The chassis VT573 holds all parts of the receiver except for local command and tuning keyboard.
NOTE: IF stages are completely based on discretes an lots of coils.
Power supply is based on 2N3055 as a DC stabilizer.
The 2N3055 transistor is a silicon NPN power transistor intended for general purpose applications. It was introduced in the early 1960's by RCA using their "hometaxial" power transistor process. It was one of the first silicon power transistors, offered unrivalled second breakdown immunity and found many applications particularly in audio power amplifiers and linear power supplies.
The exact specs depend on the manufacture, it is important to reference the datasheet for the exact device and brand you are dealing with.
Packaged in a TO3 can, it is a 15A amp, 60V volt, 115W watt power transistor with a Beta of 20 to 70 at a collector current of 4A. It gained popularity because it had 100 % safe-operating-area, (SOA), meaning that it could dissipate 115W at a collector voltage of 60V (Ic=1.9A), provided the case temperature did not exceed 25 deg.C. It was designed for medium current and high power circuits. Commercially, it was used in many linear power supplies, audio amplifiers and low frequency power converters. One limitation was that its frequency response was rather slow (typically the unity-gain frequency was 1 MHz) The 2N3055 power transistor was the first multi-amp silicon transistor to sell for less than one dollar! It was a huge success in the power supply market..
With changes to the technology, the original process became uneconomical and a similar device, now using the name 2N3055 transistor, was supplied using epitaxial base technology. The maximum voltage and current ratings of this device are the same as the original, but the power handling (safe operating area) is limited at high voltage to a lower current than the original. However, the cut-off frequency is higher, so allowing the newer type of 2N3055 transistor to be more efficient in switching power supplies. Also the higher frequency response improves the performance when used in audio amplifiers. Some suppliers offer a high safe-operating-area version of the 2N3055 power transistor using the "H" suffix.
The 2N3054 transistor is a lower power version of the 2N3055 transistor, rated at 25W, 55V and 4A, but became almost obsolete about the late 1980's when many TO-66 devices were withdrawn from mainstream manufacturers's lists. In many cases a TO-220 packaged version, such as MJE3055T, can be used instead of the 2N3054 as well as in some 2N3055 power transistor applications. An MJ2955 is a complementary (PNP) transistor for the 2N3055 transistor, which is also manufactured using the epitaxial process today.
Power supply is realized with mains transformer and Linear transistorized power supply stabilizer, A DC power supply apparatus includes a rectifier circuit which rectifies an input commercial AC voltage. The rectifier output voltage is smoothed in a smoothing capacitor. Voltage stabilization is provided in the stabilizing circuits by the use of Zener diode circuits to provide biasing to control the collector-emitter paths of respective transistors.A linear regulator circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention has an input node receiving an unregulated voltage and an output node providing a regulated voltage. The linear regulator circuit includes a voltage regulator, a bias circuit, and a current control device.
In one embodiment, the current control device is implemented as an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) having a collector electrode forming the input node of the linear regulator circuit, an emitter electrode coupled to the input of the voltage regulator, and a base electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias circuit. A first capacitor may be coupled between the input and reference terminals of the voltage regulator and a second capacitor may be coupled between the output and reference terminals of the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator may be implemented as known to those skilled in the art, such as an LDO or non-LDO 3-terminal regulator or the like.
The bias circuit may include a bias device and a current source. The bias device has a first terminal coupled to the output terminal of the voltage regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the current control device. The current source has an input coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device and an output coupled to the second terminal of the bias device. A capacitor may be coupled between the first and second terminals of the bias device.
In the bias device and current source embodiment, the bias device may be implemented as a Zener diode, one or more diodes coupled in series, at least one light emitting diode, or any other bias device which develops sufficient voltage while receiving current from the current source. The current source may be implemented with a PNP BJT having its collector electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias device, at least one first resistor having a first end coupled to the emitter electrode of the PNP BJT and a second end, a Zener diode and a second resistor. The Zener diode has an anode coupled to the base electrode of the PNP BJT and a cathode coupled to the second end of the first resistor. The second resistor has a first end coupled to the anode of the Zener diode and a second end coupled to the reference terminal of the voltage regulator. A second Zener diode may be included having an anode coupled to the cathode of the first Zener diode and a cathode coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device.
