FERGUSON MOD. 38030 YEAR 1986

The FERGUSON  Mod.  38030  is a portable 12 inches B/W Screen with ONLY UHF Channels reception capability.

Marketed with the FERGUSON Brand It's made by Thorn EMI.

THORN'S new 12in. monochrome portables, Models 38020 and 38030, have been designed to sell at a suggested retail price in 1985 of just £49.95. They are fitted with a new chassis and are being produced at Thorn's Gosport  TV plant. This is good news indeed, since it shows that the UK's TV industry can produce and sell sets in even the  most competitive section of the market. To make this possible, the sets have a minimal component count and a  mechanical construction of extreme simplicity. They weight just 131b and have a consumption of typically 1A. Fea-  tures include rotary electronic tuning, an earphone socket and a foldaway loop aerial.     

Was fitted with a monocarrier chassis featured with a Monomax i.c. is where the novel circuit features are to be found, so most of our article will be devoted to this. The i.c. incorporates 200 linear devices, 200 gates, one million ohms of resistance and 120pF of capacitance on a 12,700 square mil chip. To make this possible and to reduce the dissipation, the i.c. is operated at 8V instead of the usual 11-12V. This enables the area occupied by the minimum size transistor to be reduced by 30 per cent, giving an overall 15 per cent reduction in the chip size. A further key aspect is the inclusion of a nitride step in the process of chip fabrication. This provides reliable junction seals and enables stable capacitors with three times the values possible with normal oxide films to be incorporated. The i.c. dissipates less than 500mW.

Ferguson Electronics (formerly known as Ferguson Radio Corporation) is an electronics company specializing in small electronics items such as radios and set top boxes.

History

Ferguson is one of the older electronics companies, alongside Ultra, Dynatron, Pye and Bush radio in the United Kingdom. It was originally an American–Canadian pre-War company making radio sets for the U.K. market based upon contemporary American models. After World War II, it became Ferguson Radio Corporation, making radio receivers and, later, televisions. Later still, it became part of the British Radio Corporation. It was taken over by THORN Electrical Industries in the late 1950s, but the Ferguson name continued to be used by Thorn, and its successor Thorn EMI.
Throughout the company's early history, Ferguson products were very popular across its wide customer base. By the early 1960s its wide product range included a most comprehensive range of audio and TV equipment. Small, battery-operated portable transistor radios to solid oak 6 ft wide hydraulic lid radiograms sporting fully automatic stackable Garrard turntables, multi-channel radios and 2-foot-wide stereo speakers were commonplace in many UK households. Open reel tape recorders and hi-fis followed.
Sales held well, with 1980s new introductions including personal cassette players, CD players and video recorders.
The 1980s saw much competition from foreign brands such as JVC, Tandy, Hitachi and Sanyo. Even High Street electrical outlets such as Dixons and Currys introduced own brands manufactured in the far East, such as Saisho and Matsui. This took its toll on the Ferguson brand and during the late 1980s, it was sold off to the French electronics company Thomson. Thomson itself subsequently withdrew from the competitive European consumer electronics market. The Ferguson brand was licensed initially to DSI (Dixons and Currys). DSI ceased using it in 2006 and competitor Comet took up the licence.
The 2000s have seen the introduction of Ferguson branded Freeview set-top boxes, DVD players and recorders and DAB radios.

Today

The Ferguson brand is used by Comet on a range of DAB digital radios as well as Freeview set top boxes and a range of other electronics items.

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Thorn EMI was a major British company involved in consumer electronics, music, defence and retail. Created in October 1979 when Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI, it was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index but it demerged again in 1996.

History

The Company was formed in October 1979 when Thorn Electrical Industries merged with EMI.
In May 1984 the Company attempted to merge with British Aerospace and in July 1984 it bought the micro-chip manufacturer, INMOS.
Thorn EMI acquired the Mullard Equipment Limited ('MEL') division of Philips in 1990.
On 16 August 1996, Thorn EMI shareholders voted in favour of demerging Thorn from EMI again: the Company became EMI Group plc, and the electronics and rentals divisions were divested as Thorn plc.

Thorn EMI's wide range of business covered five principal areas of activity; television broadcasting, retail/rentals, defence, music and consumer electronics.

Television broadcasting

Thorn EMI was, until a share flotation in 1984, the majority shareholder in the London-based ITV broadcaster Thames Television.
This shareholding was inherited from the 1967 purchase of the Associated British Picture Corporation by EMI. The deal included their interests in the ITV company ABC Weekend Television. Through an enforced merger with Rediffusion London, this became Thames.
In 1985 the company attempted to sell their stake to Carlton Communications but this was blocked by the governing body of ITV, the Independent Broadcasting Authority.

Retail and rental

Radio Rentals, DER and Rumbelows (which was sold in 1995) Rent-A-Center

Defence

From its formation until the mid-1990s Thorn EMI was one of the United Kingdom's largest defence companies.
The MEL Division, acquired from Philips, was involved in radar, electronic warfare and communications. The MEL communications business was sold to Thomson-CSF, now Thales.
In 1995 the various defence businesses were sold:

• Thorn EMI Electro Optics to Pilkington Optronics
• Thomson Thorn Missile Electronics to Thomson-CSF, now Thales
• Thorn Sensors Group to Racal (to become Racal-Thorn Wells, now also part of Thales)

Music

The EMI label expanded greatly as part of Thorn EMI. In 1989 Thorn EMI bought a 50% interest in Chrysalis Records, buying the outstanding 50% in 1991. In one of its highest-profile and most expensive acquisitions, Thorn EMI took over Richard Branson's Virgin Records in 1992.

