METZ 70TH73 NORDKAP-70S CHASSIS 600G-1099 INTERNAL VIEW.

 The METZ  70TH73  NORDKAP-70S  CHASSIS  600G-1099  is particularly complex and sophisiticated.

It's clearly representing the METZ style of hilghly elaborate product combined with high quality and features.

The VIDEO  digital architecture is based around ITT / MICRONAS PRIMUS  Powerful Scan Rate Converter including Multistandard Color Decoder, and ITT/ MICRONAS  SDA6000  Teletext Decoder with Embedded 16-bit Controller M2 HIGHGRAPHICS.




INFINEON TDA16846,

Controller for Switch Mode Power
Supplies Supporting Low Power
Standby and Power Factor.

The TDA 16846-2 (this name is used in the description for all types) is optimized to
control free running or fixed frequency flyback converters with or without Power Factor
Correction (Current Pump). To provide low power consumption at light loads, this device
reduces the switching frequency in small steps with load, towards an adjustable
minimum (e. g. 20 kHz in standby mode). Additionally, the startup current is very low. To
avoid switching stress on the power devices, the power transistor is always switched on
at minimum voltage. A special circuit is implemented to avoid jitter. The device has several protection functions: VCC over- and undervoltage, mains undervoltage, current
limiting and 2 free usable fault comparators. Regulation can be done by using the
internal error amplifier or an opto coupler feedback (additional input). The output driver
is ideally suited for driving a power MOSFET. Fixed frequency and synchronized
operation are also possible.
The TDA 16846-2 is suited for TV-, VCR- sets, SAT receivers and other sets for
consumer electronics. It also can be used in PC monitors.
The TDA 16847-2 is identical with TDA 16846-2 but has an additional power
measurement output (pin 8) which can be used as a Temporary High Power Circuit.

Features
• Line Current Consumption with PFC
• Low Power Consumption
• Stable and Adjustable Standby Frequency
• Very Low Start-up Current
• Soft-Start for Quiet Start-up
• Free usable Fault Comparators
• Synchronization and Fixed Frequency Circuits
• Over- and Undervoltage Lockout
• Switch Off at Mains Undervoltage
• Temporary High Power Circuit (only TDA 16847-2)
• Mains Voltage Dependent Fold Back Point Correction
• Continuous Frequency Reduction with Decreasing Load
• Adjustable and Voltage Dependent Ringing Suppression Time.

Functional Description
Start Up Behaviour (Pin 14)
When power is applied to the chip and the voltage V14 at Pin 14 (VCC) is less than the
upper threshold (VON) of the Supply Voltage Comparator (SVC), then the input current
I14 will be less than 100 µA. The chip is not active (off state) and driver output (Pin 13)
and control output (Pin 4) will be actively held low. When V14 exceeds the upper SVC
threshold (VON) the chip starts working and I14 increases. When V14 falls below the lower
SVC threshold (VOFF) the chip starts again from its initial condition. Figure 4 shows the
start-up circuit and Figure 5 shows the voltage V14 during start up. Charging of C14 is
done by resistor R2 of the “Primary Current Simulation” (see later) and the internal diode
D1, so no additional start up resistor is needed. The capacitor C14 delivers the supply
current until the auxiliary winding of the transformer supplies the chip with current
through the external diode D14.
It is recommended to apply a small RF snubber capacitor of e.g. 100 nF parallel to the
electrolytic capacitor at pin 14 as shown in the application circuits in Figures 15, 16 , and
17.
To avoid multiple pulses during start up in fixed frequency mode (danger of transformer
saturation), the IC works in freerunning mode until the pulses at pin 3 (RZI) exceed the
2.5 V threshold (only TDA 16846-2, TDA 16847-2).

Over- and Undervoltage Lockout OV/SVC (Pin 14)
When V14 at Pin 14 exceeds 16.5 V, e. g. due to a fault in the regulation circuit, the Error
Flip Flop ERR is set and the output driver is shut-down. When V14 goes below the lower
SVC threshold, ERR is reset and the driver output (Pin 13) and the soft-start (Pin 4) are
shut down and actively held low.
Primary Voltage Check PVC (Pin 11)
When the voltage V11 at Pin 11 goes below 1 V the Error Flip Flop (ERR) is set. E.g. a
voltage divider from the rectified mains at Pin 11 prevents high input currents at a too low
input voltage.
Free Usable Fault Comparator FC1 (Pin 10)
When the voltage at Pin 10 exceeds 1 V, the Error Flip Flop (ERR) is set. This can be
used e. g. for mains overvoltage shutdown.
Free Usable Fault Comparator FC2 (Pin 6)
When the voltage at Pin 6 exceeds 1.2 V, the Error Flip Flop (ERR) is set. A resistor
between Pin 9 (REF) and ground is necessary to enable this fault comparator.
Voltage dependent Ringing Suppression Time
During start-up and short-circuit operation, the output voltage of the converter is low and
parasitic zero crossings are applied for a longer time at Pin 3. Therefore the Ringing
Suppression Time TC1 (see “Off-Time Circuit OTC (Pin 1)”) is extended with a factor of
2.2 at a low output voltage. The voltage at pin 1 must not fall below the limit V1L.


THOMSON TDA8172 TV VERTICAL DEFLECTION OUTPUT CIRCUIT,

DESCRIPTION
The TDA8172 is a monolithic integrated circuit in
HEPTAWATTTMpackage. It is a high efficiency
power boosterfordirectdriving of verticalwindings
of TV yokes. It is intendedfor use in Color andB &
W television as well as in monitorsand displays.

MOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS
The power dissipated in the circuit must be re-
moved by adding an externalheatsink.
Thanks to the HEPTAWATTTMpackage attaching
the heatsinkis very simple, a screw or a compres-
sion spring (clip) being sufficient.
Between the heatsink and the package it is better
to insert a layer of silicon grease, to optimize the
thermal contact ; no electrical isolation is needed
between the two surfaces, since the tab is con-
nected to Pin 4 which is ground.



THOMSON TDA7265 25 +25W STEREO AMPLIFIER WITH MUTE & ST-BY. 

DESCRIPTION
The TDA7265 is class AB dual Audio power am-
plifier assembled in the Multiwatt package, spe-
cially designed for high quality sound application
as Hi-Fi music centers andstereo TV sets.

WIDE SUPPLY VOLTAGE RANGE (UP TO
±25V ABS MAX.)
SPLIT SUPPLY
HIGH OUTPUT POWER
25 + 25W @ THD=10%, RL = 8Ω, VS = +20V
NO POPAT TURN-ON/OFF
MUTE(POP FREE)
STAND-BY FEATURE (LOWIq)
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION.
THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION

BRIDGE APPLICATION
Another application suggestion concerns the
BRIDGE configuration, where the two power am-
plifiers are connected as shown by the schematic
diagram of figure.17.
This application shows, however, some operative
limits due to dissipation and current capability of
the output stage. For this reason, we reccomend
to use the TDA7265 in bridge with the supply volt-
age equal/lower than ±16V when the load is 8Ω;
with higher loads (i.e.16Ω), the amplifier can work
correctlyin the whole supplyvoltage range.
The detected characteristics of T.H.D. vs Pout
and FrequencyResponse are shown in fig.18 and
fig.19.
With R1=8Ω, Vs=+/-16V the maximum output
power obtainableis 50Wat T.D.H.=10%.
The quiescent current remains unchanged with
respect to the stereo configuration (~80mA as
typical at Vs=+/-16V).
The last point to take into consideration concerns
the short-circuit protection.As for the stereo appli-
cation, the TDA7265 is fully protected against any
kind of short-circuit ( between Out/Gnd, Out/+Vs
and Out/-Vs).

TDA9817; Single/multistandard VIF/SIF-PLL and FM-PLL/AM demodulators.


GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The TDA9817 is an integrated circuit for single standard
vision IF signal processing and FM demodulation.
The TDA9818 is an integrated circuit for multistandard
vision IF signal processing, sound AM and FM
demodulation.

FEATURES
• 5 V supply voltage
• Applicable for Intermediate Frequencies (IFs) of
38.9, 45.75 and 58.75 MHz
• Gain controlled wide band Video IF (VIF) amplifier
(AC-coupled)
• True synchronous demodulation with active carrier
regeneration (very linear demodulation, good
intermodulation figures, reduced harmonics and
excellent pulse response)
• Robustness for over-modulation better than 105% due
to gated phase detector at L/L accent standard and
PLL-bandwidth control at negative modulated standards
• Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) frequency
switchablebetweenL and L accent(alignmentexternal)
picture carrier frequency
• VIF Automatic Gain Control (AGC) detector for gain
control, operating as peak sync detector for B/G, peak
white detector for L; signal controlled reaction time for L
• Tuner AGC with adjustable TakeOver Point (TOP)
• Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) detector without
extra reference circuit
• AC-coupled limiter amplifier for sound intercarrier signal
• Alignment-free FM Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
demodulator with high linearity
• Sound IF (SIF) input for single reference Quasi Split
Sound (QSS) mode (PLL controlled); SIF AGC detector
for gain controlled SIF amplifier; single reference QSS
mixer able to operate in high performance single
reference QSS mode and in intercarrier mode
• AM demodulator without extra reference circuit
• Stabilizer circuit for ripple rejection and to achieve
constant output signals
• ElectroStatic Discharge (ESD) protection for all pins.

