Obsolete Technology Tellye !

True Televisions have the CRT Tube !! Welcome to the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum. Here you will see a TV Museum showing many Old Tube Television sets all with the CRT Tube, B/W ,color, Digital, and 100HZ Scan rate, Tubes technology. This is the opportunity on the WEB to see, one more time, what real technology WAS ! In the mean time watch some crappy lcd picture around shop centers (but don't buy them, or money lost, they're already broken when new) !!!


Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

In Brief: On this site you will find pictures and information about some of the electronic, electrical and electrotechnical Obsolete technology relics that the Frank Sharp Private museum has accumulated over the years .
Premise: There are lots of vintage electrical and electronic items that have not survived well or even completely disappeared and forgotten.

Or are not being collected nowadays in proportion to their significance or prevalence in their heyday, this is bad and the main part of the death land. The heavy, ugly sarcophagus; models with few endearing qualities, devices that have some over-riding disadvantage to ownership such as heavy weight,toxicity or inflated value when dismantled, tend to be under-represented by all but the most comprehensive collections and museums. They get relegated to the bottom of the wants list, derided as 'more trouble than they are worth', or just forgotten entirely. As a result, I started to notice gaps in the current representation of the history of electronic and electrical technology to the interested member of the public.

Following this idea around a bit, convinced me that a collection of the peculiar alone could not hope to survive on its own merits, but a museum that gave equal display space to the popular and the unpopular, would bring things to the attention of the average person that he has previously passed by or been shielded from. It's a matter of culture. From this, the Obsolete Technology Tellye Web Museum concept developed and all my other things too. It's an open platform for all electrical Electronic TV technology to have its few, but NOT last, moments of fame in a working, hand-on environment. We'll never own Colossus or Faraday's first transformer, but I can show things that you can't see at the Science Museum, and let you play with things that the Smithsonian can't allow people to touch, because my remit is different.

There was a society once that was the polar opposite of our disposable, junk society. A whole nation was built on the idea of placing quality before quantity in all things. The goal was not “more and newer,” but “better and higher" .This attitude was reflected not only in the manufacturing of material goods, but also in the realms of art and architecture, as well as in the social fabric of everyday life. The goal was for each new cohort of children to stand on a higher level than the preceding cohort: they were to be healthier, stronger, more intelligent, and more vibrant in every way.

The society that prioritized human, social and material quality is a Winner. Truly, it is the high point of all Western civilization. Consequently, its defeat meant the defeat of civilization itself.

Today, the West is headed for the abyss. For the ultimate fate of our disposable society is for that society itself to be disposed of. And this will happen sooner, rather than later.

OLD, but ORIGINAL, Well made, Funny, Not remotely controlled............. and not Made in CHINA.

How to use the site:
- If you landed here via any Search Engine, you will get what you searched for and you can search more using the search this blog feature provided by Google. You can visit more posts scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year,
or you can click on the main photo-page to start from the main page. Doing so it starts from the most recent post to the older post simple clicking on the Older Post button on the bottom of each page after reading , post after post.

You can even visit all posts, time to time, when reaching the bottom end of each page and click on the Older Post button.

- If you arrived here at the main page via bookmark you can visit all the site scrolling the left blog archive of all posts of the month/year pointing were you want , or more simple You can even visit all blog posts, from newer to older, clicking at the end of each bottom page on the Older Post button.
So you can see all the blog/site content surfing all pages in it.

- The search this blog feature provided by Google is a real search engine. If you're pointing particular things it will search IT for you; or you can place a brand name in the search query at your choice and visit all results page by page. It's useful since the content of the site is very large.

Note that if you don't find what you searched for, try it after a period of time; the site is a never ending job !

Every CRT Television saved let revive knowledge, thoughts, moments of the past life which will never return again.........

Many contemporary "televisions" (more correctly named as displays) would not have this level of staying power, many would ware out or require major services within just five years or less and of course, there is that perennial bug bear of planned obsolescence where components are deliberately designed to fail and, or manufactured with limited edition specificities..... and without considering........picture......sound........quality........
..............The bitterness of poor quality is remembered long after the sweetness of todays funny gadgets low price has faded from memory........ . . . . . .....
Don't forget the past, the end of the world is upon us! Pretty soon it will all turn to dust!

Have big FUN ! !
-----------------------
©2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Frank Sharp - You do not have permission to copy photos and words from this blog, and any content may be never used it for auctions or commercial purposes, however feel free to post anything you see here with a courtesy link back, btw a link to the original post here , is mandatory.
All sets and apparates appearing here are property of Engineer Frank Sharp. NOTHING HERE IS FOR SALE !
All posts are presented here for informative, historical and educative purposes as applicable within Fair Use.


Wednesday, June 21, 2023

EMERSON VULCAN 24" YEAR 1973

 

The EMERSON  VULCAN 24"  is a 24 (61 cm) B/W television with 6 VHF/UHF  programs keyboard selected channels and tuning potentiometers drawbar side right located for every single program.

ALL commands are manual perfomed with knobs and rotatable knobs for Volume, Brightness, Contrast and On/OFF switch.

  • The set is first EMERSON B/W big screen entirely featured with semiconductors and units in modular fashion. 

 

 The mechanical turret approach to television tuning has been used almost exclusively for the past over  60 years. Even though replete with the inherent disadvantages of mechanical complexity, unreliability and cost, such apparatus has been technically capable of performing its intended function and as a result the consumer has had to bear the burdens associated with the device. However, with the " recent " Broadcast demands for parity of tuning for UHF and VHF channels, the increasing number of UHF and cable TV stations have imposed new tuning performance requirements which severely tax the capability of the mechanical turret tuner. Consequently, attempts are now being made to provide all electronic tuning to meet the new requirements.

The invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with each tuning spindle.

In these tuning units, the working voltages of the capacity diodes in the tuning circuits are recorded once a precise tuning to the desired frequency has been performed. A potentiometer tuning system has great advantages over the formerly used channel selectors operating with mechanically adjustable capacitors (tuning condensers) or mechanically adjustable inductances (variometers), mainly because it is not required to have such great precision in its tuning mechanism.

Tuning units with bandswitches formed of variable resistances and combined with interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of recorded working voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel selection is accomplished by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or fine tuning are performed by turning the knobs. The resistances serving as voltage dividers in these tuning units are combined into a component unit such that they are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common insulating plate forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning spindles and wiper contacts corresponding to the variable resistances are housed. The number of resistances corresponds to the number of channels or frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact picks up a voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines their capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding oscillating circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by turning the tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression of a button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a tuning spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied to the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it is possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be.

 Moreover, using this arrangement, the only indication--during adjustment--of which channel is selected is by station identification.

  • The set is build with a Modular chassis design because as modern television receivers become more complex the problem of repairing the receiver becomes more difficult. As the number of components used in the television receiver increases the susceptibility to breakdown increases and it becomes more difficult to replace defective components as they are more closely spaced. The problem has become even more complicated with the increasing number of color television receivers in use. A color television receiver has a larger number of circuits of a higher degree of complexity than the black and white receiver and further a more highly trained serviceman is required to properly service the color television receiver.

Fortunately for the service problem to date, most failures occur in the vacuum tubes used in the television receivers. A faulty or inoperative vacuum tube is relatively easy to find and replace. However, where the television receiver malfunction is caused by the failure of other components, such as resistors, capacitors or inductors, it is harder to isolate the defective component and a higher degree of skill on the part of the serviceman is required.
Even with the great majority of the color television receiver malfunctions being of the "easy to find and repair" type proper servicing of color sets has been difficult to obtain due to the shortage of trained serviceman.
At the present time advances in the state of the semiconductor art have led to the increasing use of transistors in color television receivers. The receiver described in this application has only two tubes, the picture tube and the high voltage rectifier tube, all the other active components in the receiver being semiconductors.
One important characteristic of a semiconductor device is its extreme reliability in comparison with the vacuum tube. The number of transistor and integrated circuit failures in the television receiver will be very low in comparison with the failures of other components, the reverse of what is true in present day color television receivers. Thus most failures in future television receivers will be of the hard to service type and will require more highly qualified servicemen.
The primary symptoms of a television receiver malfunction are shown on the picture tube of the television receiver while the components causing the malfunction are located within the cabinet. Also many adjustments to the receiver require the serviceman to observe the screen. Thus the serviceman must use unsatisfactory mirror arrangements to remove the electronic chassis from the cabinet, usually a very difficult task. Further many components are "buried" in a maze of circuitry and other components so that they are difficult to remove and replace without damage to other components in the receiver.
Repairing a modern color television receiver often requires that the receiver be removed from the home and carried to a repair shop where it may remain for many weeks. This is an expensive undertaking since most receivers are bulky and heavy enough to require at least two persons to carry them. Further, two trips must be made to the home, one to pick up the receiver and one to deliver it. For these reasons, the cost of maintaining the color television receiver in operating condition often exceeds the initial cost of the receiver and is an important factor in determining whether a receiver will be purchased.
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color television receiver in which the main electronic chassis is easily accessible for maintenance and adjustment. Another object of this invention is to provide a transistorized color television receiver in which the electronic circuits are divided into a plurality of modules with the modules easily removable for service and maintenance. The main electronic chassis is slidably mounted within the cabinet so that it may be withdrawn, in the same manner as a drawer, to expose the electronic circuitry therein for maintenance and adjustment from the rear closure panel after easy removal. Another aspect is the capability to be serviced at eventually the home of the owner.

  • This TV chassis was even fitted in other models and was produced for a few as the interests concentrated in Color Tvs.
  • The set is fabricated in Firenze (Italy) by Giovanni BORGHI EMERSON Firm which activity  was after acquired by Guido BORGHI son of  Giovanni BORGHI.In 1973, his father entrusted him with the management of Emerson, the television manufacturer, of which he became president. The company, in which the Japanese Sanyo had entered after , subsequently due to conflicts between Guido Borghi and the Japanese partners went into crisis and was placed in liquidation in 1980.

 


 Emerson History:

  • Emerson Electronics S.p.A., better known as Emerson, was an Italian manufacturer of consumer electronics based in Florence.


The origins of the company date back to 1929, when on the initiative of Mr. Aldobrando Saccardi the sole proprietorship Saccardi Radio was founded in Florence, with headquarters in via Porta Rossa 39/r, which began its activities as the exclusive Radiotelefunken agent, as a concessionaire and repairer of other brands (Phonola, Magnadyne, Geloso, etc.) and with the handcrafted construction of small tube radios.