Computer Software

Main article: Creative Sparks

In the early-to-mid 1980s, Thorn EMI Video Programmes released a number of games for several home computer formats, initially under their own name. They received a lukewarm reception with no major hits (though Snooker and Billiards did reach No. 6 in the UK Atari Charts). These included Snooker and Billiards, 8-Ball and Tournament Pool, Darts, Cribbage and Dominoes (1981) Gold Rush, Mutant Herd, Road Racer and Volcanic Planet (1983) and River Rescue (1982). The label was later renamed Creative Sparks.
From 1981 till about 1983, Thorn EMI Video Programmes was based in the Thorn EMI head office near Seven Dials in central London. They moved from there to an office in Soho and the name changed to just Thorn EMI Video. TEV later became Creative Sparks.

Security Systems

Thorn Security installed and serviced all types of electronic security systems from their bases around the UK. The business was absorbed into ADT soon after the EMI demerger and all but a handful of the famous red 'THORN' bellboxes replaced. However, the Fire products especially are still to be found in many premises and until recently spares and complete systems of Thorn heritage continued to be manufactured by ADT.

Business Communications

This division, based in Marlow provided hotels with televisions and related equipment. It also embarked upon a project called Hotel 3000 which provided interactive Set-Top-Boxes for hotel rooms in the late 1980s.
After Thorn's demerger, this division started operating as Quadriga

Advanced Product Development Centre

This small subsidiary further developed existing products as well as introducing new ones. It was based in St.Lawrence House, Broad Street, Bristol.

Consumer electronics

Ferguson Radio Corporation was owned by Thorn EMI and it made consumer electronics like TV sets, VCRs, etc. TVs were designed and manufactured by Ferguson in the UK until around the early 1990s, although before this, some Thomson-designed models were introduced to the Fergsuon range of TVs for sale in the UK. Some of these Thomson-based models were even manufactured in the UK, although in later years, these models were made outside the UK by Thomson.
By 1992, the Ferguson TV factory in Gosport had closed, ending a long period of manufacturing of Ferguson TVs in the UK.
VCRs were sourced until the early 1990s by a joint company called J2T, established by JVC, Thorn (Ferguson) and Telefunken. From around 1991, VCRs were sourced from Thomson alone.
One important aspect of Thorn EMI’s business was its ability to manufacture, say, one of its Ferguson televisions and then to make it available for rental through its rentals sector or sell it through its retail sector.
Prism Micro Products was owned by Thorn EMI for a short period in the 1980s.

Domestic appliances

Kenwood Limited: The company is now owned by DeLonghi.

Thorn EMI Video

Thorn EMI Video was established in 1977 and produced three made for video films for the British market: Cross Country (film) (1983), and Strange Invaders (1984) and Bloodbath at the House of Death (1984). Thorn EMI became popular with rental stores. In the U.S., Thorn EMI released films on video from various film companies including Orion Pictures (The Terminator, First Blood) and New Line Cinema (The Evil Dead, Xtro), and Universal (Bad Boys and Frances) in the 1980s.
Thorn EMI joined HBO in 1985 to be named Thorn EMI HBO Video. In 1986, Cannon films bought Thorn EMI's video library, but HBO stayed and became HBO/Cannon Video. Cannon left operations and was eventually just called HBO Video in 1987.

After Demerger

Thorn was purchased by Nomura Principal Finance Group in 1998, which subsequently became Terra Firma Capital Partners. It disposed of Thorn in 2007 to a private buyer.

References

Strange, R. (2002). Japanese Manufacturing Investment in Europe: Its Impact on the UK Economy. Taylor & Francis. p. 303. ISBN 9780203036976. Retrieved 2015-08-25.

"Intellectual Property Office - GOV.UK". ipo.gov.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
 

FERGUSON Mod. 38030 CHASSIS (1790) T1101E INTERNAL VIEW.

The chassis is a simple monocarrier based mainly on a monochip MC13002P from MOTOROLA which is a Monomax Black And White TV Subsystem.Neat layout within the 38030, with just about everything on the single printed panel.

The new chassis is the 1790 (T1101E) series which is shown in block diagram form in Fig. 1. There are a few features in
common with the previous 1696/1697 series - the same tuner plus SAWF with driver at the front end, a.c. coupled
BF391 video output stage, a similar line output stage with BU807 line output transistor, and an 11V series regulator
with differential error amplifier. Further simplification whilst maintaining performance is hardly possible in these
areas. The main change is the use of the Motorola Monomax i.c. This 28 -pin device incorporates the i.f. strip, video
processing section, a.g.c. and sync separator circuits along Model 38030 left Model 38020 right with the field and line generators, and does so with a minimal external component count. It also incorporates an
8V regulator. A TDA1190P i.c. is used as the sound channel, and there's a discrete component field driver/output stage (TR6/7/8). The only stages apart from the items so far mentioned are an amplifier (TR11) between the Monomax i.c. and the line output stage and an amplifier/inverter (TR9) in the flyback pulse feed to the Monomax i.c. There are only three tuned coils in the whole set - tuner coupling, 6MHz trap and sound detector quadrature coil.
There are just two timebase presets - line hold and height. The contrast and brightness controls are both presets, with screwdriver access through the rear of the cabinet. The two front controls are for tuning and volume/onoff. These are also mounted on the single printed panel.