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
The integrated circuit comprises the functional blocks as
shown in Fig.1:
• Vision IF amplifier and VIF AGC detector
• Tuner AGC
• Frequency Phase Locked Loop detector (FPLL)
• VCO, Travelling Wave Divider (TWD) and AFC
• Video demodulator and amplifier
• Sound IF amplifier and SIF AGC
• Single reference QSS mixer
• AM demodulator
• FM-PLL demodulator
• Audio Frequency (AF) signal processing
• Internal voltage stabilizer.
Vision IF amplifier and VIF AGC detector
The vision IF amplifier consists of three AC-coupled
differential amplifier stages. Each differential stage
comprises a feedback network controlled by emitter
degeneration.
The AGC detector generates the required VIF gain control
voltage for constant video output by charging/discharging
the AGC capacitor. Therefore for negative video
modulation the sync level and for positive video
modulation the peak white level of the video signal is
detected. In order to reduce the reaction time for positive
modulation, where a very large time constant is needed,
an additional level detector increases the discharging
current of the AGC capacitor (fast mode) in the event of a
decreasing VIF amplitude step. The additional level
information is given by the black-level detector voltage.
Tuner AGC
The AGC capacitor voltage is converted to an internal
IF control signal, and is fed to the tuner AGC to generate
the tuner AGC output current at pin TAGC (open-collector
output). The tuner AGC takeover point can be adjusted at
pin TADJ. This allows to match the tuner to the SAW filter
in order to achieve the optimum IF input level.
Frequency Phase Locked Loop detector (FPLL)
The VIF-amplifier output signal is fed into a frequency
detector and into a phase detector via a limiting amplifier.
During acquisition the frequency detector produces a
DC current proportional to the frequency difference
between the input and the VCO signal. After frequency
lock-in the phase detector produces a DC current
proportional to the phase difference between the VCO and
the input signal. The DC current of either frequency
detector or phase detector is converted into a DC voltage
via the loop filter, which controls the VCO frequency. In the
event of positive modulated signals the phase detector is
gated by composite sync in order to avoid signal distortion
for overmodulated VIF signals.
VCO, Travelling Wave Divider (TWD) and AFC
The VCO operates with a resonance circuit (with L and C
in parallel) at double the picture carrier frequency. The
VCO is controlled by two integrated variable capacitors.
The control voltage required to tune the VCO from its
free-running frequency to actually double the picture
carrier frequency is generated by the frequency-phase
detector (FPLL) and fed via the loop filter to the first
variable capacitor. This control voltage is amplified and
additionally converted into a current which represents the
AFC output signal. At centre frequency the AFC output
current is equal to zero.
For TDA9818: the VCO centre frequency can be
decreased (required for L accent standard) by activating
an additional internal capacitor. This is achieved by using
the L accent switch. In this event the second variable
capacitor can be controlled by a variable resistor at the
L accentswitchforsettingtheVCOcentrefrequencytothe
required L accent value.
The oscillator signal is divided by 2 with a TWD which
generates two differential output signals with a 90 degree
phase difference independent of the frequency.
Video demodulator and amplifier
The video demodulator is realized by a multiplier which is
designed for low distortion and large bandwidth. The
vision IF input signal is multiplied with the ‘in phase’ signal
of the travelling wave divider output. In the demodulator
stage the video signal polarity can be switched in
accordance with the TV standard.
The demodulator output signal is fed via an integrated
low-pass filter for attenuation of the carrier harmonics to
the video amplifier. The video amplifier is realized by an
operational amplifier with internal feedback and high
bandwidth. A low-pass filter is integrated to achieve an
attenuation of the carrier harmonics for B/G and
L standard. The standard dependent level shift in this
stage delivers the same sync level for positive and
negative modulation. The video output signal at pin CVBS
is 1.1 V (p-p) for nominal vision IF modulation, in order to
achieve 1 V (p-p) at sound trap output.

Sound IF amplifier and SIF AGC
The sound IF amplifier consists of two AC-coupled
differential amplifier stages. Each differential stage
comprises a controlled feedback network provided by
emitter degeneration.
The SIF AGC detector is related to the SIF input signal
(average level of AM or FM carrier) and controls the SIF
amplifier to provide a constant SIF signal to the
AM demodulator and single reference QSS mixer. At
L standard (AM sound) the SIF AGC reaction time is set to
‘slow’ for nominal video conditions. But with a decreasing
VIF amplitude step the SIF AGC is set to ‘fast’ mode
controlled by the VIF AGC detector. In FM mode this
reaction time is always ‘fast’.
Single reference QSS mixer
The single reference QSS mixer is realized by a multiplier.
The SIF amplifier output signal is fed to the single
reference QSS mixer and converted to intercarrier
frequency by the regenerated picture carrier (VCO). The
mixer output signal is fed via a high-pass for attenuation of
the video signal components to the output pin QSS. With
this system a high performance hi-fi stereo sound
processing can be achieved.
For a simplified application without a sound IF SAW filter
the single reference QSS mixer can be switched to the
intercarrier mode by connecting pin SIF2 to ground. In this
mode the sound IF passes the vision IF SAW filter and the
composite IF signal is fed to the single reference QSS
mixer. This IF signal is multiplied with the 90 degree TWD
output signal for converting the sound IF to intercarrier
frequency. This composite intercarrier signal is fed to the
output pin QSS, too. By using this quadrature detection,
the low frequency video signals are removed.
AM demodulator
The AM demodulator is realized by a multiplier. The
modulated SIF amplifier output signal is multiplied in
phase with the limited (AM is removed) SIF amplifier
output signal. The demodulator output signal is fed via an
integrated low-pass filter for attenuation of the carrier
harmonics to the AF amplifier.
FM-PLL demodulator
The FM-PLL demodulator consists of a limiter and an
FM-PLL. The limiter provides the amplification and
limitation of the FM sound intercarrier signal. The result is
high sensitivity and AM suppression. The amplifier
consists of 7 stages which are internally AC-coupled in
order to minimize the DC offset.
Furthermore the AF output signal can be muted by
connecting a resistor between the limiter input pin FMin
and ground.
The FM-PLL consists of an integrated relaxation oscillator,
an integrated loop filter and a phase detector. The
oscillator is locked to the FM intercarrier signal, output
from the limiter. As a result of locking, the oscillator
frequency tracks with the modulation of the input signal
and the oscillator control voltage is superimposed by the
AF voltage. The FM-PLL operates as an FM demodulator.
Audio Frequency signal processing
The AF amplifier consists of two parts:
1.
The AF pre-amplifier for FM sound is an operational
amplifier with internal feedback, high gain and high
common mode rejection. The AF voltage from the
PLL demodulator, by principle a small output signal, is
amplified by approximately 33 dB. The low-pass
characteristicoftheamplifierreducestheharmonicsof
the intercarrier signal at the sound output terminal
pin Vde-em at which the de-emphasis network for FM
sound is applied. An additional DC control circuit is
implemented to keep the DC level constant,
independent of process spread.
2.
The AF output amplifier (10 dB) provides the required
output level by a rail-to-rail output stage. This amplifier
makes use of an input selector for switching to AM,
FM de-emphasis or mute state, controlled by the
standard switching voltage and the mute switching
voltage.
Internal voltage stabilizer
The bandgap circuit internally generates a voltage of
approximately 1.25 V, independent of supply voltage and
temperature. A voltage regulator circuit, connected to this
voltage, produces a constant voltage of 3.6 V which is
used as an internal reference voltage.



SDA9402(S) PRIMUS Powerful Scan Rate Converter including Multistandard Color Decoder,

General Description
The SDA 9402 (PRIMUS) is a new component of the
Micronas MEGAVISION® IC set in a copper CMOS
embedded DRAM technology. The SDA 9402
comprises all main functions of a digital featurebox in
one monolithic IC. The amount of features is limited in
favour of a low-cost solution. But no trade-off has been
made concerning picture quality. It is ideally suited to
work in conjunction with the ’enhanced digital
deflection processor’ SDA 9380. The package is pin-
upward compatible to other medium-range and high-
end devices of the SDA940X family. A 50/60Hz
derivative is also available (SDA9402S).

The device comprises a digital multistandard color
decoder, a RGB interface with fast-blank capability
(SCART), digital ITU656 input, scaling units including
panorama, embedded DRAM for upconversion, picture
improvements, temporal noise reduction as well as A/
D and D/A converter.
Features
• Integrated Video Matrix switch
– Up to seven CVBS inputs, up to two Y/C inputs,
– Up to three CVBS outputs (even when Y/C input)
– 9 bit amplitude resolution for CVBS, Y/C A/D converter
– AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
• Multi-standard color decoder
– PAL/NTSC/SECAM including all substandards
– Automatic recognition of chroma standard
– Only one crystal necessary for all standards
• RGB-FBL or YUV-H-V input
– 8 bit amplitude resolution for RGB or YUV
– 8 bit amplitude resolution for FBL or H
• ITU656 support
– ITU656 input (9402)
– ITU656 input or output (9402S, pin sharing)
• Noise reduction
– Motion adaptive temporal noise reduction
– Field-based temporal noise reduction for luminance and chrominance
– Different motion detectors for luminance and chrominance or identical
– Flexible programming of the temporal noise reduction parameters
– Automatic measurement of the noise level
• Horizontal scaling of the 1fH signal
– Split-screen possible with additional PiP or Text processor
• Flexible digital horizontal scaling of the 2fH signal
– Scaling factors: 3, ... [2 pixel resolution], ..., 0.75 including 16:9 compatibility
– 5 zone panorama generator
• Embedded memory
– On-chip memory controller
– Embedded DRAM core for field memory
– SRAM for PAL/SECAM delay line
• Data format 4:2:2
• Flexible clock and synchronization concept
– Horizontal line-locked or free-running mode
– Vertical locked or free-running mode
• Scan-rate-conversion
– Simple interlaced modes (100/120 Hz): AABB, AAAA, BBBB (9402 only)
– No scan-rate-conversion modes (50/60 Hz): AB, AA, BB (9402S only)
• Flexible output sync controller
– Flexible positioning of the output signal
– Flexible programming of the output sync raster
– ’Blank signal’ generation

 Signal manipulations
– Still field
– Insertion of colored background
– Windowing
– Vertical chrominance shift for improved VCR picture quality
• Sharpness improvement
– Digital color transition improvement (DCTI)
– Peaking (luminance)
• Three D/A converters
– 9 bit amplitude resolution for Y, -(R-Y), -(B-Y) output
– 72 MHz clock frequency
– Two-fold oversampling for Anti-imaging
– Simplification of external analog postfiltering
• 1920 active pixel/per line in default configuration
• I²C-bus control (400 kHz)
– selectable I²C address
• 1.8V± 5% and 3.3V ± 5% supply voltages
• P-MQFP-80 package.