A circuit is disclosed for improving operation of a linear regulator, having an input terminal, an output terminal, and a reference terminal. The circuit includes an input node, a transistor, a bias circuit, and first and second capacitors. The transistor has a first current electrode coupled to the input node, a second current electrode for coupling to the input terminal of the linear regulator, and a control electrode. The bias circuit has a first terminal for coupling to the output terminal of the linear regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the transistor. The first capacitor is for coupling between the input and reference terminals of the linear regulator, and the second capacitor is for coupling between the output and reference terminals of the linear regulator. The bias circuit develops a voltage sufficient to drive the control terminal of the transistor and to operate the linear regulator. The bias circuit may be a battery, a bias device and a current source, a floating power supply, a charge pump, or any combination thereof. The transistor may be implemented as a BJT or FET or any other suitable current controlled device.
Power
Supply: The examples chosen are taken from manufacturers' circuit
diagrams and are usually simplified to emphasise the fundamental nature
of the circuit. For each example the particular transistor properties
that are exploited to achieve the desired performance are made clear. As
a rough and ready classification the circuits are arranged in order of
frequency: this part is devoted to circuits used at zero frequency,
field frequency and audio frequencies. Series Regulator Circuit Portable
television receivers are designed to operate from batteries (usually
12V car batteries) and from the a.c. mains. The receiver usually has an
11V supply line, and circuitry is required to ensure that the supply
line is at this voltage whether the power source is a battery or the
mains. The supply line also needs to have good regulation, i.e. a low
output resistance, to ensure that the voltage remains constant in spite
of variations in the mean current taken by some of the stages in the
receiver. Fig. 1 shows a typical circuit of the power -supply
arrangements. The mains transformer and bridge rectifier are designed to
deliver about 16V. The battery can be assumed to give just over 12V.
Both feed the regulator circuit Trl, Tr2, Tr3, which gives an 11V output
and can be regarded as a three -stage direct -coupled amplifier. The
first stage Tr 1 is required to give an output current proportional to
the difference between two voltages, one being a constant voltage
derived from the voltage reference diode D I (which is biased via R3
from the stabilised supply). The second voltage is obtained from a
preset potential divider connected across the output of the unit, and is
therefore a sample of the output voltage. In effect therefore Tr 1
compares the output voltage of the unit with a fixed voltage and gives
an output current proportional to the difference between them. Clearly a
field-effect transistor could do this, but the low input resistance of a
bipolar transistor is no disadvantage and it can give a current output
many times that of a field-effect transistor and is generally preferred
therefore. The output current of the first stage is amplified by the two
subsequent stages and then becomes the output current of the unit.
Clearly therefore Tr2 and Tr3 should be current amplifiers and they
normally take the form of emitter followers or common emitter stages
(which have the same current gain). By adjusting the preset control we
can alter the fraction of the output voltage' applied to the first stage
and can thus set the output voltage of the unit at any desired value
within a certain range. By making assumptions about the current gain of
the transistors we can calculate the degree of regulation obtainable.
For example, suppose the gain of Tr2 and Tr3 in cascade is 1,000, and
that the current output demanded from the unit changes by 0.1A (for
example due to the disconnection of part of the load). The corresponding
change in Tr l's collector current is 0.1mA and, if the standing
collector current of Tr 1 is 1mA, then its mutual conductance is
approximately 4OmA/V and the base voltage must change by 2.5mV to bring
about the required change in collector current. If the preset potential
divider feeds one half of the output voltage to Tr l's base, then the
change in output voltage must be 5mV. Thus an 0.1A change in output
current brings about only 5mV change in output voltage: this represents
an output resistance of only 0.0552.
