korean inward investment in Europe in 1986-7,
especially in VCR production where there are now a total of twenty
Far Eastern-owned plants, suggests that the process of restructuring
within Europe is far from complete.
The recent experience of the European consumer electronics
industry points to the critical role of the framework and instruments
of regulation in trying to account for the different responses of the
various national industries and governments to the challenges
posed by growing Japanese competitive strength and technological
leadership. At one extreme is self-regulation by individual firms,
where governments eschew any attempt to determine the responses
which particular firms make to changing market conditions, whilst
adopting policy regimes such as tax and tariff structures and
openness to inward investment which critically affect the conditions
under which self-regulation takes place." At the other extreme is
regulation by government intervention at the level of firm strategy,
where governments seek specific policy outcomes by offering
specific forms of inducement to selected firms and denying them to
others.”
HISTORY OF GRUNDIG IN GERMAN:
1930
gründet der Kaufmann und Radiobastler Max Grundig (1908-1989) den
Radio-Vertrieb Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), ein
Radio-Fachgeschäft mit Werkstatt. Bald fabriziert der Betrieb auch
Transformatoren und Spulen, später zudem Prüfgeräte. 1934 zahlt Grundig
den Teilhaber und Freund Karl Wurzer aus. 1938 beträgt der Umsatz mehr
als 1 Mio. RM. Während des Krieges fabriziert Grundig im Dorf Vach mit
etwa 600 Personen, darunter vielen Ukrainerinnen, Kleintrafos,
elektrische Zünder und Steuergeräte für die V-Raketen. Das
Grundig-Vermögen schätzt man am Kriegsende auf 17,5 Mio. RM
Ab
18. Mai 1945 kann Grundig wieder in Fürth produzieren. Er lässt
Transformatoren wickeln, Reparaturen ausführen und stellt kurz darauf
das Röhrenprüfgerät «Tubatest» und das Fehler-Suchgerät «Novatest» her.
Ab 15.1.46 lässt Grundig den externen Ing. Hans Eckstein, den früheren
Konstrukteur bei Lumophon, einen Einkreiser-Baukasten mit späterem
Namen «Heinzelmann» entwickeln. Anfang 1946 beschäftigt Grundig ca. 100
Personen. Ab Oktober 1946 läuft die Produktion des «Heinzelmann» und
die Firma stellt bis Ende 1946 391 Baukästen her. Die vierseitige
Geschichte dazu findet sich in der Zeitschrift «rft» 1991, ab Seite 421.
Grundig hat auch 1947 grossen Erfolg, denn ein Baukasten ist ohne
Bezugsschein erhältlich. Das erste Modell (A) ist ein
Zwei-Röhren-Allstromempfänger mit Wehrmachtsröhren RV12P2000. Die
Produktion findet bald mit 120 Mitarbeitern auf 400 qm statt. Anfang
1947 folgt Modell W [634701]. Der Baukasten erreicht 1948 eine Stückzahl
von 39'256 [DRM].
Am 15.3.47
beginnt Grundig mit dem Bau eines modernen Fabrikgebäudes auf 8000 qm
Fläche. Mitte 1948 kann die Firma den Superhet «Weltklang» anbieten; er
findet ebenfalls guten Absatz. 400 Personen arbeiten auf 3000 qm
Fläche. Im Juli 1948 benennt Grundig seine Firma in Grundig-Radiowerke
GmbH um. Jetzt arbeiten 650 Personen im Betrieb. 1949 kommt als erstes
deutsches Nachkriegs-Koffergerät der «Grundig-Boy» auf den Markt. Die
Firma bringt eine Neukonstruktion des «Heinzelmann» auf den Markt.
Zudem entsteht der Vier-Kreis-Super «Weltklang 268GW». Im Mai 1949
erreicht der Betrieb in der Bizone (eigentlich Trizone!) 20 %
Marktanteil [664905]. Die Bizone ist der Zusammenschluss der amerikan.
und brit. Besatzungszone von 1947 bis 8.4.49, die sich ab dann durch den
Anschluss der frz. Besatzungszone zur Trizone erweitert.
Am
16. Mai 1951 übernimmt Grundig die Lumophon-Werke (ebenfalls in Fürth)
für den Betrag von 1,7 Mio. DM. Im gleichen Jahr entstehen erste
Grundig-Tonbandgeräte. 1952 beginnt die Produktion von Fernsehgeräten.
Das Unternehmen beschäftigt nun 6000 Personen und feiert am 12. Mai 1952
den millionsten Rundfunkempfänger. Die Baureihe von 1952/53 ist
erstmals technisch und formal einheitlich gestaltet, wobei Grundig die
prinzipielle Form bis 1956/57 beibehält. Ausser Typ 810 mit
Flankengleichrichter enthalten alle Geräte einen integrierten FM-Teil
mit Ratiodetektor. 1955 bezeichnet sich Grundig als den grössten
Tonbandgeräte-Hersteller der Welt. 1956 kauft er das
Telefunken-Rundfunkgerätewerk Dachau [639071]. 1959 besteht Grundig aus
sieben Werken, zwei Tochtergesellschaften plus einer Neugründung in den
USA. 1964 übernimmt Grundig die Tonfunk-Werke, Karlsruhe. 1969
beteiligt sich Grundig mehrheitlich an der Kaiser-Radio in Kenzingen.
Max Grundig ist seit 1970 gesundheitlich angeschlagen.
1978
gehören 31 Werke, 9 Niederlassungen mit 20 Filialen und drei
Werksvertretungen, 8 Vertriebs- und 200 Exportvertretungen zur Grundig
AG. 1979 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 38'000 Personen; der Umsatz liegt
bei 3 Mrd. DM. Ein Hauptstandort ist Nürnberg. Grundig muss sich jedoch
einer Umstrukturierung unterziehen und Philips erhält 1979 eine
Beteiligung von rund 25 %. 1980/81 muss Grundig einen Verlust von 187
Mio. DM hinnehmen. Zusätzlich scheitert das Gerät «VIDEO 2000»
finanziell.
Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte enthält das 1983 erschienene Buch: «Sieben Tage im Leben des Max Grundig» von Egon Fein.
Allerdings lässt sich aus [481, Saba] auch wenig Schmeichelhaftes über das Machtstreben von Max Grundig erfahren.
1984
erhöht Philips die Beteiligung um 7 % und übernimmt die
unternehmerische Verantwortung. 1986/87 kann das Unternehmen mit noch
19'500 Mitarbeitern wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben. 1987/88
beschäftigt Grundig noch 18'700 Personen bei einem Umsatz von
3,2
Mrd. DM, wovon 90 % auf die Unterhaltungselektronik entfallen. In
diesem Geschäftsjahr verlassen 2 Mio. Farbfernsehgeräte und 750'000
Videorecorder die Bänder. Max Grundig stirbt im Dezember 1989 [639071] -
letztlich hatte er nicht das vierblättrige, sondern das dreiblättrige
Kleeblatt als Firmenemblem gewählt.
Philips hat das
Unternehmen vollständig übernommen. Mitte 90er Jahre beschäftigt
Grundig noch 8000 Personen. Eine detaillierte Firmengeschichte findet
sich in «kleeblatt radio» ab 5/93 des Förderverein des Rundfunkmuseums
der Stadt Fürth eV.
1998 verkaufte Philips das
Unternehmen an ein Konsortium unter Führung von Anton Kathrein von den
Kathrein-Werken. Im Jahre 2001 wurde bei einem Umsatz von 1,2
Milliarden Euro ein Verlust von 150 Millionen Euro erwirtschaftet.
Daher verlängerten die Banken im Herbst 2002 die Kreditlinien nicht
mehr, was zur Insolvenz im April 2003 führte. In der Folgezeit wurden
gewinnbringende Sparten (wie z.B. Bürogeräte, Autoradios) aus dem
Konzern herausgelöst und einzeln verkauft. Verlustreiche Sparten wurden
stillgelegt und die Mitarbeiter entlassen. Heute erhältliche Neuware
von Grundig ist kaum noch "made in Germany".
References:
Einzelnachweise:
Stephan Maurer: Ein Jahr nach der Grundig-Insolvenz. In: Stern.de. 27. Juni 2004, abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 7 f., 11 f.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 8.
Stephan Maurer: 100 Jahre Max Grundig: Pionier des Wirtschaftswunders. stern.de, 7. Mai 2008, abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013.
Hans Knoll: Ursprünge des Radiobaukastens „Heinzelmann“, S. 14. In: Rundfunk und Museum. Zeitschrift des Rundfunkmuseums der Stadt Fürth, Heft 71, Dezember 2009, S. 9–16.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 9, 17 ff.
Vgl.
z. B. Nürnberger Nachrichten v. 28. September 1951, S. 3:
„Fernseh-Uraufführung in Fürth“; der Sender strahlte täglich um 11, 14
u. 16 Uhr einen Spielfilm aus, der in Nürnberg u. Fürth empfangen werden
konnte.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 9, 17 ff.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 9, 71 ff, 121 ff.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 9 f.
Aus dem Ruder, In: Der Spiegel 9/1985, abgerufen am 21. September 2015.
Alexander Mayer: Grundig und das Wirtschaftswunder. Reihe Arbeitswelten, Sutton-Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-305-3, S. 10.
Grundig meldet Insolvenz an. Computerwoche, 14. April 2003, abgerufen am 26. Juli 2013.
Thiemo Heeg: Grundig ist wieder da. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. August 2012, abgerufen am 21. November 2013.
Abschied von Nürnberg: Grundig-TV verlässt die Region. In: Nordbayern.de vom 7. April 2016.
Uwe Ritzer: Grundig verabschiedet sich aus Nürnberg In: Süddeutsche Zeitung vom 11. April 2016, S. 33.
"Grundig History - From The Foundations To Present". Grundig.co.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Arçelik A.Ş. marks IFA Fair with two giant brands". Arcelikas.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Make your home the best place to be with appliances from Grundig". Thetimes.co.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"UPDATE 2-Turkey's Arcelik, Grundig announce merger". Reuters.com. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
""Grundig Home" – The Best Place to Be - K!TCHN® Mag". ktchnmag.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"ARÇELİK A.Ş., LEAVES ITS MARK AT THE IFA FAIR WITH ITS BEKO AND GRUNDIG BRANDS". Arcelikas.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
Melaugh, Dr Martin. "CAIN: Chronology of the Conflict 1980". cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Design News". Design News. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
Deleon, Nicholas. "Grundig U900 Single Core Linux-Based Cellphone Looks Like It Belongs in 2002". Gizmodo.com. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
"Sponsoring: Grundig zeigt Flagge in der Fußball-Bundesliga". Horizont.net. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
"Grundig expands FC Nurnberg sponsorship". Sportbusiness.com. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
"From Postenligaen to Grundigligaen - The Norwegian American". Na-weekly.com. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Global Food Losses and Food Waste" (PDF). Fao.org. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
"Key facts on food loss and waste you should know!". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Respect Food grundig.com". Grundig.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
"Grundig partners with Massimo Bottura's first international 'Food for Soul' project – Innovative Electrical Retailing". Innovativeelectricalretailing.co.uk. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
"GRUNDIG – Unterhaltungselektronik & Haushaltsgeräte". Grundig.de. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
"GRUNDIG – Unterhaltungselektronik & Haushaltsgeräte". Grundig.de. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