CVBS Frontend
The CVBS frontend consists of the color-decoding circuit itself, a sync processing circuit
for generation of H/V signals out of the CVBS signal, and the luminance processing. The
main task of the luminance processing is to remove the color carrier by means of a notch
filter. For PAL and SECAM operation a baseband delay line is used for U and V signals.
This can be used as comb filter in NTSC operation (only for chrominance). The RGB
input can either be used as an overlay for the CVBS channel (RGB+FBL) or as a full
master channel (RGB+H/V). The overlay is done by means of a soft-mix and can be used
e.g. for ’SCART’ connector. This block incorporates a matrix (for RGB signals) which is
switched off for YUV (e.g. YPbPr) input signals. A CBS (contrast, brightness, saturation)
control makes the input signal adjustable.
5.1.1
Source select
Figure 5-1 shows the analog frontend. The analog CVBS signal can be fed to the inputs
CVBS1...7 of SDA 9402 (amplitude 0.5...1.5Vpp). One signal is selected via CVBSEL1
and fed to first ADC. A second signal is selected via CVBSEL2 and fed to the other ADC.
CVBS4&5 or CVBS6&7 are intended to use as separate Y/C inputs (YCSEL). After
clamping to the back porch (switchable to sync-tip clamping by CLPSTGY) both signals
are AD-converted with an amplitude resolution of 9 bit. The conversion is done using a
20.25 MHz free-running stable crystal clock. Before this the signals are lowpassed by
antialias filter. Three inputs can be looped back to output CVBSO1-3 (CVBOSEL1,
CVBOSEL2, CVBSELO3). A signal addition is performed to output a CVBS signal even
when separate Y/C signals are used at input. Inputs that are not used are roughly
clamped to fit in the allowed voltage region. For stand-by operation (power-down mode),
A/D and D/A converter are switched off by STANDBY keeping the source-selector
operational.

Clamping
The clamp timing for the analog inputs is generated from its corresponding CVBS signal.
The clamping algorithm works with a split measurement pulse and a clamping pulse. The
measurement pulse is used to detect the clamping error. The clamping pulse is used to
enable current sources for reducing the detected clamping errors. The start and length
of the measurement signal is adjustable independently for both channels (CLMPST1,
CLMPD1, CLMPST2, CLMPD2). The start and length of the clamping signal is
adjustable for both channels independently (CLMPST1S, CLMPD1S, CLMPST2S,
CLMPD2S). Clamping signals for RGB-channel are not split. Clamping for these ADC
are controlled by CLMPST2 and CLMPD2 only. Clamping can be suppressed for some
lines by CLMPLOW and CLMPHIGH to ignore copyprotection information. No external
sync signals are required.

Synchronization
After elimination of the high frequency components of the CVBS signal by a low pass
filter, horizontal and vertical sync pulses are separated. Horizontal sync pulses are
generated by a digital phase locked loop. The time constant can be adjusted between
fast and slow behavior in four steps (PLLTC) to accommodate different input sources
(e.g. VCR). The time-constant can be changed during normal operation without visible
picture degradation.

Additionally weak input signals from a satellite dish (’fish’) become more stable when
SATNR is enabled. Vertical sync pulses are separated by integration of equalizing
pulses. A vertical flywheel mode improves vertical sync separation for weak signals
(VFLYWHL, VFLYWHLMD). Additionally, v-syncs may be gated by VTHRL and VTHRH
to reject invalid v-syncs. When no input signal is connected the device switches to a free-
running mode. The device can be configured to switch-on background color when no or
only a weak signal is applied (NOSIGB). 50 Hz or 60 Hz operation for sync separation
may be forced separately or selected to work automatically (FLNSTRD)

The digital multistandard chroma decoder is able to decode NTSC and PAL signals with
a subcarrier frequency of 3.58MHz and 4.43MHz (PAL B1)/M/N/602), NTSC M/4.4) as
well as SECAM signals with automatic standard detection. Alternatively a standard can
be forced. The demodulation is done with a regenerated color-carrier. For use of non-
standard crystals or factory adjustment, the frequency of the free-running regenerated
subcarrier can be adjusted between +/-270 ppm via SCADJ. For this purpose the crystal
deviation (SCDEV) can be read out via I²C after chroma PLL locking (indicated by
SCOUTEN) and can be stored in ?C ROM for SCADJ. For test purposes, CPLLOF
allows a loop opening of the chroma PLL
For adjustment to the specific operational area an automatic norm detection is
selectable. Available 50 Hz color standards are PAL B, PAL N and SECAM. Available
60 Hz color standards are NTSC M, PAL M, PAL60 and NTSC44. For each line standard,
one or more color standards can be chosen for automatic standard detection. In addition,
a standard can be forced as well. Within each line standard, the standard is detected by
consequently switching from one to another. This standard detection process can be set
to slow or fast behavior (LOCKSP). In slow behavior, 25 fields are used to detect the
standard, whereas 15 fields are used in fast behavior. If unsuccessful within this time
period the system tries to detect another standard. For SECAM detection, a choice
between different recognition levels is possible (SCMIDL, SCMREL) and the evaluated
burst position is shiftable (BGPOS).
Color standard (STDET), line standard (LNSTDRD) and color killer status (CKSTAT)
can be read out.

Chroma filter characteristics
An Automatic Chroma Control (ACC) produces a stable output for input chroma
variations from (approximately) -30 dB to +6 dB compared to nominal burst value. The ACC reference value is programmable for NTSC and PAL independently (NTSCREF,
PALREF) to ensure correct color saturation. With ACCFIX, the ACC is disabled and a
constant value (dependent on NTSCREF and PALREF) is used instead. ACCFRZ holds
the current ACC value. The maximum amplification of the ACC can be limited by
ACCLIM. This results a smooth attenuation of color intensity for weak color carrier. If the
chrominance signal is below an adjustable threshold (CKILL (PAL; NTSC) or CKILLS
(SECAM)) the color is switched off. To prevent on / off switching, a hysteresis is given
by CON or CONS which is the value of switching on the color.
COLON switches on the color under any circumstance. The output of the colordecoder
can be set to UV or CrCb data by CRCB. For NTSC only, the color impression (tint) can
be adjusted by the Hue Control between -88 and 90 in steps of 0.7° (HUE). Low
chrominance values (+/- 1...3 LSB) may be deleted by UV-coring (UVCOR). The Chroma
bandwidth can be adjusted by CHRF. The value of CHRF has no linear dependency on
effective bandwidth. The proper constellations are shown in Figure 5-7. A filter with
asymmetrical characteristic around the color carrier is available (IFCOMP) .

IF prefilter
For SECAM mode, the de-emphasis filter can be adjusted by DEEMPFIR and
DEEMPIIR. The bell filter can be adjusted by BELLFIR and BELLIIR.

Bell filter (baseband): standard (black) and implementation (red)
The delay between Y and C is well aligned and can also be adjusted in steps of 50ns
(YCDEL). No picture shifting occurs when switching between different color standards
(e.g. SECAM -> PAL). A delay-line is implemented for PAL and SECAM signals. It acts
as a simple chrominance comb-filter for NTSC and can be disabled by COMB. This
improves the vertical chroma resolution, but cross-color remains.

Luminance Processing
A luminance notch filter is implemented to reject the chroma information from luminance.
Depending on the color standard, one of three different notch characteristics is chosen
(’PAL’, ’NTSC’, ’SECAM’). For PAL and SECAM standards, five different characteristics
are available. For NTSC standard, four different characteristics are available. They can
be selected by NTCHSEL. Alternatively, no notch should be used for Y/C input
(NOTCHOFF). The filter characteristics can be found in Figure 5-11...Figure 5-14. In
SECAM operation, the notch filter can be fixed to one frequency or toggle between 4.4
and 4.25 MHz depending on the transmitted color (Dr, Db) (SECNTCH). A simple
lowpass-filter can be enabled by LPPOST to further reduce high-frequency noise
component from the CVBS signal.

Filter characteristics for Y/C mode
For applications for which a black offset is not desired, controlling may be done using
LMOFST. The positive or negative offset is added to the Y signal before scaling.

RGB-Frontend
An analog RGB input port for an external RGB or YUV source is available. The incoming
signal is clamped to the back porch by a clamping pulse. As the memory is only able to
store a 4:2:2 picture, the YUV input signal is downconverted to 4:2:2. There are two operation modes available. The first one uses this input as an overlay input (soft mix).
The RGB or YUV signal must then be synchronized to the main CVBS signal. The so
called independent mode uses RGB / YUV including sync or H/V signals. This can be
used, for example, for a DVD player or set-top-box. When using H sync from a non CVBS
input (e.g. separate H-sync) this must be indicated by HINP. The usage of separate V
sync must be set by VINP.

Possible input signals for RGB Frontend
The delay of luminance and fast-blank can be adjusted by YFDEL, and chrominance can
be delay adjusted by UVDEL. If necessary, fast-blank can be adjusted fine by FBLDEL.

Digital Prefiltering
A digital prefiltering can be enabled. This reduces the bandwidth of very steep input
signals, such as a display of characters. A band limitation is required, because the
succeeding deskewing filter performs best below 14 MHz. The filtering is performed in
all four channels and can be disabled by AABYP. For signal conversion to 4:2:2, an
additional chrominance lowpass can be enabled by CHRSF. The deskewing filter can be
disabled by SKEWSEL. This is necessary when using the HOUT50-pin in connection
with a Micronas picture-in-picture device (e.g. SDA938x, SDA948x, SDA958x).
In this application, the RGB input (in1, in2, in3) of the PiP can not be used for other RGB
signals (e.g. ’SCART’ is not possible).

RGB->YUV Matrix
RGB or YUV signals are selected by YUVSEL. The matrix coefficients are set according
to ITU recommendations.

Contrast, Brightness and Saturation Control of Input signal
The YUV signal can be manipulated in order to fit to the main channel. The contrast can
be adjusted between 0 and 1.97 in 64 steps (CONADJ). The brightness is adjustable in
255 steps (BRTADJ). Due to the independent chroma adjustment of U and V (64 steps
each, USAT, VSAT), UV as well as CrCb input signals can both be displayed correctly.


Soft Mix
The soft-mixing is done by means of alpha-mixing. Alpha is derived from the fast blank
input (FBL), which indicates a signal insertion. The value of ? is between ’0’ and ’128’.
’0’ means that only the main signal is fed through to the output. ’128’ means that only the
inserted signal becomes visible.

FBL activity and overflow detection
It is important to know whether the FBL input is used or not. Therefore a detection circuit
gives information via the I2C bus to the microcontroller. The circuit uses the FBL value
as input. If it is greater than a threshold for one or five clock cycles (FBLCONF), the I²C
register FBLACTIVE is set. This register is reset when it is read by the microcontroller.
PFBL, PG, PR, PB indicate an overflow of the corresponding ADC (upper limit:
ADC=255) exceeding 5 clock cycles duration. These signals are also set by overflow and
reset by I²C reading only.