In March 1950, another shareholder, Dr. Cesare Campagnano, joined Saccardi's company and, transformed into SICART, began a collaboration with the American Emerson Radio & Phonograph Corp. SICART, with headquarters in viale Fratelli Rosselli 61, Emerson licensee and its exclusive distributor for Italy, marketed radios and televisions (assembled with frames imported from the United States) with the homonymous brand produced by the Gold Plated company Fabbriche Riunite of Casalmaggiore, in the province of Cremona. From the 1960s until its closure, SICART would later house Europhon's assistance and sales.

In 1956, the company was transformed into a joint-stock company and assumed the company name Emerson Electronics S.p.A.. The independent industrial activities were subsequently started by the American parent company, with the production of radios, televisions, record players and various electronic components, which initially amounted to 60 -70 prices per day, and the headquarters changed several times until it was located in via Bardazzi, in the Novoli area. The company had flourishing moments around 1961-63, and in 1968, it bought the use of the Emerson brand from the American house and leased the other DuMont brand.

In 1969, Campagnano, holder of 49% of the shares of Emerson, sold the same to the Milanese entrepreneur Giovanni Borghi. Borghi, the following year, in 1970, also took over the shares held by Saccardi, with whom disagreements had arisen regarding the construction of a second production plant. Emerson, under Borghi's ownership, grew both in economic-financial and productive terms, and in terms of employees, thus becoming one of the main Italian companies in the electronics sector: in 1972, together with Geloso of Milan and IREL of Genoa, it formed a consortium called Fabbriche Italiane Riunite Elettroniche e Meccaniche (FIREM), based in the Ligurian capital, and chaired by Borghi. The following year, in 1973, he left the position of president of Emerson to entrust it to his son Guido.

The growth in the turnover of the Tuscan company was remarkable, which went from about 8 billion lire in 1973 to almost 50 billion in 1978, in contrast with the other national companies in the sector, which starting from the second half of the seventies difficulties due to declines in turnover and contraction of market shares. The contraction of market shares was mainly due to the introduction of color television in Italy which took place late compared to other European countries, which prevented the ability to build the prearranged devices: in In this context, Emerson distinguished itself by starting the production of color televisions as early as 1974.

In 1977, the new factory built in Siena, in the Isola d'Arbia area, was inaugurated, a modern plant for the production of color televisions, which employed about 550 people, in addition to the 130 employed in the Florentine factory.


In 1978, a financial crisis loomed which ended with the entry of a new shareholder, the Japanese multinational Sanyo, which acquired 34% of the capital.
  Through this operation, Emerson acquired new technologies and started integrated productions with Sanyo frames and its own aesthetics, while for Sanyo the aim was to facilitate the entry of its products into the European market.

The entry of the new foreign shareholder led to Emerson's marketing of computers and high-fidelity stereophonic systems under its own brand, produced by Sanyo and destined for the Italian and European markets.

The cooperation between Emerson and Sanyo was short-lived, as many misunderstandings arose between the two partners and this situation plunged the company into a serious crisis: in 1980, the Tuscan company accumulated losses of 5 billion lire, reached liquidation at the end of the same year with an attempt at an arrangement with creditors to reduce debts and avoid bankruptcy, and then it was placed in receivership.

While the liquidation and the arrangement with creditors continued, Nuova Emerson S.p.A. was set up. which attempted a relaunch, proposing an association with Indesit and Voxson, and subsequently attempting to enter REL, the national plan for the restructuring of companies in the electronic sector established in 1982 by the Ministry of Industry, from which it was excluded.

In 1985 there was interest from another Japanese electronics giant, Pioneer, to buy the Tuscan company's brand and factories, which however did not lead to anything concrete.

The Siena plant and the Emerson brand were taken over in 1988 by Ultravox Siena, a subsidiary of the Milanese Ultravox and REL.
This company was active until 1999, when it had to close due to bankruptcy, and subsequently the plant passed to a newco controlled by the German Galaxis Holding GmbH which continued the activity, Galaxis Produzione S.p.A., which in turn went bankrupt in 2001


Emerson Electronics S.p.A., a company with registered office in Florence, and two production plants in Florence and Siena, manufactured Emerson brand televisions and marketed other types of products under the same name, such as video recorders, hi-fi systems and calculators.
In 1979, the company had 836 employees in the two plants, and achieved a turnover of 57.5 billion lire and an operating loss of 58 million.
In the television market, Emerson was fourth in Italy after Philips, Grundig and Telefunken, and the sale of such products constituted 90% of its turnover.
 20% of television sales were made abroad, most of them in West Germany.
Sponsorships
Emerson was a sponsor of Pallacanestro Varese in the 1978-79 and 1979-80 seasons.


  The Milan industrialist Giovanni Borghi founded the IGNIS brand of household appliances.  His factories would turn out one appliance every eight seconds, and make billions selling them to Italy's exploding middle class.   Borghi was famous for his early support of cycling, and his yellow IGNIS jerseyed squadra won more than a few great races in the late fifties and early sixties.

Borghi was aggressive, flamboyant and flashy.  And he took care of his stars - famously buying Spanish sprinter Miguel Poblet a Lancia convertible after his Milan San Remo win.   On top of his 25 million lire per year salary.  

Giovanni Borghi, was an Italian industrialist pioneer in the field of domestic appliances, returned from a trip in the USA with a real
illumination: refrigerators insulated with Polyurethane foam were much more
efficient and capacious than those hand-filled with mineral wood.
His refrigerators Group, Ignis, developed internally this technology and the
related equipment, a suitable alternative to the imported foam dispensers, which
were difficult to get, fix and maintain, stimulating an industrial supply of
similar machines.  

 And in 1959 Borghi signed the man most of Italy thought would be the man to replace Fausto Coppi:  1956 Olympic, 1958 Giro d'Italia and World Champion  Ercole Baldini.  He lured Baldini away from Legnano with a contract so fat many said it only served to asurre that il treno di Forli.. would...well...get a little too fat himself!  He was never quite as hungry once he went to IGNIS.

Borghi kept control of IGNIS in the family.  In the paternalistic Italian industrial model - like Ferrari, Maserati or Campagnolo.   He later turned the reins over to his son, who in turn finally sold the company to Dutch conglomerate, Philips.

 
When Philips decided to get into the major household appliances
market, its procedure was to buy increasing quantities of these goods from the Italian firm, Ignis, then at the height of its prosperity.
Once it became the principal client of the manufacturer, it took over supplying the latter by purchasing 50 percent of its capital. It took over the firm completely in 1972, to the satisfaction of the founder of Ignis, Giovanni Borghi.

In 1988, IRE-Ignis became a joint venture between Philips and Whirlpool, which entered the capital with 53% of the shares, becoming the majority shareholder.

The American company in 1991, acquired the whole of the Ignis, which became Italy s.r.l, Whirlpool and Whirlpool Europe later, and since then is a part of the group, which produced household appliances in the Italian plants, still active
BORGHI DIED IN 1975.
 
Borghi is still remembered in Italia.   RAI even aired TV miniseries about his life this past year, "Mister Ignis". 



(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)



Further NOTES and readings.


^ ANTICHE DITTE RADIO A FIRENZE, su iw5csj.jimdofree.com. URL consultato il 16 aprile 2021.
^ Ditta Saccardi Firenze, su carlobramantiradio.it. URL consultato il 16 aprile 2021.
^ Inserzione pubblicitaria pubblicata da Emerson Electronics S.p.A. sulla rivista Epoca n. 988 del 31 agosto 1969
^ Annuario industriale della Provincia di Milano, Unione Industriale Fascista della Provincia di Milano, 1933, p. 217.
^ E. Parente, SICART "La Voce del Mondo" mod. 232 radiofonografo, in Antique Radio Magazine, n. 139, Club Antique Radio Magazine, settembre-ottobre 2017, pp. 10-15.
^ Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia, Foglio delle inserzioni n. 20 del 25 gennaio 1936, p. 106
^ Da non confondere con la SICART (Società Italiana Commercio Apparecchi Radio e di Televisione) di Milano, fondata nel 1931, che commercializzava radioricevitori e radiofonografi con il marchio La Voce del Padrone, fino alla sua messa in liquidazione avvenuta nel 1936.[5][6][7]


Archivio Emerson.
^ XVIII Mostra nazionale della radio e televisione. Elenco degli espositori in L'Antenna n.9 del settembre 1951, p. V
^ Inserzione pubblicitaria della Emerson Radio and Television pubblicata sulla rivista L'Antenna n. 12 del dicembre 1949, p. 536
^ Inserzione pubblicitaria della SICART pubblicata sulla copertina della rivista Radio Industria Televisione n. 177 del settembre 1951
^ B. Cappello, La fabbrica dell’oro matto, in Preziosa Magazine, 29 aprile 2015. URL consultato il 17 aprile 2021.
^ Sentenze e note, in Rivista di diritto industriale, n. 5, Giuffrè, settembre-ottobre 1956, p. 189.
^ Kompass, vol. 2, Etas, 1971, p. 1473.
^ G. Migliorino, Nasce la superazienda elettronica, in Corriere della Sera, 17 ottobre 1972, p. 7.
^ Entra in scena Borghi junior, in Corriere della Sera, 15 dicembre 1973, p. 6.


Emerson in quinta marcia, in Selezione di tecnica. Radio TV HiFi Elettronica, n. 3, JCS, marzo 1979, p. 266.
^ L'Emerson (Borghi) insieme ai giapponesi, in Corriere della Sera, 20 gennaio 1978, p. 27.

    1. La Sanyo (giapponese) acquista il 30 per cento della Emerson, in La Stampa, 20 gennaio 1978, p. 16.
    2. ^ G. Mazzuca, Forse Sanyo divorzierà da Emerson dopo solo due anni di «matrimonio», in Corriere della Sera, 16 ottobre 1980, p. 12.
    3. ^ G. Mazzuca, L'Emerson sarà messa in liquidazione, in Corriere della Sera, 22 ottobre 1980, p. 13.
    4. ^ M. Salvatorelli, Nasce in Italia un colosso elettronico, in La Stampa, 21 febbraio 1981, p. 10.
    5. ^ I GIAPPONESI DELLA PIONEER INTERVENGONO PER LA EMERSON, in La Repubblica, 28 luglio 1985, p. 30. URL consultato il 17 aprile 2021.
    6. ^ Nuovo stabilimento a Siena, in L'Unità, 15 gennaio 1988, p. 12.
    7. ^ F. Saulino, DUE MILIARDI A DIPENDENTE PER 'SALVARE' LA EMERSON, in La Repubblica, 6 febbraio 1988, p. 55. URL consultato il 15 aprile 2021.
    8. ^ 1898/1999 ULTRAVOX SIENA SPA, su portalecreditori.it. URL consultato il 14 aprile 2021.
    9. ^ CONTRATTAZIONE PROVINCIALE SETTORE METALMECCANICO (1991-1998), su archivio.movimentooperaio.com.
    10. ^ V. Ravizza, Borghi, l'amico dei giapponesi, in La Stampa, 29 maggio 1980, p. 15.