The Monomax IC:

The Monomax i.c. is where the novel circuit features are to be found, so most of our article will be devoted to
this. The i.c. incorporates 200 linear devices, 200 gates, one million ohms of resistance and 120pF of capacitance
on a 12,700 square mil chip. To make this possible and to reduce the dissipation, the i.c. is operated at 8V instead of
the usual 11-12V. This enables the area occupied by the minimum size transistor to be reduced by 30 per cent,
giving an overall 15 per cent reduction in the chip size. A further key aspect is the inclusion of a nitride step in the
process of chip fabrication. This provides reliable junction seals and enables stable capacitors with three times the
values possible with normal oxide films to be incorporated. The i.c. dissipates less than 500mW.
A block diagram of the Monomax i.c. is shown in Figure. The differential i.f. input is fed to a four -stage i.f. amplifier
whose first two stages are gain controlled. To bias the amplifier, balanced d.c. feedback is decoupled at pins 2
and 6 and applied to pins 3 and 5 via 2.2kft resistors. For optimum noise performance, the gain control applied to
the first stage is delayed until the gain of the second stage 27V has been reduced by 15dB.
The following detector stage is the first unusual feature, since there's no external coil. Instead of a synchronous
detector, a simple full -wave circuit is employed. To compensate for the non -linearity introduced by this type of
detector, a second similar detector is used in a feedback linearising circuit - the idea is shown in Fig. The
performance achieved is equal to that provided by a conventional synchronous detector, the advantage being
that no adjustment or external filtering is required. The video processing section provides contrast control,
black -level clamping and beam limiting - the latter feature is not used in the 1790 chassis, being unnecessary in view
of the a.c. coupling employed in the video output stage. The clamp reservoir capacitor is connected to pin 25, the
clamp pulses being derived from phase detector 2 in the line timebase phase -locked loop. A flyback -blanked, low impedance video output is provided at pin 24. The video signal is also fed via a noise filtering and gating circuit to the a.g.c. circuit, which is both sync and flyback gated, and to the sync separator. The a.g.c. reservoir capacitor is connected to pin 8. The components connected to pin 7 form an anti -lockout circuit for the gated a.g.c. system. There are two time -constants, C9/R63 and C8/R12, D4 conducting when the field sync pulse arrives to bring C8/R12 into operation.
The line and field generators are controlled by a 31.25kHz oscillator. This uses a novel design, with an on chip 50pF nitride capacitor, and produces a sawtooth output. The oscillator's output is sliced, divided by two and fed to the two phase detectors in the line frequency phase -locked loop. This part of the circuit follows conventional practice, with the first detector locking the oscillator, via pins 13 and 12, to the line sync pulses whilst the second detector compares the phases of the oscillator's output and the line flyback pulses. The output from the second phase detector controls a pulsewidth modulator to get a correctly phased line drive signal. This is divided by two and fed out at pin 17 via a buffer stage.
The most unusual section of the i.c. is the field circuit. Instead of a conventional field oscillator, a ten stage
divide -by -625 counter is used, driven by the sliced output from the 31.25kHz oscillator. This avoids the need for a
hold control and close tolerance timing components. The output from the counter is fed via the window control
circuit to the sync gate, which allows the field sync pulse through to control a conventional field generator - the
charging components that produce the ramp are connected to pin 20. The field sync pulse also resets the
counter via an OR gate. In the absence of a field sync pulsethe counter is reset via the window circuit and the OR gate.


The window circuit controls the time during which the sync gate is open. There are two conditions, narrow and
wide, depending on the sync condition. When the circuit is synchronised, the gate is opened during the count 614 626. This is the narrow condition, and provides good noise immunity. A coincidence detector in the window circuit
checks the synchronisation. If this detector finds that there is non -coincidence between the gate and sync pulses eight
times in succession, the gate is opened during the count 484-644. This is the wide condition, giving rapid field
locking. In effect, this is the first digital field oscillator to be used in a UK produced TV chassis.
The single PCB used in the 1790 chassis is a compact 4i x 134in. It's held in position by runners in the moulded
two-piece cabinet. The only components not mounted on the board are the tube with its yoke and the loudspeaker.
The tube's graphite coating is taken up to the protection band so that no earthing spring is required, whilst the
aerial plug is soldered directly to the tuner. There are just ten screws to hold the whole lot together. It would be
difficult to devise a simpler form of construction.


The MONOMAX is a single-chip IC that will perform the electronic functions of a monochrome TV receiver, with the exception of the tuner, sound  channel, and power output stages.
The MC13001XP and MC13002XP  will function as drop-in replacements for MC13001P
and MC13002P, but some external IF components can be removed for maximum benefit. IF AGC range has been increased, video output impedance lowered, and horizontal driver output current capability increased.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Video IF Amplifier is a four-stage design with 80 mV sensitivity.
It uses a 6.2 V supply decoupled at Pin
4. The first two stages are gain controlled,and to ensure
optimum noise performance, the first stage control
is  delayed until the second stage has been gain reduced
by 15 dB. To bias the amplifier, balanced
dc feedback is used which is decoupled
at Pins 2 and 6 and then fed to the input Pins 3 and 5 by internal 3.9 k resistors. The
nominal bias voltage at these input pins is approximately 4.2 Vdc. The input, because of the high level should be driven  from a balanced differential circuit.
For the same reason, care must be taken from the IF decoupling.

The IF output is rectified in a full wave envelop detector and detector nonlinearity
is coupled by using a similar nonlinear element feedback output buffer amplifier.
The detected video at Pin 28 contains the sound intercarrier and Pin 28 is normally
used as the sound , The video frequency response, detector 28, is shown in Figure
3 and the detector performance
Power supply is a simple linear type with mains transformer.

 Power supply is realized with mains transformer and Linear transistorized power supply stabilizer, A DC power supply apparatus includes a rectifier circuit which rectifies an input commercial AC voltage. The rectifier output voltage is smoothed in a smoothing capacitor. Voltage stabilization is provided in the stabilizing circuits by the use of Zener diode circuits to provide biasing to control the collector-emitter paths of respective transistors.A linear regulator circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention has an input node receiving an unregulated voltage and an output node providing a regulated voltage. The linear regulator circuit includes a voltage regulator, a bias circuit, and a current control device.