Horizontal Prescaler (sample-rate-converter)
The main application is the conversion of the data coming from the 40.5/20.25MHz pixel
clock domain down to the number of pixels stored in the memory (factor 2/3). Generally
the number of incoming pixels can be decimated by a factor between 1 and 64 in a
granularity of 2 output pixels. The horizontal scaler reduces the number of incoming
pixels by subsampling. To prevent the introduction of alias distortion low pass filters are
used for luminance and chrominance processing (Figure 5-23). In case of ITU656 input,
the lowpass filter must be disabled by HAAPRESC.
The horizontal prescaler consists of two main subsampling stages. The first stage is a
scaler for rational decimation factors in a range of 1 to 2, controlled by HSCPRESC. The
second stage is a MTA (moving target average) filter for integer decimation factors
(1,2,3,4...32), controlled by HDCPRESC. Due to its architecture the MTA filter
automatically adapts its low pass filter characteristic to the used subsampling factor.

Noise Reduction
The Figure 5-24 shows a block diagram of the motion adaptive temporal noise reduction
(first order IIR filter). The structure of the temporal motion adaptive noise reduction is the
same for luminance as for chrominance signal. Noise reduction is enabled by NRON.

Temporal noise reduction
The equation below describes the behavior of the temporal adaptive noise reduction
filter. The same equation is valid for the chrominance signal. Depending on the motion
in the input signal, the K-factor Ky (Kuv) is adjustable between 0 (no motion) and 15
(motion) by the motion detector. The K-factor for the chrominance filter can be either Ky
(output of the luminance motion detector, TNRSEL=0) or Kuv (output of the chrominance
motion detector, TNRSEL=1). The delay of the feedback path is a field delay.

The output of the motion detector is weighted TNRCLC and TNRCLY. The output is
mapped to the values Ky and Kc by look-up-tables (LUT Y and LUT C). The input value
range is separated into 8 segments, where segment 0 covers the range 0...3, segment
1 covers the range 4...7 etc. and segment 7 covers the range 48...63 of motion value.

Noise Measurement
The noise measurement algorithm can be used to change the parameters of the
temporal noise reduction processing depending on the actual noise level of the input
signal. This is done by the TV- microcontroller which reads the noise level (NOISEME),
and sends different parameter sets to the temporal noise reduction registers of the SDA
9402 depending on this value (0=no noise, 30=strong noise). Value 31 indicates an
overflow status which means that the measurement failed. The line taken for noise
measurement is selected by NMLINE. When NOISEME contains updated data which
was not read so far, NMSTATUS is set. NMSTATUS is reset when read.

Horizontal Postscaler
After field memory, the display processing is performed using a different clock. In this
way a decoupling of input and output clocks is achieved.
The conversion to the display clock is done by an interpolation filter. This can be used
for horizontal expansion in the range of 1...4 in steps of 2 pixels (HSCPOSC). Due to
increased clock frequency in the backend part (36 MHz instead of 27MHz), the horizontal
expansion factors result as 0.75 ... 3. This ensures that the factor 0.75 gives no loss of
resolution. This is used to show a 4:3 picture on a 16:9 tube.

Because of the nonlinear characteristic and integer number of pixel, sometimes different
HSCPOSC values result in the same decimation factors.

Panorama Mode
The picture can be geometrically distorted in horizontal direction for an improved
impression in the case of expansions of 4:3 pictures to a 16:9 ratio tube. It is enabled by
HPANON. The idea behind this panorama mode is to keep the middle part of the picture
in a 4:3 ratio and to stretch the left and the right to fill the entire width of the 16:9 screen.
For the adjustment of the expansion process, the picture is divided into 5 segments. For
each of these segments the increment value for the expansion factor can be defined
separately.

Visualization of panorama segments
Each end of a segment can be defined individually in a granularity of two output pixels.
For every segment an increment value can be defined (HINC0...HINC4) which indicates
the amount of decimation/expansion. One LSB is equivalent to an offset of 0.125 to
HSCPRESC per double pixel. This means that with HINC, HSCPRESC is altered in the
range from -32...31.875 per double pixel.

 Display processing
The display processing part contains an integrated triple 9-bit DAC and performs digital
enhancements and manipulations of the digital video component signal. The Figure 5-
32 shows the block diagram of the display processing part.

 Peaking
The luminance peaking filter improves the overall frequency response of the luminance
channel. It consists of two filters working in parallel. They have high pass (HP) and band
pass (BP) characteristics. Their gain factors are programmable separately (BCOF,
HCOF). Values greater than 4 peak the signal, whereas values less than 4 attenuate the
signal. The high pass and the band pass filters are equipped with a common coring
algorithm. It is optimized to achieve a smooth display of grey scales, not to improve the
signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore no artifacts are produced. Coring can be switched off
(YCOR). The Figure 5-33 shows the block diagram of the peaking block

 Peaking filter: Bandpass and Highpass filter
The peaking filter clock frequency is CLKB36 (36 MHz). The maximum signal frequency
of the picture stored in the memory is 6.75 MHz. Due to a peaking after postscaler, the
frequency range of the peaking filter varies with the expansion factor of the postscaler.

 Digital color transition improvement (DCTI)
A new digital algorithm is implemented to improve horizontal transitions of the
chrominance signals resulting in a better picture sharpness. A correction signal
proportional to the slope of the detected horizontal transition of the input signal is added
to the original input signal. Different correction signals are selected according to the
bandwidth of the input signal. The amplitude of the correction signal is adjustable by the
I²C bus parameter ASCENTCTI.
The exact position of a color transition is calculated by detecting the corresponding zero
transition of the second derivative of both chrominance signals. Low pass filtering is
performed to avoid noise sensitivity. The I²C bus parameter THRESHC modifies the
sensitivity of the DCTI circuit. High values of THRESHC result in an improvement only
of significant color transitions. Small color variations remain unchanged.
To eliminate “wrong color” transitions, which are caused by over- and undershoots at the
chroma transition, the sharpened chroma signals are automatically limited to a proper
value.

Coarse and fine delay
Before digital-to-analog conversion an adjustment of the phase of the luminance is
performed. A coarse delay from -8 to +7 in steps of 1 pixel CLKB36 (~28 ns) are possible
(COARSEDEL). FINEDEL shifts the luminance one CLKB72 (~14 ns) pixel. This can be
used to compensate delays, when Y and UV are externally processed differently (e.g.
lowpass filtered).

Oversampling and DAC
After conversion into 8:8:8 format (CLKB72=72MHz), three 9-bit digital-to-analog
converters are used for analog YUV output. This twofold-oversampling generates 1920
active pixels per line (when using recommended settings) and simplifies the external
postfiltering. Output voltage is determined by PKLY, PKLU and PKLV in a range of 0.4
...1.9 V (fullscale).

DAC output signals
8 bits of the luminance D/A converter are used for the entire signal. The 9th bit is used
for over- and undershoots caused by the peaking to prevent or reduce clipping artifacts.
As the CTI block seldomly produces such overshoots, a full-scale operation can be
activated by CHROMAMP.

Output-Sync Controller
The output sync controller generates horizontal and vertical synchronization signals for
the scanrate-converted output signal.

HOUT Generator
The HOUT generator has two operation modes, which can be selected by the parameter
HOUTFR. The HOUT signal is active high for 64 clock cycles (CLKB36). In the
freerunning-mode the HOUT signal is generated depending on the PPLOP parameter.
In the locked-mode the HOUT signal is locked on the incoming H-Sync signal derived
from CVBS. The polarity of the HOUT signal is programmable by the parameter
HOUTPOL.

VOUT Generator
The VOUT generator has two operation modes, which can be selected by the parameter
VOUTFR. In the freerunning-mode (VOUTFR=1) the VOUT signal is generated
depending on the LPFOP parameter.
In the locked-mode the VOUT signal is synchronized by the incoming V-Sync signal
derived from CVBS, delayed by some lines (OPDEL). During one incoming V-Sync
signal, two VOUT pulses have to be generated. The polarity of the VOUT signal is
programmable by the parameter VOUTPOL. The VOUT signal is active high for two
output lines.

Background Generator
This generator is able to realize an automatic closing and opening of the displayed
picture. This means that with every picture the displayed colored background, defined by
UBORDER, VBORDER and YBORDER will get bigger or smaller. The original picture
data will be replaced by the background values and vice versa. There is also the
possibility to realize a fixed border via the I²C bus (BORDPOSH and BORDPOSV). 4096
different colors are available.
BORDPOSH and BORDPOSV also influence the window generation. This means the
automatic opening and closing of the picture will start or end at the position which is
defined with these values. The border is calculated with the following formula: The
horizontal border on the left side of the TV screen is 2*BORDPOSH and 2*BORDPOSH
on the right side of the TV screen. This means, that 4*BORDPOSH pixels are overwritten
with border values. The same applies to the vertical direction. 4*BORDPOSV lines in
total are overwritten with background values. BORDERV decides whether upper or
lower or both borders are displayed. BORDERH decides whether left or right or both
borders are displayed.

Digital 656 input
The IC decodes a digital 8bit@27MHz data stream according to ITU.BT656 standard.
The input is selected by EN656.

Clock Concept
A single 20.25 MHz crystal at fundamental mode is used as clock reference. All other
clocks are derived from this source. The CVBS frontend works with 20.25 MHz, the RGB
frontend works with 40.5 MHz, the oversampling DACs use 72.0 MHz and the memory
and all parts behind the memory are clocked with 36 MHz.
Three different clock concepts are supported. The difference is the behavior in clocking
the memory output. The frontend part of the SDA 9402 uses a free-running but crystal-
stable clock (CLKF). After deskewing, an orthogonal picture is written into the memory.
The read out is done using the (CLKB) clock.
The horizontal sync-signal output (HOUT) is derived from a counter running with CLKB.
The VOUT is directly derived from the input vertical signal, which is generated by the
sync-separation block. This ’H-freerunning-V-locked mode’ is only possible together with
a DC coupled deflection controller.
In ’H-and-V-locked mode’ CLKB is line-locked to the incoming signal. The freerunning
YUV picture data and the internal H signal are converted to the line-locked domain. Now
HOUT and the sync signal in the 1fH domain are directly coupled.
In case of ’H-and-V-freerunning mode’ the HOUT and VOUT signals are derived from
counters running with CLKB. There is no connection to the incoming signal. This mode
can be used for stable pictures when no signal is applied (e.g. channel search with OSD
insertion).