    • R. Delfiol (a cura di), Archivio Emerson (Inventario) (PDF), Firenze, Soprintendenza Archivistica e Bibliografica della Toscana, 2000, nota 1, pp. 3-4.

    External LINKS:

    • Emerson Electronics; Firenze, su radiomuseum.org. URL consultato il 16 aprile 2021.
    • Emerson, su aireradio.org. URL consultato il 16 aprile 2021.
    Posted By: FRANK at 6:00:00 PM 0 comments:
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    TAG: 110°_Tube, 1973, B/W, Emerson, Giovanni Borghi, Italy, modular, Old Vintage Television

    EMERSON VULCAN 24" CHASSIS 50140092 INTERNAL VIEW

     

    EMERSON MOD. VULCAN 24"  CHASSIS  50140092

      The CHASSIS TECHNOLOGY is based on ASIC'S which are:here after listed  and lots of discretes.

    UNITS:

    X5526 LINE OSCILLATOR  AND FRAME OSCILLATOR

    X5525 LINE OUT AND EHT OUT AND VIDEO SUPPLY
     
     X5489 I.F. DETECTOR AND AMPLIFIER
     
     X5527 +30VOLT SUPPLY / VIDEO FINAL STAGE AMPL  /  AUDIO OUT AMPLIFIER

    ICS:

     
    SN7600P VIF AMPLIFIER AND VIF CAG

    SN76003 SOUND AMPLIFIER 16 OHM OUT

    TBA311  VIDEO AMPLIFIER / SYNCH SEPARATOR FOR LINE AND FRAME DEFLECTIONS / AGC VOLTAGE REG. /FRAME CANCELLATION / NOISE REJECTION  

    SN76660P SOUND PREAMPLIFIER / LIMITER  AND DETECTOR 5,5MHZ

    TIP33A:Designed for general−purpose power amplifier and switching
    applications.

    Bipolar Transistors - BJT
    Transistor Polarity:     NPN    
    Collector- Emitter Voltage VCEO Max:     60 V    
    Collector- Base Voltage VCBO:     60 V    
    Emitter- Base Voltage VEBO:     5 V    
    Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage:     1 V    
    Maximum DC Collector Current:     10 A    
    Pd - Power Dissipation:     80 W    
    Gain Bandwidth Product fT:     3 MHz    
    Minimum Operating Temperature:     - 65 C    
    Maximum Operating Temperature:     + 150 C


    BU128 : 

    Material of Transistor: Si
    Polarity: NPN
    Maximum Collector Power Dissipation (Pc): 62 W
    Maximum Collector-Base Voltage Vcb: 300 V
    Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage Vce: 200 V
    Maximum Emitter-Base Voltage Veb: 5 V
    Maximum Collector Current Ic max: 10 A
    Max. Operating Junction Temperature (Tj): 150 °C
    Transition Frequency (ft): 80 MHz
    Forward Current Transfer Ratio (hFE), MIN: 40
    -
    Package: TO3




    Power supply is realized with mains transformer and Linear transistorized power supply stabilizer, A DC power supply apparatus includes a rectifier circuit which rectifies an input commercial AC voltage. The rectifier output voltage is smoothed in a smoothing capacitor. Voltage stabilization is provided in the stabilizing circuits by the use of Zener diode circuits to provide biasing to control the collector-emitter paths of respective transistors.A linear regulator circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention has an input node receiving an unregulated voltage and an output node providing a regulated voltage. The linear regulator circuit includes a voltage regulator, a bias circuit, and a current control device.

    In one embodiment, the current control device is implemented as an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) having a collector electrode forming the input node of the linear regulator circuit, an emitter electrode coupled to the input of the voltage regulator, and a base electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias circuit. A first capacitor may be coupled between the input and reference terminals of the voltage regulator and a second capacitor may be coupled between the output and reference terminals of the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator may be implemented as known to those skilled in the art, such as an LDO or non-LDO 3-terminal regulator or the like.
    The bias circuit may include a bias device and a current source. The bias device has a first terminal coupled to the output terminal of the voltage regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the current control device. The current source has an input coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device and an output coupled to the second terminal of the bias device. A capacitor may be coupled between the first and second terminals of the bias device.
    In the bias device and current source embodiment, the bias device may be implemented as a Zener diode, one or more diodes coupled in series, at least one light emitting diode, or any other bias device which develops sufficient voltage while receiving current from the current source. The current source may be implemented with a PNP BJT having its collector electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias device, at least one first resistor having a first end coupled to the emitter electrode of the PNP BJT and a second end, a Zener diode and a second resistor. The Zener diode has an anode coupled to the base electrode of the PNP BJT and a cathode coupled to the second end of the first resistor. The second resistor has a first end coupled to the anode of the Zener diode and a second end coupled to the reference terminal of the voltage regulator. A second Zener diode may be included having an anode coupled to the cathode of the first Zener diode and a cathode coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device.
    A circuit is disclosed for improving operation of a linear regulator, having an input terminal, an output terminal, and a reference terminal. The circuit includes an input node, a transistor, a bias circuit, and first and second capacitors. The transistor has a first current electrode coupled to the input node, a second current electrode for coupling to the input terminal of the linear regulator, and a control electrode. The bias circuit has a first terminal for coupling to the output terminal of the linear regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the transistor. The first capacitor is for coupling between the input and reference terminals of the linear regulator, and the second capacitor is for coupling between the output and reference terminals of the linear regulator. The bias circuit develops a voltage sufficient to drive the control terminal of the transistor and to operate the linear regulator. The bias circuit may be a battery, a bias device and a current source, a floating power supply, a charge pump, or any combination thereof. The transistor may be implemented as a BJT or FET or any other suitable current controlled device.



    Power Supply: The examples chosen are taken from manufacturers' circuit diagrams and are usually simplified to emphasise the fundamental nature of the circuit. For each example the particular transistor properties that are exploited to achieve the desired performance are made clear. As a rough and ready classification the circuits are arranged in order of frequency: this part is devoted to circuits used at zero frequency, field frequency and audio frequencies. Series Regulator Circuit Portable television receivers are designed to operate from batteries (usually 12V car batteries) and from the a.c. mains. The receiver usually has an 11V supply line, and circuitry is required to ensure that the supply line is at this voltage whether the power source is a battery or the mains. The supply line also needs to have good regulation, i.e. a low output resistance, to ensure that the voltage remains constant in spite of variations in the mean current taken by some of the stages in the receiver. Fig. 1 shows a typical circuit of the power -supply arrangements. The mains transformer and bridge rectifier are designed to deliver about 16V. The battery can be assumed to give just over 12V. Both feed the regulator circuit Trl, Tr2, Tr3, which gives an 11V output and can be regarded as a three -stage direct -coupled amplifier. The first stage Tr 1 is required to give an output current proportional to the difference between two voltages, one being a constant voltage derived from the voltage reference diode D I (which is biased via R3 from the stabilised supply). The second voltage is obtained from a preset potential divider connected across the output of the unit, and is therefore a sample of the output voltage. In effect therefore Tr 1 compares the output voltage of the unit with a fixed voltage and gives an output current proportional to the difference between them. Clearly a field-effect transistor could do this, but the low input resistance of a bipolar transistor is no disadvantage and it can give a current output many times that of a field-effect transistor and is generally preferred therefore. The output current of the first stage is amplified by the two subsequent stages and then becomes the output current of the unit. Clearly therefore Tr2 and Tr3 should be current amplifiers and they normally take the form of emitter followers or common emitter stages (which have the same current gain). By adjusting the preset control we can alter the fraction of the output voltage' applied to the first stage and can thus set the output voltage of the unit at any desired value within a certain range. By making assumptions about the current gain of the transistors we can calculate the degree of regulation obtainable. For example, suppose the gain of Tr2 and Tr3 in cascade is 1,000, and that the current output demanded from the unit changes by 0.1A (for example due to the disconnection of part of the load). The corresponding change in Tr l's collector current is 0.1mA and, if the standing collector current of Tr 1 is 1mA, then its mutual conductance is approximately 4OmA/V and the base voltage must change by 2.5mV to bring about the required change in collector current. If the preset potential divider feeds one half of the output voltage to Tr l's base, then the change in output voltage must be 5mV. Thus an 0.1A change in output current brings about only 5mV change in output voltage: this represents an output resistance of only 0.0552.

    - The EHT Output is realized with a selenium rectifier.

    The EHT selenium rectifier which is a Specially designed selenium rectifiers were once widely used as EHT rectifiers in television sets and photocopiers. A layer of selenium was applied to a sheet of soft iron foil, and thousands of tiny discs (typically 2mm diameter) were punched out of this and assembled as "stacks" inside ceramic tubes. Rectifiers capable of supplying tens of thousands of volts could be made this way. Their internal resistance was extremely high, but most EHT applications only required a few hundred microamps at most, so this was not normally an issue. With the development of inexpensive high voltage silicon rectifiers, this technology has fallen into disuse.

     


    How AFC Circuit Works in B/W Analog Television Receiver:

    Push-Button tuning on u.h.f. while being very convenient often leaves a margin of mistuning, especially after some wear and tear has occurred on the mechanism. Even dial tuning can lead to errors due to the difficulty many people experience in judging the correct point. Oscillator drift due to temperature changes can also cause mistuning. Automatic frequency control (a.f.c.) will correct all these faults. The vision carrier when the set is correctly tuned on u.h.f. is at 39.5MHz as it passes down the i.f. strip. Thus if at the end of the i.f. strip a discriminator tuned circuit is incorporated centred on 39.5MHz the discriminator output will be zero at 39.5MHz and will move positively' one side of 39.5MHz and negatively the other as the tuning drifts. This response is shown in Fig. 1.

    If the tuning is not correct then the discriminator output is not zero and if this output is applied to change the reverse bias on a tuning diode mounted in the oscillator section of the u.h.f. tuner it will correct most of the error. Tuning, varicap or varactor diodes-to give them a few of their names-are junction diodes normally operated with reverse bias but not sufficient to bias them into the breakdown region in which zener diodes operate. The greater the reverse bias the lower their capacitance: a typical curve, for the PHILIPS BB105 or STC BA141 tuning diode, is shown in Fig. 2. All diodes exhibit this basic type of characteristic but special diodes have to be used for u.h.f. because they must not introduce any excessive loss into the tuned circuits they control. In other words, just as a coil has to have a good Q so does a varicap diode. Normally, we don't worry about the Q of a capacitor as it is usually very good. However, a tuning diode is not a true capacitor. It has, for example, leakage current so the Q of the diode is a factor which has to be considered. The diode manufacturer however will have considered these points and if you buy a diode specified for u.h.f. use you will have no trouble. These points have been mentioned to clear up any misunderstandings and to show why any old diode won't do.