Power Supply: The examples chosen are taken from manufacturers' circuit diagrams and are usually simplified to emphasise the fundamental nature of the circuit. For each example the particular transistor properties that are exploited to achieve the desired performance are made clear. As a rough and ready classification the circuits are arranged in order of frequency: this part is devoted to circuits used at zero frequency, field frequency and audio frequencies. Series Regulator Circuit Portable television receivers are designed to operate from batteries (usually 12V car batteries) and from the a.c. mains. The receiver usually has an 11V supply line, and circuitry is required to ensure that the supply line is at this voltage whether the power source is a battery or the mains. The supply line also needs to have good regulation, i.e. a low output resistance, to ensure that the voltage remains constant in spite of variations in the mean current taken by some of the stages in the receiver. Fig. 1 shows a typical circuit of the power -supply arrangements. The mains transformer and bridge rectifier are designed to deliver about 16V. The battery can be assumed to give just over 12V. Both feed the regulator circuit Trl, Tr2, Tr3, which gives an 11V output and can be regarded as a three -stage direct -coupled amplifier. The first stage Tr 1 is required to give an output current proportional to the difference between two voltages, one being a constant voltage derived from the voltage reference diode D I (which is biased via R3 from the stabilised supply). The second voltage is obtained from a preset potential divider connected across the output of the unit, and is therefore a sample of the output voltage. In effect therefore Tr 1 compares the output voltage of the unit with a fixed voltage and gives an output current proportional to the difference between them. Clearly a field-effect transistor could do this, but the low input resistance of a bipolar transistor is no disadvantage and it can give a current output many times that of a field-effect transistor and is generally preferred therefore. The output current of the first stage is amplified by the two subsequent stages and then becomes the output current of the unit. Clearly therefore Tr2 and Tr3 should be current amplifiers and they normally take the form of emitter followers or common emitter stages (which have the same current gain). By adjusting the preset control we can alter the fraction of the output voltage' applied to the first stage and can thus set the output voltage of the unit at any desired value within a certain range. By making assumptions about the current gain of the transistors we can calculate the degree of regulation obtainable. For example, suppose the gain of Tr2 and Tr3 in cascade is 1,000, and that the current output demanded from the unit changes by 0.1A (for example due to the disconnection of part of the load). The corresponding change in Tr l's collector current is 0.1mA and, if the standing collector current of Tr 1 is 1mA, then its mutual conductance is approximately 4OmA/V and the base voltage must change by 2.5mV to bring about the required change in collector current. If the preset potential divider feeds one half of the output voltage to Tr l's base, then the change in output voltage must be 5mV. Thus an 0.1A change in output current brings about only 5mV change in output voltage: this represents an output resistance of only 0.0552.

In one embodiment, the current control device is implemented as an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) having a collector electrode forming the input node of the linear regulator circuit, an emitter electrode coupled to the input of the voltage regulator, and a base electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias circuit. A first capacitor may be coupled between the input and reference terminals of the voltage regulator and a second capacitor may be coupled between the output and reference terminals of the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator may be implemented as known to those skilled in the art, such as an LDO or non-LDO 3-terminal regulator or the like.
The bias circuit may include a bias device and a current source. The bias device has a first terminal coupled to the output terminal of the voltage regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the current control device. The current source has an input coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device and an output coupled to the second terminal of the bias device. A capacitor may be coupled between the first and second terminals of the bias device.
In the bias device and current source embodiment, the bias device may be implemented as a Zener diode, one or more diodes coupled in series, at least one light emitting diode, or any other bias device which develops sufficient voltage while receiving current from the current source. The current source may be implemented with a PNP BJT having its collector electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias device, at least one first resistor having a first end coupled to the emitter electrode of the PNP BJT and a second end, a Zener diode and a second resistor. The Zener diode has an anode coupled to the base electrode of the PNP BJT and a cathode coupled to the second end of the first resistor. The second resistor has a first end coupled to the anode of the Zener diode and a second end coupled to the reference terminal of the voltage regulator. A second Zener diode may be included having an anode coupled to the cathode of the first Zener diode and a cathode coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device.
A circuit is disclosed for improving operation of a linear regulator, having an input terminal, an output terminal, and a reference terminal. The circuit includes an input node, a transistor, a bias circuit, and first and second capacitors. The transistor has a first current electrode coupled to the input node, a second current electrode for coupling to the input terminal of the linear regulator, and a control electrode. The bias circuit has a first terminal for coupling to the output terminal of the linear regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the transistor. The first capacitor is for coupling between the input and reference terminals of the linear regulator, and the second capacitor is for coupling between the output and reference terminals of the linear regulator. The bias circuit develops a voltage sufficient to drive the control terminal of the transistor and to operate the linear regulator. The bias circuit may be a battery, a bias device and a current source, a floating power supply, a charge pump, or any combination thereof. The transistor may be implemented as a BJT or FET or any other suitable current controlled device.

FERGUSON Mod. 38030 CHASSIS (1790) T1101E CRT TUBE SAMSUNG 310GNB4AS

 

FERGUSON  Mod.  38030 CHASSIS (1790) T1101E CRT TUBE SAMSUNG 310GNB4AS

PYE (Cambridge England) Mod. P240 YEAR 1966.

It's a 24 Inches (59Cm) B/W television from PYE an electronics company founded in Cambridge, England . Now Defunct !

It has manual preselection of tuning via rotary switch on the back for VHF and UHF Channels.