Clock system
A clock output of 27MHz (50 Hz version:13.5 MHz) is possible (pin 27:clkout). This clock
is 3/4 of CLKB36. HOUT and VOUT are in line with this sampling clock. The clock output
can be disabled by CLKOUTON. Additionally a 20.25 MHz clock can be output to pin 74
(656hin/clkf20) to supply other ICs (e.g. PiP) with the same clock (CLKF2PAD). When
enabled, 656-input with separate H/V-sync is not possible. For 656-output operation,
CLKB36 is given to pin 9 (656clk).

Linelocked clock generation
Linelocked horizontal sync pulses are generated by a digital phase locked loop. The time
constant can be adjusted between fast and slow behavior in eight steps (TICO) to
accommodate different input sources (e.g. VCR). Noisy input signals become more
stable when a noise-reduction is enabled (HSWIN). The PLL control can be frozen up to
15 lines before v-sync (FION) for a duration up to 15 lines (FILE). This may be used to
reduce disturbances by h-phase errors which are produced by VCR’s. Because of the
delay between read and write pointer of field memory (Figure 5-31), the incoming 50Hz
v-sync lies in the active picture area.
The output frequency for the 100/120 Hz version dependent on IICINCR is
The value is internally divided by two for the 50/60 Hz version.

I²C bus clock domains
The registers themselves are grouped in an I²C bus interface block, one in each domain.
The transmitted data is received by the I²C bus kernel. The I²C bus kernel itself is located
in the CP domain. This means that the working frequency is 20.25 MHz. The data is
transmitted to the I²C bus interface blocks via an internal serial bus.
For the write process, the I²C bus master has to write a ’don’t care’ byte to the
subaddress FFh (store command) to make the register values available to the four I²C
bus interface blocks (except for the not-take-over registers).
In order to have a defined time step for the several blocks in the different domains, where the data will be available from the I²C bus interface blocks, the data are made valid with internal V-sync related
signals (rising edge), depending on the different clock domains. The subaddresses,
where the data are made valid with the V-sync signal of the 20.25 MHz domain are
indicated in the overview of the subaddresses with „V20“, the others are called “V40”,
“V36F” and “V36B”, respectively. The I²C parameter V20STAT, V40STAT and
V36BSTAT reflect the state of the register values. If these bits are read as ’1’, then the
store command was sent, but the data is not made available yet. If these bits are ’0’ then
the data was made valid and a new write or read cycle can start. The bits V20STAT,
V40STAT and V36BSTAT may be checked before writing or reading new data,
otherwise data can be lost by overwriting. No V36FSTAT register exist. To make the
register values available to the four I²C bus interface immediately after sending, the I²C
bus master has to write a ’don’t care’ byte to the subaddress FEh (store command).

I²C bus clock domains
For the read process, the I²C bus master must not send a store command. In order to
have a defined time step for the I²C bus interface blocks in the different domains, where
the data will be available from the different blocks, the data is made valid with the same
V-Sync related signals mentioned above for the write process. The SDA 9402
distinguishes between two different types of read-registers. The behavior of the “normal”
read registers does not differ from the behavior of the write registers.Only the direction
of the data flow is opposite. The “rs typ” read registers behave differently. They can be
only set (means value 1) by the internal blocks using the rising edge of a corresponding
signal. After reading by the I²C bus master, the registers will be automatically reset
(means value 0) by the I²C bus kernel/interface.

For example the register NMSTATUSbelongs to the “rs typ” read registers. NMSTATUS signalizes a new value for NOISEME. So if NMSTATUS is read as ’0’ the current noise measurement has not been updated.
If the NMSTATUS is read as ’1’ a new noise measurement value can be read. All other
“rs typ” read registers work in the same way. The “rs typ” read registers will be marked
in the overview with the short cut “rstyp” or will have the additional hint “Note: reset
automatically when read/write” in the detailed I²C bus command description.
By default all registers are made valid by the internal V-Sync related signals and, in
addition, a store command has to be sent for write registers. The registers, which should
also be made available immediately as for writing and reading, are marked with the short
cut NTO (No take over mechanism).
Registers which need a hand-shake mechanism between the I²C bus interface and the
different blocks are marked with the shortcut HS (Hand shake mechanism). This means
that all bits of the registers are used when the last register is written. After PPLIP9-2 is
written, PPLIP1-0 must be written to allow these bits to have effect.
The registers for the write parameter STOPMODE are directly connected to the read
registers of the parameter SMMIRROR. So it is possible to check the I²C bus protocol by
writing and reading to the register STOPMODE and SMMIRROR, respectively.
The transmitted data is internally stored in registers. Writing to or reading from a non -
existant register is permitted and does not generate a fault by the IC.
After switching on the IC, all bits of the SDA 9402 are set to defined states, (refer to
Table 6- 2). POR is set after reset to pin 24. It stays ’1’, until it is cancled via software
PORCNCL. This can be used to decide during TV operation, whether to program all
registers (e.g. after power failure reset) or only altered ones (normal TV operation).


 




SDA 9380 EDDC Enhanced Deflection Controller and RGB Processor,

General description
The SDA 9380 is a highly integrated deflection controller and RGB video processor for CTV receiv-
ers with 15 to 19kHz or 31 to 38kHz line frequencies. The deflection component controls among oth-
ers an horizontal driver circuit for a flyback line output stage, a DC coupled vertical saw-tooth output
stage and an East-West raster correction circuit. All adjustable output parameters are I²C-Bus con-
trolled. Inputs are HSYNC and VSYNC. The HSYNC signal is the reference for the internal clock
system which includes the=χΝ=and χΟ=control loops.
The RGB processor has two YUV/RGB inputs and one RGB input. One YUV/RGB input and the
RGB input are for SVGA and text/OSD with fast blanking. The RGB output stage has two control
loops for cut off and white level with halt capability in vertical shrink modes. An overall Y output and
an adjustable delay of the RGB outputs related to this signal are suitable for a scan velocity modula-
tion circuit.
The supply voltages of the IC are 3.3V and 8V. It is mounted in a P-MQFP package with 64 pins.

Features
Deflection
 =No external clock needed
 =χΝ=PLL and=χΟ=PLL on chip
= =Standard line frequencies for NTSC and PAL
= =18.75kHz line frequency for 625 lines/60 Hz
= =Doubled line frequencies for NTSC and PAL, MUSE standard, DTV standard
 Also suitable for VGA, Macintosh (35kHz) and SVGA standard (38kHz, 800*600*60Hz)
 =Automatic switching between 31, 35 and 38kHz in Monitor mode with 2 digital outputs for
controlling B+ and 1 analog input to keep watch on it
 =I²C-Bus alignment of all deflection parameters
 =All EW-, V- and H- functions
 =Picture width and picture height EHT compensation
 =Dynamic PH EHT compensation (white bar)
 =Compensation of H-phase deviation (e.g. caused by white bar)
 =Upper/lower EW-corner correction separately adjustable
 =Extreme EW-corner correction (coefficient of sixth order) for super flat tubes
 =V-angle and V-bow correction
 =Two special control items for vertical zoom/shrink and scroll function with absolutely
correct tracking of the E/W and HD-output signals
 =No re-adjustment of E/W after changing vertical S-correction and linearity needed
 =H-frequent PWM output signal for generating an adjustable vertical frequent parabola or
a constant pulse width, selectable by I²C
 =H- and V-blanking time adjustable
 =Partial overscan adjustable to hide the cut off control measuring lines in the reduced
scan modes
 =Self adaptation of V-frequency / number of lines per field between 192 and 680 for
each possible line frequency
 =Selectable Black Switch-Off behaviour via I²C-Bus.

Protection against EHT run away (X-rays protection)
• =Protection against missing V-deflection (CRT-protection)
• =D/A ouput with 8 bit resolution for general purpose
• =Digital output for general purpose, controlled by I2C-Bus
• =Selectable softstart of the H-output stage

RGB Video
• Two universal YUV/RGB inputs and one RGB input, one YUV/RGB and RGB input with
fast blanking capability
• One fast blank input with contrast reduction capability
• Switchable color difference matrix for PAL/SECAM, NTSC(U.S.), NTSC(Japan) and
HDTV
• Common saturation, brightness and contrast control for all three input channels possible
• Cut off and white level control loop
• Halt command for white level control loop to switch off the white level reference lines in
vertical shrink mode
• Black stretching of non-standard input signals
• Selectable blue stretch circuit shifting white towards light blue
• Peak drive limiter with soft clipping, adjustable per I²C
• Average beam current limiter, adjustable per I²C
• Luminance output signal SVM for scan velocity modulation; adjustable delay from SVM to
the RGB outputs.

