NORDMENDE SPECTRA SK3-COLOR TP4330 YEAR 1981

 

The NORDMENDE  SPECTRA SK3 COLOR TP4330  2.522 A is a compact 20 inches (51cm) color television with 16 programs PLL synthesized tuning system.

Following features as:

•   Four position digital program indicator    with indication of infra-red function
•    ASC socket
•    TR socket
•    Peri television socket
•    Decoder socket  (2.522 A, 2.534 A,)
•    Loudspeaker socket
•    Infra-red remote control with 43 push-buttons. (NORDMENDE TELECONTROL 2301)
  
•   6 Rotary controls for color, volume, brightness,  contrast, tone (bass, treble)

• Is first NORDMENDE model with small screeen under 22" with a 110 degree deflection and TOSHIBA Blackstripe CRT tube Autoconvergent.  Problems encountered where the dynamic convergence is carried out are becoming more and more remarkable with the widening of a deflection angle for the electron beams of the color picture tube (at present, there is a tendency that a wide-angled Braun tube of 110° or more is favourably used), or with application of higher anode voltage. In the case of, for example, a color picture tube 20 inch in screen size and 110° in electron beam-deflecting angle, the dynamic convergence control circuit 11 has 10 or more portions to be readjusted. In such a case, the manufacturer needs a long time to perform the convergence-correcting operation, which results in a costly color picture tube. Further, there is an inconvenience that difficulties are encountered in performing quickly and properly the above-mentioned readjustment upon a domestic replacement of the color picture tube.
  The color picture tube of in-line arranged beam system is somewhat simplified in respect of the construction of its circuit device for effecting the above-mentioned dynamic convergence as compared with the conventionally widely used color picture tube of Δ-arranged beam system but if possible, it is strongly desired for the color picture tube to require no dynamic convergence-operation at all.
  There have in the years been contemplated various color picture tubes which eliminate the necessity of performing the dynamic convergence, for example, through making the magnetic field distribution of the deflection device appropriate and yet reducing the manufacturing errors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,764,628 describes in its specification that three horizontally arranged electron beams are allowed to scan directly the fluorescent screen without being converged, and three primary color signals for modulating the three electron beams are delayed by a length of time corresponding to the interval between the three parallel emitted electron beams, thereby to prevent the color pictures from being subjected to color displacement. This system will indeed well serve the purpose if the deflection field is not distorted at all by the deflection yoke, but in the case of an actual deflection yoke it is impossible to zero the distortion of the deflection field.

• Is first NORDMENDE model series featuring a SCART SOCKET, and because the quick THOMSON transition was allowing a new CHASSIS technology development and was maintaining for brief time NORDMENDE production before the real end with the NORDMENDE CHASSIS F9.

• Is first NORDMENDE model series featuring THE CHASSIS F9  characterized by implementing the MOTOROLA TDA 3300 Motorola's third generation colour processing,Motorola's third generation PAL decoder system (Chroma III) employs a single 40 -pin i.c., type TDA3300. Amongst the features of this i.c. are low dissipation, typically 600mW, with a single 12V supply; a patented 90° phase - shift system requiring no adjustment; and direct inputs for on -screen (data, TV games, etc.) displays, with a complementary fast blanking input. Of particular interest is the beam limiting and automatic black -level adjustment system, the latter making it unnecessary to incorporate preset controls to set up the black level. These arrangements rely on three high -voltage transistors to monitor the beam currents, providing feedback signals for the i.c. If the reference voltage is exceeded, the beam current limiting action comes into operation, reducing the contrast. The system has been designed to enhance the set's video and digital signal handling capability. During the flyback time the feedback input impedance rises, activating a further internal comparator. This compares the tube's cut-off current (a hot cathode doesn't cut off completely) with another internal reference voltage. The resultant signal is integrated and added to the output (at the output clamp) to provide the automatic black -level correction. Readers may recall that a similar idea, using discrete circuitry, is employed in certain B and 0 colour chassis. The advantage is that the black level is held constant throughout the tube's life, with no grey scale drift.
  The device will accept a PAL or NTSC composite video
  signal and output the. three colour signals—needing only a simple
  driver amplifier to interface with the picture tube ,furthermore it features first time an apparatus and method for the automatic setup of a CRT operating point, or dc signal level (black), as well as the contrast, or gain level (gray), of a video display by sampling the CRT signal level of the individual cathodes and locking the dc signal level to a common dc setup reference and gain level to a value determined by a common contrast control signal and gain reference. An apparatus and method in which a common brightness control signal is modulated by a common contrast control signal such that a brightness control pedestal is added to each video signal path of a video display whereby picture black level does not change with contrast. the system is provided for achieving and maintaining gray scale tracking in a multibeam, cathode ray display device, despite fluctuations in the electrical characteristics of the display device and of video amplifiers driving the device. Tracking is accomplished by measuring the actual beam currents produced during the applications of test signals to the amplifiers and automatically adjusting the biases and gains of the amplifiers in response to differences between the measured beam currents and predefined beam currents which should be produced. The invention can also be used to automatically stabilize the beam current in a single beam cathode ray display device.

• Is first NORDMENDE model series featuring an Isolated mains  big power supply transforner  An isolating power supply for electrical equipment comprises a transformer having an input for a mains alternating current (AC) power supply, a rectifier by which the output of the transformer can be rectified, and a primary energy storage device for electrically smoothing the output of the rectifier....A video apparatus, such as a television receiver or a computer monitor, may incorporate user accessible terminals or jacks to facilitate input or output of video or audio signals. These user accessible terminals or jacks must be electrically isolated from the AC line supply in order to protect the user from shock hazard. Electrical isolation may be provided by isolation transformers like the case here shown.

• This NORDMENDE model series was introducing at the time the (ITT) PLL synthesizer tuning system first time. The system employed in the tv permits utilization of a frequency synthesizer tuning system which correctly tunes to a desired television station or channel even if the transmitted signals from that station are not precisely maintained at the proper frequencies even in combination of a fine tuning adjustable by the user.
  Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved tuning system for a television receiver.
  It is an additional object of this invention to provide an improved frequency synthesizer tuning system for a television receiver.
  
  
  
  PLL SYNTHESIZED TUNING System Concepts:
  
  INTRODUCTION Digital tuning systems are fast replacing the conventional mechanical systems in AM FM and television receivers The desirability of the digital approach is mainly due to the following features * Precise tuning of station frequencies
  * Exact digital frequency display
  * Keyboard entry of desired frequency
  * Virtually unlimited station memory
  * Up down scanning through the band
  * Station ‘‘search’’ (stop on next active station)
  * Power on to the last station
  * Easy option for time-of-day clock In addition
  " recent "developments in large scale integrated circuit technology and new varactor diodes for the AM band have made the cost-benefit picture for digital tuning very attractive System partitioning is extremely important in optimizing this cost-benefit picture as will be discussed.
  
  SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
  A simplified block diagram of a typical digitally tuned receiver is shown in Figure 1 Notice this receiver could be one for AM FM marine radio or television it makes no difference The frequency synthesizer block generates the local oscillator frequency for the receiver just as a conventional mechanical tuner would However the phase-locked-loop (PLL) acts as an integral frequency multiplier of an accurate crystal controlled reference frequency while the mechanical type provides a continuously variable frequency output with no reference Some method of controlling the value of the multiplier for channel tuning must be provided The other RF IF and audio video circuitry will be the same as in the mechanical tuning method There are many different ways to partition the frequency synthesizer system to perform the digital tuning function................
  

• A SCART Connector (which stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a standard for connecting audio-visual equipment together. The official standard for SCART is CENELEC document number EN 50049-1. SCART is also known as Péritel (especially in France) and Euroconnector but the name SCART will be used exclusively herein. The standard defines a 21-pin connector (herein after a SCART connector) for carrying analog television signals. Various pieces of equipment may be connected by cables having a plug fitting the SCART connectors. Television apparatuses commonly include one or more SCART connectors.

Although a SCART connector is bidirectional, the present invention is concerned with the use of a SCART connector as an input connector for receiving signals into a television apparatus. A SCART connector can receive input television signals either in an RGB format in which the red, green and blue signals are received on Pins 15, 11 and 7, respectively, or alternatively in an S-Video format in which the luminance (Y) and chroma (C) signals are received on Pins 20 and 15. As a result of the common usage of Pin 15 in accordance with the SCART standard, a SCART connector cannot receive input television signals in an RGB format and in an S-Video format at the same time.

Consequently many commercially available television apparatuses include a separate SCART connectors each dedicated to receive input television signals in one of an RGB format and an S-Video format. This limits the functionality of the SCART connectors. In practical terms, the number of SCART connectors which can be provided on a television apparatus is limited by cost and space considerations. However, different users wish the input a wide range of different combinations of formats of television signals, depending on the equipment they personally own and use. However, the provision of SCART connectors dedicated to input television signals in one of an RGB format and an S-Video format limits the overall connectivity of the television apparatus. Furthermore, for many users the different RGB format and S-Video format are confusing. Some users may not understand or may mistake the format of a television signal being supplied on a given cable from a given piece of equipment. This can result in the supply of input television signals of an inappropriate format for the SCART connector concerned.

This kind of connector is todays obsoleted !

 

•   It has a Transistorized horizontal deflection circuits  made up of a horizontal switching or output transistor, a diode, one or more capacitors and a deflection winding. The output transistor, operating as a switch, is driven by a horizontal rate square wave signal and conducts during a portion of the horizontal trace interval. A diode, connected in parallel with the transistor, conducts during the remainder of the trace interval. A retrace capacitor and the deflection yoke winding are coupled in parallel across the transistor-diode combination. Energy is transferred into and out of the deflection winding via the diode and output transistor during the trace interval and via the retrace capacitor during the retrace interval.

In some television receivers, the collector of the horizontal output transistor is coupled to the B+ power supply through the primary windings of the high voltage transformer. 

•  NORDMENDE  SPECTRA SK3-COLOR TP4330   is Last NORDMENDE SET, after models even in the same fashion like this here are THOMSON sets with THOMSON CHASSIS (ICC3). 

 

NORDMENDE HISTORY

  Nordmende was a manufacturer of entertainment electronics based in Bremen, Germany.
The original company, Radio H. Mende & Co, was founded in 1923 by Otto Hermann Mende (1885-1940) in Dresden. Following the destruction of the plant during the bombing raids in 1945, Martin Mende (the founder's son) created a new company in Bremen in 1947, in a former Focke-Wulf plant, under the name North German Mende Broadcast GmbH. The name was subsequently changed to Nordmende: subsequently the company became one of the prominent German manufacturers of radios, televisions, tape recorders and record players in the 1950s and 1960s.

In the 1970s, Nordmende televisions were renowned for their innovative chassis, and for the rigorous testing and quality control of their finished products. Both created high costs, however, which soon proved a competitive disadvantage when the price of colour televisions began to plunge.

In 1969, Mende's sons took over the company, and in 1977 a majority shareholding was sold to the French Thomson Brandt company and the chassis remains the original NordMende until CHASSIS F9. The following year, the family sold their remaining shares to Thomson. In the 1980s, the factories in Bremen were closed, Nordmende becoming purely a Thomson trademark (Starting from chassis F10 F11 they're all THOMSON).








In the 1990s, the name Nordmende was used with decreasing frequency, and it eventually disappeared in favour of the Thomson name. In 2005 Videocon Group acquired all cathode ray tube activities from Thomson. This led to the creation of VDC Technologies, which manufactures TV sets using the Nordmende brand under licence from Thomson.
The Nordmende brand name was relaunched in Ireland in September 2008 by the KAL Group. Although Nordmende was well known for its televisions throughout Ireland during the 1970s and 1980s, the company bought the rights to the name and launched a range of white goods including fridges, freezers, washing machines, and dishwashers, alongside a revamped range of flat-screen TVs and stereos.

The pre-war history can be found under Mende. After the total loss in Dresden, Martin Mende (Dec. 30, 1898-1982) founds Norddeutsche Mende-Rundfunk GmbH in Bremen-Hemelingen on August 26, 1947, with the assistance of Hermann Weber.

• The first housings are supplied by a carpenter in Achim in exchange for five housings to make one radio set. The former Mende designer, Obering. Heer is again responsible for the equipment.
• From July 27, 1948, the new company, first 18 and soon 60 people, supplies the new radio production on the basis of currency reform, loans and subcontracts.
• The regime in East Germany does not allow the name Mende, so Martin Mende continues his pre-war success with graphic designs in connection with "Nord".
• The hangars of the former Focke-Wulf AG near Seebaldsbrück station serve as workshops. In 1950, the company employs 700 people, in 1959 already 3500 and at its zenith 6300.
• In 1950, the company starts with VHF, in 1953 with television and in 1954 with measuring and testing equipment. Towards the end of the 1950s, the company is called Norddeutsche Mende Rundfunk KG .

Having not previously been involved with magnetic sound equipment, Nordmende launches the first German home tape recorder with three motors in 1958. However, other companies such as AEG/Telefunken and Grundig clearly dominate this sector. From Nordmende, only one or two devices (none in 1960) appear in the catalogs. But the company is successful with another new entry:


In 1958, Nordmende introduces its first travel set, "Mambo" - but not "the first German, mass-produced and fully transistorized portable set," according to one source. After that, Nordmende becomes particularly strong in Germany in the travel set sector, although they did not build tube suitcases. After all, the 8 semiconductors used in "Mambo" then cost DM 98.70 at retail, while for the four D-tubes of the 90 series - even at the catalog price - about DM 35 would have to be spent. Price of the whole unit: DM 189.- plus two flat batteries of 4.5 V.

Until 1969, there are about 92 models of portable radios (suitcase radios or "hand held radios"). For example, in the 1961/62 catalog, there are 11 table radios and radio furniture as well as 8 models of travel radios. 17 different television models, on the other hand, show where success was to be found in those days.

According to ], Nordmende was even technically ahead for a short time with the so-called "Tippomatik operation". See also Philips etc.

Also concert cabinets seem to be a mainstay for Nordmende in the late 50s to early 60s. The company repeatedly uses the same names like "Cabinet", "Caruso", "Casino", "Cosima" as well as "Arabella" and "Isobella" with changing additional numbers or the addition "Stereo", e.g. in 1959 and 1960/61.

• In March 1967, the plant started production of color TV sets. For the company's anniversary, a series of sets called 'Golden 20' is published. In 1969, the Mende sons Karl and Hermann take over the management.
• In 1977, increased competition leads to the sale of a majority stake to the French group Thomson-Brandt; the Mende family then withdraws completely from the company. Martin Mende dies in 1982.
• In 1977, shares in the company were sold to the French Thomson-Brandt Group. A year later, the family also sold its remaining share in Thomson-Brandt.

The Bremen-based company always consisted of two companies. Production was handled by Norddeutsche Mende Rundfunk KG; sales and advertising were handled by Nordmende Vertriebs GmbH & Co. oHG.

• During Thomson's control, the production company changed its name several times: Norddeutsche AG für Unterhaltungselektronik & Co. oHG (NAGFU), later Deutsche AG für Unterhaltungselektronik & Co. oHG (DAGFU). DAGFU became the holding company for the German Thomson companies.
  