Television receivers currently being manufactured for consumer use were capable of operation in either the VHF (very high frequency) or UHF (ultra high frequency) bands of frequencies. In order to provide this capability, however, it is necessary to include two separate tuners or tuning circuits in the television receiver with one of these circuits being utilized for VHF reception and the other being used for UHF reception. The VHF tuner conventionally is a turret type of tuner having 13 detented positions which accomplish the coarse tuning or channel selection of the VHF tuner and a separate control is provided to effect the fine tuning at each of the channel positions. Generally, mechanical channel selecting devices for VHF television tuners fall into two groups, namely, the rotary-switching type or the turret types. Turret type tuners include an incrementally rotatable channel selector shaft for selectively connecting certain ones of a plurality of tuned circuit elements to each of a plurality of channel selector positions. UHF tuners generally employ a separate control mechanism or a tuning knob and use a dial indicator of a type commonly found in manual radio receivers. UHF tuners for television receivers are usually of a continuous tuning type similar to the tuning system adapted for radio sets. Therefore, the tuning in UHF channels has been extremely difficult as compared to the tuning in VHF channels. Such continuous tuning systems for the UHF tuners has heretofore been sufficient, since only two or three UHF channels have been authorized in one locality. However, where more UHF channels, namely seven or eight channels, are available for reception, a non-continuous type UHF tuner, which enables simpler tuning operation, is desired. Nevertheless, this continuous tuning system has heretofore been satisfactory, because there were only 2 or 3 UHF band channels or stations available for reception in an area. However, where there are an increased number (7 or 8 or more, for instance) of UHF band channels or stations available for reception, a non-continuous or intermittent tuning system as is adopted for the VHF tuner is preferable.

More desirably, the fine tuning control is presettable, so that the desired channel may be readily selected by merely turning the main channel switch-over shaft. The use of two separate tuning control mechanisms in order to effect the VHF and UHF tuning of the receiver is  at best; and when a receiver is provided with remote control capabilities, generally only the VHF band of frequencies may be remote controlled and the UHF channels still must be selected manually at the receiving set location.Conventional turret tuners still leave room for improvement, especially as far as minimizing the tuner size and dimension, and simplifying the assembly, as well as lowering the manufacture costs and improving the tuner performance are concerned.


This is a fully Electronic tubes technology chassis.

The B/W Tubes Television set was powered with a External Voltage stabiliser unit for Television (portable metal box) which relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to supply alternating current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which the line voltage varies. Such regulators are frequently provided employingConventional AC-operated television receivers exhibit several undesirable performance attributes. For example, under low-line voltage conditions such as those encountered during peak load periods or temporary power brown-outs imposed during times of power shortage, picture shrinkage and defocusing are encountered and under extreme brown-out conditions the receiver loses synchronization with a resultant total loss of picture intelligibility.

On the other hand, abnormally high-line voltage conditions are sometimes encountered, and this can lead to excessive high voltage and X-ray generation. In addition, either abnormally high steady state line voltage conditions or high voltage transients such as those encountered during electrical storms or during power line switching operations may subject the active devices and other components of the receiver to over-voltage stresses which can lead to excessive component failure.

It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a new and improved AC-operated television receiver having greatly improved performance characteristics in the presence of fluctuating power supply voltages.

A more specific object of the invention is to provide an AC-operated television receiver affording substantially undegraded performance under even extremely low-line voltage conditions without excessive high voltage and X-ray generation under even extremely high-line voltage conditions.

Still another and extremely important object of the invention is to provide a new and improved AC-operated television receiver having greatly improved reliability against component failure. saturable core reactors and condensers connected in circuit...  in such manner as to provide a plurality of variable voltage vectors which vary in different senses, as the line voltage varies, but which add vectorially in such manner that the
voltage stabilization
is automatically effected by the provision of an inductive pilot control device which is adapted to provide two excitation supply voltages for producing excitation or satuation of two magnetic circuits of a reversible booster transformer unit or units and diversion of flux from one magnetic circuit to the other, the booster unit being energized by primary windings from the A. C. supplysystem and being provided with a secondary winding or windings connected between the supply system and the corresponding inain or distribution circuit and in series therewith, through which a corrective boost voltage is
introduced into the circuit under the influence of the pilot control device, of an amount equal to that of the supply voltage fluctuation which initiated it and appropriate in polarity and direction for restoring the voltage to normal value and providing automatic stabilization of the circuit voltage against supply voltages which fluctuate above and below normal value.

Their vector sum remains substantially constant upon variations in line voltage, for providing automatic voltage stabilization of single or multiphase A. C. circuits where the supply voltage and frequency are subject to variation above and below normal value and where the load is subject to variation between normal limits.
The pilot control device which may be employed singly or may comprise three units or their equivalent when applied to multiphase supply systems comprises a pair of closed magnetic circuits or cores constructed of strip wound magnetic material or stacked laminations, the two
circuits forming a pair being constructed of materials possessing dis~similar magnetic characteristics when jointly energized by identical windings in series or by a collective primary winding, the said magnetic circuits being suitably proportioned to provide equal fluxes when energized at normal voltage.

The pilot control device is provided with a main and an auxiliary secondary winding or group of windings, the main secondary winding or windings being adapted to provide a voltage representing the difference in the fluxes of the two circuits to which it is jointly associated, while
the auxiliary secondary winding embraces only one circuit, preferably that subject to the least amount of flux variation. Either of the windings consists of two equal sections or in effect a double winding with a center tapping to which one end of the single winding is connected.