 System description
5.1
Functional description
5.1.1 Deflection controller
The main input signals are HSYNC with a frequency range of about 31 to 38kHz and VSYNC with
vertical frequencies of 50 to 120 Hz. When connecting pin FH1_2 with Low level a line frequency of
15 to 19kHz is suitable.
For displaying computer signals horizontal frequencies up to 38 kHz can be processed.
In the selectable Monitor mode the adaptation to the input frequency in the range of 31.25 to 38kHz
is done automatically. Two output pins (H35K and H38K) for controlling e.g. the supply voltage of the
line output stage indicate the frequency of HSYNC. When the H-frequency is increasing, these out-
puts are stable until the frequency of HSYNC appears on the output HD (see 11.1). In case of
decreasing H-frequency they are changed immediately to flag the new detected frequency but
change of the PLL frequency will be not allowed until the supply voltage of the H-output stage (B+)
is decreased. Pin HSAFE is used to watch B+.
The output signals control the horizontal as well as the vertical deflection stages and the East-West
raster correction circuit.
The H-output signal HD (open drain output) compensates the delays of the line output stage and its
phase can be modulated vertical frequent to remove horizontal distortions of vertical raster lines (V-
Bow, V-Angle). Time reference is the middle of the front and back edge of the line flyback pulse. A
positive HD pulse switches off the line output transistor. Maximal H-shift is about 2.25 µsec for
fH=31kHz.
Picture tubes with 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratio can be used by adapting the raster to the aspect ratio of
the source signal.
The V-output saw-tooth signals VD- and VD+ controls a DC coupled output stage and can be dis-
abled. Suitable blanking signals are delivered by the IC.
The East-West output signal E/W is a vertical frequent parabola of 6th order, enabling an extreme
corner correction for super flat tubes. The common corner correction realised with coefficients of
fourth order, is separately adjustable for the upper and lower part of the screen.
The pulse width modulated horizontal frequent output signal PWM has two options. A vertical fre-
quent parabolic function or a constant pulse width in each line, selectable by I²C, is available. After
external integration the parabola may be used for vertical dynamic focusing rsp. the DC voltage for
adjustment of H-offset or rotation.
The output D/A delivers a variable DC signal and an I2C Bus controlled digital output is available for
general purpose.
The picture width and picture height compensation (PW/PH Comp) processes the beam current
dependent input signal IBEAM with effect to the outputs E/W and VD to keep width and height con-
stant and independent of brightness.
The alignment parameter AFC EHT Compensation enables to adjust the influence of the input sig-
nal IBEAM on the horizontal phase.
The selectable start up circuit controls the energy supply of the H-output stage during the receiver's
run up time by smooth decreasing the line output transistors switching frequency down to the nor-
mal operating value (softstart). HD starts with about 1.7 times the line frequency and converges within 85ms to its final value. The high time is kept constant. The normal operating pulse ratio H/L is
either 45/55 or 40/60 (selectable by I²C). A watch dog function limits an increasing of the HD period
to max. +10%.
The implemented Black Switch-Off behaviour is defined by two I2C bits (BSO1, BSO0). When
enabled the signal at BSOIN (e.g. the supply voltage of the line output stage) is watched. If its level
does not come up to a defined threshold Black Swich-Off is started (see 11.2). At first the RGB out-
puts are switched to continuous blanking immediately and the vertical output signals are changed to
about 115..120% overscan. After a delay of 42 lines the picture tube capacitance is discharged with
a current of some mA. From now the vertical overscan rate is calculated depending on the actual
voltage at BSOIN to get the desired deflection angle. Three relations are selectable by I2C. After the
voltage at BSOIN is dropped down to about 20% of its initial value the output HD and the overscan
calculation may stop.
The protection circuit watches an EHT reference and the saw-tooth of the vertical output stage. If
the EHT succeeds a defined threshold or if the V-deflection fails (refer to 11.5) the related bit is set in
the status byte and the output PROTON goes High. The output HD is deactivated (H-level) immedi-
ately independent of the selected Black Switch-Off function.
HPROT:
input
Vi < V2
continuous blanking
Vi > V1
HD disabled
V2 ≤=Vi < V1
operating range
VPROT:
vertical saw-tooth voltage
Vi < V1 in first half of V-period
or Vi > V2 in second half : HD disabled
The pin SCP delivers the composite blanking signal SCP. It contains burst (Vb), H-blanking HBL
(VHBL) and selectable V-blanking (control bit SSC). The phase and width of the H-blanking period
can be varied by I2C-Bus. For the timing following settings are possible :
BD = 1
: TBL = 0
BD = 0, BSE = 0 (default value)
: THBL = tf (H-flyback time)
BD = 0, BSE = 1(alignment range)
: THBL = (4 * H_blanking-time + 1) / CLL
: TDBL = (H_shift + 4 * H_blanking_phase
- 2*H_blanking_time + 45) / CLL
SSC = 0
: TBL = TVBL during V-blanking period
SSC = 1
: TBL is always THBL

RGB processing
To provide an accurate biasing of the picture tube the offsets and gains of the RGB output stages
are continuously adjusted by a cut off and white level control loop. Leakage, cut off and white current
are measured each frame during vertical flyback at the DCI input. The position of the measurement
lines is adjustable by IIC bus (see page 31). The reference currents for the cut off and white levels
are adjusted by IIC bus with a 6 bit parameter for each output and a common 3 bit gain parameter.
Because the video amplifiers are part of the control loops, the overall gain and offset is no more
adjustable in this stage. For proper dimensioning of the video amplifiers there is an IIC status bit
(CLOW), which is 0 when all offset and gain actuators of the RGB outputs are within 50% of its full
range. The control loops can be switched to halt mode to switch off the measurement lines in verti-
cal shrink mode. When the TV screen is switched on brightness and contrast ramp up in a soft start
mode as soon as the cut off control loop is locked.
There are three circuits implemented for beam current limiting:
-First there is a circuit for accurate average beam current limiting. The beam current is measured at
the Ibeam input and limited by reducing first contrast and, after half contrast is reached, brightness
too. All parameters (limit value, gain, up time constant and down time constant) are adjustable by IIC
bus.
-Second a peak drive limiter circuit is implemented for the higher frequency content of the video sig-
nal. It reduces contrast when a limit value is exceeded by the R, G or B video signals. Also all
parameters (limit value, up time constant and down time constant) are adjustable by IIC bus.
-Third there is a soft clipper for the very high frequency content of the video signal. It limits the R, G
or B video signals according to the diagram at 11.7. Limit value and slope are adjustable by IIC bus.
The TV screen can be switched to blue by IIC bus when no video signal is available.
When the blue stretch function is activated by IIC bus, the gain of the red and green output is
reduced by 17% for amplitudes more than 80% of the nominal amplitude. This shifts white towards
light blue.
A black stretch function (switchable by IIC bus) stretches video signals with a black level which is
higher than the clamping level towards black. Therefore the peak dark value of the video signal is
stored. The height of the peak dark value determines the amount of stretch (diagram at 11.6). The
screen area in which the peak dark detector is enabled is programmable by IIC bus. So it is possible
to screen black borders of the picture (e.g. letter box format) which otherwise prevent the desired
function of black stretch.
An overall luminance output is provided for supplying a circuit for scan velocity modulation. The
delay of the RGB outputs to the luminance output is adjustable by IIC bus. So a proper alignment of
the video signals and the current in the SVM coil is possible.

Circuit description
The HSYNC is reference for a numeric PLL. This PLL generates a clock which is phase locked to
the incoming horizontal sync pulse and exactly 864 times faster than the horizontal frequency. The
polarity of the external horizontal sync pulses may be positive (see figure below) or negative. In
case of negative polarity the incoming HSYNC signal is automatically inverted for an easier applica-
tion in VGA or SVGA mode.

Incoming signal HSYNC (internal clock)
Pulse width tw for I2C-bus Bit ’HSWMI’=0:
1.5 µs ... 4.5µs (High or Low level)
FH1_2 = High
3.0 µs ... 9.0µs (High or Low level)
FH1_2 = Low
Pulse width tw for I2C-bus Bit ’HSWMI’=1:
0.8 µs ... 4.5µs (High or Low level)
FH1_2 = High
1.7 µs ... 9.0µs (High or Low level)
FH1_2 = Low
(The specified pulse width depends on the I²C-bus bits INCR4...INCR0 rsp. PLL clock frequency.
The above values are valid for INCR = 6. For higher INCR values the allowed pulse width is
decreasing proportional to the increasing PLL clock frequency.)
The described input signal is first applied to an A/D converter. Conversion takes place with 7 bits
and a nominal frequency of 27 MHz. The digital PLL uses a low pass filter to obtaine defined slopes
for further measurements (PAL/NTSC applications). In addition the actual high and low level of the
signal as well as a threshold value is evaluated and used to calculate the phase error between inter-
nal clock and external horizontal sync pulse. By means of digital PI filtering an increment is gained
from this. The PI filter can be set by the I2C-bus VCR bit so that the lock-in behaviour of the PLL is
optimal in relation to either the TV or VCR mode. Moreover it is possible to adapt the nominal fre-
quency by means of 5 I2C-bus bits (INCR4..INCR0) to different horizontal frequencies. An additional
bus bit GENMOD offers the possibility to use the PLL as a frequency generator which frequency is
controlled by the INCR bits.

Once an increment has been obtained, either from the PI-filter or the I2C-bus, it can be used to
operate the Digital Timing Oscillator. The DTO generates a saw-tooth with a frequency that is pro-
portional to the increment. The saw-tooth is converted into a sinusoidal clock signal by means of sin
ROM’s and D/A converters and applied to an analog PLL which multiplies the frequency by 4 (for
detailed explanation see pinning and I2C-bus description) and minimizes residual jitter. In this man-
ner the required line locked clock is provided to operate the other functional parts of the circuit. If no
HSYNC is applied to pin 18 the system holds its momentary frequency for 2040 lines and following
resets the PLL to its nominal frequency. The status bit CON indicates the lock state of the PLL.
The system also provides a stable HS-pulse for internal use. The phase between this internal pulse
and the external HSYNC is adjustable via I2C bus bits HPHASE. It can be shifted over the range of
one TV line.
An external clock (CLKI) can be provided by pin selection (CLEXT = H) or I²C control (SCLIIC = H,
CLEXTIIC = H). This is recommended when using the SDA 9380 with a scan rate conversion sys-
tem. The clock frequency has to be 864 · fHSYNC. The external clock mode can not be used with
18.75, 33.75kHz, 35kHz and 38kHz line frequency. Therefore switching to external clock mode is
only possible when INCR = 6, but always allowed during operating without any danger for the H-out-
put stage.
The input signal at VSYNC is the vertical time reference. It has to pass a window avoiding too short
or long V-periods in the case of distorted or missing VSYNC pulses. The window allows a VSYNC
pulse only after a minimum number of lines from its predecessor and sets an artificial one after a
maximum number of lines. The window size is programmable by I2C-bus.
Values which influence shape and amplitude of the output signals are transmitted as reduced binary
values to the SDA 9380 via I²C bus. A CPU which is designed for speed reasons in a pipe line struc-
ture calculates in consideration of feedback signals (e.g. IBEAM) values which exactly represent the
output signals. These values control after D/A conversion the external deflection and raster correc-
tion circuits.
The CPU firmware is stored in an internal ROM.