• Production was transferred to Deutsche Elektronik-Werke GmbH (DEWEK), which was formed from Süddeutsche Elektronikwerke GmbH (SEWEK), the former SABA production company. In the late 1980s, DEWEK was merged with Norddeutsche Elektronikwerke GmbH (NEWEK), the Telefunken production company, to form Elektronik-Werke Deutschland GmbH (EWD). EWD later operated under the name Thomson Television Germany GmbH (TTG).

• The sales company (oHG) was dissolved in the mid-1980s. Distribution in Germany was continued by Nordmende Vertriebs GmbH, which changed its name to Nordmende GmbH. Nordmende GmbH was merged with Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH with plants in Hanover and Celle, SABA GmbH, TTG and other companies in the mid-1990s to form Thomson Multimedia Sales GmbH.

The other company involved in Nordmende Vertriebs GmbH & Co. oHG, Nordmende Verkaufs GmbH, changed its name to Nordmende International GmbH and, under the umbrella of European Consumer Electronics GmbH (ECE), held the trademark rights to Nordmende for the export business, while the export business itself was handled by ECE. Nordmende International GmbH was sold to Thomson Consumer Electronics S.A. in Paris in the mid-1990s, changed its name to Thomson Consumer Electronics GmbH and acquired a share in DAGFU, as a result of which DAGFU changed its name to Thomson Consumer Electronics GmbH & Co. oHG.


Thomson's acquisition of Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH in Hanover in 1983 meant that all German Thomson production facilities now continued to operate under the name Elektronik Werke Deutschland (EWD).

While at the Villingen-Schwenningen site of SABA (SEWEK), Thomson's complete television set development and chassis production (printed circuit boards) were combined and television production was discontinued, the Bremen plant advanced to become the headquarters of color television set assembly for Thomson's German and European subsidiary brands. Only Telefunken was still allowed to build its own sets with its own chassis at the Celle plant (closed in 1997) because of its strong position in the German market.

Originally, Thomson had planned to close the Bremen site and abandon it completely. However, the company had not counted on the resistance of the employees and the support of the Bremen Senate and the great media response. Since Thomson already had a reputation in Germany as a "job killer" and did not want to put itself in a bad light again, the company backed down. Instead, production in Villingen-Schwenningen was closed and relocated to Bremen.

Then, in the mid-1980s, the Bremen Thomson plant was also on the verge of going out of business. In 1987, the managing directors took over the company in a management buy-out. With the social plan funds from Thomson, an investment from the state-owned Hanseatische Industrie-Beteiligungen GmbH (HIBEG) and loans from leading Bremen banks, the television set and plastic parts production was continued with a greatly reduced workforce under the name Europart (the planned name was initially Eurotec).
End of production

At the end of the 1980s, after Thomson had stopped purchasing plastic parts from Europart for its television set production, which had been relocated in the meantime, the company plunged into a crisis from which it never recovered. The company's own developments were unable to establish themselves on the market in parallel with supplier production, so that despite rescue attempts by the Bremen Senate and a plant occupation lasting several weeks, the company went into insolvency because the banks had cancelled their credit lines.

Nordmende brand under Thomson

Immediately after acquiring the company, Thomson separated production and sales into two companies. While production was controlled directly from the headquarters in Paris, sales initially remained independent. The production of audio equipment was discontinued in Germany and relocated to France. After the closure of several factories in the Bremen area, the television production in Bremen and the Kit Center in Bremerhaven remained. At the Kit Center, kits were assembled for countries that required a domestic production content (local content).

The main markets for Nordmende were Germany and Italy. Qualified specialist retailers were used as the sales channel in Germany and general importers for the export markets. After the export activities of the group brands Nordmende, Telefunken and SABA were combined under the umbrella of ECE GmbH in Hanover in 1987, domestic sales continued to operate independently from Bremen for several years.

In the early 1990s, Thomson was forced to reorganize its domestic sales operations as a result of the cut-throat competition from low-cost large-scale sales organizations. The distribution of the Nordmende, Telefunken and SABA brands was centralized in Hanover. Brand families were established: SABA and Brandt (France) as price-oriented brands for the large-scale distribution forms, Telefunken as a quality brand for the retail trade, and Nordmende and Thomson (France) as design-oriented brands for the upper price segment.

When the Thomson Group became involved in Germany, it avoided using the Thomson name for a long time, which was also expressed in company names such as SEWEK, EWD or DAGFU. In the 1990s, a change occurred. Various companies were rebranded with the Thomson name. As a final consequence, the Nordmende brand was also taken off the market and replaced by Thomson, which led to an even faster decline in Germany.
Nordmende today

Since the end of 2007, the Nordmende brand name has again appeared sporadically in connection with LCD televisions. The Indian consumer electronics group Videocon took over a television tube factory in Anagni, Italy, from the French Thomson Group, acquiring the trademark rights of the formerly traditional German brand Nordmende. The Phillar Group has been using the Nordmende name since 2008.

In Italy in particular, design-oriented flat-screen televisions are sold under the Nordmende brand. Since 2014, the Nordmende brand name has also been used in connection with electronic hearing aid-like devices.

In April 2017, TechniSat acquired the license to use the Nordmende brand for Germany, Austria, Switzerland as well as Poland from the brand owner Technicolor S.A.. The first Nordmende devices from the TV sets and DAB+ digital radios segments were presented at IFA 2017.

     

NORDMENDE HISTORY IN GERMAN:

Die Vorkriegsgeschichte findet sich unter Mende. Nach dem Totalverlust in Dresden gründet Martin Mende (30.12.1898-1982) unter Mitwirkung von Hermann Weber am 26. August 1947  in Bremen-Hemelingen die Norddeutsche Mende-Rundfunk GmbH.

Die ersten Gehäuse liefert ein Tischler in Achim gegen Kompensation von fünf Gehäusen zu einem Rundfunkgerät. Der frühere Mende-Konstrukteur, Obering. Heer zeichnet wieder für die Geräte verantwortlich .

Ab 27. Juli 1948 liefert die neue, zuerst 18 und bald 60 Personen umfassende Firma auf Grund von Währungsreform, Krediten und Zulieferverträgen die neue Radioproduktion.

Das Regime in Ostdeutschland lässt den Namen Mende nicht zu, so dass Martin Mende mit grafischen Konstruktionen im Zusammenhang mit «Nord» an seinen Vorkriegserfolg anschliesst.

Die Hallen der ehemaligen Focke-Wulf AG beim Bahnhof Seebaldsbrück dienen als Werkstätten. 1950 beschäftigt das Unternehmen 700, 1959 schon 3500 und im Zenit 6300 Personen.

1950 beginnt die Firma mit UKW-, 1953 mit Fernseh- und 1954 mit Mess- und Prüfgeräten. Gegen Ende der 50er Jahre heisst die Firma Norddeutsche Mende Rundfunk KG .

Nachdem sich Nordmende bislang nicht mit Magnettongeräten befasst hat, bringt das Werk 1958 das erste deutsche Heim-Tonbandgerät mit drei Motoren auf den Markt. Allerdings dominieren auf diesem Sektor eindeutig andere Firmen wie AEG/Telefunken und Grundig. Von Nordmende kommen jeweils nur ein bis zwei Geräte (1960 keines) in die Kataloge. Dafür hat die Firma Erfolg mit einem anderen Neueinstieg:


1958 stellt Nordmende mit «Mambo» ihr erstes Reisegerät vor - aber nicht «das erste deutsche, serienmässig hergestellte und volltransistorisierte Koffergerät», wie man aus einer Quelle nachlesen kann. Danach wird Nordmende in Deutschland auf dem Sektor Reisegeräte besonders stark, obwohl sie keine Röhren-Koffer baute. Immerhin kosten die in «Mambo» verwendeten 8 Halbleiter dann im Einzelhandel DM 98.70, während für die vier D-Röhren der 90er-Serie - auch zum Katalogpreis - etwa DM 35.- auszugeben wären. Preis des ganzen Gerätes: DM 189.- plus zwei Flachbatterien von 4,5 V.

Bis 1969 gibt es ca. 92 Modelle der tragbaren Radios (Koffer- bzw. «Handradios», d.h. «Hand held radios»). Beispielsweise finden sich im Katalog 1961/62  je 11 Tischradios und Radiomöbel sowie 8 Modelle von Reiseradios. 17 verschiedene Fernsehmodelle zeigen dagegen, wo in jener Zeit der Erfolg zu holen war.

Gemäss ] liegt Nordmende während kurzer Zeit mit der sogenannten «Tippomatik-Bedienung» sogar technisch vorne. Siehe auch Philips etc.

Auch Konzertschränke scheinen Ende der 50er bis Anfang 60er Jahre eine tragende Säule für Nordmende zu sein. Dabei verwendet die Firma immer wieder gleiche Namen wie «Cabinet», «Caruso», «Casino», «Cosima» sowie «Arabella» und «Isobella» mit wechselnden Zusatz-Nummern oder den Zusatz «Stereo», z.B. in den Jahren 1959 und 1960/61.

Im März 1967 nimmt das Werk die Produktion von Farbfernsehgeräten auf. Zum Firmenjubiläum erscheint eine Gerätereihe mit der Bezeichnung 'Goldene 20'. 1969 übernehmen die Mende-Söhne Karl und Hermann die Geschäftsführung.

1977 führt der verschärfte Wettbewerb zum Verkauf der Mehrheit an den französischen Konzern Thomson-Brandt; die Familie Mende zieht sich anschliessend ganz aus dem Unternehmen zurück. Martin Mende stirbt 1982.

1977 wurden Anteile des Unternehmens an den französischen Thomson-Brandt-Konzern verkauft. Ein Jahr später veräußerte die Familie auch ihren verbliebenen Anteil an Thomson-Brandt.
Das Bremer Unternehmen bestand stets aus zwei Gesellschaften. Die Produktion erfolgte bei der Norddeutsche Mende Rundfunk KG; den Vertrieb und die Werbung übernahm die Nordmende Vertriebs GmbH & Co. oHG.

Während der Beherrschung durch Thomson änderte die Produktionsgesellschaft mehrfach ihren Namen: Norddeutsche AG für Unterhaltungselektronik & Co. oHG (NAGFU), später Deutsche AG für Unterhaltungselektronik & Co. oHG (DAGFU). Die DAGFU wurde zur Holding der deutschen Thomson-Gesellschaften.

Die Produktion ging auf die Deutschen Elektronik-Werke GmbH (DEWEK) über, die aus der Süddeutschen Elektronikwerke GmbH (SEWEK), der ehemaligen SABA-Produktionsgesellschaft, entstanden ist. Ende der 1980er Jahre wurde die DEWEK mit der Norddeutschen Elektronikwerke GmbH (NEWEK), der Telefunken-Produktionsgesellschaft, zur Elektronik-Werke Deutschland GmbH (EWD) fusioniert. Die EWD firmierte später als Thomson Television Germany GmbH (TTG).

Die Vertriebsgesellschaft (oHG) wurde Mitte der 1980er Jahre aufgelöst. Der Vertrieb in Deutschland wurde von der Nordmende Vertriebs GmbH fortgeführt, die sich in Nordmende GmbH umbenannte. Die Nordmende GmbH wurde Mitte der 1990er Jahre zusammen mit der Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH mit Werken in Hannover und Celle, der SABA GmbH, der TTG und anderen Gesellschaften zur Thomson Multimedia Sales GmbH verschmolzen.

Die andere, an der Nordmende Vertriebs GmbH & Co. oHG beteiligte Gesellschaft, die Nordmende Verkaufs GmbH, firmierte in Nordmende International GmbH um und hielt unter dem Dach der European Consumer Electronics GmbH (ECE) die Markenrechte an Nordmende für das Export-Geschäft, während das Export-Geschäft an sich von der ECE wahrgenommen wurde. Die Nordmende International GmbH wurde Mitte der 1990er Jahre an die Thomson Consumer Electronics S.A. in Paris verkauft, firmierte in Thomson Consumer Electronics GmbH um und erwarb einen Anteil an der DAGFU, wodurch die DAGFU in Thomson Consumer Electronics GmbH & Co. oHG umfirmierte.

Durch Thomsons Übernahme der Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH in Hannover im Jahr 1983 wurden nunmehr alle deutschen Thomson-Produktionsstätten unter dem Namen Elektronik Werke Deutschland (EWD) weitergeführt.

Während am Standort Villingen-Schwenningen bei SABA (SEWEK) die komplette Fernsehgeräte-Entwicklung und Chassis-Produktion (Leiterplatten) von Thomson zusammengefasst und die Fernseher-Produktion aufgegeben wurde, avancierte das Bremer Werk zur Zentrale der Farbfernsehgerätemontage der deutschen und europäischen Thomson-Tochtermarken. Lediglich Telefunken durfte im Werk Celle (1997 geschlossen) wegen seiner starken Position am deutschen Markt noch eigene Geräte mit eigenem Chassis bauen.

Ursprünglich hatte Thomson geplant, den Standort Bremen zu schließen und komplett aufzugeben. Der Konzern hatte jedoch nicht mit dem Widerstand der Beschäftigten und der Unterstützung durch den Bremer Senat und dem großen Medienecho gerechnet. Da Thomson in Deutschland bereits einen Ruf als „Jobkiller“ hatte und sich nicht erneut ins schlechte Licht rücken wollte, machte das Unternehmen einen Rückzieher. Stattdessen wurde die Produktion in Villingen-Schwenningen geschlossen und nach Bremen verlagert.

Mitte der 1980er Jahre stand dann auch das Bremer Thomson-Werk vor dem Aus. 1987 übernahmen die Geschäftsführer im Zuge eines Management Buy Outs das Unternehmen. Mit den Sozialplan - Geldern von Thomson, einer Beteiligung der landeseigenen Hanseatischen Industrie-Beteiligungen GmbH (HIBEG) und Krediten führender Bremer Banken wurden die Fernsehgeräte- und Kunststoff teile produktion, mit einer stark reduzierten Belegschaft, unter dem Namen Europart (geplanter Name war zunächst Eurotec) fortgeführt.
Ende der Produktion

Nachdem Thomson Ende der 1980er Jahre seine Kunststoffteile für die inzwischen verlagerte Fernsehgeräte produktion nicht mehr von Europart bezog, stürzte das Unternehmen in eine Krise, von der es sich nicht mehr erholte. Eigene Entwicklungen konnten sich parallel zur Zulieferproduktion am Markt nicht etablieren, so dass das Unternehmen trotz der Rettungsversuche durch den Bremer Senat und einer mehrwöchigen Werksbesetzung in die Insolvenz ging, da die Banken ihre Kreditlinien gekündigt hatten.

Marke Nordmende unter Thomson

Unverzüglich nach Erwerb des Unternehmens trennte Thomson Produktion und Vertrieb in zwei Gesellschaften auf. Während die Produktion direkt von der Zentrale in Paris gesteuert wurde, blieb der Vertrieb zunächst eigenständig. Die Produktion von Audio-Geräten wurde in Deutschland eingestellt und nach Frankreich verlagert. Nach Schließung mehrerer Fabriken im Bremer Umland blieben die Fernsehproduktion in Bremen und das Kit Center in Bremerhaven übrig. Im Kit Center wurden Bausätze für Länder zusammengestellt, die einen inländischen Produktionsanteil (local content) forderten.

Die Hauptmärkte für Nordmende waren Deutschland und Italien. Als Vertriebskanal in Deutschland wurde der qualifizierte Facheinzelhandel und für die Exportmärkte Generalimporteure genutzt. Nachdem die Exportaktivitäten der Konzernmarken Nordmende, Telefunken und SABA im Jahr 1987 unter dem Dach der ECE GmbH in Hannover zusammengefasst worden waren, agierte der Inlandsvertrieb noch einige Jahre eigenständig von Bremen aus.