    Basic AFC System
    To return to our TV set, if the oscillator frequency is too high then the vision carrier frequency will also be too high and in the simple arrangement shown in Fig. 3 the discriminator will give a negative signal to decrease the bias on the tuning diode thus increasing its capacitance and in turn reducing the oscillator frequency and correcting the error. Note that in this diagram the reverse bias on the diode is applied to its cathode. It is therefore positive with respect to ground so that a negative signal from the discriminator will reduce the positive voltage on the diode thus reducing its bias and increasing its capacitance. In this arrangement the diode is biased somewhere near the mid point of its characteristic by the positive d.c. bias fed into one side of the discriminator. The discriminator thus adds to or subtracts from this d.c. bias.

    AFC Loop Gain:
    The amount by which the error is reduced depends on the gain of the circuit. An estimate of the gain required must first be made by guessing how much error is likely to be given by your push -buttons or hand tuning: 1MHz would be an outside figure as a tuning error of that magnitude would produce a very bad picture of low definition in one direction and badly broken up in the other. This error should be reduced to about 100kHz to be really unnoticeable, indicating a required gain of ten. In fitting a.f.c. to an existing set some measure- ments should be done as an experiment before finally deciding on the circuit gain. The first thing to do is  to add the suggested discriminator to the i.f. strip. As the circuit (Fig. 4) shows a Foster -Seeley type discriminator is used and with the coils specified and the driver circuit shown it should give ±4V for 0.5MHz input variation.

    EXAMPLE of Circuit Description:
    The driver stage Tr1 takes a small sample signal from the i.f. strip but this should be large enough to drive Tr1 into saturation. That is to say Tr1 is a limiter stage so that the signal amplitude applied to the discriminator coil L2 stays constant over the normal range of signal levels. Trl is biased at approximately 7mA which, according to the original report ("Simple a.f.c. system for 625 -line TV receivers" by P. Bissmire, PHILIPS Technical Communications, March, 1970), gives the best limiting performance. C1, R14 and R3 damp the stage to prevent oscillation. C2 decouples the power feed and should be close to the circuit. The coil former and can are the normal ones used for TV sets and so should be easily obtainable: the former diameter is 5mm. and length 40mm. and winding details are given in Fig. 5.

    The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the developed apparates both tubes or transistors or both and ics.




    TBA 311 TV SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUIT


    The TBA311 is a monolithic integrated circuit in a 16-lead clual in-line or quad in—Iine
    plastic package. It is intended for use as signal processing circuit for black and
    white and colour television sets.
    The circuit is designed for receivers equipped with tubes or transistors in the deflection
    and video output stages, and with PNP or NPN transistors in the tuner and NPN in
    the IF amplifier.
    Only signals with the negative modulation can be handled by the circuit. The circuit
    is protected against short circuit between video output and GND. The TBA 311 includes:




    0 VIDEO PREAMPLIFIER with EIMITTER FOLLOWER OUTPUT
    0 GATED AGC for VIDEO» IF AMPLIFIER and TUNER
    0 NOISE INVERTER CIRCUIT for GATING AGC and SYNC. PULSE SEPARATOR
    o HORIZONTAL SYNC. PIULSE SEPARATOR
    0 VERTICAL SYNC. PULSE SEPARATOR
    0 BLANKING FACILITY for the VIDEO AMPLIFIER.



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    The purpose is to provide information about vintage Television Receivers Publicy on the WEB that is generally difficult to locate; all this as a important milestone general worldwide reference for the future, globally in the public interest.
    obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com does not provide support or parts for any apparatus on this site nor do we represent any manufacturer listed on this site in any way.
    Catalogs, manuals and any other literature that is available on this site is made available for a historical record only.
    Please remember that safety standards have changed over the years and information in old manuals as well as the old Television receivers themselves may not meet modern standards.
    It is up to the individual user to use good judgment and to safely operate old machinery.
    The obsoletetellyemuseum.blogspot.com web site will assume NO responsibilities for damages or injuries resulting from information obtained from this site.
    No offer to sell or license — Nothing in this site/Blog may be interpreted
    or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the
    grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents
    or other industrial or intellectual property rights.
    Many topics are permanent, so may be updated to any material, for add or correct info.
    All sets and apparates appearing here are property of
    Engineer Frank Sharp. NOTHING HERE IS FOR SALE !

    Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

    Sure Fun Times, A working TV Discovered with a CRT Oscilloscope !

    Sure Fun Times, A working TV  Discovered with a CRT Oscilloscope !

    Safety Hazards:

    ------------------------------------------------------
    Safety Hazards in Radio and TV Repair,
    ------------------------------------------------------
    People who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.
    Anyone attempting to repair any electronic equipment who does not fully understand the shock hazards, as well as the fire hazards associated with working with electronic equipment, should not attempt such procedures! Improperly attempted repair can kill you and burn down your house.Devices that plug into the wall can produce a very lethal electric shock as well cause a fire from incorrect or careless repairs both during servicing or later on.Improper repair of battery operated devices can also result in bad consequences for you, the device, and any equipment attached to it.

    Why some people do repairs themselved then? If you can do the repairs yourself, the equation changes dramatically asyour parts costs will be 1/2 to 1/4 of what a professional will chargeand of course your time is free. The educational aspects may also beappealing. You also will learn a lot in the process.

    Consumer electronic equipment like TVs, computer monitors, microwave ovens, and electronic flash units, use voltages at power levels that are potentially lethal. Even more so for industrial equipment like lasers and anything else that is either connected to the power line, or uses or generates high voltage.

    Normally, these devices are safely enclosed to prevent accidental contact. However, when troubleshooting, testing, making adjustments, and during repair procedures, the cabinet will likely be open and/or safety interlocks may be defeated. Home-built or modified equipment, despite all warnings and recommendations to the contrary - could exist in this state for extended periods of time - or indefinitely.

    Depending on overall conditions and your general state of health, there is a wide variation of voltage, current, and total energy levels that can kill.

    Microwave ovens in particular are probably THE most dangerous household appliance to service. There is high voltage - up to 5,000 V or more - at high current - more than an amp may be available momentarily. This is an instantly lethal combination.

    TVs and monitors may have up to 35 kV on the CRT but the current isn't low - like a wrong legend saying a "couple of milliamps" but relatively high because of the boost circuit technology and transformer design. However, the CRT capacitance can hold a painful charge for a long time. In addition, portions of the circuitry of TVs and monitors as well as all other devices that plug into the wall socket are line connected. This is actually even more dangerous than the high voltage due to the greater current available - and a few hundred volts can make you just as dead as 35 kV!

    Electronic flash units and strobe lights, and pulsed lasers have large energy storage capacitors which alone can deliver a lethal charge - long after the power has been removed. This applies to some extent even to those little disposable pocket cameras with flash which look so innocent being powered from a single 1.5 V AA battery. Don't be fooled - they are designed without any bleeder so the flash can be ready for use without draining the battery!

    Even some portions of apparently harmless devices like VCRs and CD players - or vacuum cleaners and toasters - can be hazardous (though the live parts may be insulated or protected - but don't count on it!

    This information also applies when working on other high voltage or line connected devices like Tesla Coils, Jacobs Ladders, plasma spheres, gigawatt lasers, hot and cold fusion generators, cyclotrons and other particle accelerators, as well as other popular hobby type projects. :-)

    In addition, read the relevant sections of the document for your particular equipment for additional electrical safety considerations as well as non-electrical hazards like microwave radiation or laser light. Only the most common types of equipment are discussed in the safety guidelines, below.



    SAFETY guidelines:

    These guidelines are to protect you from potentially deadly electrical shock hazards as well as the equipment from accidental damage.

    Note that the danger to you is not only in your body providing a conducting path, particularly through your heart. Any involuntary muscle contractions caused by a shock, while perhaps harmless in themselves, may cause collateral damage. There are likely to be many sharp edges and points inside from various things like stamped sheet metal shields and and the cut ends of component leads on the solder side of printed wiring boards in this type of equipment. In addition, the reflex may result in contact with other electrically live parts and further unfortunate consequences.

    The purpose of this set of guidelines is not to frighten you but rather to make you aware of the appropriate precautions. Repair of TVs, monitors, microwave ovens, and other consumer and industrial equipment can be both rewarding and economical. Just be sure that it is also safe!

    • Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency another person's presence may be essential.
    • Always keep one hand in your pocket when anywhere around a powered line-connected or high voltage system.
    • Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers. An insulated floor is better than metal or bare concrete but this may be outside of your control. A rubber mat should be an acceptable substitute but a carpet, not matter how thick, may not be a particularly good insulator.
    • Wear eye protection - large plastic lensed eyeglasses or safety goggles.
    • Don't wear any jewelry or other articles that could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct current, or get caught in moving parts.
    • Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.
    • Have a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires readily accessible in a location that won't get blocked should something burst into flames.
    • Use a dust mask when cleaning inside electronic equipment and appliances, particularly TVs, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and other dust collectors.
    • Know your equipment: TVs and monitors may use parts of the metal chassis as ground return yet the chassis may be electrically live with respect to the earth ground of the AC line. Microwave ovens use the chassis as ground return for the high voltage. In addition, do not assume that the chassis is a suitable ground for your test equipment!
    • If circuit boards need to be removed from their mountings, put insulating material between the boards and anything they may short to. Hold them in place with string or electrical tape. Prop them up with insulation sticks - plastic or wood.
    • If you need to probe, solder, or otherwise touch circuits with power off, discharge (across) large power supply filter capacitors with a 2 W or greater resistor of 100 to 500 ohms/V approximate value (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use a 20K to 100K ohm resistor). Monitor while discharging and/or verify that there is no residual charge with a suitable voltmeter. In a TV or monitor, if you are removing the high voltage connection to the CRT (to replace the flyback transformer for example) first discharge the CRT contact (under the insulating cup at the end of the fat red wire). Use a 1M to 10M ohm 1W or greater wattage resistor on the end of an insulating stick or the probe of a high voltage meter. Discharge to the metal frame which is connected to the outside of the CRT.
    • For TVs and monitors in particular, there is the additional danger of CRT implosion - take care not to bang the CRT envelope with your tools. An implosion will scatter shards of glass at high velocity in every direction. There is several tons of force attempting to crush the typical CRT. Always wear eye protection. While the actual chance of a violent implosion is relatively small, why take chances? (However, breaking the relatively fragile neck off the CRT WILL be embarrassing at the very least.)
    • Connect/disconnect any test leads with the equipment unpowered and unplugged. Use clip leads or solder temporary wires to reach cramped locations or difficult to access locations.
    • If you must probe live, put electrical tape over all but the last 1/16" of the test probes to avoid the possibility of an accidental short which could cause damage to various components. Clip the reference end of the meter or scope to the appropriate ground return so that you need to only probe with one hand.
    • Perform as many tests as possible with power off and the equipment unplugged. For example, the semiconductors in the power supply section of a TV or monitor can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.
    • Provide a reliable means of warning that power is applied and that high voltage filter capacitor(s) still hold a charge during servicing. For example, solder a neon indicator lamp (e.g., an NE2 in series with a 100K ohm resistor) across the line input and a super high brightness LEDs in series with 100K, 1 W resistors across the main filter capacitor(s).
    • Use an isolation transformer if there is any chance of contacting line connected circuits. A Variac(tm) (variable autotransformer) is not an isolation transformer! However, the combination of a Variac and isolation transformer maintains the safety benefits and is a very versatile device. See the document "Repair Briefs, An Introduction", available at this site, for more details.
    • The use of a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) protected outlet is a good idea but may not protect you from shock from many points in a line connected TV or monitor, or the high voltage side of a microwave oven, for example. (Note however, that, a GFCI may nuisance trip at power-on or at other random times due to leakage paths (like your scope probe ground) or the highly capacitive or inductive input characteristics of line powered equipment.) A GFCI is also a relatively complex active device which may not be designed for repeated tripping - you are depending on some action to be taken (and bad things happen if it doesn't!) - unlike the passive nature of an isolation transformer. A fuse or circuit breaker is too slow and insensitive to provide any protection for you or in many cases, your equipment. However, these devices may save your scope probe ground wire should you accidentally connect it to a live chassis.
    • When handling static sensitive components, an anti-static wrist strap is recommended. However, it should be constructed of high resistance materials with a high resistance path between you and the chassis (greater than 100K ohms). Never use metallic conductors as you would then become an excellent path to ground for line current or risk amputating your hand at the wrist when you accidentally contacted that 1000 A welder supply!
    • Don't attempt repair work when you are tired. Not only will you be more careless, but your primary diagnostic tool - deductive reasoning - will not be operating at full capacity.
    • Finally, never assume anything without checking it out for yourself! Don't take shortcuts!
    Many people who mistakenly feel that ‘old technology’ is somehow more user-friendly, in some strange way automatically good - merely because it is old. Don’t be fooled! Approach old equipment with an open and alert mind and realise that a hot chassis, or a resistor line cord, or asbestos insulation, or selenium rectifiers require much more thought and consideration for safety.

    Live chassis are indiscriminate in whom they kill and even if you are a thoughtful, careful kind of person, that doesn’t mean the last person who handled the set was.

    Vintage radio and television receivers use 'live chassis' techniques, in which the chassis is connected directly to one side of the incoming mains supply. This means they can be lethal to carry out repair or servicing work on, unless the appropriate safety measures are in place.

    Another thing about live-chassis sets - live spindles. We’ve touched on this already but it’s worth making the point once more. The shafts of switches and potentiometers fixed to the chassis may well be at chassis potential and thus live. The bakelite or wood cabinet is insulated but these shafts are not, and if someone lost the proper grub screw and replaced a knob using a cheesehead screw, the next person to grip that knob may get a dose of 250 volts. Originally these grub screws were sealed and embedded in wax but you cannot rely on subsequent tinkerers having the same high standards.

    Even in more orthodox apparatus standards of insulation were not always as high as they are now. Soldered connections to HT and mains wiring should always have rubber or plastic sleeving but in times gone by this was often omitted (or it may since have perished). Beware too of kinked and frayed braiding on cloth-covered mains cords, particularly when the cord has a dropper conductor.

    If you are not satisfied that you fully understand the risks involved in this sort of work, do not proceed any further. Instead seek advice and assistance from a competent technician or engineer.

    Whenever you acquire a new treasure there's always a terrific temptation to try it out. With mains-driven equipment that means plugging it in and seeing if it works. Well don't, not until you have made some quick checks.

    Before contemplating connecting any unknown receiver to the mains supply, spend a little time inspecting it for signs of missing or loose parts, blown fuses, overheating or even fire damage. Use a meter to check obvious points to ensure no short circuit exists (e.g. across the mains input). If you then decide to apply power keep clear but be observant since an elderly electrolytic might explode! This can be avoided if you can apply power gradually through a variac. Auto-transformers are handy for supplying reduced power to sets being repaired but they are not a substitute for a proper isolation transformer!

    If you are working with electricity and your work area has a concrete floor, a rubber mat is essential, particularly during damp weather! Where possible try to arrange a neat working area away from water or central heating pipes. For safety try to arrange that this area is separate from the area occupied by your family. This is emphasised because inadvertently rushing to answer a telephone you might just leave a TV chassis connected to a supply and curious little fingers know nothing of the dangers of electricity - or, for that matter - the lethal vacuum encased within every picture tube!

    Many younger enthusiasts may not be aware of the dangers of mishandling tubes, in particular the old round types found in early TVs. When handling these tubes eye protection should be worn and tubes must not be left lying around, they must be stored in boxes. The glass is surprising fragile and can implode without any provocation or warning. Bits of glass flying around at high speed can be deadly. The notes following are inspired by Malcolm Burrell again.

    Picture tubes are perhaps one of the most hazardous items in any TV receiver. This is because most are of glass construction and contain a very high vacuum. If you measured the total area of glass in any picture tube then estimated the pressure of air upon it at 14.7lb. per square inch, you would discover that the total pressure upon the device could amount to several tons! Fracturing the glass suddenly would result in an extremely rapid implosion such that fragments of glass, metal and toxic chemicals would be scattered over a wide area, probably causing injury to anyone in close proximity. In modern workshops it is now a rule that protective goggles are worn when handling picture tubes.

    The weakest point in most picture tubes is where the thin glass neck containing the electron gun is joined to the bowl. It is therefore essential that you refrain from handling the tube by its neck alone. Once a tube is removed from the receiver hold it vertically with the neck uppermost and one hand beneath the screen with the other steadying the device by the neck.With larger devices it is sometimes easier to grip the peripheral of the screen with both hands.

    Until the advent of reinforced picture tubes, most were mounted in the cabinet or on the TV chassis by some form of metal band clamped around the face.Never support the weight of the tube by this band since it has been known for the tube to slide out! Some of the larger tubes are extremely heavy. It may, therefore, be easier to enlist assistance.

    Before starting to remove a tube, first discharge the final anode connection to the chassis metalwork and preferably connect a shorting lead to this connection whilst you are working. It might be convenient to keep a spare piece of EHT cable with a crocodile clip at one end and a final anode connector at the other.

    Exercise care when removing picture tubes from elderly equipment. You may find that the deflection coils have become stuck to the neck. It is extremely dangerous to use a screwdriver prise them away. Gently heating with a hairdryer or soaking in methylated spirit is safer.

    Disposal of picture tubes also requires care. Unless rendered safe they should never be placed in dustbins or skips. Many engineers swipe the necks off tubes in cavalier fashion using a broom handle but this is not recommended. A safer method is to make a hole in the side of a stout carton, preferably one designed to hold a picture tube. The tube is placed in the carton and the neck broken using a broom handle. The carton should then be clearly labelled that it contains chemicals and broken glass!

    Therefore people who believe they can conquer nature are clueless that the laws of nature are a precondition of their existence. Their weapon is a miserable idea.When man attempts to rebel against the iron logic of Nature, he comes into struggle with the principles to which he himself owes his existence as a man. And this attack must lead to his own doom.

    Think for yourself.
    Otherwise you have to believe what other people tell you.

    For most people thinking is a matter of fortune.
    A society based on individualism is an oxymoron.
    Freedom is at first the freedom to starve.
    A wise fool speaks, because he has something to say.
    A fool speaks, because he has to say something.
    A wise fool is silent, because there is nothing to say.
    A fool is silent, because he has nothing to say.

    Resist or regret
    Work for what's good for our people
    Help stem the dark tide
    Stand tall or be beat down
    Fight back or die
    The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

    We now live in a nation where doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the press destroys information, religion destroys morals and our banks destroy the economy.
    The globalist argument is that if only we erase distinctions, obliterate identities, put everyone on a level playing field, etc.. we can eliminate war and everyone can be so prosperous and efficient, such great cogs in a well-oiled global machine.
    There will be no more historical grievances because people will no longer even care, they'll have no connection to the past, no foolish pride in past accomplishments of people totally unrelated to them.
    A globalized culture, no borders, everyone a citizen of the world.
    Know this: I will never acquiesce to this corrupt, inhuman, Borg-like vision. The dangerous lunatics who push us towards their globalized "utopia" are my enemy. How exactly all this will play out, whether through wars, or whether we can thwart the globalist agenda peacefully (this is my hope of course) I don't know. But I do know that unless people are willing to fight and die, globalism will win out in the end.
    The actual crimes committed by the EU against the European peoples are directly in violation of the 1948 UN genocide convention, Article II: (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
    * The man who does not exercise the first law of nature—that of self preservation — is not worthy of living and breathing the breath of life.

    PROFESSIONAL TRAINED TV TECHNICIAN.

    PROFESSIONAL TRAINED TV  TECHNICIAN.

    SAFETY guidelines in GERMAN:

    SAFETY guidelines:IN GERMAN

    Sicherheits-Hinweise:
    ---------------------

    Der Umgang mit alten Radios und alten Fernsehern birgt gewisse Gefahren. Nur Fachleute sollen Radios oder Fernseher öffnen und unter Stromspannung daran arbeiten. Ich bin aber nicht weltfremd, deshalb bin ich mir im Klaren, daß so mancher "Hobby-Elektroniker" auch an seine Geräte rangeht, um zu reparieren. Deshalb die weiter unten folgenden Hinweise. Machen Sie sich aber deutlich, daß elektrische Geräte Sie schädigen können. Lesen Sie diese Hinweise vor Reparatur-Aktivitäten. Sie bleiben aber trotzdem selber für Ihre Sicherheit verantwortlich. Reparieren Sie nur Geräte, wenn Sie die Vorgänge verstehen. Ersetzen Sie nur Bauteile, deren Funktion Sie verstehen. Sie sind unsicher geworden? Gut so, dann Hände weg vom geöffneten Gerät. Und bitte, lesen Sie das Schlusswort für Einsteiger und "alte Hasen" am Ende der Hinweise.