The voltage in the single secondary winding of the pilot device becomes directionally additive to that in one half of the tapped secondary winding a nd substractive in respect to that in the other half. When the supply voltage is normal the voltage provided by the single secondary winding is zero, since there is no difference of flux in the two magnetic circuits, and the two excitation voltages
produced in the halves of the other secondary winding are equal and when connected to the two excitation windings of the booster units, do not produce any diversion of flux between the two circuits or sets of circuits in the magnetic system of the booster transformer unit become equal, and since the series winding on the booster unit is arranged to provide a voltage due to the difference of
the fluxes in its two magnetic circuits or sets of magnetic circuits, no corrective voltage is introduced into the main circuit by the booster. If, however, the supply voltage varies from normal the pilot control device provides a voltage across the one secondary winding due to the difference in the fluxes of the two dis-similar magnetic circuits of which it is comprised, which voltage is combined with thosc in the halves of the other secondary winding to provide two excitation voltages which vary complementarily to each other as the supply voltage fluotuates, and cause a transference of flux between the two
circuits or groups of circuits in the booster unit and automatically provide a corrective boost voltage in the main circuit in which the series winding of the booster transformer is included of a value equal to that of the variation in supply voltage which initiated it.
The pilot device may be arranged in various ways, forboth single phase and multiphase operation, as exemplified by the constructions hereinafter more fully described.Similarly, numerous arrangements of the booster transformer unit are possible, some of which are hereinafter described in detail. The booster transformer unit embodies thc principles of the inductive devices described in my co-pending Application No. 411,189, filed February 18, 1954.

As an alternative to the provision of an auxiliary secondary winding on the pilot control device this may be
replaced by an independent or external source of supply,which may be either subject to or independent of supply voltage variation, provided such supply may be arranged with a center tapping if required.

Feed-back arrangements may be employed for providing compensation against voltage drop due to the effects of load in various ways. These are preferably providedon the booster transformer unit and may comprise a current transformer in one or more lines of the main circuit,
the secondary output of the transformer being rectified and arranged to energize an additional excitation winding on the booster transformer unit which in clfect increases the amount of the corrective boost voltage as the load increases.



Pye Ltd. was an electronics company founded in Cambridge, England and is currently wholly owned by Philips.

W.G. Pye & Co. Ltd. was founded in 1896 in Cambridge by William George Pye, an employee of the Cavendish Laboratory, as a part time business making scientific instruments. By the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the company employed 40 people manufacturing instruments that were used for teaching and research. The war increased demand for such instruments and the War Office needed experimental thermionic valves. The manufacture of these components afforded the company the technical knowledge that it needed to develop the first wireless receiver when the first UK broadcasts were made by the BBC in 1922. Instruments continued to be designed and manufactured under W G Pye Ltd, later situated in York Street Cambridge, while a separate company was started to build wireless components in a factory at Church Path, Chesterton.
A series of receivers made at Church Path and were given positive reviews by Popular Wireless magazine. In 1924 Harold Pye, the son of the founder, and Edward Appleton, his former tutor at St. John's College, designed a new series of receivers which proved even more saleable. In 1928 William Pye sold the company, now renamed Pye Radio Ltd., to C. O. Stanley, who established a chain of small component-manufacturing factories across East Anglia.
When the BBC started to explore television broadcasting, Pye found that the closest of their East Anglian offices was 25 miles outside the estimated effective 25 mile radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter. Stanley was fascinated by the new technology and on his instructions the company built a high gain receiver that could pick up these transmissions. In 1937 a 5-inch Pye television receiver was priced at 21 guineas (£22.05) and within two years the company had sold 2000 sets at an average price of £34.
The new EF50 valve from Philips enabled Pye to build this high gain receiver, which was a Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) type and not a superhet type. With the outbreak of World War 2 the Pye receiver using EF50 valves became a key component of many radar receivers, forming the 45 MHz Intermediate Amplifier (IF) section of the equipment. Pye went on to design and manufacture radio equipment for the British Army, including Wireless Sets No. 10, 18, 19, 22, 62 and 68.
In February 1944 Pye formed a specialist division called Pye Telecommunications Ltd which it intended would design and produce radio communications equipment when the war ended. This company developed, prospered and grew to become the leading UK producer of mobile radio equipment for commercial, business, industrial, police and government purposes.
See http://www.pyetelecomhistory.org
(Please note:- The collection at the site aforementioned does not have any information on Pye or Philips domestic broadcast radio, television or audio equipment - this collection consists only of military and professional two-way radio communications equipment.)

After the war Pye's B16T 9-inch table television was designed around the 12-year-old EF50 valve. It was soon superseded by the B18T, which used an extra high tension transformer (EHT) developed by German companies before the war to produce high cathode ray tube voltages.
In 1955 the company diversified into music production with Pye Records. The Independent Television Authority (ITA) started public transmissions in the same year so Pye had to produce new television designs that could receive ITV and the availability of a second channel introduced the need for tuners. Pye's V4 tunable television was launched in March 1954 and was followed by the V14. The V14 proved to be technically unreliable and so tarnished the Pye name that many dealers transferred their allegiance to other manufacturers. This failure so damaged corporate confidence that Pye avoided being first to market thereafter, although they developed the first British transistor in 1956. Pye TVT Ltd was formed to produce broadcast television equipment, including cameras which, as well as international sales, were very popular with British broadcasters including the BBC. The early cameras were called "the Photicon" and the later ones by their Mk number 2, 3, etc. The Mk7/8 solid state monochrome cameras were the last ones produced. The Pye Mk6 Image Orthicon camera was the last version supplied to BBC Outside Broadcasts in 1963 for a new fleet of eight outside broadcast vans. The ITV companies purchased the popular Pye Mk3s, and to a lesser extent the Mk4s and Mk7s. Unfortunately, Pye (TVT) never made it into producing a colour broadcast television camera but there was an abortive colour telecine camera; few if any were sold. The reason for this was probably the financial difficulties the company was in.
In 1979 PYE were implicated in an episode of Granda's World In Action in relation to the sale of UHV and VHF radios as well as telephone intercept equipment which was used in the Public Safety Unit's genocide of many Ugandans. [World In Action: Inside Idi Amin's Terror Machine first broadcast first broadcast 13 June 1979]