Durch den Verdrängungswettbewerb der preisgünstigen Großvertriebsformen sah sich Thomson Anfang der neunziger Jahre gezwungen, den Inlandsvertrieb neuzuordnen. Die Vertriebe der Marken Nordmende, Telefunken und SABA wurden in Hannover zentralisiert. Es wurden Markenfamilien gegründet: SABA und Brandt (Frankreich) als preisorientierte Marken für die Großvertriebsformen, Telefunken als Qualitätsmarke für den Einzelfachhandel sowie Nordmende und Thomson (Frankreich) als designorientierte Marken für das gehobene Preissegment.

Als der Thomson-Konzern sich in Deutschland engagierte, wurde es lange Zeit vermieden, unter dem Namen Thomson aufzutreten, was sich auch in Gesellschaftsbezeichnungen wie SEWEK, EWD oder DAGFU ausdrückte. In den 1990er Jahren trat ein Wandel ein. Verschiedene Gesellschaften wurden mit dem Namensbestandteil Thomson umfirmiert. Als letzte Konsequenz wurde auch die Marke Nordmende vom Markt genommen und durch Thomson ersetzt, was zu einem noch schnelleren Niedergang in Deutschland führte.
Nordmende heute

Seit Ende 2007 taucht wieder vereinzelt der Markenname Nordmende in Zusammenhang mit LCD-Fernsehgeräten auf. Der indische Unterhaltungselektronik-Konzern Videocon hat von der französischen Thomson-Gruppe ein Fernsehröhrenwerk im italienischen Anagni übernommen und dabei die Markenrechte der ehemals deutschen Traditionsmarke Nordmende erworben. Seit 2008 verwendet die Phillar Group die Bezeichnung Nordmende.

Besonders in Italien werden unter der Marke Nordmende gestaltungsorientierte Flachbild-Fernsehgeräte vertrieben. Seit 2014 wird der Markenname Nordmende auch im Zusammenhang mit elektronischen hörgeräteähnlichen Geräten verwendet.

Im April 2017 erwarb TechniSat vom Markeninhaber Technicolor S.A. die Lizenz zur Nutzung der Marke Nordmende für Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz sowie Polen. Zur IFA 2017 wurden die ersten Nordmende-Geräte aus den Segmenten TV-Geräte und DAB+-Digitalradios präsentiert.

• ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  
  

  Further reading

• Jean-Pierre, Thierry (16 October 2003). Taïwan Connection : Scandales et meurtres au cœur de la République [Taiwan Connection – Scandals and Murders at the Heart of the Republic] (in French). Robert Laffont. ISBN 978-2221100820.
• L'entreprise partagée ? Une pratique différente des relations sociales : l'expérience Thomson-CSF, Robert Thomas (pseudonym for a team-work with Pierre Beretti and Jean-Pierre Thiollet), Paris, Maxima-Laurent du Mesnil Ed., 1999

Tote Marke NORDMENDE – Verblasster Stolz. Artikel im Manager-Magazin

• Ein neues Programm. Artikel in der Zeit
  Fernseher: Inder produzieren neue Nordmende. Artikel bei itespresso.de
  Videocon produziert Plasmaschirme für Nordmende. Artikel im pressetext.de
  Mende/Nordmende-Prospekte von 1938 bis 1985, auf hifi-archiv.info
  Nordmende | Ikonische Produkte
  

  Einzelnachweise:
  

• Spectra Color Studio und Spectra SK2 Color de Luxe Studio auf radiomuseum.org
• Michael Gassmann: Die Marke Nordmende kommt zurück. In: DIE WELT. 28. August 2017 (welt.de [abgerufen am 4. April 2020]). Company profile. Phillar, archiviert vom Original am 6. März 2008; abgerufen am 26. April 2013 (englisch).
• Broschüre – Sprachmanager24. Abgerufen am 5. Januar 2015.
• Marke Nordmende mit Digital- und Internetradios zurück, teltarif.de, Artikel vom 2. September 2017.

«Annual Report 2010». STMicroelectronics. Consultado el 17 de noviembre de 2011.
Castelletto en ST

http://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/contact-us.html#EUROPE

«SGS-Thomson Microelectronics Becomes STMicroelectronics | EE Times». EETimes. Consultado el 6 de julio de 2017.

Peter Robin Morris (1990). A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. ISBN 9780863412271.

Okada, Yoshitaka (2006). Struggles for Survival. Institutional and Organizational Changes in Japan's High-Tech Industries. Springer. ISBN 9784431288749.

Franco Malerba (1985). The Semiconductor Business: The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline (Economics of Technological Change). Madison, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299104603.

A., Hart, Jeffrey (1992). Rival capitalists : international competitiveness in the United States, Japan, and Western Europe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801499494. OCLC 25915223

• Eintrag im Handelsregister des Kantons Genf
• Volker Briegleb: Chiphersteller STMicroelectronics baut 1400 Jobs ab. In: Heise online. 28. Januar 2016. Abgerufen am 28. Januar 2016.

• st.com: Company Information, abgerufen 24. Januar 2020 (englisch)
• Who We Are. STMicroelectronics, Januar 2017, abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2017 (englisch).
• STMicroelectronics Outlines Next Steps to Improve Cost Structure. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) 10. Juli 2007, archiviert vom Original am 13. Juli 2007; abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2015 (Pressemitteilung).
• Intel, STMicroelectronics, and Francisco Partners Establish a new leader in Flash memories. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) 22. Mai 2007, archiviert vom Original am 6. März 2008; abgerufen am 22. Mai 2007 (Pressemitteilung).
• STMicroelectronics Completes Acquisition of Genesis Microchip. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) 25. Januar 2008, archiviert vom Original am 10. März 2008; abgerufen am 9. Juni 2010 (englisch, Pressemitteilung).
• Gescheiterte Kooperation: Ericsson und STMicro lösen Joint Venture auf. In: www.handelsblatt.com. 18. März 2013, abgerufen am 24. Januar 2020.

 

 «China puts hopes in Loongson CPU». Linux.com | The source for Linux information (en inglés).

 

 

 

 

NORDMENDE SPECTRA SK3-COLOR TP4330 CHASSIS F9 INTERNAL VIEW

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NORDMENDE  SPECTRA SK3 COLOR TP4330  CHASSIS F9  

IC-TDA 3300 B
IC-TEA 1020 SP
IC-TDA 2541
IC-TDA 2593 OR
IC-TDA 2594
IC-LM 340 T-12
IC-uPC 7812 H, .
IC-SFC 2709 DC
IC-72709 P,
IC-TBA 120 T
IC-TDA 2006

  TDA 3300 B can  be replaced with TDA 3300, but TDA 3300 cannot replaced with TDA 3300.
 TDA 2593 not interchangeable with TDA 2594

Right side
Supply with Step-Up line synchronized (Supply is 80 Volt converted to 135 Volt)

Synchronization

Line deflection output (Telefunken BU208) EHT + Tripler + E/W Correction.

- Left side

Signal Processing / Video with TDA3300 (MOTOROLA)

Frame deflection with TEA1020SP (Thomson)

Tuner + IF VIDEO AND SOUND BOARD

This chassis runs cold without particularly hot parts. It's higly reliable and durable.

It's power supplyed by a separation transformer (see picture) wich provides all mains voltages for the set then these are converted where needed by line synch SMPS stabilized switching circuitry to supply the main parts of the receiver (Deflections and Video).

Probabily one of the best chassis made by NORDMENDE During the transition to THOMSON.
We can see a discrete level of integration here and we are in 1981 !!!!

  you can find this Chassis even in some SABA Tellye.

This pictured here is made by NORDMENDE in THOMSON Transition (See code Style Numbers)

  Fully transistorized chassis
Designation: Chassis F 9
 Components
8 Integrated circuits
21 Transistors
1 Thyristor
45 Diodes
1 EHT rectifier (cascade)

Electrical values
Power supply  220/240 V ~
Consumption  85 W
EHT  25 kV
Antenna input: Sensitivity limits  40 uV
Input impedance  75 Ohm
Sound output: Output stage (rms)  7W
Loudspeaker impedance  8 Ohm

 

 

- VIDEO CHROMA PROCESSING WITH TDA3300 (MOTOROLA)


TDA3300 3301 TV COLOR PROCESSOR

This device will accept a PAL or NTSC composite video signal and output the
three color signals, needing only a simple driver amplifier to interface to the pic-
ture tube. The provision of high bandwidth on-screen display inputs makes it
suitable for text display, TV games, cameras, etc. The TDA3301 B has user con»
trol laws, and also a phase shift control which operates in PAL, as well as NTSC.
0 Automatic Black Level Setup
0 Beam Current Limiting
0 Uses Inexpensive 4.43 MHZ to 3.58 MHz Crystal
0 No Oscillator Adjustment Required
0 Three OSD Inputs Plus Fast Blanking Input
0 Four DC, High Impedance User Controls
0 lnterlaces with TDA33030B SECAM Adaptor
0 Single 12 V Supply
0 Low Dissipation, Typically 600 mW
The brilliance control operates by adding a pedestal to the output
signals. The amplitude of the pedestal is controlled by Pin 30.
During CRT beam current sampling a standard pedestal is
substituted, its value being equivalent tothe value given by V30 Nom
Brightness at black level with V30 Nom is given by the sum of three gun
currents at the sampling level, i.e. 3x20 |.1A with 100 k reference
resistors on Pins 16, 19, and 22.
During picture blanking the brilliance pedestal is zero; therefore, the
output voltage during blanking is always the minimum brilliance black
level (Note: Signal channels are also gain blanked).

Chrominance Decoder
The chrominance decoder section of the TDA3301 B
consists of the following blocks:
Phase-locked reference oscillator;
Phase-locked 90 degree servo loop;
U and V axis decoders
ACC detector and identification detector; .
Identification circuits and PAL bistable; .
Color difference filters and matrixes with fast blanking
Circuits.
The major design considerations apart from optimum
performance were:
o A minimum number of factory adjustments,
o A minimum number of external components,
0 Compatibility with SECAM adapter TDA3030B,
0 Low dissipation,
0 Use of a standard 4.433618 Mhz crystal rather
than a 2.0 fc crystal with a divider.

The crystal VCO is of the phase shift variety in which the
frequency is controlled by varying the phase of the feedback.
A great deal of care was taken to ensure that the oscillator loop
gain and the crystal loading impedance were held constant in
order to ensure that the circuit functions well with low grade
crystal (crystals having high magnitude spurious responses
can cause bad phase jitter). lt is also necessary to ensure that
the gain at third harmonic is low enough to ensure absence of
oscillation at this frequency.

It can be seen that the
necessary 1 45°C phase shift is obtained by variable addition
ol two currents I1 and I2 which are then fed into the load
resistance of the crystal tuned circuit R1. Feedback is taken
from the crystal load capacitance which gives a voltage of VF
lagging the crystal current by 90°.
The RC network in the T1 collector causes I1 to lag the
collector current of T1 by 45°.
For SECAM operation, the currents I1 and I2 are added
together in a fixed ratio giving a frequency close to nominal.
When decoding PAL there are two departures from normal
chroma reference regeneration practice:
a) The loop is locked to the burst entering from the PAL
delay line matrix U channel and hence there is no
alternating component. A small improvement in signal
noise ratio is gained but more important is that the loop
filter is not compromised by the 7.8 kHz component
normally required at this point for PAL identification
b) The H/2 switching of the oscillator phase is carried out
before the phase detector. This implies any error signal
from the phase detector is a signal at 7.8 kHz and not dc.
A commutator at the phase detector output also driven
from the PAL bistable coverts this ac signal to a dc prior
to the loop filter. The purpose ot this is that constant
offsets in the phase detector are converted by the
commutator to a signal at 7.8 kHz which is integrated to
zero and does not give a phase error.
When used for decoding NTSC the bistable is inhibited, and
slightly less accurate phasing is achieved; however, as a hue
control is used on NTSC this cannot be considered to be a
serious disadvantage.


90° Reference Generation
To generate the U axis reference a variable all-pass network
is utilized in a servo loop. The output of the all-pass network
is compared with the oscillator output with a phase detector of
which the output is filtered and corrects the operating point of
the variable all»pass network .
As with the reference loop the oscillator signal is taken after
the H/2 phase switch and a commutator inserted before the
filter so that constant phase detector errors are cancelled.
For SECAM operation the loop filter is grounded causing
near zero phase shift so that the two synchronous detectors
work in phase and not in quadralure.
The use of a 4.4 MHz oscillator and a servo loop to generate
the required 90° reference signal allows the use of a standard,
high volume, low cost crystal and gives an extremely accurate
90° which may be easily switched to 0° for decoding AM
SECAM generated by the TDA3030B adapter.

ACC and Identification Detectors
During burst gate time the output components of the U and
also the V demodulators are steered into PNP emitters. One
collector current of each PNP pair is mirrored and balanced
against its twin giving push-pull current sources for driving the
ACC and the identification filter capacitors.
The identification detector is given an internal offset by
making the NPN current mirror emitter resistors unequal. The
resistors are offset by 5% such that the identification detector
pulls up on its filter capacitor with zero signal.
Identification
See Figure 11 for definitions.
Monochrome I1 > I2
PAL ldent. OK I1 < lg
PAL ldent_ X l1 > I2
NTSC I3 > I2
Only for correctly identified PAL signal is the capacitor
voltage held low since I2 is then greater than I1.
For monochrome and incorrectly identified PAL signals l1>l2
hence voltage VC rises with each burst gate pulse.
When V,ef1 is exceeded by 0.7 V Latch 1 is made to conduct
which increases the rate of voltage rise on C. Maximum
current is limited by R1.
When Vref2 is exceeded by 0.7 V then Latch 2 is made to
conduct until C is completely discharged and the current drops
to a value insufficient to hold on Latch 2.
As Latch 2 turns on Latch 1 must turn off.
Latch 2 turning on gives extra trigger pulse to bistable to
correct identification.

The inhibit line on Latch 2 restricts its conduction to alternate
lines as controlled by the bistable. This function allows the
SECAM switching line to inhibit the bistable operation by firing
Latch 2 in the correct phase for SECAM. For NTSC, Latch 2
is fired by a current injected on Pin 6.
lf the voltage on C is greater than 1.4 V, then the saturation
is held down. Only for SECAM/NTSC with Latch 2 on, or
correctly identified PAL, can the saturation control be
anywhere but minimum.
NTSC Switch
NTSC operation is selected when current (I3) is injected into
Pin 6. On the TDA33O1 B this current must be derived
externally by connecting Pin 6 to +12 V via a 27 k resistor (as
on TDA33OOB). For normal PAL operation Pin 40 should be
connected to +12 V and Pin 6 to the filter capacitor.

4 Color Difference Matrixing, Color Killing,
and Chroma Blanking
During picture time the two demodulators feed simple RC
filters with emitter follower outputs. Color killing and blanking
is performed by lifting these outputs to a voltage above the
maximum value that the color difference signal could supply.
The color difference matrixing is performed by two
differential amplifiers, each with one side split to give the
correct values of the -(B-Y) and -(Ft-Y) signals. These are
added to give the (G-Y) signal.
The three color difference signals are then taken to the
virtual grounds of the video output stages together with
luminance signal.
Sandcastle Selection
The TDA3301B may be used with a two level sandcastle
and a separate frame pulse to Pin 28, or with only a three level
(super) sandcastle. In the latter case, a resistor of 1.0 MQ is
necessary from + 12 V to Pin 28 and a 70 pF capacitor from
Pin 28 to ground.