    Wenn Sie sich nicht mit dem Messen elektrischer Spannungen, Ströme und Widerständen auskennen, ist es sowieso sinnlos, einen Reparaturversuch vorzunehmen, vielleicht unter Ausnahme eines Röhrentausches.

    Seien Sie bei alten Radios auch vorsichtig im Umgang mit den Geräten, selbst wenn sie ungeöffnet sind. Betreiben Sie die Oldtimer nicht ohne Aufsicht. Die alten heisswerdenden Bauteile können anfangen zu brennen, mangelnde Isolierung kann Stromschläge auslösen.

    Nun zu den Hinweisen:
    ---------------------------------
    Entfernen Sie, wenn möglich vor Restaurierungs-und Reparatur-Arbeiten immer die Verbindung zum Strom-Netz. Bedenken Sie:

    Die Netz-Kondensatoren können noch lange nach dem Ausschalten hohe Spannung speichern. Bei Fernsehern kann die Bildröhre noch Stunden oder Tage Hochspannung geladen halten.

    Entladen Sie die Netzteil-Kondensatoren mit einem 30 K OHM Widerstand, bevor Sie am Gerät arbeiten (ca. 45 Sekunden).

    Bringen Sie UNBEDINGT einen Fehlerstrom-Schutz-Schalter (FI-Schalter) in die Stromzuführung Ihres Arbeitsplatzes. Benutzen Sie AUSSERDEM am besten einen Trenntransformator. (Fernseh- und Radio-Fachwerkstätten arbeiten ausschließlich mit sogenannten Trenntransformatoren für die Netzstromversorgung des zu reparierenden Gerätes. Dadurch wird die "galvanische" Verbindung zum eigentlichen Netz unterbunden.)

    Wenn Sie ein Gerät unter Strom reparieren (z.B. bei Messungen): Kommen Sie nicht mit den Händen oder dem Kopf an spannungsführende Teile. Stromschlag droht! Wenn Sie Messungen unter Strom machen müssen:

    In Radios können Spannungen bis zu ca 300 Volt auftreten. Schon Spannungen über 60 Volt können bei Stromfluß durch den Körper lebensgefährlich sein. Bei Fernsehern liegen am Hochspannungsteil und an der Bildröhre bis zu 30000 Volt Spannung an. In der Zeilenendstufe und am Zeilentrafo sind ebenfalls hohe Spannungen von einigen Tausend Volt vorhanden.

    Nur eine Hand mit der Messgeräte-Prüfspitze ist am oder im Gerät. Ihre andere Hand befindet sich in Ihrer Hosen-Tasche, Ihr Kopf berührt kein Metall-Teil des Radios. So können Sie nicht mit großen Körperstrecken in den Stromkreis gelangen! Übertriebene Vorsicht ? Nein: Kleveres handeln! Ihr Arbeitsplatz sollte in Griffnähe keine Masse-Teile (wie Zentralheizung, Wasserleitungen oder Fernseh- oder Kabel-Fernseh-Antennen) haben. Der Fussboden muss hochisolierend sein. Niemals barfuß.
    Allstrom-Radios. Oft erkennbar an Namens-Zusätzen, wie z.B. "VE301GW" für Gleich/Wechselstrom. Diese Radio können sehr gefährlich für Sie werden. Noch bis ca. 1963 sind sogenannte Allstrom-Geräte gebaut worden und auch noch heute bei Sammlern in Gebrauch. Diese Radios hatten keinen Netztransformator. Es besteht bei diesen Geräten "galvanische" Verbindung vom 230 V Wechselstrom-Netz zum Chassis (Masse) des Radios. Wenn der Netzstecker "falsch" herum in die Steckdose gesteckt wird, liegt am Chassis 230 V gegenüber dem Schutz-Kontakt der Steckdose!!! Stromschlag droht!!! Gefahr beim Berühren der Antenne oder Erde oder sogar wenn Sie am geschlossenen Gerät Metallteile berühren! Schließen Sie niemals eine Erde direkt an das Chassis eines Allströmers an. Immer nur über die Erdbuchse und dem dort vorhandenen Trennkondensator. In keinem Fall dürfen Sie dabei eine Hand am Erdstecker und die andere Hand am Chassis haben. Das gilt sinngemäß auch für Fernsehempfänger, die damals fast ausschließlich Allstromgeräte waren. Eine Isolationsmessung (mit einem Ohm-Meter) der Antennenkoppel- oder Erdekopppelkondensatoren sollte vor Inbetriebnahme obligatorisch sein. Allstromgeräte dürfen an heutigen Wechselstromnetzten betrieben werden.

    Gleichstrom-Radios. Schliessen Sie niemals reine Gleichstrom-Radios an das heutige Wechselstromnetz an. Es gibt derzeit keine Gleichstrom-Netze mehr.
    Wie erkenne ich ein Gleichstromradio? Oft ist ein NUR ein G Bestandteil des Modelnamens. Z.B. VE301G. Auf der Rückwand ist bei der Strom-Beschreibung ein "-" oder ein "=" und / oder das Wort "Gleichstrom" oder "Gleichspannung" zu finden.

    Fernseher. Die Bildröhre eines Fernsehers birgt neben den elektrischen Gefahren auch mechanische Gefahren. In der Bildröhre ist ein Fast-Vakuum. Insbesondere der Bildröhrenhals ist gegen Stoß oder Druck hochempfindlich. Wird das Glas beschädigt, erfolgt mit hoher Wucht eine Implosion, die in ihrer Wirkung einer Explosion gleichzusetzen ist. Glassplitter können wie Geschoße durch den Raum fliegen.

    Hände weg von der Hochspannungsleitung vom Hochspannungsteil zur Bildröhre !!! Fehler in diesem Bereich sind nicht für Hobby-Reparateure !!! Hände auch weg vom Bildröhrenwechsel !!! Bildröhren können noch tagelang nach einer Benutzung am Hochspannungsanschluß höchste Spannungen aufweisen!

    Nochmals: Bei historischen Fernsehern mit einer Bildröhre (also keiner LCD oder Plasma-Anzeige) liegen am Hochspannungsteil und an der Bildröhre bis zu 30000 Volt Spannung an. In der Zeilenendstufe und am Zeilentrafo sind ebenfalls hohe Spannungen von einigen Tausend Volt vorhanden. Strömschläge in diesem Bereich können tödlich sein !!!

    Alte Radios und Fernseher können sehr heiss werden. Vermeiden Sie Hitzestau.
    Lassen Sie das Radio oder den Fernseher während der Reparatur oder des Probelaufes nicht aus den Augen! Abstand des Gerätes zu brennbaren Material!
    Wenn Sie nicht am Platz sind, alles ausschalten, offene Stromleitungen entfernen. Kinder oder Familienmitglieder könnten in Ihrer Abwesenheit an die Geräte oder den heissen Lötkolben kommen. Bei offenen Fernsehern den Raum in Ihrer Abwesenheit vor dem Betreten sichern.

    Sie haben trotz der Beachtung der Hinweise einen Schlag bekommen?
    Prüfen Sie dann sofort folgendes:

    1) Hatten Sie (auch kurzfristig) eine Bewusstseinstrübung? War Ihnen schwindlig? Trat Unwohlsein (Übelkeit) auf? Hatten (oder haben) Sie Herz-Rythmus-Störungen? Engegefühl in der Brust? Händezittern, Schweissausbruch?

    2) Sollten Sie eine dieser Fragen mit ja beantworten müssen, ist eine SOFORTIGE Vorstellung beim Arzt notwendig. Scheuen Sie sich dann nicht, einen Notarzt oder den Rettungsdienst kommen zu lassen!

    3) Sprechen Sie mit Familienangehörigen über diese Gefahren, damit diese u.U. im Fall eines Stromschlages die richtigen Schritte einleiten, wenn Sie das nicht können.
    Weitere Gefahren und Hinweise auf Handlungen, die Sie nie vollziehen sollten:
    Als Nichtfachmann ein Radio öffnen und sogar unter Strom betreiben, ohne vorher diese Sicherheitsbestimmungen gelesen zu haben.

    Ein Gerät, das Jahrzehnte nicht in Betrieb war, ungeprüft einzuschalten ! (Vorher Sichtprüfung, ob alle Teile vorhanden und fehlerfrei sind, einschließlich der Netzkabel. Ist die richtige Betriebsspannung eingestellt? Ist das Gerät vielleicht ein Gleichstrom-Radio? Dann keinesfalls am heutigen Wechselstom-Netzt betreiben ! Elektrolytkondensatoren auf Kapazität prüfen, am besten vorher formieren.)
    - Ein innen ungereinigtes Gerät in Betrieb nehmen. Siehe Gerätereinigung.
    - Ein Gerät unbeobachtet laufen lassen, insbesondere, wenn es zuvor jahrelang nicht in Gebrauch war.
    - Abgerissene Drähte IRGENDWO festmachen oder anlöten.

    Ein Radio mit Wasser und Reinigungsmitteln "reinigen". (Wasser in Mengen hat im Radio (auch aussen am Gehäuse) NICHTS zu suchen. Ein Radiochassis hat nichts in einer wassergefüllten Badewanne zu suchen. In Ausnahmefällen können feuchte Tücher genutzt werden, wenn die Restfeuchtigkeit sofort wieder entfernt wird.)
    - Skalenseile ölen oder fetten oder "schmieren".
    - Skalenscheiben auf der beschrifteten Seite mit irgendwelchen Flüssigkeiten oder Sprühreinigern behandeln.
    - Irgendwelche Metall- oder Plastikteile ölen oder fetten.
    - Das Chassis mit Sprühöl einspritzen.
    - Ein Radio während der Reparaur auf den Kopf drehen.
    - Kontakte mit Waffenöl zu "reinigen"!

    - - Einfach auf VERDACHT alle Bauteile oder Bauteilegruppen tauschen! Oftmals funktionieren dann die Geräte nicht mehr einwandfrei, weil: Der Ersatz nur nach Kapazitäts-, Widerstands- oder Induktivitäts-Werte reicht nicht aus. Bei Kapazitäten kommt es auf Spannungsfestigkeit und u.U. auf Temperatur-Wert an. Bei Widerständen auf Wattzahl und u.U. auf Bauform. Bei Induktivitäten (Spulen, Transformatoren, Drosseln) auf Bauform usw. an

    "Überflüssige" Bodenabdeckungen nach der Reparatur nicht mehr wieder montieren. (Viele dieser Abdeckungen haben die Aufgabe, Störstrahlung vom Gerät zu verringern und oder Brummeinstrahlungen in das Gerät zu reduzieren.)