Not wishing to risk further damage to their fragile brand, Pye first used transistors in a product sold as a subsidiary brand: the Pam 710 radio, with the transistors themselves labelled Newmarket Transistors (another subsidiary). When this proved acceptable the company launched the Pye 123 radio a Pye 123 (still with the Newmarket label on the novel internal components). Products such as these reversed the decline but the arrival of Japanese competition reduced demand to a level that threatened the viability of the manufacturing plants. The company, like most of its domestic competitors, attempted to restore demand with price competition and, where viable production exceeded demand, sold excess stock at loss-making clearance prices. This tactic has no strategic value and by 1966 Pye was in such difficulties that they started to reduce their manufacturing capacity with closure of the EKCO factory in Southend-on-Sea.
Philips attempted to buy out the ailing Pye in 1966. The Trade Secretary Anthony Wedgwood Benn determined that a complete sale would create a de facto monopoly so he permitted the transfer of just a 60% shareholding with an undertaking that the Lowestoft factory would continue to manufacture televisions.
On 20 April 1964, BBC2 was launched, broadcasting entirely on the new television standard of 625-line UHF, but BBC1 and ITV would remain in 405-line VHF until 1969, so, until 1971, all television receivers in the UK had to handle both the VHF and UHF wavebands. This added to the cost of producing television sets. The price of buying a dual-standard set, combined with the small coverage of BBC2 and the highbrow programming on that channel, meant that initial sales of dual standard sets were slow. The VHF system was finally switched off in the UK on 3 January 1985.
The arrival of 625-line UHF & PAL colour television in the mid sixties was not the rescue that domestic manufacturers had hoped. Test signals began in 1966 and scheduled transmissions commenced on BBC2 on 1 July 1967, with a full colour service beginning on that channel on 2 December 1967. BBC1 and ITV followed suit on 15 November 1969.
The arrival of colour broadcasting in the UK added further to the cost and complexity of producing television sets. The resulting high price and low coverage ares of the new technology delayed consumer adoption further. It wasn't until the TV licence year of April 1976 to April 1977 that the number of colour licences sold outnumbered those of black and white.
In the early 1970s Sony and Hitachi launched UK colour televisions that cost less than £200. Domestic manufacturers attempted to compete, but were handicapped by outdated manufacturing techniques and an inflexible workforce. Pye found themselves with high stocks and low cash flow at a time when industrial relations were poor, the economy was ailing and there was little scope for cost reduction. Foundering, the Pye group of companies was bought outright by Philips in 1976. The Lowestoft factory was subsequently sold to Sanyo and Philips moved the manufacture of Pye televisions to Singapore. Prior to the manufacturing offshoring, the company produced a range of televisions branded 'PYE Chelsea'. The range were teak clad with stainless steel 'feet' and sported three large channel selectors. Whilst unsuitable for the then upcoming 4th UK channel, the equipment would operate through early video recorders, machines with larger channel capability. The Chelsea range were popular with TV rental companies such as Radio Rentals, Rumbelows and Wigfalls. Maintenance of these sets continued well into the 1980s, with the northern rental chain Wigfalls being the last to withdraw them in 1988.
The PYE brand enjoyed a short-lived renaissance of audio equipment (known as music centres) during the 1970s and in the late 1980s with televisions, gaining something of a cult status among college students at the time.
In recent years the Pye brand has enjoyed a resurgence on the UK market, with domestic products including DVD recorders. The Pye brand is one of a handful surviving today from the early domestic electronics era that dates to before World War II.

A good point  on good  old  B/W Televisions.....................

The Sixties was a time of great change for TV. At the start of the decade there were just monochrome sets with valves, designed for 405 -line transmissions at VHF. By the end there was 625 -line colour at UHF, with transistorised chassis that used the odd IC.

The following decade was one of growth. The "space race" had begun in 1957, when the USSR launched Sputnik 1 and terrified the Americans. Thereafter the USA began to spend countless billions of dollars on space missions. This got underway in earnest in the Sixties, with the announcement that America would be going all out to get a man on the moon by the end of the decade. There followed the Mercury series of earth - orbit missions, then the Apollo launches. Success was achieved in 1969. Most of these missions were televised, and in those days anything to do with space was hot stuff. It was inevitable that everyone wanted to have a television set. At the time an average receiver would be a monochrome one with a 14in. tube - there was no colour until 1967. It would cost about 75 guineas. 
TV sets were often priced in guineas (21 shillings) as it made the price look a bit easier on the pocket. Anyway 75 guineas, equivalent to about £78.75 in 2000's currency, was a lot of money then.  For those who couldn't, rental was a good option. The Sixties was a period of tremendous growth for rental TV. 
Much else was rented at that time, even radios, also washing machines, spin driers, refrigerators and, later on, audio tape recorders (no VCRs then). 
For most people these things were too expensive for cash purchase. 
There were no credit cards then. And when it came to a TV set, the question of reli- ability had to be taken into account: renting took care of repair costs. 