Timing Counter for Sample Control
In order to control beam current sampling at the beginning
of each frame scan, two edge triggered flip-flops are used.
The output K ofthe first flip-flop A is used to clock the second
tlip-flop B. Clocking of A by the burst gate is inhibited by a count
of A.B.
The count sequence can only be initiated by the trailing
edge of the frame pulse. ln order to provide control signals for:
Luma/Chroma blanking
Beam current sampling
On-screen display blanking
Brilliance control
The appropriate flip-flop outputs ar matrixed with sandcastle
and frame signals by an emitter-follower matrix.

Video Output Sections
Each video output stage consists of a feedback amplifier in A further drive current is used to control the DC operating
which the input signal is a current drive to the virtual earth from point; this is derived from the sample and hold stage which
the luminance, color difference and on-screen display stages. samples the beam current after frame flyback.

BU208(A)

Silicon NPN
npn transistors,pnp transistors,transistors
Category: NPN Transistor, Transistor
MHz: <1 MHz
Amps: 5A
Volts: 1500V
HIGH VOLTAGE CAPABILITY
JEDEC TO-3 METAL CASE.

DESCRIPTION
The BU208A, BU508A and BU508AFI are
manufactured using Multiepitaxial Mesa
technology for cost-effective high performance
and use a Hollow Emitter structure to enhance
switching speeds.

APPLICATIONS:
* HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION FOR COLOUR TV With 110° or even 90° degree of deflection angle.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
VCES Collector-Emit ter Voltage (VBE = 0) 1500 V
VCEO Collector-Emit ter Voltage (IB = 0) 700 V
VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage (IC = 0) 10 V
IC Collector Current 8 A
ICM Collector Peak Current (tp < 5 ms) 15 A
TO - 3 TO - 218 ISOWATT218
Ptot Total Dissipation at Tc = 25 oC 150 125 50 W
Tstg Storage Temperature -65 to 175 -65 to 150 -65 to 150 oC
Tj Max. Operating Junction Temperature 175 150 150 °C

DESCRIPTION
The TDA2591 is a circuit intended for the horizontal
deflection of color TVsets, supplied with transistors
or SCR’S.

The TDA2591 and TDA2593 are integrated line
oscillator ‘_circuits for colour television receivers using
thyristor or transistor line deflection output stages.
The _circuits incorporate a line oscillator ‘which is
based on the threshold switching principle, a line de-
flection output stage capable of direct drive of thyristor
deflection circuits, phase comparison between the
oscillator voltage and both the sync pulse and line
flyback pulse. Also included on the chip is a switch for
changing the filter characteristic and the gate circuit
when used for VCR.
The TDA2593 generates a sandcastle pulse (at pin
7) suitable for use with the TDA.2532.

.LINE OSCILLATOR(two levels switching)
.PHASE COMPARISON BETWEEN SYNCHRO-
PULSE AND OSCILLATOR VOLTAGE Ø 1, ENABLED BY AN INTERNAL PULSE,
(better parasitic immunity)
PHASE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FLYBACK
PULSES AND THE OSCILLATOR VOLTAGE Ø2
.COINCIDENCE DETECTOR PROVIDING A LARGE HOLD-IN-RANGE.
.FILTER CHARACTERISTICS AND GATE SWITCHING FOR VIDEO RECORDER APPLICATION.
.NOISE GATED SYNCHRO SEPARATOR
.FRAME PULSE SEPARATOR .BLANKING AND SAND CASTLE OUTPUT PULSES
.HORIZONTAL POWER STAGE PHASE LAGGING CIRCUIT
.SWITCHING OF CONTROL OUTPUT PULSE WIDTH
.SEPARATED SUPPLY VOLTAGE OUTPUT STAGE ALLOWING DIRECT DRIVE OF SCR’S CIRCUIT

.SECURITY CIRCUIT MAKES THE OUTPUT PULSE SUPPRESSED WHEN LOW SUPPLY
VOLTAGE.

Function description power supply
The power supply unit utilized here works on the “Step-up” principle, that is the input voltage on test point 3= 80 Vis smaller than the stabilized output voltage U 1 = 135 V. The stabilization operates line synchronized as a switched mode power unit. Mains separation is obtained over a low radiation transformer. The input voltages possible are 220 V and 240 V. The mains transformer has two separate secondary windings which after rectification provide U 3 = approx. 24 V for the power supply of the sound stage and approx. 80 V to supply the remaining circuits.

Operation of the switching mode
The switching transistor TP 30 is made periodically conducting with the forward trace voltage from pin 2 of the line transformer being applied to the base via DP 33/RP 37/ CP 36/RP 36. The charging inductance LP 30 is thereby charged up. The input voltage of approx. 80 V drives a rising current with a sawtooth waveform through the charging inductance and the switching transistor RP 31 to earth. The relationship between input voltage and charging inductance is so arranged that the sawtooth current reaches 5A after approx. 25 us. The voltage drop on RP 31 is then so large (1,1 V) that thyristor DP 34 is made to conduct by the voltage being applied to the gate via DP 32 and RP 32. Subsequently through this the base current for the switching transistor TP 30 is interrupt- ed. The combination of CP 36/RP 36 maintains the correct switch-off conditions. For the remainder of the forward trace time the thyristor remains in the conducting state. On- ly at the start of the retrace when the thyristor is negatively poled over RP 33is it shut off. At the start of the subsequent forward trace, TP 30 is switched again and the previously described cycle is repeated. During the time that DP 34 is conducting, the charging inductance can discharge over DP 30. Charging capacitor CP 33 which is al- ready charged to 80 V over the galvanic connection is thus charged further. After a few periods the voltage U 1 = 135 V is attained. If the charging process in LP 30 is not now prematurely ended, then the output voltage, depending on the load, can rise above the desired stabilized voltage U 1 (135 V).
 
Operation of the regulation
In the regulated condition, the firing point of thyristor DP 34 is advanced depending on load and input voltage. This is achieved by adding a regulation voltage dependent DC voltage over RP 41, to the sawtooth voltage on the gate obtained from RP 32. This regulation voltage dependent DC voltage is obtained by comparing the voltage to be stabilized U 1 = 185 V - (reduced over RP 49, RP 50 and PP 30) - with a stable reference (over RP 46 to U2=+ 12 V) from the operational amplifier IP 30. U 1 is adjusted to + 135 V (+1 V) with PP 30. The adjustment must be carried out with a dark picture screen because the reference voltage is additionally influenced from a beam current dependent component over RP 51. Through the reduction of U 1 by approx. 2 V the picture format is held constant.

Protection circuit
Should a fault occur in the regulation components PP 30, RP 49, RR 41 or IP 30 which causes U 1 to become unregulated and rise above 135 V, then all other voltages which are obtained from the line transformer will also rise. The voltage on U 7 (+ 30 V) which additionally provides the supply for IP 30 will also increase. However as soon as a voltage of 34 - 35 Vis attained, thyristor DP 34 triggers over DP 39 and RP 39. A further in- crease of voltage is thus limited. Switch-on and starting phase As previously described, the line pulse on pin 2 of the line transformer is necessary for the operation of the power supply unit. The function sequence when initially switching on is thus fixed. Firstly the stages IP 30 and TL 01 receive the operating voltage U 3 = 24 V over diode DP 38 in order that they may start. The horizontal generator IL 01 receives it’s operating voltage over RP 47 and CP 47 at the moment of switching on. This voltage however sinks as the charge on CP 47 rises. IL 01 can already work with this operating voltage and therewith also the horizontal deflection with the at first reduced input voltage U1 ~ 80 V=. The power supply begins to operate as already described and all voltages take up their nominal values. The U 3 supply (24 V) is now less than the voltage standing on pin 2 of the line transformer (30 V cathode of DL 01). This voltage blocks DP 38 thus preventing the sound section from influencing the display on the screen.

Notes to repair work
General
The description shows that the dependence of the power unit controls the operation of the protection circuit. If U 1 is too small, then it is practically certain that there is either a short circuit or an open circuit in the signal flow from the horizontal generator to the line output stage or in the power supply over pin 2 of the line transformer. Starting aid (only for use in cases of repair): To enable the horizontal oscillator to commence oscillating, a 68 2/4 W wire wound resistor is to be connected from the anode of DP 38 to the cathode of DL 10. The line generator thus receives a voltage of approx. 7 -8V over IL 02 and DL 11. Fault in the switched mode power unit Disconnect the collector connection of TP 30. This will enable the regulation of IP 30 and the function of thyristor DP 34 to be checked. 4. Function check of IP 30: Connect an oscilloscope or multimeter to pin 6 of the IP 30. The voltage is < + 2,5 V. When the reference voltage on pin 2 of the IP 30 is short circuited to earth (pin 4) then the output voltage on pin 6 should rise to approx 20 V. 2. Function check of DP 34: Connect an oscilloscope to the anode of DP 34 and check oscilloscope 1. Now short circuit the reference voltage of IP 30 (pin 2) to earth (pin 4) and check oscilloscope 2.



NORDMENDE SPECTRA SK3-COLOR T3137  CHASSIS F9 (492.445)   Switching regulator power supply device combined with the horizontal deflection circuit of a television receiver which it supplies

Step-up switching regulator power supply device comprising, connected between the poles of a rectifier circuit supplied by an isolating voltage step-down transformer and loaded by a first filter capacitor, and inductance and the collector-emitter path of a first switching transistor of NPN type, a first diode whose anode is connected to the junction of the inductance and to the collector of said transistor and whose cathode is connected to a second filter and storage capacitor supplying a voltage at its output which supplies a horizontal deflection circuit of a television receiver.
This horizontal deflection circuit which comprises in cascade a horizontal oscillator, a driver stage and an output stage, forms an integral part of the circuit controlling said first transistor and determines the repetition period of the switching, because it is started under an initial voltage slightly less than the unregulated input voltage of the device.
The switching transistor is being turned off in synchronism with the turning off of the trace switch transistor by using flyback pulses of negative polarity to bias the base thereof.

1. A power supply device with switching regulation and boosting of its DC output voltage, combined with a horizontal deflection circuit of a television receiver, supplied thereby and which comprises in cascade a horizontal oscillator, a driver stage and an output stage including a trace switch transistor and a line transformer, this device comprising an inductance and the collector-emitter path of a switching transistor connected in series between the poles of a DC input voltage source, a rectifying diode connected by its anode to the junction between the inductance and the collector of said switching transistor and by its cathode to one of the terminals of a filtering and storage capacitor whose other terminal is connected to the emitter of said transistor, so as to apply across its terminals an initial DC voltage slightly lower than said input voltage, when said switching transistor is turned off, and a regulated DC output voltage with a level higher than said input voltage, when said transistor is recurrently, alternately turned on and off, the level of said output voltage depending on the duty cycle of said switching transistor states, and a control circuit feeding the base of said switching transistor and including a regulator stage comparing an adjustable fraction of said output voltage to a fixed reference voltage and supplying a regulating current or voltage proportional to the difference between said compared voltages, a pulse-width modulator triggered by means of a recurrent signal and supplying a rectangular signal whose duty cycle varies as a function of said regulating current or voltage, another driver stage receiving the rectangular signal and controlling said switching transistor, the regulation and boosting of said output voltage being controlled by the initially independent starting up of the entire horizontal deflection circuit when supplied by said initial voltage from said power supply device as soon as a DC input voltage is applied thereto and which then delivers recurrent trigger pulses to said pulse-width modulator, one of the supply inputs of said other driver stage receiving directly a first voltage waveform whose positive alternations comprise constant-voltage plateau and whose negative alternations comprise negative-going horizontal flyback pulses provided by a first secondary winding of said line transformer, so as to control the turning off of said switching transistor substantially simultaneously with that of the trace switch transistor.

2. A power supply device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said other driver circuit comprises a third transistor whose emitter is connected to the base of said switching transistor and which is of the same type as the latter, whose collector is connected, through said supply input, to said first secondary winding of said line transformer to receive therefrom said first waveform and whose base is coupled to the output of said pulse-width modulator.

3. A power supply device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the collector of said third transistor is connected, through a resistor to the supply input and its emitter is connected, furthermore, to that of the switching transistor through another resistor so that the negative-going flyback pulses, applied to the collector of said third transistor, control the symmetric (reverse) saturation thereof so as to reversely bias the base-emitter junction of said switching transistor.

4. A power supply device as claimed in claim 2, wherein the collector of said third transistor is connected to said power supply input through a fourth diode conducting in the normal direction of its collector-emitter path, and wherein its emitter is further connected, on the one hand, through a resistor, to the emitter of the switching transistor and, on the other hand, through another resistor and a fifth diode conducting in the reverse direction to that of the base-emitter junction of the switching transistor, so as to transmit to the base thereof negative-going flyback pulses through a voltage divider formed by said two resistors in series.

5. A power supply device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said other driver circuit comprises a third transistor whose emitter is connected to the base of said switching transistor, whose collector is connected to that of this latter so as to form a so-called Darlington circuit and whose base coupled, moreover, to said pulse-width modulator is further connected, through a resistor and a diode in series, to said first secondary winding of said line transformer so as to control the simultaneous turn off of both transistors of said Darlington circuit by simultaneously reversely biasing their respective base-emitter junctions, connected in series, by means of negative-going flyback pulses.

6. A power supply device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said pulse-width modulator, supplied at its input with a voltage waveform whose positive alternations comprise positive-going flyback pulses and whose negative alternations comprise constant negative-voltage plateaux, comprises a passive circuit which forms a simple integrator during positive alternations because one of its resistors is shunted by a diode and which is a cascaded double integrator during negative alternations of this waveform so as to deliver during the trace periods of the scan a linearly decreasing negative current which, added to the positive regulating current, supplies the base of a fourth comparator transistor, so that the turning off of this latter through equality of the negative and positive currents supplied to this base controls the beginnings of the saturation of said switching transistor in such a manner that the duration of this saturation varies inversely with variation of said output voltage.

7. A power supply device as claimed in claim 6, wherein said comparator transistor is biased, furthermore, at its base by means of a resistor which connects it to the positive pole of said input voltage source, so that it remains saturated in the absence of flyback pulses supplied by said horizontal deflection circuit so as to maintain the switching transistor in a cut off state.

8. A power supply device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said control circuit, except for the regulator stage which is supplied by said output voltage, is supplied by said input voltage.

9. A power supply device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, wherein said DC supply voltage of said control circuit, with the exception of one of the inputs of said regulator stage receiving said output voltage, is supplied by a secondary winding of said line transformer, through a rectifier circuit including a diode and a filtering capacitor.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a switching voltage regulator power supply device combined with the horizontal deflection circuit of a television receiver which it supplies with DC voltage. It relates, more particularly, to DC voltage supply devices of the type which boost or increase the voltage supplied at the output of the device in relation to the level of a DC voltage applied to its input and which regulate this level by recurrent switching of this input voltage, this switching being synchronous with the (horizontal) line frequency of the television receiver supplied by this device.