    - Abschirmkappen von Röhren, ZF-Filtern, UKW-Teilen, usw. nach der Reparatur wegzulassen.
    - Ohne genaue Sachkenntnis die ZF-Filter-Kerne oder HF-Teilkerne verdrehen ("festziehen") .
    - Die Lautsprecherbespannung feucht reinigen. (Teppichreiniger nur im Ausnahemfall anwenden.)
    - Keine grösseren Mengen Waschbenzin, Spiritus, Feuerzeugbenzin usw. in geschlossenen Räumen verwenden.
    - Holzgehäuse mit Fenstersprühreinigern behandeln.
    - Abgeschirmte Leitungen bei einer Reparatur durch unabgeschirmte Leitungen ersetzen.
    - Schabende Haushaltsreinigungsschwämme am Gehäusen einsetzen.
    - Am Gerät ohne genaue Sachkenntnis herummessen. Details dazu.
    - Mit dem Schraubenzieher irgendwie im Gerät herumstochern.
    - Vermeintliche Schrauben im Radio fest anziehen.
    - In Verbindung mit einem Radio einen Hammer in die Hand nehmen.
    - Elektrische Kontakte mit irgendeinem Haushaltsreinigern "verbessern" oder mit Lebensmittelen fetten oder ölen.
    - Elektrische Kontakte mit Standardölen wie Waffenöl behandeln.
    - Röhren die nicht vom Typ identisch sind, untereinander tauschen.
    - Sicherungen überbrücken oder mit höheren Werten ersetzen.
    - Mit Hartlötern und Hartlot und Lötern mit offener Flämme an Lötverbindungen arbeiten.
    - Ersatzheizwiderstände beim teilweisen Ersatz mit dem alten Widerstand verlöten. (Diese Widerstände können so heiss werden, dass sie sich selbst auslöten ! Nur schrauben, schweissen oder hartlöten.)
    - Hitzeableitbleche oder sonstiges Hitzeableitmaterial bei der Reparatur weglassen.
    - Madenschrauben an Knöpfen mit Gewalt festziehen oder lösen.
    - Zur Aufspürung von Termofehlern ein Gerät absichtlich abdecken, damit es "richtig warm" wird. (Ein ablenkendes Telefongespräch und schon ist der Wohnungsbrand da.)
    - Abgerissene Drähte mit Klebstoff ankleben.
    - Geräte mit zerbröselter Netzschnur ans Stromnetz anschliessen.
    - Geräte ohne Netzstecker nur mit dem Kabel irgendwie in die Steckdose fummeln oder mit Bananensteckern einen Steckerersatz herstellen.
    - Die fehlende Netzschnur mit Klingeldraht ersetzen.
    - Batteriefächer mit Resten von ausgelaufener Batterieflüssigkeit ungereinigt weiterverwenden.
    - Radios mit ausgeprägten Staubschichten oder Staubfettschichten im Gerät ungereinigt in Betrieb nehmen.
    - Holzgehäuse mit Autoreinigern und / oder Autopolitur (besser mit Möbelpolitur) behandeln.
    * Urdoxwiderstände mit gebrochenen Gläsern mit den Händen berühren. GEFAHR !
    - Reinigungsarbeiten mit Aceton durchführen.
    - Ausgebaute Schrauben und Kleinteile während der Reparatur IRGENDWO weglegen. (Im Zweifel gehen sie verloren.)
    - Demontage von Baugruppen die mit verschiedenen Leitungen zu Chassis verbunden sind, ohne Leitungsskizze. (Später weiss man nicht mehr, was wo hin gehört.)
    - Heisse Röhren mit Wasser oder Reinigungssray anspritzen.

    Sowas macht doch Keiner? DOCH, SOWAS KOMMT IMMER WIEDER VOR !
    Der Katalog ist nicht abschliessend und wird von Fall zu Fall ergänzt. Er kann Sie aber schon jetzt vor dem schlimmsten Fehlern bewahren.

    Richtige Fernseher haben Röhren!

    Obsolete Technology Tellye!

    TELEVISION HISTORY IN BRIEF

    Television history

    At 1928 Baird transmits from London to New York, using his mechanical system.with 30 vertical lines. By 1930 it was clear that mechanical television systems could never produce the picture quality required for commercial success. For this reason mechanical system was rapidly succeeded by the electronic TV systems. The first all-electronic American systems in 1932 used only 120 scanning lines at 24 frames per second Since the mid-1930s picture repetition frequency (field rate or frame rate) has been the same as the mains frequency, either 50 or 60Hz according to the frequency used in each country. This is for two very good reasons. Studio lighting generally uses alternating current lamps and if these were not synchronised with the field frequency, an unwelcome strobe effect could appear on TV pictures. Secondly, in days gone by, the smoothing of power supply circuits in TV receivers was not as good as it is today and ripple superimposed on the DC could cause visual interference. If the picture was locked to the mains frequency, this interference would at least be static on the screen and thus less obtrusive.To determine what electronic system to use, the BBC sponsored trial broadcasts by two systems, one by Baird, with 240 lines, and one by EMI with 405 lines. Scheduled electronic television broadcasting began in England in 1936 using 405-line system (lasted until the 1980s in the UK). Germany made their forst TV broadcasts at 1936 olympics using 180-line TV system. Germany also made their TV broadcasts by the fall of 1937 using a 441-line system. Also fFrance tested TV (455 line system). RCA introduced electronic television to the U. S. at the 1939 World's Fair,and began regularly scheduled broadcasting at the same time (525 line system).In 1940 the USA established its 525-line standard. At year 1941 the 525-line standard, still in use today in USA, was adopted.Russia also produced TV sets before the war (240 and 343 line systems).World War Two interrupted the development of television. Immediately after World War Two production of TV sets started in the U.S-In USA there was TV broadcasts and few throusand receivers at 1945. In the early 1950s, two competing color TV systems emerged: CBS sequential color (used color wheel) and RCA dot sequential system. At 1953 color broadcasting officially arrives in the U.S. on Dec. 17, when FCC approves modified version of an RCA system.It calls this new RCA color system "NTSC" color. The first NTSC color TVs were on the marker at 1954.In Europe the TV broadcasts started to use experiment using 625 line system 1950s. This standard is used nowadays throughout Europe. France also tried 819 line system at the same time (this system was in use to 1980s). The rest of Europe opted for 625 lines, a system devised in 1946 by two German engineers, M??ller and Urtel (it appears that the Russians came up independently with a very similar system). The use of PAL color standard started at around 1967 and is still in use. The SECAM color system (used in France) testing started also at 1967. The TV broadcasting history has not ended. The newst thign is digital television. It is expected that terrestrial television will open up billion-dollar opportunities for those companies and organisations best prepared to embrace this new broadcasting era. At 1996 small digital satellite dishes hit the market. They become the biggest selling electronic item in history next to the VCR.


    Using TV 24H

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    TV has something for everyone. Idiots, intellectuals, fans of all sorts. Some people are couch potatoes, watch anything just to sit there and be mindless. That's their problem. Children have always needed to be monitored by their parents. If people gotta a mind for it they could figure out the real news even without the internet and there has always been a library.


    Is TV bad in and of itself? The researchers aren’t saying that. But we all know that watching television is a solitary, isolating occupation that keeps you sedentary. Sitting in front of the boob tube reduces the time you have available to exercise, interact with your family, read books, and be outdoors. This new research dovetails with other studies, which have linked excessive TV time to obesity and higher rates of cardiovascular disease.

    watching too much television can jeopardize your whole family’s health.

    This should be a wake-up call to all adults. Stay active. Go outside. Spend time with your spouse and your children with the television off. Read a book and do crossword puzzles to stimulate your imagination and your brain. Reduce your screen time as much as you can.

    The National Cancer Institute researchers suggest that watching TV is a public health issue. The price we are paying for our technology-driven lives may be much higher than we previously realized !

    DON'T WATCH TV AT ALL !!

    The Propaganda TV Machine a.k.a. The Ministry of Truth delivers The Truth from The Government to the people.



    At least, that's what they say. In fact, a Propaganda Machine is only employed by The Empire and used to brainwash people into Gullible Lemmings who believe that everything is all right when in fact, it isn't, and that the very people who could help them are their enemies.

    So if you necessarily want to watch TV, do it by it's rear lid removed..........much more interesting than ANY TV program !!! Stay SAFE !!! and don't help your enemies.
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Girl Looking TV.

    Girl Looking TV.

    Happy Times:


    Do you remember when a telly looked like a real telly?
    When it was a piece of furniture that you lavished love on, even polished from time to time ?
    When it was a piece of somewhat at looking in to ?
    When it was a piece of Highest tech looking inside ?
    First, this site is a Digital free, HD free, flat panel, HDMI, China, Turks, Afrika free zone.
    All in all a wealth of vintage information at your finger tips, a one stop unique experience.
    So step on in, leave the modern throw-away world behind, travel back in time to a vintage world of repair and enjoy.
    This site has stirred memories about the watching TV's days on a CRT TUBE television......Childhood memories, your parents getting their first colour tv, a b/w or color portable, perhaps memories of renting or buying your first set remote featured, perhaps your days working in the trade, selling or repairing them.......
    If you enjoyed this site, found its content left you all misty eyed then just talk about it as it would be very welcome............like the time to recover and restore a set ................and happy reminiscing.

    Digital TV in Brief.

    Digital TV:

    Digital television is a hot topic now.If you have looked at television sets at any of the big electronics retailers lately, you know that Digital TV, or DTV, is a BIG deal right now in the U.S. In Europe Digital TV is also a hot topic, because many countries have started terrestrial digital TV broadcasts and plan to end analogue broadcasts after some years (will take 5-10 years). Satellite TV broadcasts have also shifted very much to digital broadcasts.The main advantage if digital broadcasts are that it does not havethe picture quality problems of analogue TVs (it had it's own videoproblems caused by video compression), it allowes putting more TV channels to same medium (TV channel frequencies and satellites) and it allows new services (like HDTV and interactive multimedia). The digital brodcasts are generally designed to use such modulation that the digital data stream (typically around 20-30 Mbit/s) is modulated to the same bandwidth (around 6 MHz) as the analogue TV broadcasts. The used modulation vary between different media, which means thatdifferent modulation techniques are used in terrestrial transmissions, cable TV and satellite. Different modulations are used because of the different characteristics of those transmission medias. There is not on "digital TV", but several different variations of it in use.The basic technology of digital TV, known as MPEG 2 video compressionand MPEG 2 transmission stream format, is same around the world, butis is used somewhat differently in different standards used in differentcountries.