NOTE: IF stages are completely based on discretes an lots of coils.
Power supply is based on 2N3055 as a DC stabilizer.
The 2N3055 transistor is a silicon NPN power transistor intended for general purpose applications. It was introduced in the early 1960's by RCA using their "hometaxial" power transistor process. It was one of the first silicon power transistors, offered unrivalled second breakdown immunity and found many applications particularly in audio power amplifiers and linear power supplies.The exact specs depend on the manufacture, it is important to reference the datasheet for the exact device and brand you are dealing with.
Packaged in a TO3 can, it is a 15A amp, 60V volt, 115W watt power transistor with a Beta of 20 to 70 at a collector current of 4A. It gained popularity because it had 100 % safe-operating-area, (SOA), meaning that it could dissipate 115W at a collector voltage of 60V (Ic=1.9A), provided the case temperature did not exceed 25 deg.C. It was designed for medium current and high power circuits. Commercially, it was used in many linear power supplies, audio amplifiers and low frequency power converters. One limitation was that its frequency response was rather slow (typically the unity-gain frequency was 1 MHz) The 2N3055 power transistor was the first multi-amp silicon transistor to sell for less than one dollar! It was a huge success in the power supply market..
With changes to the technology, the original process became uneconomical and a similar device, now using the name 2N3055 transistor, was supplied using epitaxial base technology. The maximum voltage and current ratings of this device are the same as the original, but the power handling (safe operating area) is limited at high voltage to a lower current than the original. However, the cut-off frequency is higher, so allowing the newer type of 2N3055 transistor to be more efficient in switching power supplies. Also the higher frequency response improves the performance when used in audio amplifiers. Some suppliers offer a high safe-operating-area version of the 2N3055 power transistor using the "H" suffix.
The 2N3054 transistor is a lower power version of the 2N3055 transistor, rated at 25W, 55V and 4A, but became almost obsolete about the late 1980's when many TO-66 devices were withdrawn from mainstream manufacturers's lists. In many cases a TO-220 packaged version, such as MJE3055T, can be used instead of the 2N3054 as well as in some 2N3055 power transistor applications. An MJ2955 is a complementary (PNP) transistor for the 2N3055 transistor, which is also manufactured using the epitaxial process today.
Power supply is realized with mains transformer and Linear transistorized power supply stabilizer, A DC power supply apparatus includes a rectifier circuit which rectifies an input commercial AC voltage. The rectifier output voltage is smoothed in a smoothing capacitor. Voltage stabilization is provided in the stabilizing circuits by the use of Zener diode circuits to provide biasing to control the collector-emitter paths of respective transistors.A linear regulator circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention has an input node receiving an unregulated voltage and an output node providing a regulated voltage. The linear regulator circuit includes a voltage regulator, a bias circuit, and a current control device.In one embodiment, the current control device is implemented as an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) having a collector electrode forming the input node of the linear regulator circuit, an emitter electrode coupled to the input of the voltage regulator, and a base electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias circuit. A first capacitor may be coupled between the input and reference terminals of the voltage regulator and a second capacitor may be coupled between the output and reference terminals of the voltage regulator. The voltage regulator may be implemented as known to those skilled in the art, such as an LDO or non-LDO 3-terminal regulator or the like.
The bias circuit may include a bias device and a current source. The bias device has a first terminal coupled to the output terminal of the voltage regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the current control device. The current source has an input coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device and an output coupled to the second terminal of the bias device. A capacitor may be coupled between the first and second terminals of the bias device.In the bias device and current source embodiment, the bias device may be implemented as a Zener diode, one or more diodes coupled in series, at least one light emitting diode, or any other bias device which develops sufficient voltage while receiving current from the current source. The current source may be implemented with a PNP BJT having its collector electrode coupled to the second terminal of the bias device, at least one first resistor having a first end coupled to the emitter electrode of the PNP BJT and a second end, a Zener diode and a second resistor. The Zener diode has an anode coupled to the base electrode of the PNP BJT and a cathode coupled to the second end of the first resistor. The second resistor has a first end coupled to the anode of the Zener diode and a second end coupled to the reference terminal of the voltage regulator. A second Zener diode may be included having an anode coupled to the cathode of the first Zener diode and a cathode coupled to the first current electrode of the current control device.