Switched step-up or boost voltage regulator devices of this type are known, particularly from the publications U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,571,697 (or 3,736,496) and they are related to switched mode power supply devices or DC-DC converters of the so-called unisolated flyback type, in which the collector-emitter path of a bipolar switching transistor is connected in series with a commutating inductance between the terminals of a DC source supplying an input voltage and a rectifying diode is connected between the junction of the inductance with the transistor and one of the plates of a filtering or storage capacitor (in parallel with the load), so that the current stored in the inductance during the conducting period of the transistor is used for charging the capacitor (and supplying the load) through the diode during its consecutive cut-off period. The use of a switched-mode power supply device of this type in television receivers for supplying, particularly, the horizontal deflection circuit thereof has been described, for example, in two articles by VAN SCHAIK entitled respectively "AN INTRODUCTION TO SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLIES IN TV RECEIVERS" and "CONTROL CIRCUITS FOR SMPS IN TV RECEIVERS," appearing respectively on pages 93 to 108 of No. 3, Vol. 34, of September 1976 and on pages 162 to 180 of No. 4 of this same volume, of December 1976, in the English language Dutch review "ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS BULLETIN" of PHILIPS', or on pages 181 to 195 of No. 135 of July 1977 and on pages 210 to 226 of No. 136 of October 1977 of the British review "MULLARD TECHNICAL COMMUNICATIONS." Since none of the switched-mode power supply devices described in these articles, isolated or not from the mains, whether they use a forward or a flyback converter, supplies at its output a DC voltage for supplying the horizontal deflection circuit before the switching transistor has been turned on (saturated or conducting) one or more times, the control circuit of this transistor must comprise an independent relaxation oscillator and must be supplied by the same DC input voltage (rectified and smoothed voltage of the AC mains) as the switching circuit comprising the inductance and the transistor in series. Synchronization of the switching with the horizontal deflection can only occur subsequently, when the horizontal oscillator and/or the horizontal deflection circuit as a whole have begun to operate, as soon as the supply voltage supplied thereto by the device which operates independently on starting up, has become sufficient. This synchronization of the switching with the horizontal deflection, advantageous for reducing or eliminating the interferences visible on the screen which are caused by high-frequency energy radiation due to abrupt transitions of power switching, particularly when the switching transistor is being cutt off, is generally carried out by means of a signal comprising flyback or retrace pulses, taken at the terminals of an auxiliary secondary winding of the line tranformer whose primary winding is generally connected between the output of the switched-mode power supply device and one of the terminals of the trace switch which is provided in the output stage. It is also possible to use for this purpose the signal provided by the horizontal oscillator (see, for example, the publication FR-A-2 040 217).

In a switched-mode supply for a television receiver described in the publication FR-A-2 261 670, the circuit for controlling the switching transistor of a forward-type converter, supplied with the rectified and smoothed voltage of the mains, comprises a bistable trigger circuit of flip-flop one of whose outputs is coupled back to one of its trigger inputs through a regulating circuit comprising a sawtooth voltage generator and a voltage comparator providing transitions which control the setting of the flip-flop, when the sawtooth voltage reaches the level of a voltage proportional to the amplitude of the flyback pulse. The other one of the two complementary outputs of this flip-flop is coupled back to its other trigger input through a so-called starting loop comprising an ascending voltage wave-form which approaches asymptotically a predetermined voltage level smaller than a predetermined fraction of the nominal level which the amplitude of the flyback pulse must reach in normal operation, and a voltage comparator providing transitions which control the recurrent resetting of the flip-flop to its initial state until the flyback pulse has reached or exceeded a threshold amplitude slightly below its nominal amplitude. When this threshold amplitude has been exceeded, resetting of the flip-flop is controlled by the flyback pulses themselves, negative-going in the present case, which supplant the starting pulses. Such an arrangement is equivalent to an astable multivibrator during the starting period, which later becomes a monostable one and triggered by the flyback pulses and whose quasi-stable state has a variable duration, depending on the amplitude of these pulses so as to obtain regulation thereof by the duty cycle. The pulse which controls the closing of the switch (saturation of the switching transistor) begins here with the leading edge of the flyback pulse and its duration or length is modulated as a function of the current drawn by the load and of the variation of the rectified and smoothed voltage, so that its end controlling the opening of the supply switch (cutting off the transistor) occurs during the trace portion of the horizontal deflection. Thus it can be seen that this switched-mode supply, like most of the known ones, effects regulation of its output voltage by varying the duty cycle as a reverse function of the level thereof.
Since the high-frequency radiation is precisely at its most intense during abrupt transitions of current in the switching inductance and of the voltage accross its terminals, the appearance of one or more vertical lines (light or dark according to the sense of the modulation of the carrier wave by the video signal) may be observed, contrasting with the normal contents of the picture, whose location on the screen depends on the duration of the pulse controlling the switching transistor. The effect of this radiation becomes particularly troublesome when the input signal of the radio-frequency stages or tuner is small, particularly when the selected channel is situated in the lower part of the VHF band, for the automatic gain-control device of the receiver acts on the gain of the high-frequency and/or intermediate-frequency input stages, so that the sensitivity (amplification) of the receiver is then maximum and this also as concerns the spurious radiated signals.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention, on the one hand, avoids or at least appreciably reduces the interferences visible on the screen by controlling the cutting off of the switching transistor in synchronism with the leading edge or the flyback pulse and, on the other hand, the starting of the horizontal deflection circuit by means of a simple circuit without any special oscillator, and provides efficient protection of the switching transistor which remains cut off when the horizontal deflection circuit is not operating. This is made possible by using a step-up switching regulator supply device of the type described in the publication U.S. Pat. No. 3,571,697 and whose control circuit includes, in accordance with the invention, the horizontal deflection circuit, which it supplies.
The object of the present invention is a power supply device with boosting and regulation of its output voltage by switching, combined with a horizontal sweep circuit of a television receiver, which it supplies and which comprises a horizontal oscillator, a driver stage and an output stage including a line transformer, this device comprising an inductance and the collector-emitter path of a switching transistor connected in series between the poles of a DC input voltage source, a rectifiying diode connected by its anode to the junction between the inductance and the collector of the transistor and by its cathode to one of the terminals of a filtering capacitor whose other terminal is connected to the emitter of the transistor so as to supply between its terminals an initial output voltage, slightly lower than the input voltage, when the transistor is cut off permanently, and a regulated DC output voltage with a level higher than the input voltage, when the transistor is recurrently alternately turned on and off, the level of this output voltage depending on the duty cycle of the respective states of this transistor, and a control circuit for driving the base of the transistor and including a regulator stage comparing an adjustable fraction of the output voltage to a fixed reference voltage and supplying a regulating current or voltage proportional to the difference between these compared voltages, to a pulse-width modulator triggered by means a recurrent signal and supplying a rectangular signal whose duty cycle varies as a function of this regulating current or voltage, and another driver stage receiving the rectangular signal and controlling the switching transistor.

In accordance with the invention, the horizontal deflection forming an integral part of the circuit controlling the switching transistor, determines therefor, from the start, the repetition period of the rectangular signal controlling it, and one of the supply inputs of the other driver stage receives directly a first voltage waveform whose positive alternations, comprise DC voltage plateaux and whose negative alternations comprise negative-going flyback pulses supplied by a first secondary winding of the line transformer, so as to control the cut-off the switching transistor substantially simultaneously with that of the trace switch transistor.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be better understood and other of its objects, characteristics, features and advantages will become clear from the following description and the accompanying drawings which refer thereto, given solely by way of example, in which:
FIG. 1 is partly a block diagram and partly a schematic diagram of a power supply device combined with the horizontal deflection circuit in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 shows waveforms of two voltages and of a current at different points of the circuit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the circuit for controlling the switching transistor;
FIGS. 4 and 5 are schematic diagrams of two different embodiments of the driver circuit 20 forming the output stage of the control circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is the block diagram of one embodiment of the pulse-width modulator 10 of the circuit of FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 shows three voltage waveforms at different points of the circuit of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the pulse-width modulator 10 of the circuit of FIG. 3, using discrete components;
FIG. 9 shows a current waveform and two voltage waveforms at different points of the circuit of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a conventional embodiment of a regulator stage 30 adapted to supply the modulation input of the modulator of FIG. 8; and
FIGS. 11 and 12 are partial respective schematic diagrams of two embodiments of a power supply device in accordance with the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the power stages of the power supply device and of the horizontal deflection circuit of the television receiver, which it supplies and in block diagram form the respective circuits which control them.
The DC input voltage VE which is not regulated is supplied by a rectifier bridge R with four diodes, supplied at its input by the secondary winding of an insulating step-down transformer TS, whose primary winding is supplied by the AC mains. The output terminals of rectifier bridge R are connected respectively to the terminals of a first filtering capacitor C1 across which this input voltage VE is taken.
The positive pole P of this source of the input voltage VE is connected to one of the terminals of an energy-storage inductance L, whereas its negative pole N is connected to ground G of the receiver, which is isolated from the mains. The other terminal of inductance L is connected, on the one hand, to the collector of a first NPN bipolar switching transistor T1, whose emitter is connected to ground G and, on the other hand, to the anode of a first diode D1 whose cathode is connected to the positive terminal of a second filtering and storage capacitor C2. With the negative terminal of this second capacitor C2 connected to ground G, the output voltage VS which supplies the load is taken between its terminals.
Such a supply device BS provides both step-up or boost and regulation of its output voltage level, because the first switching transistor T1 and the first diode D1 thereof are connected so as to conduct respectively currents flowing through inductance L in the same direction, it supplies at its output formed by the terminals of the second capacitor C2, an initial DC voltage VSI as soon as the primary winding of the insulating transformer TS is connected to the mains. This initial voltage VSI which is equal to the input voltage VE less the forward voltage drop VD1 across the first diode D1, is then supplied to the load until the control circuit SC is started up, whose output 6 is connected to the base of the first transistor T1 so as to cause it to be alternately turned on and off.
When the first transistor T1 is turned on by positively biasing its base-emitter junction, its collector-emitter path connects the junction of the inductance L with the anode of the first diode D1 to ground G. Diode D1 being then reversely biased, it ceases to conduct and the inductance L connected by the first transistor T1 between the positive P and negative N poles of the source supplying the unregulated DC input voltage VE, then conducts a linearly increasing current IL so as to store the energy which increases with the square of the conduction duration of the first transistor T1, until this latter is cut off. At the instant when the first transistor T1 is cut off after the control circuit SC has brought its base-emitter voltage to zero or below, the voltage at the terminals of inductance L is reversed so that, at its junction with the collector of transistor T1 and the anode of diode D1, there appears a voltage VM greater than the input voltage VE, which results in the forward biasing of diode D1. Consequently, from the instant when transistor T1 is cut off, diode D1 conducts a linearly decreasing current until the energy stored in the form of a current IL in the inductance L, which charges the second capacitor C2 to an output voltage VS greater than the input voltage VE, disappears. The regulation of the level of the output voltage VS is here effected in a conventional way, by varying the duty cycle, i.e. the radio (quotient) between the duration of the conducting period of transistor T1 and the sum of the respective durations of two of its successive conducting and cut off periods, as a function of the desired output voltage VS (determined by comparison to a stable reference voltage).

According to the invention, a supply device BS of the above-described type is combined with the horizontal deflection circuit SH of a television receiver, which it supplies, so that this latter forms an integral part of its control circuit SC and for determining the repetition period of its operation and so that the above-mentioned regulation by varying the duty cycle maintains a stable peak-to-peak amplitude of the sawtooth scanning current and/or the very high voltage for biasing the electrodes (anode, focusing electrode and accelerating grid) of the cathode-ray tube, which are obtained by rectifying the horizontal flyback pulses supplied by a step-up secondary winding (not shown) of the line transformer TL.
The horizontal deflection circuit SH which comprises in cascade the horizontal oscillator OH whose known phase control circuit with respect to the horizontal sync signal separated from the composite video signal has not been shown here, the driver stage HD controlled by the horizontal oscillator OH and controlling the output stage OS of the horizontal deflection, is as a whole supplied by the above-described regulated power supply device BS. In fact, the positive supply input AL of the horizontal deflection circuit SH is connected by means of a fuse FS to the junction of the cathode of the first diode D1 with the positive terminal of the second capacitor C2, which forms the positive output terminal SP of the regulated power supply device BS. This supply input AL is connected directly to that of the driver circuit HD and, preferably, through a conventional Zener diode or series ballast transistor voltage regulator VR, to that of the horizontal oscillator OH, which are moreover connected to the isolated ground G.
The supply input AL of the horizontal deflection circuit SH is furthermore connected to one of the primary winding terminals B1 of the line transformer TL, whose other terminal AB is connected in parallel to the collector of another switching transistor TH, of NPN type, called trace switch transistor, to the cathode of a second so-called shunt recovery diode DR, to one of the terminals of another capacitor CR, called line-retrace capacitor, and to one of the plates of an additional capacitor CS, called trace capacitor, which supplies the horizontal deflection coils LH one terminal of which is connected to its other terminal during the trace periods of the scanning. The emitter of the scanning transistor TH, the anode of the "shunt" recovery diode DR, the other terminal of the retrace capacitor CR and the other terminal of the horizontal deflection coils LH are all connected to ground G. This assembly of components thus connected forms the output stage OS whose operation is well-known and does not form part of the invention.