Explanation of some control items
Vertical aspect,
Two special control items are implemented for the user to adjust the
Vertical scroll:
vertical height (control item: Vertical aspect) and the vertical position
(Vertical scroll). These items may be stored for every display mode to
get an individual height and position if desired. Changing these para-
meters automatically influences the outputs VD+, VD-, E/W, HD in such
a way that absolutely no raster distortion happens. There is no need
for the user to re-adjust any geometry parameter.
The difference of the function of Vertical size and Vertical aspect is
the following: Varying Vertical size causes a linear stretching of the
saw-tooth to eliminate the tolerance of linear components (e.g. feed-
back resistor). But adjusting Vertical aspect takes into consideration
that more or less picture height needs very more or less S-correction
(no linear relation). Therefore Vertical aspect should be used for chang-
ing the aspect ratio (e.g. 16:9 source on 4:3 CRT) or if an individual
picture height is desired for the various PC graphic standards. Vertical
aspect = -128(minimum value) results in a vertical reduction to 37.5%.
Vertical size,
The purpose of these control parameters is the alignment in the factory
Vertical shift:
and service to adapt the output signals VD+, VD- to the picture tube and
to eliminate tolerances of the hardware and deflection yoke. Only one
set of these parameters is required for all display modes.
Vertical linearity,
Changing the vertical linearity and S-correction has no influence on the
Vertical S-correction: E/W-geometry. That means, straight vertical lines remain straight. The
output signals E/W and HD are automatically changed so no re-adjust-
ment of the related control items is needed. This feature saves time for
adjustment of the so called ’smart’ mode (4:3 source on 16:9 CRT)
Guard band:
This control item is useful for optimizing self adaptation. Video signals
with different number of lines in consecutive fields (e.g. VCR search
mode) must not start the procedure of self adaptation. But switching
between different TV standards has to change the slope of the vertical
saw-tooth getting always the same amplitude (self adaptation). To avoid
problems with flicker free TV systems which have alternating number of
lines per field an average value of four consecutive fields is calculated. If
the deviation of these average values (e.g. PAL : 312.5 lines or 625 half
lines) is less or equals Guard band, no adaptation takes place. When it
exceeds Guard band, the vertical slope will be changed.
Vertical EHT comp.:
This item controls the influence of the beam current dependent input
signal IBEAM on the outputs VD+ and VD-



SDA 6000 Teletext Decoder with Embedded  16-bit Controller M2 HIGHGRAPHICS.


M2 is a 16-bit controller based on Infineon’s C16x core with embedded teletext and
graphic controller functions. M2 can be used for a wide range of TV and OSD
applications.

Overview
M2 is designed to provide absolute top performance for a wide spectrum of teletext and
graphic applications in standard and high end TV-sets and VCRs. M2 contains a data
caption unit, a display unit and a high performance Infineon C16x based microcontroller
(so that M2 becomes a one chip TV-controller) an up to level 3.5 teletext decoder and
display processor with enhanced graphic accelerator capabilities. It is not only optimized
for teletext usage but also, due to its extremely efficient architecture, can be used as a
universal graphic engine.
M2 is able to support a wide range of standards like PAL, NTSC or applications like
Teletext, VPS, WSS, Chinatext, Closed Caption and EPG (Electronic Program Guide).
With the support of a huge number of variable character sets and graphic capabilities a
wide range of OSD applications are also open for M2.
A new flexible data caption system enables M2 to slice most data, making the IC an
universal data decoder. The digital slicer concept contains measurement circuitries that
help identify bad signal conditions and therefore support the automatic compensation of
the most common signal disturbances. M2’s enhanced data caption control logic allows
individual programming, which means that every line can carry an individual service to
be sliced and stored in the memory.
The display generation of M2 is based on frame buffer technology. A frame buffer
concept displays information which is individually stored for each pixel, allowing greater
flexibility with screen menus. Proportional fonts, asian characters and even HTML
browsers are just some examples of applications that can now be supported.
Thus, with the M2, the process of generation and display of on-screen graphics is split
up into two independent tasks. The generation of the image in the frame buffer is
supported by a hardware graphics accelerator which frees the CPU from power intensive
address calculations. The graphics accelerator ‘prints’ the characters, at the desired
‘screen’ position, into the frame buffer memory based on a display list provided by the
software.
The second part of the display generator (the screen refresh unit) then reads the frame
buffer according to the programmed display mode and screen refresh rate and converts
the pixel information into an analog RGB signal.
Furthermore, M2 has implemented an RGB-DAC for a maximum color resolution of
state-of-the-art up to 65536 colors, so that the complete graphic functionality is
implemented as a system on chip. The screen resolution is programmable up to SVGA,
to cover today’s and tomorrow’s applications, only limited by the available memory
(64 Mbit) and the maximum pixel clock frequency (50 MHz).
The memory architecture is based on the concept of a unified memory - placing program
code, variables, application data, bitmaps and data captured from the analog TV signal’s
vertical blanking interval (VBI) in the same physical memory. M2’s external bus interface supports SDRAMs as well as ROMs or FLASH ROMs. The organization of the memory
is linear, so that it is easy to program the chip for graphic purposes.
The SW development environment “MATE” is available to simplify and speed up the
development of the software and displayed information. MATE stands for: M2 Advanced
Tool Environment. Using MATE, two primary goals are achieved: shorter Time-to-Market
and improved SW qualitiy. In detail:

• Re-usability
• Target independent development
• Verification and validation before targeting
• General test concept
• Documentation
• Graphical interface design for non-programmers
• Modular and open tool chain, configurable by customer.

Features
General
• Level 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 WST Display Compatible
• Fast External Bus Interface for SDRAM (Up to
8 MByte) and ROM or Flash-ROM (Up to 4 MByte)
• Embedded General Purpose 16 Bit CPU (Also used
as TV-System Controller, C16x Compatible)
• Display Generation Based on Pixel Memory
• Program Code also Executable From External
SDRAM
• Embedded Refresh Controller for External SDRAM
• Enhanced Programmable Low Power Modes
• Single 6 MHz Crystal Oscillator
• Multinorm H/V-Display Synchronization in Master or Slave Mode
• Free Programmable Pixel Clock from 10 MHz to 50 MHz
• Pixel Clock Independent from CPU Clock
• 3 ⌠ 6 Bits RGB-DACs On-Chip
• Supply Voltage 2.5 and 3.3 V
• P-MQFP-128 Package
Microcontroller Features
• 16-bit C166-CPU Kernel (C16x Compatible)
• 60 ns Instruction Cycle Time
• 2 KBytes Dual Ported IRAM
• 2 KBytes XRAM On-chip
• General Purpose Timer Units (GPT1 and GPT2).
• Asynchronous/Synchronous Serial Interface (ASC0) with IrDA Support. Full-duplex
Asynchronous Up To 2 MBaud or Half-duplex Synchronous up to 4.1 MBaud.

• High-speed Synchronous Serial Interface (SSC). Full- and Half-duplex synchronous
up to 16.5 Mbaud
• 3 Independent, HW-supported Multi Master/Slave I2C Channels at 400 Kbit/s
• 16-Bit Watchdog Timer (WDT)
• Real Time Clock (RTC)
• On Chip Debug Support (OCDS)
• 4-Channel 8-bit A/D Converter
• 42 Multiple Purpose Ports
• 8 External Interrupts
• 33 Interrupt Nodes
Display Features
• OSD size from 0 to 2046 (0 to 1023) pixels in horizontal (vertical) direction
• Frame Buffer Based Display
• 2 HW Display Layers
• Support of Double Page Level 2.5 TTX in 100 Hz Systems
• Support of Transparency for both Layers Pixel by Pixel
• User Programmable Pixel Frequency from 10.0 MHz to 50 MHz
• Up to 65536 Displayable Colors in one Frame
• DMA Functionality
• Graphic Accelerator Functions (Draw Lines, Draw and Fill Rectangle, etc.)
• 1, 2, 4 or 8-bit Bitmaps (up to 256 out of 4096 colors)
• 12 bit/16 bit RGB Mode for Display of up to 65535 Colors
• HW-support for Proportional Characters
• HW-support for Italic Characters
• User Definable Character Fonts
• Fast Blanking and Contrast Reduction Output
Acquisition Features
• Two Independent Data Slicers (One Multistandard Slicer + one WSS-only Slicer)
• Parallel Multi-norm Slicing (TTX, VPS, WSS, CC, G+)
• Four Different Framing Codes Available
• Data Caption only Limited by available Memory
• Programmable VBI-buffer
• Full Channel Data Slicing Supported
• Fully Digital Signal Processing
• Noise Measurement and Controlled Noise Compensation
• Attenuation Measurement and Compensation
• Group Delay Measurement and Compensation
• Exact Decoding of Echo Disturbed Signals.

Architectural Overview

Micronas
The architecture of M2 comprises of a 16-bit microcontroller which is derived from the
well known Infineon Technologies C16x controller family. Due to the core philosophy of
M2, the architecture of the CPU core is the same as described in other Infineon
Technologies C16x derivatives.
The CPU, with its peripherals, can be used on one hand to perform all TV controlling
tasks, and on the other hand to process the data, sliced by the slicer, and the acquisition
unit according to the TTX standard. Furthermore it is used to generate an “instruction list”
for the graphic accelerator which supports the CPU by generating the display.
M2 has integrated two digital slicers for two independent CVBS signals. One slicer is
used to capture the data (e.g. Teletext or EPG) from the main channel, the other slicer
can be used to slice the WSS information from a different channel, which is helpful e.g.
to support PIP applications in 16:9 TVs. Both slicers separate the data from the analog
signal and perform the bit synchronization and framing code selection before the data is
stored in a programmable VBI buffer in the external RAM. Capturing and storing the raw
data in the RAM does not need any CPU power.
M2’s display concept has improved in comparison to the common known state of the art
Teletext-ICs. The display concept is based on a pixel orientated attribute definition
instead of the former character orientated attribute definition.
For the processing of this new pixel based attribute definition the display generator
architecture is divided in two subblocks: the graphic accelerator (GA) and the screen
refresh unit (SRU).
The graphic accelerator is used to modify the frame buffer. From an abstract point of
view, the graphic accelerator is a DMA which is optimized for OSD functionality, so e.g.
bitmaps can be copied to the frame buffer. The graphic accelerator is used to draw
rectangles, parallelograms, horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines. The user does not
need to access the graphic accelerator directly, thanks to an easy to handle SW-GDI
function which is available with the M2 hardware.
The DMA functionality of the display generator (DG) supports the pixel transfer between
any address of entire external memory. The teletext and graphic capabilities can be used
simultaneously, so that M2 can combine teletext information with e.g. background
images and advanced high resolution OSD graphics.
M2 uses the frame buffer located in external memory so every bitmap can be placed at
any location on the screen. The contents of the frame buffer does not have to be set up
in real time. The duration of the set up of the screen depends on the contents of the
displayed information.
M2 supports two hardware display layers. To refresh the screen the M2 reads and mixes
two independent pixel sources simultaneously.
Different formats of the pixels which are part of different applications (e.g. Teletext
formats, 12-bit RGB or 16-bit RGB values) can be stored in the same frame buffer at the
same time.