TV reliability.........The TV sets of the period were notoriously unreliable. They still used valves, which meant that a large amount of heat was generated. The dropper resistor contributed to this: it was used mainly as a series device to reduce the mains voltage to the level required to power the valve heaters. These were generally connected in series, so the heater volt- ages of all the valves were added together and the total was subtracted from the mains voltage. The difference was the voltage across the heater section of the dropper resistor, whose value was determined by simple application of Ohm's Law. 
As valves are voltage -operated devices, there was no need to stabilise the current. So the power supply circuits in TV sets were very simple. They often consisted of nothing more than a dropper resistor, a half or biphase rectifier and a couple of smoothing capacitors. If a TV set had a transformer and a full wave rectifier in addition to the other components, it was sophisticated!
 As the valve heaters were connected in series they were like Christmas -tree lights: should one fail they all went out and the TV set ceased to function. Another common problem with valves is the cathode -to -heater short. When this fault occurs in a valve, some of the heaters in the chain would go out and some would stay on. Those that stayed on would glow like search- lights, often becoming damaged as a result. Dropper failure could cause loss of HT (dead set with the heaters glowing), or no heater supply with HT present. When the HT rectifier valve went low emission, there was low EHT, a small picture and poor performance all round. CRTs would go soft or low emission, the result being a faint picture, or cathode -to -heater short-circuit, the result this time being uncontrollable brightness. On average a TV set would have twelve to fourteen valves, any one of which could go low -emission or fail in some other way. All valves have a finite life, so each one would probably have to be replaced at one time or another. The amount of heat generated in an average TV set would dry out the capacitors, which then failed. So you can see why people rented! 

The CRT could cause various problems. Because of its cost, it was the gen- eral practice to place its heater at the earthy end of the chain. In this position it was less likely to be overloaded by a heater chain fault. But during the winter months, when the mains voltage dropped a bit, it would be starved of power. This would eventually lead to 'cathode poi- soning' with loss of emission. The 'cure' for this was to fit a booster transformer designed to overrun the heater by 10, 20 or 30 per cent. It would work fine for a while, until the CRT completely expired. At about this time CRT reactivators came into being - and a weird and wonderful collection of devices they turned out to be. Regunned tubes also started to appear. You couldn't do this with the `hard -glass' triode tubes made by Emitron. These were fitted in a number of older sets. Yes, they were still around, at least during the early Sixties.



Developments................... A great deal of development occurred during the Sixties. Many TV sets and radios made in the early Sixties were still hard -wired: the introduction of the printed circuit board changed the construction of electronic equipment forever. The first one was in a Pam transistor radio. PCBs were ideal for use in transistor radios, because of the small size of the components used and the fact that such radios ran almost cold. 
They were not so good for use with valve circuitry, as the heat from the valves caused all sorts of problems. Print cracks could develop if a board became warped. If it became carbonised there could be serious leakage and tracking problems. In addition it was more difficult to remove components from a PCB. Many technicians at that time didn't like PCBs. As the Sixties progressed, transistors took over more and more in TV sets. They first appeared in a rather random fashion, for example in the sync separator stages in some Pye models. Then the IF strip became transistorised. Early transistors were based on the use of germanium, which was far from ideal. 

The change to silicon produced devices that were more robust and had a better signal-to-noise ratio. 
Car radios became fully transistorised, and 'solid-state' circuitry ceased to be based on earlier valve arrangements. Many hi-fi amplifiers had been transistorised from the late Fifties, and all tape recorders were now solid-state. 
Both reel-to-reel and compact -cassette recorders were available at this time. Initially, audio cassette recorders had a maximum upper frequency response of only about 9kHz. 
To increase it meant either a smaller head gap or a faster speed. Philips, which developed the compact audio cassette and holds the patents for the design (which we still use in 2000!) wouldn't allow an increase in speed. Good reel-to-reel recorders had a fre- quency response that extended to 20kHz when the tape speed was 15in./sec. 
This is true hi-fi. In time the frequency response of compact -cassette recorders did improve, because of the use of better head materials with a smaller gap. 
This led to the demise of the reel-to-reel audio recorder as a domestic product We began to benefit from spin-offs of the space race between the USA and the USSR. 
The need to squeeze as much technology as possible into the early computers in the Mercury space capsules used by the USA lead to the first inte- grated circuits. 
This technology soon found its way into consumer equipment. Often these devices were hybrid encap- sulations rather than true chips, but they did improve reliability and saved space. The few chips around in those days were analogue devices.  To start with most UHF tuners used valves such as the PC86 and PC88. They were all manually tuned. Some had slow-motion drives and others had push -buttons. They didn't have a lot of gain, so it was important to have an adequate aerial and use low -loss cable..............................

PYE (Cambridge England) Mod. P240 CHASSIS INTERNAL VIEW.

NOTE:

- The frame deflection output transformer is impregnated with tar to prevent some noise at frame frequency rate.

PYE (Cambridge England) Mod. P240 CRT TUBE PHILIPS A59-11W

CRT TUBE PHILIPS A59-11W

PHILIPS A59-11w  110°  TELEVISION PICTURE TUBE WITH INTEGRAL PROTECTION

 Direct viewing television picture tube with metal backed screen, electrostatic focusing, 110°  magnetic deflection and with an integral protection against dangerous mechanical tube failures, so that no separate safety panel is required. The tube is provided with four metal mounting lugs to  facilitate mounting into the cabinet.

HEATING: Indirect by A.C. or D.C.; series or parallel supply
Heater voltage Vf : 6.3 V
Heater current If : 0.3 A
If the tube is used in a series heater chain the surge heater voltage should not exceed 9.5 V (R.M.S.)when the supply is switched on If necessary, a current limiting device must he used to ensure that This value is not exceeded

CAPACITANCES:
Grid No.1 to all other electrodes Cg1 = 6 pF
Cathode to all other electrodes Ck = 4 pF
External conductive coating to final accelerating electrode Cm-a, g3,g5 < 2500 pF > 1700 pF

Metal band to final accelerating electrode Cm ' -a,g3,g5 : 350 pF

S C R E E N Metal backed
Luminescence white
Light transmission 53%
Useful diagonal min. 566 mm
Useful width min. 489 mm
Useful height min. 385 mm






















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