As was mentioned above, as soon as the primary winding of the step-down isolating transformer TS is connected to the mains, rectifier R supplies the first filtering capacitor C1 so as to provide between its terminals P and N a unregulated low DC voltage VE. With the first transistor T1 then turned off, this input voltage is applied through the inductance L and the first diode D1 to the second capacitor C2 so as to obtain between the terminal SP and ground G an initial output voltage VSI substantially equal to VE-VD1, which is approximately equal to 60 percent of the regulated output voltage VS. This initial output voltage VSI (equal to about 0.6 VS) is sufficient to cause the generation of autonomous oscillations by the horizontal oscillator OH. This latter supplies at its output, connected to the input of driver circuit HD, pulses at an independent frequency close to the line frequency. In response to these pulses, driver circuit HD, also supplied by device BS, provides at the base of the trace switch transistor TH pulses controlling its periodical cut off at this independent frequency and its consecutive turning on after a period greater than the duration of the flyback period, so that the recovery diode DR may take the current from the deflector LH during substantially the first half of the trace portion of the scan. During flyback or retrace, with both transistor TH and diode DR cut off, the energy stored in the form of currents respectively in the inductances of deflector LH and of the primary winding B1 of the line transformer TL which are then, from the AC current point of view, connected in parallel, flow in an oscillating manner through the retrace capacitor CR which forms therewith a parallel resonant circuit whose resonance period determines the duration of the flyback period.
There then appears periodically between point AB and ground G a voltage pulse VTH having substantially a sinusoidal half-wave form, which is shown in Diagram A of FIG. 2. The average value of this voltage VTH being then equal to VSI, at start-up, and to VS, during established operation. The line transformer TL comprises, in addition to a very-high-voltage winding and other windings for supplying rectifying circuits, not shown, two secondary windings B2, B3 respectively supplying across their terminals, voltage waveforms comprising flyback pulses with zero average values and with respectively negative and positive polarities.
This means that the first secondary winding B2 supplies a voltage waveform -VTL which, between two successive flyback pulses, comprises a positive plateau whose level is equal to the average value of these pulses and which is used, in accordance with the invention, to control the turn off of the first transistor T1 so that the interferences which would otherwise be visible only occur during the line-blanking periods comprising the line-retrace periods. The second secondary winding B3 then supplies a voltage waveform +VTL which is the reverse of or complementary to the preceding one -VTL.
One of the terminals of each of these secondary windings B2, B3 is connected to ground G, whereas their other terminals are respectively connected to two inputs 2 and 1 of the control circuit SC. A third input 3 of this latter is connected to the SP output of the supply device BS and a fourth input 4 is connected to the positive pole P of the input voltage source VE. A fifth terminal 5 of the control circuit SC is connected to ground G (or negative pole N) and its output 6 is connected to the base of the first transistor T1. This control circuit SC causes, following the start up of the horizontal deflection circuit SH, a first saturation of the first transistor T1 at a time determined by a pulse-width modulator operating by conventional comparison of a sawtooth voltage waveform the elaboration of which is controlled by a first flyback pulse, with a regulating voltage, depending on the output voltage VS. During this saturation period of transistor T1 which extends as far as the leading edge of the next flyback pulse, energy is stored in inductance L.
From the instant when transistor T1 is turned off, diode D1 transfers this stored energy to the second capacitor C2, at the terminals of which it causes an increase of the voltage VS with respect to its initial value VSI, until the current in diode D1 is canceled out, when it becomes reverse biased.
The collector-emitter voltage waveforms VTH of the trace switch transistor TH and VCE of the switching transistor T1 in established operation have been shown respectively by the diagrams A and B of FIG. 2. Diagram C of FIG. 2 shows the corresponding waveform of the current IL flowing through the inductance L.
When the base of the first transistor T1 receives from the output 6 of the control circuit SC a rectangular signal which turns it on at time instant t1, its collector-emitter voltage VCE (Diagram B) becomes close to zero (V _CEsat ) and a linearly increasing current IL (Diagram C) flows through inductance L from time t1 until time t2 when transistor T1 is again turned off, which is controlled by the leading edge of the flyback pulse VTH (Diagram A). With the collector current of transistor T1 canceled at the end of the storage time of the excess minority carriers in the base, the voltage across the terminals of the inductance L inverses its polarity so as to be added to the input voltage VE, so that the collector-emitter voltage VCE (Diagram B) then reaches a level VM greater than VS (as well as VE), so as to apply forward bias to the first diode D1, which then conducts the current IL through the inductance L. This current IL, from time instant t2 when it reaches its maximum value IM, becomes linearly decreasing and it flows through the first diode D1 in the passing direction in order to recharge the second capacitor C2 and supply, in particular, the horizontal deflection circuit SH.
When the current IL passing through the first diode D1 is canceled out at time t3, the collector-emitter voltage VCE of the first transistor T1 becomes equal to the unregulated input voltage VE until the next turn on of the transistor T1, and the first diode D1 remains reversely biased until the time when this latter is cut off again.
From the above it can be easily seen that the principal advantage of this combined device resides in the fact that a single oscillator OH belonging to the horizontal deflection circuit SH is sufficient for controlling the two power switching transistors TH and T1.
Furthermore, a possible overload in the circuitry of the television receiver, such for example as a short-circuit of the trace switch transistor TH, results in overloading the diode D and the inductance L. The first transistor T1 which is consequently cut off is not subjected to this overload and is therefore protected. In order to protect the rest of the television receiver as well as inductance L and the first diode D1, a fuse FS may be connected in series in the supply line from the second capacitor C2. This fuse FS may also be inserted between pole P and inductance L.

It is moreover known that it is difficult to construct switched supplies for obtaining correct operation when it is not fully charged (for supplying, for example, a ready-state remote-control receiver). In the present case, the problem does not come up since, when the supply is in operation, there is always a minimum load formed by the horizontal deflection circuit. When this circuit is not operating, the supply circuit BS does not operate either, but it supplies an output voltage VSI of a value less than the nominal voltage VS which cannot cause damage and which may, for example, supply a ready-state receiver for television receivers having a remote control.
Finally, the control circuit SC allows transistor T1 to be cut off at the beginning of each flyback period, when the blanking circuit has extinguished the spot (s) on the cathode-ray tube. Thus, the spurious signals radiated into the receiver input circuits will cause no visible effect on the screen of the cathode-ray tube.
FIG. 3 shows in block diagram form the control circuit SC of FIG. 1.
This control circuit SC comprises a pulse-width modulator stage 10 a first input 11 of which, connected to input 1, receives flyback pulses of positive polarity +VTL from the second secondary winding B3 of the line transformer TL (see FIG. 1 and a second input 12 of which receives a so-called regulating voltage or current whose level is proportional to the difference between the actual output voltage VS and a constant reference value, delivered by the output 32 of a regulating circuit or stage 30 whose input 31 is connected through input 3 to the positive output pole SP of the supply device BS supplying the regulated voltage VS. The variation of the regulating current or voltage causes the variation of the time instant when the instantaneous amplitude of a sawtooth voltage waveform, either with substantially constant slope and amplitude, reaches the level of this regulating voltage, or with a slope variable depending of the regulating current (which is added to the current for linearly charging a capacitor), reaches the predetermined level of a fixed reference (threshold) voltage, with respect to the beginning or the end of the sawtooth waveform. Thus a two-level rectangular signal with constant periodicity is generated, whose duty cycle varies as a function of the regulating current or voltage. If it is arranged, which is possible, for a reduction of the output voltage VS with respect to its nominal value defined by the reference voltage, to cause an increase in the duty cycle and for an increase in VS to have the opposite effect, regulation of this output voltage VS is provided, which tends to be stabilized to this nominal value.
The output 14 of modulator 10 supplies a first input 21 of the driver stage 20 of the first switching transistor T1, a second input 22 of which receives the flyback pulses of negative polarity -VTL, coming from the first secondary winding B2 of the line transformer TL.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate two different embodiments of the driver stage 20 of FIG. 3, providing efficient turn off of the first transistor T1.
In FIG. 4, the driver stage 20A comprises a third supply input 23 which connected to the positive pole (P) of the source of the (unregulated) input voltage VE and to one of the terminals of a first resistor R1 (1.8 kiloohms) whose other terminal is connected in parallel to the anodes of two diodes D2 and D3 (of type 1N4148). The second of these diodes D3 has its cathode connected to the base of a third NPN transistor T2 and to one of the terminals of a second resistor R2 (220 ohms). The emitter of the third transistor T2 is connected to the other terminal of the second resistor R2 and to the output 24 of stage 20A, which is connected through the output 6 of the control circuit SC to the base of the first transistor T1. The collector of the second transistor T2 is connected through a third resistor R3 (10 ohms) to the second input 22 of stage 20A receiving the signal -VTL which comprises the negative-going flyback pulses and, between them, plateaux of a constant positive level (zero average value). The base of the first transistor T1 is coupled to its emitter and to ground G, through a fourth resistor R4 (100 ohms). The third transistor T2 is thus mounted as a common collector (emitter-follower) stage.

When the output 14 of modulator 10 (FIG. 3) which is connected to the input 21 of stage 20A supplies a low state (level), i.e. a voltage close to zero, the thus positively biased diode D2 becomes conducting so that its anode will be at a voltage of a few tenths of a volt (0.7+V _CEsat ) which is less than the voltage required for making the three series PN junctions orientated in the same direction conductive, the first of which is formed by the third diode D3, the second is the base-emitter junction of a third transistor T2 and the third that of the first transistor T1, which will thus remain turned off. When, on the other hand, output 14 supplies a high state or forms an open circuit (the output stage of modulator 10 being formed by an open-collector transistor), diode D2 is cut off by its reverse bias and the voltage VE applied to the input 23 causes a current to flow through the first resistor R1, the diode D3 and the respective base-emitter junctions of transistors T2 and T1 connected in series. Under these circumstances and if, at the same time, the voltage waveform -VTL applied to the collector of transistor T3 presents its constant positive level portion, coinciding with the trace periods of the horizontal scan, transistors T2 and T1 become simultaneously saturated with the effect previously described insofar as the supply device BS of FIG. 1 is concerned. On the other hand, when the voltage waveform -VTL applied to the collector of the third transistor T2 becomes negative, during flyback periods, the current then flows between terminals 23 and 22 of driver stage 20 A, through resistor R1, diode D3, the base-collector junction of the third transistor T2 and resistor R3. The third transistor T2 then operates along its symmetrical saturation characteristics, i.e. it is inverted so that its collector becomes emitter and vice versa. It then conducts a current in the reverse direction between ground and the input 22 (negative) through the resistor R4 across the terminals of which it causes, after removal of the excess minority carriers from the base of the first transistor T1 through the third transistor T2, a voltage drop biasing said base negatively with respect to the emitter. This negative voltage applied to the base of reversely saturated transistor T3 allows a considerable reduction in the storage time and a rapid turnoff of the first transistor T1. Since the sawtooth generator of the pulse-width modulator 10 described above is controlled by positive-going flyback pulses, the rectangular signal applied by its output 14 (FIG. 14) to input 21 of stage 20A undergoes, during the flyback period following the turn off of the first transistor T1, a transition from its high state to its low state which causes diode D2 to conduct and, consequently, the third transistor T2 (reversed) to be cut off before the waveform -VTL becomes positive again and rebiases this transistor T2 the right way round.
FIG. 5 shows the schematic diagram of another embodiment of the driver circuit 20 of FIG. 3, designated by 20B, which has only been modified with respect to circuit 20A of FIG. 4 insofar as the collector circuit of the third transistor T2 and the base circuit of the first transistor T1 are concerned.
This modification is more particularly intented for the case where the negative peak amplitude of the voltage waveform -VTL applied to the base of the first transistor T1 through resistor R3 and the emitter-collector path of the reversely saturated third transistor T2, exceeds the reverse (Zener) avalanche-effect breakdown voltage of one of the base-emitter or base-collector junctions of the first transistor T1. This may occur when the first secondary winding B2 of the line transformer TL is also used for other functions in the television receiver.
To prevent the third transistor T2 from being reversely saturated (symmetrically), the circuit 20B comprises a fourth diode D4 inserted between the input 22 receiving the voltage waveform -VTL and the collector thereof, in series with the resistor R3 and connected to conduct in the same direction as its collector-emitter path. The input 22 is more over connected to the cathode of a fifth diode D5 (1N4148) whose anode is connected through a circuit formed by a fifth resistor R5 (330 ohms) and a third capacitor C3 (1nF) connected in parallel, to the base of the first transistor T1.
Diode D5 isolates the base of transistor T1 from the input 22, when the waveform -VTL is positive, and connects them together through a resistive voltage divider formed by resistors R5 and R4 in series, when it becomes negative. Capacitor C3 accelerates the turn-off by favoring the transmission to the base of T1 of abrupt transitions of the negative flybacd pulses.
FIG. 6 is a diagram, partly in block form, of a possible embodiment of the pulse-width modulator 10 of the control circuit SC of FIG. 3. Diagrams D, E and F of FIG. 7 show the voltage waveforms applied respectively to the input 11 (+VTL) and supplied by the output SI (VI) of the sawtooth generator GD and by the output 14 (VP) of circuit 10A.
Modulator 10A of FIG. 5 comprises a sawtooth generator GD formed by a conventional integrator circuit comprising a first amplifier A1 (integrated operational amplifier, for example), an integrating resistor R1 inserted in series between the input 11 receiving the voltage waveform +VTL illustrated by Diagram D of FIG. 7 and supplied by the second secondary winding B3 of the line transformer TL, and the input (inverting) of amplifier A1, as well as an interating capacitor CI connected between this input and the output SI of amplifier A1 (capacitive feedback). In response to this waveform +VTL, the output of amplifier A1 forming the output SI of sawtooth generator GD, supplies a voltage waveform VI illustrated by the diagram E of FIG. 7 which comprises, during the period between time instants t0 and t2 corresponding to the trace period TA of the scan, a voltage decreasing linearly between a maximum value (positive) and a minimum value (negative), and during the flyback intervals preceding time instant t0 and succeding to time instant t2, an increasing voltage of substantially semi-cosinusoidal shape.
Voltage VI is applied to one of the inputs (-) of an analog voltage comparator which may be formed by means of a second differential-type amplifier A2 (integrated operational amplifier), whose other input (+) connected to the input 12 of modulator 10A, receives the regulating voltage VR supplied by the regulator stage (30 of FIG. 3). This regulating voltage VR, which is obtained by comparing the output voltage VS of the supply device BS of the circuit of FIG. 1 with a reference voltage (VZ supplied by a Zener diode, for example), is a DC voltage undergoing slow variations, shown in Diagram E of FIG. 7 by a dash-dot line.
When the waveform VI applied to the inverting input (-) of comparator A2 is greater than the regulating voltage VR, which is the case during the period between time instants t0 and t1, its output connected to the output 14 of modulator 10A provides a low state. When, on the other hand, it (VI) reaches or becomes less than VR, which occurs from the time instant t1, the output 14 of modulator 10A provides a high state (which causes saturation of the first transistor T1). This high state continues until time instant t4 subsequent to the time instant t2 of the beginning of the following flyback pulse whose leading edge controls the turn-off of the first transistor T1, when the waveform VI becomes greater than the regulating voltage VR. Thus there is obtained at the output 14 of modulator 10A a rectangular signal VP shown in Diagram F of FIG. 7, formed successively of a low-level (zero or negative) beginning during the first half of the flyback period TR and ending at time instant t1, and a high level going from time instant t1 to time instant t4. Time instant t1 of the positive transition of signal VP, which determines the beginning of conduction of the first transistor T1 is then situated during the trace period of the scan TA and its position with respect to the beginning t0 or to the end t2 thereof varies as a function of the regulating voltage VR. When the regulating voltage VR is negative (as on the Diagram E of FIG. 7), a predetermined fraction of the output voltage VS is greater than the reference voltage, the duration of the high level state (t2-t1) is less than half of the trace period of the scan T1. In the opposite case, this duration (t2-t1) is greater than TA/2. The modification of this duration (t2-t1) and thus of the duty cycle is carried out in the reverse direction of the variation of the output voltage VS so as to stabilize it at a previously adjusted level, with respect to this reference voltage. The waveform -VTL may also be applied to the input 11 of modulator 10A. In this case, the input of comparator A2 must also be inverted.