The screen refresh unit is used to read the frame buffer pixel by pixel in real time and to
process the transparency and RGB data. A color look up table (CLUT) can be used to
get the RGB data of the current pixel. Afterwards the RGB data is transferred to the D/A
converter. The blank signal and contrast reduction signal (COR) is also processed for
each pixel by the SRU and transferred to the corresponding output pins.
The pixel, line and field frequencies are widely programmable so that the sync system
can be used from low end 50 Hz to high end 100 HZ TV applications as well as for any
other standard.
The on chip clock system provides the M2 with its basic clock signals. Independent
clock domains are provided for the embedded controller, the bus interface and the
display system. The pixel clock can vary between 10 MHz and 50 MHz.
Due to the unified memory architecture of M2, a new bus concept is implemented. An
arbiter handles the bus requests from the different request sources. These are:
• Slicer 1 requests (normally used as a TTX slicer)
• Slicer 2 requests (used as a WSS slicer)
• Graphic accelerator requests
• Screen refresh unit requests
• Data requests from the CPU via XBUS
• Instruction requests via the CPU program bus
For exploiting the full computational power of the controller core the code of time critical
routines can be stored in one bank of the external SDRAM separated from all display
information (frame buffer, character set etc.). An instruction cache (I-CACHE) is used
for buffering instruction words in order to minimize the probability of wait states to occur
when the microcontroller is interfering with the display generator (DG) for access rights
to the external memory devices. The data cache (D-CACHE) serves for operand reads
and writes via the XBUS from/to external memory devices.
The external bus interface (EBI) features interleaved access cycles to one or two static
external memory devices (ROM, Flash-ROM or SRAM) with a total maximum size of
4 MByte and one PC100 compliant (Intel standard) SDRAM device (16 MBit organized
as 2 memory banks or 64 MBit organized as 4 memory banks).
For TV controlling tasks M2 provides three serial interfaces (I2C, ASC, SSC), two general
purpose timers, (GPT1, GPT2), a real time clock (RTC), a watch dog timer (WDT), an A/
D converter and eight external interrupts.

Overview
M2’s microcontroller and its peripherals are based on a Cell-Based Core (CBC) which is
compatible to the well known C166 architecture.
In M2, the CPU and its peripherals are generally clocked with 33.33 MHz which results
in an instruction cycle time of 60 ns. The implementation of the microcontroller within M2
deviates from other known C16x derivates since the controller’s XBUS is not used as the
external bus. All external access cycles of the microcontroller, the display generator and
the acquisition unit are performed via a high performance time interlocking SDRAM bus.
The external bus interface (EBI) manages the arbitration procedure for access cycles to
the external synchronous DRAM in parallel to an external static memory (ROM or
FLASH; for more details refer to Chapter 4.4).
Due to the realtime critical bus bandwidth requirements of the display generator,
unpredictable wait-states for the controller may occur. These wait-states do not destroy
the overall average system performance, because they are mostly buffered by the CPU
related instruction and data buffers. Nevertheless they can influence, for example, the
worst disconnection response time.
Emulation is now performed by an on-chip debug module which can be accessed by a
JTAG interface.
The following microcontroller peripherals are implemented:
• 2 KByte IRAM (System RAM)
• 2 KByte XRAM (XBUS located)
• 32 Interrupt Nodes
• General Purpose Timer Units (GPT1 and GPT2)
• Real Time Clock (RTC)
• Asynchronous/Synchronous Serial Interface (ASC0)
• High-Speed Synchronous Serial Interface (SSC)
• I2C Bus Interface (I2C)
• 4-Channel 8-bit A/D Converter (ADC)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT)
• On-Chip Debug Support Module (OCDS)
• 42 Multiple Purpose Ports
Central Processing Unit
The CPU executes the C166 instruction set (with the extensions of the C167 products).
Its main features are the following:
• 4-stage pipeline (Fetch, Decode, Execute and Write-Back).
• 16 ⌠ 16-bit General Purpose Registers
• 16-bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Barrel shifter
• Bit processing capability.

• Hardware support for multiply and divide instructions
Internal RAM (IRAM)
The internal dual-port RAM is the physical support for the General Purpose Registers,
the system stack and the PEC pointers. Due to its close connections with the CPU, the
internal RAM provides fast access to these resources. As the GPR bank can be mapped
anywhere in the internal RAM through a base pointer (Context Pointer CP), fast context
switching is allowed. The internal RAM is mapped in the memory space of the CPU and
can be used also to store user variables or code.
Interrupt Controller
Up to 32 interrupt sources can be managed by the Interrupt Controller through a multiple
priority system which provides the user with the ability to customize the interrupt
handling.
The interrupt system of M2 includes a Peripheral Event Controller (PEC). This processor
performs single-cycle interrupt-driven byte or word transfers between any two locations
in the entire memory space of M2.
In M2, the PEC functionalities are extended by the External PEC which allows an
external device to trigger a PEC transfer while providing the source and destination
pointers. New features also include the packet transfer mode and the channel link mode.
Besides user interrupts, the Interrupt Controller provides mechanisms to process
exceptions or error conditions, so-called “hardware traps”, that arise during program
execution.

System Control Unit
M2’s System Control Unit (CSCU) is used to control system specific tasks such as reset
control or power management within an on-chip system built around the core. The power
management features of the CSCU provide effective means to realize standby
conditions for the system with an optimum balance between power reduction, peripheral
operation and system functionality. The CSCU also provides an interface to the Clock
Generation Unit (CGU) and is able to control the operation of the Real Time Clock (RTC).
The CSCU includes the following functions:
• System configuration control
• Reset sequence control
• External interrupt and frequency output control
• Watchdog timer module
• General XBUS peripherals control
• Power management additional to the standard Idle and Power Down modes
• Control interface for Clock Generation Unit
• Identification register block for chip and CSCU identification.

 OCDS
The On-Chip Debug System allows the detection of specific events during user program
execution through software and hardware breakpoints. An additional communication
module allows communication between the OCDS and an external debugger, through a
standard JTAG port. This communication is performed in parallel to program execution.

 Memory Organization
In normal operation mode the memory space of the CPU is configured in a “Von
Neumann” architecture. This means that code and data are accessed within the same
memory areas, i. e. external memory, internal controller memory (IRAM), the address
areas for integrated XBUS peripherals (I2C, internal XBUS memory (XRAM)) and the
special function register areas (SFR, ESFR) are mapped into one common address
space of 16 MBytes. This address space is arranged as 256 segments of 64 KBytes
each and each segment is again subdivided into four data pages of 16 KBytes each.
All internal memory areas and the address space of the integrated XBUS peripherals are
mapped to segment 0. Code and data may be stored in any part of the memory, except
for the SFR blocks, which can not be used for instructions. Despite this equivalence of
code and data, proper partitioning is necessary to make use of the full bandwidth of the
memory system.
The integrated C16x controller communicates via 2 busses with the memory interface.
In normal operation mode access to segments 00H to 41H (excluding internal memory
areas) is mapped to the read only program memory bus (PMBUS), whereas access to
segments 42H to FFH is mapped to the XBUS. In bootstrap loader mode (BSLMode)
instruction fetches to external memory areas via PMBUS are redirected to the internal
bootstrap loader ROM (BSLROM). Operand (data) accesses remain unchanged.

 External Memory
M2 provides an external bus interface (EBI) to access an external SDRAM, together with
an external static memory device (ROM or SRAM). To optimize the overall system
performance, access to both memory types is interlocked. Because of high performance
requirements M2 provides only one bus type (Demultiplexed 16-bit Bus). Depending on
the reset configuration (refer to Chapter 6.1) an external ROM/SRAM size from
128 KByte up to 4 MByte can be chosen. Although external addresses (represented by
pins A0 … A20) are always word addresses, byte accesses to the SDRAM are possible
by using mask signals LDQM and UDQM.

SDRAM
PC SDRAM compliant (Intel standard) memory devices with 2 or 8 MByte and a
minimum clock period of 10 ns (latency 3) may be connected to M2’s external memory
bus.

 The external SDRAM connected to M2 is a multifunctional, byte or word addressable
device which can be used for frame buffers, character sets, pixel graphics, acquisitions,
microcontroller workspace and any other data storage purposes.
Using a 100 MHz external memory bus the theoretical optimum memory bandwidth is
limited to 200 MByte/s. In order to keep the sustainable memory bandwidth as close to
the optimum as possible, the bank oriented architecture of SDRAM devices has to be
exploited. Basically, display related information should be separated from controller
related data items.
The following allocation is recommended for a 2 bank, 2 MByte device:
• “Display Bank”: Both Frame Buffers, Character Set, Pixel Graphic, Graphic
Accelerator Instructions (GAI), Application Data (i.e. TTX, EPG, …)
• “Controller Bank”: Instruction Code, VBI-buffer, Application Data (i.e. TTX, EPG, …)
The suggested allocation leads to best performance results since it reduces the number
of time consuming row commands on the SDRAM.

 External Static Memory Devices
M2 supports access to external ROM, Flash ROM and SRAM devices which provide a
read cycle time tRC < 120 ns. Only 16-bit word access is supported. The maximum memory size is limited by the number of external address lines. Up to 21 external
address lines are configurable, thus devices providing up to 4 MByte of static external
memory can be connected to M2.

External Memory Configuration
The interlocking execution of access cycles to different memory modules is supported.
All external SDRAM access cycles must be executed with a pre-defined burst length
BL = 4 and latency 3. Write access cycles, which modify less than four SDRAM
locations, are achieved by activating mask control signals L/UDQM.
The integrated refresh controller of the EBI checks for the compliance of refresh periods
and executes refresh operations on the SDRAM devices. The configuration of different
external SDRAM types can be controlled by a special SW driver as well as refresh
modes and power down features. The microcontroller and the acquisition unit use a
common interface to the EBI. A separate connection to the EBI is provided for the display
generator. The EBI performs an arbitration procedure for granting right access to either
of the request sources. But granting right access to one source does not exclude
requests initiated by the other source from being served. A maximum of two access
requests from a source may be served consecutively if the other source is addressing
an SDRAM location. Up to four consecutive access cycles from the same source are
served if the other source is addressing an external ROM device.