A circuit is disclosed for improving operation of a linear regulator, having an input terminal, an output terminal, and a reference terminal. The circuit includes an input node, a transistor, a bias circuit, and first and second capacitors. The transistor has a first current electrode coupled to the input node, a second current electrode for coupling to the input terminal of the linear regulator, and a control electrode. The bias circuit has a first terminal for coupling to the output terminal of the linear regulator and a second terminal coupled to the control electrode of the transistor. The first capacitor is for coupling between the input and reference terminals of the linear regulator, and the second capacitor is for coupling between the output and reference terminals of the linear regulator. The bias circuit develops a voltage sufficient to drive the control terminal of the transistor and to operate the linear regulator. The bias circuit may be a battery, a bias device and a current source, a floating power supply, a charge pump, or any combination thereof. The transistor may be implemented as a BJT or FET or any other suitable current controlled device.
Power
Supply: The examples chosen are taken from manufacturers' circuit
diagrams and are usually simplified to emphasise the fundamental nature
of the circuit. For each example the particular transistor properties
that are exploited to achieve the desired performance are made clear. As
a rough and ready classification the circuits are arranged in order of
frequency: this part is devoted to circuits used at zero frequency,
field frequency and audio frequencies. Series Regulator Circuit Portable
television receivers are designed to operate from batteries (usually
12V car batteries) and from the a.c. mains. The receiver usually has an
11V supply line, and circuitry is required to ensure that the supply
line is at this voltage whether the power source is a battery or the
mains. The supply line also needs to have good regulation, i.e. a low
output resistance, to ensure that the voltage remains constant in spite
of variations in the mean current taken by some of the stages in the
receiver. Fig. 1 shows a typical circuit of the power -supply
arrangements. The mains transformer and bridge rectifier are designed to
deliver about 16V. The battery can be assumed to give just over 12V.
Both feed the regulator circuit Trl, Tr2, Tr3, which gives an 11V output
and can be regarded as a three -stage direct -coupled amplifier. The
first stage Tr 1 is required to give an output current proportional to
the difference between two voltages, one being a constant voltage
derived from the voltage reference diode D I (which is biased via R3
from the stabilised supply). The second voltage is obtained from a
preset potential divider connected across the output of the unit, and is
therefore a sample of the output voltage. In effect therefore Tr 1
compares the output voltage of the unit with a fixed voltage and gives
an output current proportional to the difference between them. Clearly a
field-effect transistor could do this, but the low input resistance of a
bipolar transistor is no disadvantage and it can give a current output
many times that of a field-effect transistor and is generally preferred
therefore. The output current of the first stage is amplified by the two
subsequent stages and then becomes the output current of the unit.
Clearly therefore Tr2 and Tr3 should be current amplifiers and they
normally take the form of emitter followers or common emitter stages
(which have the same current gain). By adjusting the preset control we
can alter the fraction of the output voltage' applied to the first stage
and can thus set the output voltage of the unit at any desired value
within a certain range. By making assumptions about the current gain of
the transistors we can calculate the degree of regulation obtainable.
For example, suppose the gain of Tr2 and Tr3 in cascade is 1,000, and
that the current output demanded from the unit changes by 0.1A (for
example due to the disconnection of part of the load). The corresponding
change in Tr l's collector current is 0.1mA and, if the standing
collector current of Tr 1 is 1mA, then its mutual conductance is
approximately 4OmA/V and the base voltage must change by 2.5mV to bring
about the required change in collector current. If the preset potential
divider feeds one half of the output voltage to Tr l's base, then the
change in output voltage must be 5mV. Thus an 0.1A change in output
current brings about only 5mV change in output voltage: this represents
an output resistance of only 0.0552.
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