To obtain suitable operating limits, while taking into consideration particularly the value of inductance L, the duty cycle or the durations (t2-t1) must vary between 0, the case where the input voltage VE is equal to the nominal output voltage VS, and about two-thirds, the case where the maximum power is supplied for a minimum voltage at the input.
The ratio between the residual alternating voltage (hum) at the output and the alternating voltage at the input must also allow an image to be obtained which is not perturbed for the eye. A value less than or equal to a hundredth for this ratio gives satisfactory results.
FIG. 8 shows the simplified diagram of a practical embodiment (by means of discrete components) of the pulse-width modulator 10 of FIG. 3. Different waveforms of a current I1 and input +VTL and output VP voltages are respectively illustrated by the Diagrams H, J and K of FIG. 9.
The input 11 of modulator 10B of FIG. 3 receives the voltage waveform +VTL which may be suppled either directly by the second secondary winding B3 of line transformer TL, or through a coupling capacitor whose one terminal is connected to the collector of the trace switch transistor TH (see FIG. 1). This input 11 supplies a passive shaping circuit, supplying negative-going (decreasing) sawtooth waveforms during the trace periods of scan T1. This passive circuit comprises a fourth coupling capacitor C4 (0.1μ) one terminal of which is connected to the input 11 and the other of which is connected to one of the terminals of a sixth resistor R6 (10 Kohms). The other terminal of this resistor R6 is connected to one of the terminals of a seventh resistor R7 (5.6 Kohms), to one of the terminals of a fifth capacitor C5 (5.6 nF) and to the anode of a sixth diode D6. The other terminal of capacitor C5 is connected to ground G. The cathode of the sixth diode D6 and the other terminal of resistor R7 are both connected to one of the terminals of an eighth resistor R8 (33 kohms), to that of a ninth resistor R9 (470 ohms), to that of a sixth capacitor C6 (4.7 nF) and to the regulation input 12 of modulator 10B, which is connected to the output 32 of the regulator stage 30 (see FIG. 3). The other terminal of capacitor C6 is connected to ground. The other terminal of resistor R8 is connected to the supply input 13 of modulator 10B receiving the input voltage VE. The other terminal of the ninth resistor R9 is connected to the base of a fourth NPN transistor T3, which forms the voltage comparator stage, whose emitter is connected to ground and whose collector (open), which forms the output 14 of modulator 10 B, is connected to the input 21 of the driver stage 20A (of FIG. 4) or 20B (of FIG. 5), formed by the cathode of the second diode D2. The value of capacitor C6 has been chosen so as to limit the maximum negative voltage applied to the base-emitter junction of transistor T3 to a value less than its reverse avalanche breakdown voltage. When the input voltage waveform +VTL is positive, as during the major portion of the flyback periods TR, diode D6 short-circuits resistor R7 and we have then a simple passive RC integrator formed by resistor R6 in series and two capacitors C5 and C6 in parallel, whose output is connected to the base of transistor T3 through resistor R9. Transistor T3 becomes conducting when its base current IB formed by the sum of currents I1 and I2 becomes positive. The current I1 shown by an arrow in FIG. 8 and on the Diagram H of FIG. 9, results from the application of the +VTL waveform of Diagram J to the above-mentionned simple integrator, during its positive alternation, and to the cascaded double integrator R6, C5, R7, C6 during its negative plateau going from t0 to t2. During this negative voltage plateau of the +VTL signal, the current I1 becomes negative and linearly decreasing. When the instantaneous negative amplitude of current I1 becomes equal to the positive current I2 shown by another arrow in FIG. 8 and by means of a reversed constant level (-I2) shown by a broken line in diagram H of FIG. 7, which occurs at time t1, the base current of transistor T3 is cancelled out and this latter is cut off. Since the current I2 is due for a large part to the regulating current IR supplied by the output of the regulator stage (30 in FIG. 3) and proportional to the error voltage, the duration of the cut-off state (t4-t1) of transistor T3 and, consequently, that (t2-t1) of the saturated state of the first transistor T1 (as well as the duty cycle) will vary reversely to the variation of this current IR. The current IE shown by an arrow in FIG. 8, which flows through the high-value resistor R8 from the input voltage source VE and which is one of the components with IR of current I2, forms a small current for maintaining transistor T3 saturated in the absence of flyback pulses and thus of horizontal deflection. The fact that resistor R8 is supplied by the unregulated input voltage VE allows another parameter to be added for acting on the duty cycle of transistor T3 as a function thereof. Diagram K of FIG. 9 illustrates the rectangular signal VP obtained at the output 14 of the modulator 10B of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a conventional regulator stage 30 of the control circuit of FIG. 3. It is formed essentially by a well-known circuit called differential amplifier having two inputs, the first of which receives an adjustable fraction of the voltage to be stabilized, formed, in the present case, by the output voltage VS of the power supply device (BS, FIG. 1) and the second input of which receives a stable reference voltage which is generally generated within this stage (as in most known ballast or switched-mode voltage regulator).
The reference voltage VZ is here produced by means of a Zener diode D7 (of the BZX83C type having a stabilized Zener voltage of 7.5 V) whose cathode is connected to the input 31 receiving the output voltage VS of the device BS (FIG. 1) and whose anode is connected through an eleventh resistor R11 (10 Kohms) to ground G. The second input of the differential amplifier used here is formed by the emitter of a fifth PNP transistor T4 which is connected to the anode of the Zener diode D7. The voltage (VS-VZ) biasing this emitter is then fixed with respect to the output voltage VS. The first input of the differential amplifier is here formed by the base of transistor T4 which is biased by a voltage-divider circuit, formed from a fifteenth resistor R15 (4.7 Kohms), a potentiometer R16 (5 Kohms) and a fourteenth resistor R14 (22 Kohms) connected in series between the input terminal 31 and ground G. The base of transistor T4, connected to the slider of potentiometer R16 receives then a previously adjusted fraction of the output voltage VS supplying the horizontal deflection circuit (SH), so that it forms a constant current generator supplying a current proportional to its emitter-base voltage which is equal to the difference (error voltage) between the reference voltage VZ and the selected fraction of the output voltage VS supplied by potentiometer R16. The collector of the fourth transistor T4, connected by a tenth resistor R10 (2.2 Kohms) to the output 32, supplies then the regulating current IR to the regulating input (12, FIGS. 3 and 8) of the pulse-width modulator (10 or 10B, FIGS. 3 and 8).
It will be noted here that a feedback circuit comprising a twelfth resistor R12 (5.6 Kohms) and a seventh capacitor C7 (4.7 nF) in series connects the collector of transistor 14 to its base.
The difference between the voltage respectively provided by the potentiometer R16 and the Zener diode D7 causes more or less heavy conduction of transistor T4 which delivers the current IR.
In short, when the output voltage VS increases, the voltage (VS-VZ) at the emitter of transistor T4 increases more than that applied to its base and current IR increases. The value of I1 at which transistor T3 is cut off increases then in absolute value and this transistor T3 is turned off later, which reduces the conducting period of transistor T1. The peak current in inductance L then diminishes, which causes a reduction of the output voltage VS which comes back to its nominal value, taking into account the residual error required for controlled operation.
FIG. 11 shows the complete simplified diagram of a power supply device BS of FIG. 1 whose control circuit SCA is respectively formed by the driver circuit 20A of FIG. 4, by the modulator 10B of FIG. 8 and the regulator stage 30 of FIG. 10, except for a few variations.
The variations concern a damping resistor R17 of 1 kiloohm shunting the inductance L, resistor R8 and resistor R10 which are both connected directly to the base of transistor T3 instead of being connected to the cathode of diode D6, resistor R11 which has been omitted and a resistor R13 which shunts the slider of potentiometer R16 to ground. These details of construction have no influence at all on the operation of the circuit such as it has been described above, but simply allow easier adjustment.
Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 12. It allows more especially a television set to be supplied with power in which the horizontal deflection circuit operates from a higher DC voltage VS, of about 100 volts for example, itself obtained from an initial output voltage VSI of about 60 volts. The operation of the circuit is fundamentally the same as that of FIG. 11 and only the differences will be described below. The components playing the same role in both diagrams bear the same references. The values may however be different but their dimensioning is within the scope of a man skilled in the art. The voltage VS delivered by the power supply is used principally in the horizontal deflection circuit which is the component consuming most power in the television set. The power supply circuit components receiving permanently a voltage when the horizontal deflection circuit is not operating, but when the mains is connected, are solely those indispensable for activating the power supply, i.e. the first switching transistor T1 and the circuit for measuring the output voltage in the regulator stage 300.
To simplify the driver stage 100, instead of the single switching transistor T1, an integrated Darlington circuit T10 is used of the BU 807 type, for example. Therefore, the gain is sufficient to omit a discrete driver transistor T2 and to connect the cathode of diode D3 directly to the base input of T10. The negative -VTH pulses, coming from an intermediate tapping on coil B2 of the line output transformer, are applied directly to the base of T10 through resistor R3 which is connected in series with a diode D9 whose cathode is connected to this intermediate tapping.
Instead of the input voltage VE, the power supply input 4 of the control circuit SCB is fed by a voltage obtained by rectifying the positive half-waves (plateaux) of the -VTL voltage supplied by the first secondary winding B2, by means of a diode D8 and a capacitor C8. Thus considerably lower voltage may be obtained than that supplying the horizontal deflection circuit, of the order of 13 volts, for example. A voltage of this value allows video amplification circuits as well as other circuits of the television set to be supplied while providing for these latter a very great reliability. This voltage is applied through resistor R1 to the anodes of diodes D2 and D3 and through resistor R8 to the base of the transistor T3 of modulator 10B.
The regulator stage 300 here comprises two PNP transistors T4 and T5 connected differentially. For that, their emitters receive the voltage rectified by D8 through a resistor R18 of 1.5 kiloohms. The collector of transistor T5 is connected to ground through a resistor R20 of 3.9 kiloohms and the collector of transistor T4, which supplies the regulating current IR, is connected to the cathode of diode D6 through a resistor R10 of 4.7 kiloohms.
The reference voltage (6.2 volts) is supplied by a Zener diode D7 whose anode is connected to ground, and cathode to a resistor R19 (6.8 kiloohms) which receives the voltage rectified by D8. This reference voltage is applied to the base of transistor 14. A capacitor C9 (49 microfarads) shunts diode D7 so as to cause the reference voltage to rise gradually when the apparatus is switched on, which allows a gradual rise of the output voltage VS to be obtained.
A potentiometer R16 of 10 kiloohms connected between two stopper resistors R15 (68 kiloohms) and R14 (5.6 kiloohms) receives the voltage VS through the resistor R15 and is connected to ground through resistor R14. The sliding contact of potentiometer R16 allows a fraction of the voltage VS to be applied to the base T5. A resistor R13 (47 kiloohms) also connects this base to the common point between R15 and R16.
An anti-oscillation capacitor C10 (15 nanofarads) connects the base of the collector of transistor T5.
Thus the regulating current IR supplied by resistor R10 is directly dependent on the difference between the output voltage VS, applied to the horizontal deflection circuit, and the reference voltage determined by the Zener diode D7. The power supply BS thus stabilizes this voltage VS and at the same time the rectified voltage supplied by diode D8.
To stop this power supply, as well as that of FIG. 11 moreover, it is sufficient to stop by means of a remote control receiver, for example, the operation of the horizontal oscillator.

In this case, the input voltage VE is still present, but is considerably smaller than voltage VS. For the power supply of FIG. 12, this reduced voltage is only applied to the Darlington transistor T10 and a fraction thereof to the base of transistor T5 of the regulator stage 300. Thus the life expectation of the other components of the device BS is increased. Since the voltage supplied by diode D8 is itself regulated, it may be used for supplying a major portion of the television set, except for the horizontal deflection circuit supplied by voltage VS and the remote control receiver which must be capable of operating permanently (also in the ready state) so as to detect the turn-on control signal. The protection which was mentioned earlier on is then extended to the greatest part of the components of the television set.
It will be noted here that the three stages 10, 20 and 30 of control circuit SC (see FIGS. 1 and 3) may be formed by means of circuits different from those described and shown and which are known per se, and that it is sufficient to have a secondary winding B2 (in addition to the very-high-voltage winding) of the line transformer TL, supplying negative line-flyback pulses which may be used for generating a decreasing or increasing sawtooth voltage waveform as well as for controlling the cutting off of the first switching transistor T1.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CRT   TV EHT VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER - KASKADE COCKCROFT-WALTON CASCADE CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE MULTIPLICATION:

A Cockcroft-Walton cascade circuit comprises an input voltage source and a pumping and storage circuit with a series array of capacitors with pumping and storage portions of the circuit being interconnected by silicon rectifiers, constructed and arranged so that at least the capacitor nearest the voltage source, and preferably one or more of the next adjacent capacitors in the series array, have lower tendency to internally discharge than the capacitors in the array more remote from the voltage source.


1. An improved voltage multiplying circuit comprising,

2. An improved voltage multiplying circuit in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first pumping capacitor is a self-healing impregnated capacitor which is impregnated with a high voltage impregnant.

3. An improved voltage multiplying circuit in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first pumping capacitor comprises a foil capacitor.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates in general to Cockcroft-Walton cascade circuits for voltage multiplication and more particularly to such circuits with a pumping circuit and a storage circuit composed of capacitors connected in series, said pumping circuits and storage circuit being linked with one another by a rectifier circuit whose rectifiers are preferably silicon rectifiers, especially for a switching arrangement sensitive to internal discharges of capacitors, and more especially a switching arrangement containing transistors, and especially an image tube switching arrangement.

Voltage multiplication cascades composed of capacitors and rectifiers are used to produce high D.C. voltages from sinusoidal or pulsed alternating voltages. All known voltage multiplication cascades and voltage multipliers are designed to be capacitance-symmetrical, i.e., all capacitors used have the same capacitance. If U for example is the maximum value of an applied alternating voltage, the input capacitor connected directly to the alternating voltage source is charged to a D.C. voltage with a value U, while all other capacitors are charged to the value of 2U. Therefore, a total voltage can be obtained from the series-connected capacitors of a capacitor array.

In voltage multipliers, internal resistance is highly significant. In order to obtain high load currents on the D.C. side, the emphasis in the prior art has been on constructing voltage multipliers with internal resistances that are as low as possible.

Internal resistance of voltage multipliers can be reduced by increasing the capacitances of the individual capacitors by equal amounts. However, the critical significance of size of the assembly in the practical application of a voltage multiplier, limits the extent to which capacitance of the individual capacitors can be increased as a practical matter.

In television sets, especially color television sets, voltage multiplication cascades are required whose internal resistance is generally 400 to 500 kOhms. Thus far, it has been possible to achieve this low internal resistance with small dimensions only by using silicon diodes as rectifiers and metallized film capacitors as the capacitors.

When silicon rectifiers are used to achieve low internal resistance, their low forward resistance produces high peak currents and therefore leads to problems involving the pulse resistance of the capacitors. Metallized film capacitors are used because of space requirements, i.e., in order to ensure that the assembly will have the smallest possible dimensions, and also for cost reasons. These film capacitors have a self-healing effect, in which the damage caused to the capacitor by partial evaporation of the metal coating around the point of puncture (pinhole), which develops as a result of internal spark-overs, is cured again. This selfhealing effect is highly desirable as far as the capacitors themselves are concerned, but is not without its disadvantages as far as the other cirucit components are concerned, especially the silicon rectifiers, the image tubes, and the components which conduct the image tube voltage.

It is therefore an important object of the invention to improve voltage multiplication cascades of the type described above.

It is a further object of the invention to keep the size of the entire assembly small and the internal resistance low.

It is a further object of the invention to increase pulse resistance of the entire circuit.

It is a further object of the invention to avoid the above-described disadvantageous effects on adjacent elements.

It is a further object of the invention to achieve multiples of the foregoing objects and preferably all of them consistent with each other.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention, the foregoing objects are met by making at least one of the capacitors in the pumping circuit, preferably including the one which is adjacent to the input voltage source, one which is less prone to internal discharges than any of the individual capacitors in the storage circuit.

The Cockcroft-Walton cascade circuit is not provided with identical capacitors. Instead, the individual capacitors are arranged according to their loads and designed in such a way that a higher pulse resistance is attained only in certain capacitors. It can be shown that the load produced by the voltage in all the capacitors in the multiplication circuit is approximately the same. But the pulse currents of the capacitors as well as their forward flow angles are different. In particular, the capacitors of the pumping circuit are subjected to very high loads in a pulsed mode. In the voltage multiplication cascade according to the invention, these capacitors are arranged so that they exhibit fewer internal discharges than the capacitors in the storage circuit.