    USA uses ACTS Digital Televisio Standard, which standardizes NTSC format transmissions, HDTV transmission, sound formats and data signal modulation in use. The ATSC MPEG-2 formats for DTV, including HDTV, uses 4:2:0 samling for video signal. The US system uses a fixed power and a fixed maximum bitrate, at which some bits are always transmitted. That rate is typically 19.3 Mb/sec.

    Europe uses DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) standard. This standardallows basically normal PAL resolution transmisssion (vasically HDTVcould be added later but is not yet standardized) with several audio formats, digital data rates and digital signal modulation. There are several different variations fo DVB standard for different media:

    DVB-T for terrestrial broadcasts
    DVB-S for satellite
    DVB-C for cable TV

    Those different DVB versions varyon the data signal modulation methods, error correction and frequency bands used. DVB and option for some interactive extra services, but thestandardization of this is not ready here yet(there are fire different incompatible interactive servicessystems in use in different countries and by different broadcasters).

    The process of transmitting digital TV signal is the following: Analog video/audio - digitisation - MPEG compression - Multiplexing ( youcan now call it digital) - Preparation for transmisson - modulation toanalog carrier.Reception process is the following: Demodulation of analogue carrier - Error correction - Demultiplexing - MPEG decompression - DA conversion to get analogue signal (unless you use digital display). The analoguie video signal that gets digitized can be practically from any video source, for example produced with old analogue video production equipment and distributed with a video tape. In high-end system the information is analogue only in the image sensor on the video camera, and from this on the signal gets digitally processed. In many real-life TV production systems the reality is something between those two extremes.

    At least in Europe, the signal level requirements for DVB-T are well below the analog requirements, so the transmitter power is much less than on the analog side. In the NorDig recommendation the minimum received signal level for 64QAM, 7/8 code rate with a Rayleigh fading path and 8 dB receiver noise figure would be -64 dBm. With other code rates, modulations and fading mechanisms, the requirement is lower. Many receivers can perform much better at conditions where there is no fading (a quasi error free less than one uncorrected error/hour signal even at 27 dBuV (-82 dBm) with 64QAM and 8 MHz channel width). For analog signals, the recommended level is more than 1 mV (+60 dBuV, -49 dBm). While the ERP can be at least 10 dB lower than analog, the question of power consumption is more complicated, since COFDM with 64QAM carriers require a quite good linearity, which may affect the efficiency and hence power consumption.

    Digital TV system in use in USA

    The FCC mandate to change our broadcast standards from NTSC analog to ATSC digital broadcasting (DTV) is big bold move, requiring changes in everything from the way the studios shoot video, the format that's transmitted, to the equipment we use to receive and watch broadcastsDTV (digital TV) applies to digital broadcasts in general and to the U.S. ATSC standard in specific. The ATSC standard includes both standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) digital formats. The notation H/DTV is often used to specifically refer to high-definition digital TV. The federal mandate grants the public airwaves to the broadcasters to transmit digital TV in exchange for return of the current analog NTSC spectrum, allowing for a transition period in the interim. At the end of this period scheduled for 2006, broadcasters must be fully converted to the 8VSB broadcast standard. Digital Television ("DTV") is a new broadcast technology that will transform television. The technology of DTV will allows TV broadcasts with movie-quality picture and CD- quality sound and a variety of other enhancements (for example data delivery). With digital television, broadcasters will be able to offer free television of higher resolution and better picture quality than now exists under the current mode of TV transmission. If broadcasters so choose, they can offer what has been called "high definition television" or HDTV, television with theater-quality pictures and CD-quality sound. . Alternatively, a broadcaster can offer several different TV programs at the same time, with pictures and sound quality better than is generally available today. HDTV (high-definition TV) encompasses both analog and digital televisions that have a 16:9 aspect ratio and approximately 5 times the resolution of standard TV (double vertical, double horizontal, wider aspect). High definition is generally defined as any video signal that is at least twice the quality of the current 480i (interlaced) analog broadcast signal. There are 18 approved formats for digital TV broadcasts, but only two (720p/1080i) are proper definition of the term HDTV. The advent of high definition has allowed monitors to read images differently, either in standard interlaced format or progressively. Sets that do not have any decoding capabilities but can display the high-resolution image is often labeled as "HD-Ready" a term that describes 80% or more of the Digital TVs on the market. HDTV displays support digital connections such as HDMI (DVI) and IEEE 1394/FireWire, although standardization is not finished. HDTV in the US is part of the ATSC DTV format. The resolution and frame rates of DTV in the US generally correspond to the ATSC recommendations for SD (640x480 and 704x480 at 24p, 30p, 60p, 60i) and HD (1280x720 at 24p, 20p, and 60p; 1920x1080 at 24p, 30p and 60i). In addition, a broadcaster will be able to simultaneously transmit a variety of other information through a data bitstream to both enhance its TV programs and to provide entirely new services. The technical specifications of USA DTV system is defined in ACTS Digital Television Standards.

    Digital TV in Europe

    Digital TV brodacasting in Europe is done according to DVB standards. DVB technology has become an integral part of global broadcasting, setting the global standard for satellite, cable and terrestrial transmissions and equipment. There are three versions of DVB in use: DVB-S, DVB-C and DVB-T.DVB-T is a flexible system allowing terrestrial broadcastersto choose from a variety of options to suit their various service environments. This allows the choice between fixed roof-top antenna, portableand even mobile reception of DVB-T services. Broadly speaking the trade-off in one of service bit-rate versus signal robustness.

    DVB-T network is very flexible. Having many transmitters all on the same frequency is not a problem for the used COFDM based system. COFDM has been chosen and designed to minimise the effects of multipath in obstructed reception areas. In fact multipath signals can significantly improve the overall received signal with no adverse effects. These properties are particularly valuable for radio cameras and mobile links. DVB-T because of its unique design which allows single frequency networks (SFN). This means that many transmitters along the planned routes can transmit on the same frequency. It is also possible to use simple gap fillers that amplify and retransmit the signal. In-air digital TV broadcasts in Europe use DVB-T. 8 MHz of bandwidth may be used to provide a 24 Mbps digital transmission path using Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) modulation (theoretical maximum 31.67 Mbits for 8 MHz bandwidth). In cases where less bandwidth is available (6 or 7 MHz), the data rate is somewhat lower (around 20 Mbit/s).

    DVB-C does the same function as DVB-T, but the modulation used in this system is optimized to operate well in cable TV networks. The modulation used in DVB-C is QAM. Systems from 16-QAM up to 256-QAM can be used, but the system centres on 64-QAM, in which an 8MHz channel can accommodate a physical payload of about 38 Mbit/s. Digital cable TV in Europe uses DVB-C. The DVB standard for the cable return path has been developed jointly with DAVIC, the Digital Audio Visual Council. The specification uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation in a 200kHz, 1MHz or 2MHz channel to provide a return path for interactive services (from the user to the service provider) of up to about 3Mbit/s. The path to the user may be either in-band (embedded in the MPEG-2 Transport Stream in the DVB-C channel) or out-of-band (on a separate 1 or 2MHz frequency band).

    DVB-S is the satellite version of DVB. Satellite transmission has lead the way in delivering digital TV to viewers. Established in 1995, the satellite standard DVB-S is the oldest DVB standard, used on all six major continents. QPSK modulation system is used, with channel coding optimised to the error characteristics of the channel. A typical satellite channel has 36 MHz bandwidth, which may support transmission at up to 38 Mbps (assuming delivery to a 0.5m receiving antenna) using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation. 16 bytes of Reed Solomon (RS) coding are added to each 188 byte transport packet to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC) using a RS(204,188,8) code. For the satellite transmission, the resultant bit stream is then interleaved and convolutional coding is applied.

    The core of the DVB digital data stream isthe standard MPEG-2 "data container",which holds the broadcast and service information.This flexible "carry-all" can containanything that can be digitised, includingmultimedia data. The MPEG-2 standards define how to format the various component parts of a multimedia programme (which may consist of: MPEG-2 compressed video, compressed audio, control data and/or user data). It also defines how these components are combined into a single synchronous transmission bit stream. The process of combining the steams is known as multiplexing. The multiplexed stream may be transmitted over a variety of links, standards / products.Each MPEG-2 MPTS multiplex carries a number of streams which in combination deliver the required services. A typical data rate of such multiplex is around 24 Mbps for terrestrial brodcasts.

    European DVB systems currently transmit only standard definition TV signals and set top boxes also handle only normal TV resolution. It would be possible to transmit HDTV signals on DVB data stream, but those broadcasts have not yet started in any wide scale. There is one satellite broadcater that broadcasts HDTV DVB signals in Europe (some cable TV operators carry that signal on their cable).

    Many DVB-T integrated TV sets, and some set top boxes, in the Europe come with a Common Interface slot - which is pretty much the same form-factor as a PC Card (aka PCMCIA) used in PC laptops. This CI slot accepts a Conditional Access Module, in the same way that DVB-S receivers do, which implements at least one (some can do more than one) decryption algorithm. This CAM may also, itself, have a smart card slot to accept a consumer subscription card to authorise decryption - you plug your smartcard into your CAM and your CAM into the CI slot in your receiver/IDTV. Some DVB receivers have an integrated CAM (in the case of some receivers this is implemented purely in software, with no extra hardware required) rather than a CI slot to plug in a 3rd party device. With these type of receivers you just plug in the smart card and don't have to worry about CI slots and buying CAMs. So there is an interface standard for DVB - but different broadcasters can chose different encryption schemes, requiring different CAMs for decryption.

    Here is a list of several DVB standards and related specifications:

    EN 300 744: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television.
    TS 101 191: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Mega-frame for Single Frequency Network (SFN) synchronization.
    N 50083-9: Cable distribution systems for television sound and interactive services; Part 9: Interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and similar professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2 transport streams.
    ETR 290: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Measurement guidelines for DVB systems.
    TR 101 190: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; Transmission aspects.
    ISO/IEC 13818-1: Information technology ? Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems.

    DVB Standards and related documents are published by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). These include a large number of standards and technical notes to complement the MPEG-2 standards defined by the ISO.

    There are few different standard how interactive TV functionaly is implemented in DVB-systems in use in differenct countries. DVB-MHP is one gaining some acceptance. Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) is the open middleware system designed by the DVB Project (www.dvb.org).


    Obsolete Technology Tellye ! Visitors From 15/May/2012:

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