The external dimensions of the entire assembly would be unacceptably large if one constructed the entire switching arrangement using such capacitors.

The voltage multiplication cascade according to the invention also makes it possible to construct a reliably operating

arrangement which has no tendency toward spark-overs, consistent with satisfactory internal resistance of the voltage multiplication cascade and small dimensions of the entire assembly. This avoids the above cited disadvantages with respect to the particularly sensitive components in the rest of the circuit and makes it possible to design voltage multiplication cascades with silicon rectifiers, which are characterized by long lifetimes. Hence, a voltage multiplication cascade has been developed particularly for image tube circuits in television sets, especially color television sets, and this cascade satisfies the highest requirements in addition to having an average lifetime which in every case is greater than that of the television set.

A further aspect of the invention is that at least one of the capacitors that are less prone to internal discharges is a capacitor which is impregnated with a high-voltage impregnating substance, especially a high-voltage oil such as polybutene or silicone oil, or mixtures thereof. In contrast to capacitors made of metallized film which have not been impregnated, this allows the discharge frequency due to internal discharges or spark-overs to be reduced by a factor of 10 to 100.

According to a further important aspect of the invention, at least one of the capacitors that are less prone to internal discharges is either a foil capacitor or a self-healing capacitor. In addition, the capacitor in the pumping circuit which is adjacent to the voltage source input can be a foil capacitor which has been impregnated in the manner described above, while the next capacitor in the pumping circuit is a self-healing capacitor impregnated in the same fashion.

Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, the single FIGURE of which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

is a schematic diagram of a circuit made according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The voltage multiplier comprises capacitors C1 to C5 and rectifiers D1 to D5 connected in a cascade. An alternating voltage source UE is connected to terminals 1 and 2, said voltage source supplying for example a pulsed alternating voltage. Capacitors C1 and C2 form the pumping circuit while capacitors C3, C4 and C5 form the storage circuit.

In the steady state, capacitor C1 is charged to the maximum value of the alternating voltage UE as are the other capacitors C2 to C5. The desired high D.C. voltage UA is picked off at terminals 3 and 4, said D.C. voltage being composed of the D.C. voltages from capacitors C3 to C5. Terminal 3 and terminal 2 are connected to one pole of the alternating voltage source UE feeding the circuit, which can be at ground potential. In the circuit described here, a D.C. voltage UA can be picked off whose voltage value is approximately 3 times the maximum value of the pulsed alternating voltage UE. By using more than five capacitors, a correspondingly higher D.C. voltage can be obtained.

The individual capacitors are discharged by disconnecting D.C. voltage UA. However, they are constantly being recharged by the electrical energy supplied by the alternating voltage source UE, so that the voltage multiplier can be continuously charged on the output side.

According to the invention, in this preferred embodiment, capacitor C1 and/or C2 in the pumping circuit are designed so that they have a lower tendency toward internal discharges than any of the individual capacitors C3, C4 and C5 in the storage circuit.

It is evident that those skilled in the art, once given the benefit of the foregoing disclosure, may now make numerous other uses and modifications of, and departures from the specific embodiments described herein without departing from the inventive concepts. Consequently, the invention is to be construed as embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of features present in, or possessed by, the apparatus and techniques herein disclosed and limited solely by the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

Inventors:Petrick, Paul (Landshut, DT)
Schwedler, Hans-peter (Landshut, DT)
Holzer, Alfred (Schonbrunn, DT)
ERNST ROEDERSTEIN SPEZIALFABRIK

US Patent References:
3714528    ELECTRICAL CAPACITOR WITH FILM-PAPER DIELECTRIC    1973-01-30    Vail    
3699410    SELF-HEALING ELECTRICAL CONDENSER    1972-10-17    Maylandt    
3463992    ELECTRICAL CAPACITOR SYSTEMS HAVING LONG-TERM STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS    1969-08-26    Solberg    
3457478    WOUND FILM CAPACITORS    1969-07-22    Lehrer    
3363156    Capacitor with a polyolefin dielectric    1968-01-09    Cox    
2213199    Voltage multiplier    1940-09-03    Bouwers et al.    

 Digital phase locked loop tuning system / PLL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER:(ITT SAA1274 SAA1275 SAA1276)

A phase locked loop circuit for use in an automatic frequency synthesizing system. The system includes a programmer circuit which is responsive to a channel number input signal and generates a first digital control signal which is representative of the selected channel number and a second digital control signal which is representative of a predetermined group of channel numbers. A programmable divider is controlled by the programming circuit and generates a digital output signal which causes the phase locked loop circuit to generate a desired system output frequency corresponding to the selected channel number input signal. The phase locked loop circuit includes automatic fine tuning and manual fine tuning features.


1. A digital phase locked loop tuning system responsive to a local oscillator signal for producing a frequency synthesized digital output signal which is utilized to control the frequency of the local oscillator, the local oscillator having a plurality of frequencies associated therewith corresponding, respectively, to a plurality of selectable channels, each of the channels being allocated to one of at least two channel groups with each channel in a particular channel group being separated from an adjacent channel in the particular channel group by a predetermined frequency spacing of the local oscillator, comprising:
programming means responsive to an input signal representing a selected channel number of a particular channel group for generating a first digital control signal having a value corresponding to the selected channel number and for generating a second digital control signal representative of said particular channel group, said second digital control signal being a constant predetermined value for all of said channel numbers that are within said group; and
programmable divider means coupled to said programming means being responsive to said first, second digital control signals and the local oscillator signal, in a local oscillator mode, for generating the digital output signal which is representative of a desired frequency corresponding to said selected channel number, said programmable divider means including means for dividing the local oscillator signal by first and second factors, said first factor being related to the frequency separation between local oscillator signals by an integral number, the local oscillator signal being divided by said first factor during a first interval for a first number of periods of the output signal and being divided by said second factor for a second number of periods of the output signal, said first number of periods being related to the number of the channel selected, said second number being related to the channel group within which the selected channel lies.
2. Phase locked loop system according to claim 1, wherein said programming means including means coupled to said programming means for receiving an MFT signal and being responsive to said MFT signal for altering said first and second digital control signals, and said programmable divider means being responsive to said altered digital control signals for generating an altered system output frequency. 3. Phase locked loop system according to claim 2, wherein said programming means includes first terminal means coupled to said programming means for receiving an AFT control signal, and first logic means responsive to the input signal and the AFT control signal for generating the first digital control signal. 4. Phase locked loop system according to claim 3, wherein said programming means includes second logic means coupled to said first logic means and responsive to the AFT control signal for generating the second digital control signal. 5. Phase locked loop system according to claim 4, wherein said second logic means includes group decoder means coupled to said first logic means. 6. Phase locked loop circuit means according to claim 5, wherein said second logic means includes memory means coupled to said group decoder means and to said first terminal means. 7. Phase locked loop system according to claim 6, wherein said second logic means includes second terminal means for receiving an MFT signal, and up/down counter latch means coupled to said memory means and to said second terminal means for altering said first and second digital control signals in response to said MFT signal. 8. Phase locked loop system according to claim 7, wherein said second logic means includes adder means coupled to said up/down counter latch means to said memory means. 9. Phase locked loop system according to claim 3, wherein said first logic means includes channel number generator means coupled to said first terminal means and responsive to said input signal. 10. Phase locked loop system according to claim 9, wherein said channel number generator means includes first and second data selector means coupled to said first terminal means, and adder means coupled to said second data selector means and to said up/down counter latch means. 11. Phase locked loop system according to claim 1, wherein said means for dividing the local oscillator signal includes programmable counter means for generating a modulus control output signal, and variable modulus prescaler divider means coupled to and responsive to said programmable counter means, said variable modulus prescaler divider means dividing the local oscillator signal by said first and second factors. 12. Phase locked loop system according to claim 11, wherein said programmable counter means includes third data selector means coupled to receive said first and second digital control signals and said modulus control signal. 13. Phase locked loop system according to claim 12, wherein said programmable counter means includes a programmable counter coupled to said third data selector means and to said variable modulus prescaler divider means. 14. Phase locked loop system according to claim 13, wherein said programmable counter means includes look ahead circuit means coupled to said programmable counter, and divide by two circuit means coupled to said look ahead circuit means for generating said modulus control output signal. 15. Phase locked loop tuning system according to claim 1 including digital automatic fine tuning (AFT) means wherein:
said programmable divider means includes switching means responsive to an AFT control signal to inhibit the local oscillator signal to said programmable divider means and to provide an input signal thereto of a different frequency than the local oscillator signal; and
said programming means including logic means responsive to said AFT control signal for altering said first and second digital control signals to predetermined values to cause the phase locked loop tuning system to be operable in an automatic fine tuning mode.
16. Phase locked loop tuning system of claim 15 wherein said programmable divider means includes:
programmable counter means for generating first and second modulus control signals; and
dual modulus prescaler means responsive to said first modulus control signal for dividing the local oscillator signal in said local oscillator mode and said input signal of a different frequency in said automatic fine tuning mode by said first factor which is equal to the integer six and being responsive to said second modulus control signal for dividing said local oscillator signal and said input signal of a different frequency by said second factor which is equal to the integer five respectively.
17. Phase locked loop tuning system of claim 16 wherein said signal of a different frequency is an intermediate frequency signal provided by the tuning system and supplied to said switching means.

18. In a phase locked loop tuning system for receiving a channel number input signal and a local oscillator signal having groups of selectable frequencies wherein the frequency spacing between each adjacent local oscillator frequency within a single group is uniform, the improvement comprising programmable divider means for generating a digital output signal representative of a desired tuning system output frequency including variable modulus prescaler divider means having a prescaler division ratio being equal to P = S/Y' for dividing the local oscillator frequency by said prescaler division ratio during a first interval for a first number of periods of the digital output signal and for dividing the local oscillator frequency by a second prescaler division ratio during a second interval for a second number of periods, said second ratio being related to said first ratio, where S is the frequency spacing between each adjacent local oscillator frequency within a single group (i), Y_i =D_i -X_i S, where D_i is said desired tuning system output frequency within said selected group; X_i =D_i /S rounded off to the nearest integer; Y' is chosen such that Y_i /Y' is an integer and S/Y' is an integer and Y' is the smallest value of all values of Y_i. 19. In a receiver including a tuning apparatus for providing a plurality of local oscillator signals each corresponding to a respective one of a plurality of selectable channels, each of the channels being allocated to one of at least two channel groups wherein each channel is separated from an adjacent channel in the respective channel group by a predetermined frequency spacing, a phase locked loop tuning system for producing a frequency synthesized output signal for controlling the frequency of the local oscillator, comprising:
variable modulus divider means for selectively dividing the frequency of the local oscillator signal by first and second factors in response to a modulus control signal to provide an output signal, said first factor being related to the frequency separation between local oscillator signals by an integral number; and
programmable means for generating said modulus control signal to cause said variable modulus divider means to divide by said first factor during a first interval for a first number of periods of said output signal and to divide by said second factor during a second interval for a second number of periods of said output signal, said first number of periods being related to the number of the channel selected, said second number of periods being related to the channel group corresponding to the selected channel.
20. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 19 wherein said programmable means includes:
programming means responsive to a selected channel input signal for producing first and second digital output signals, said first digital output signal being related to the selected channel number plus one of two constant values which are determined in accordance within which channel group the selected channel input signal lies, said second digital signal being a constant value for all selected channels within a channel group; and
programmable divider means responsive to said first and second digital output signals from said programming means for providing said variable modulus control signal and the frequency synthesized output signal.
21. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 20 wherein said programming means includes automatic fine tuning (AFT) means responsive to a AFT control signal being applied thereto when the receiver is placed in an AFT mode wherein:
said variable modulus divider means is caused to receive a input signal different from the local oscillator signal;
said programming means being responsive to the AFT control signal for altering said first and second digital signals such that the receiver is finely tuned to the frequency of the received signal applied to the receiver.
22. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 21 wherein said programming means includes means for receiving a manual fine tuning (MFT) signal for altering said first and second digital output signals, and said programmable divider means being responsive to said altered digital control signals for generating an altered output signal. 23. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 19 wherein the one of said first and second factors is an even number and the other is an odd number. 24. The phase locked loop tuning system of claim 23 wherein said first factor is the integer six and said second factor is the integer five.

Description:

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to digital tuning systems, and more particularly, to a simplified digital phase locked loop (PLL) tuning system incorporating unique digital automatic fine tuning and manual fine tuning schemes.
Since the appearance of varactor tuners for television, many tuning address schemes have evolved for controlling them. PLL techniques have maintained a performance advantage but have suffered a cost disadvantage due to complexity, the high frequencies involved, the need for automatic fine tuning and in some localities, the need for a manual fine tuning arrangement. With the advances that have taken place in semiconductor technology in the last several years, the high operating frequencies no longer present a significant problem.
Prior art PLL systems for use in television tuners have not yet been able to incorporate an automatic fine tuning feature, nor have they been able to incorporate a manual fine tuning system which would enable the PLL tuning system to be intentionally offset in predetermined increments. Television sets normally have an automatic fine tuning (AFT) feature, but this is normally incorporated as a separate circuit which is not directly incorporated into the television tuner.

An additional disadvantage of prior art PLL systems which are designed for use in a television tuner environment is that they are highly complex and relatively expensive. In order to convert the channel number input into the proper digital control signals for the PLL, a relatively large ROM having a capacity on the order of 82 words by 12 bits was required. The best prior art PLL tuning systems require two high speed programmable counters which greatly increase the system complexity. This together with the large ROM which the system required, greatly decreased the cost effectiveness of the system so that commercial manufacturers were able to use these prior art PLL systems only in their most expensive commercial television receivers.
Therefore, it is a feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL tuning system which incorporates design techniques that vastly simplify the complexity of the PLL while at the same time allowing the system to meet the latest needs of a television tuning system or any other PLL tuning system which is addressed by a channel number.
It is another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL tuning system that has the ability to automatically tune nonprecise station frequencies and the ability to be manually fine tuned.
It is yet another feature of the present invention to provide a digital PLL tuning system having only a single high speed programmable counter and requiring a ROM capacity of only 5 words by 9 bits.
It is still another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL tuning system which performs the automatic fine tuning feature by utilizing the PLL tuning system as a digital discriminator.
It is yet another feature of this invention to provide a digital PLL tuning system incorporating a manual fine tuning (MFT) arrangement which is capable of intentionally offsetting the local oscillator frequency of a TV tuner in one megahertz steps or of offsetting TV IF frequency in steps of 125 kilohertz.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a phase locked loop circuit means for an automatic frequency synthesizing system. The phase locked loop circuit means includes programming means which is responsive to an input signal representing a selected channel number for generating a first digital control signal representative of the selected channel number and for generating a second digital control signal representative of a predetermined group of channel numbers. A programmable divider means is coupled to the first and second digital control signals and generates a digital output signal representative of a desired system output frequency corresponding to the selected channel number.
The phase locked loop circuit means further includes an automatic fine tuning feature for fine tuning the phase locked loop output frequency to the exact frequency of the received signal. The system further includes a manual fine tuning provision which allows the phase locked loop operating frequency to be intentionally offset in predetermined increments.