The SCHAUB LORENZ WELTECHO T920 is a 23 inches (59cm) B/W television with 5 programs mechanic preselection integrated transistorized tuner.The set was first Schaub Lorenz with such type of tuner and having a large speaker for extensive sound bandwidth featuring warm sound.
Tuning was helped via a tuning window showing band search.
(Television set kindly donated to me by Marshal Elia Z.)
The B/W Tubes Television set was pow
ered with a External Voltage stabiliser unit for Television (portable
metal box) which relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to
supply alternating
current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which
the line voltage varies.Conventional AC-operated television receivers exhibit several
undesirable performance attributes. For example, under low-line voltage
conditions such as those encountered during peak load periods or
temporary power brown-outs imposed during times of power shortage,
picture shrinkage and defocusing are encountered and under extreme
brown-out conditions the receiver loses synchronization with a resultant
total loss of picture intelligibility. On the other hand, abnormally high-line voltage conditions are sometimes encountered, and this can lead to excessive high voltage and X-ray generation. In addition, either abnormally high steady state line voltage conditions or high voltage transients such as those encountered during electrical storms or during power line switching operations may subject the active devices and other components of the receiver to over-voltage stresses which can lead to excessive component failure.
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a new and improved AC-operated television receiver having greatly improved performance characteristics in the presence of fluctuating power supply voltages.
A more specific object of the invention is to provide an AC-operated television receiver affording substantially undegraded performance under even extremely low-line voltage conditions without excessive high voltage and X-ray generation under even extremely high-line voltage conditions.
Still another and extremely important object of the invention is to provide a new and improved AC-operated television receiver having greatly improved reliability against component failure. Such regulators are frequently provided employing saturable core reactors and condensers connected in circuit... in such manner as to provide a plurality of variable voltage vectors which vary in different senses, as the line voltage varies, but which add vectorially in such manner that the
voltage stabilization
is automatically effected by the provision of an inductive pilot control device which is adapted to provide two excitation supply voltages for producing excitation or satuation of two magnetic circuits of a reversible booster transformer unit or units and diversion of flux from one magnetic circuit to the other, the booster unit being energized by primary windings from the A. C. supplysystem and being provided with a secondary winding or windings connected between the supply system and the corresponding inain or distribution circuit and in series therewith, through which a corrective boost voltage is
introduced into the circuit under the influence of the pilot control device, of an amount equal to that of the supply voltage fluctuation which initiated it and appropriate in polarity and direction for restoring the voltage to normal value and providing automatic stabilization of the circuit voltage against supply voltages which fluctuate above and below normal value.
Their vector sum remains substantially constant upon variations in line voltage, for providing automatic voltage stabilization of single or multiphase A. C. circuits where the supply voltage and frequency are subject to variation above and below normal value and where the load is subject to variation between normal limits.
The pilot control device which may be employed singly or may comprise three units or their equivalent when applied to multiphase supply systems comprises a pair of closed magnetic circuits or cores constructed of strip wound magnetic material or stacked laminations, the two
circuits forming a pair being constructed of materials possessing dis~similar magnetic characteristics when jointly energized by identical windings in series or by a collective primary winding, the said magnetic circuits being suitably proportioned to provide equal fluxes when energized at normal voltage.
The pilot control device is provided with a main and an auxiliary secondary winding or group of windings, the main secondary winding or windings being adapted to provide a voltage representing the difference in the fluxes of the two circuits to which it is jointly associated, while
the auxiliary secondary winding embraces only one circuit, preferably that subject to the least amount of flux variation. Either of the windings consists of two equal sections or in effect a double winding with a center tapping to which one end of the single winding is connected.
The voltage in the single secondary winding of the pilot device becomes directionally additive to that in one half of the tapped secondary winding a
nd substractive in respect to that in the other half. When the
supply voltage is normal the voltage provided by the single secondary
winding is zero, since there is no difference of flux in the two magnetic
circuits, and the two excitation voltagesproduced in the halves of the other secondary winding are equal and when connected to the two excitation windings of the booster units, do not produce any diversion of flux between the two circuits or sets of circuits in the magnetic system of the booster transformer unit become equal, and since the series winding on the booster unit is arranged to provide a voltage due to the difference of
the fluxes in its two magnetic circuits or sets of magnetic circuits, no corrective voltage is introduced into the main circuit by the booster. If, however, the supply voltage varies from normal the pilot control device provides a voltage across the one secondary winding due to the difference in the fluxes of the two dis-similar magnetic circuits of which it is comprised, which voltage is combined with thosc in the halves of the other secondary winding to provide two excitation voltages which vary complementarily to each other as the supply voltage fluotuates, and cause a transference of flux between the two
circuits or groups of circuits in the booster unit and automatically provide a corrective boost voltage in the main circuit in which the series winding of the booster transformer is included of a value equal to that of the variation in supply voltage which initiated it.
The pilot device may be arranged in various ways, forboth single phase and multiphase operation, as exemplified by the constructions hereinafter more fully described.Similarly, numerous arrangements of the booster transformer unit are possible, some of which are hereinafter described in detail. The booster transformer unit embodies thc principles of the inductive devices described in my co-pending Application No. 411,189, filed February 18, 1954.
As an alternative to the provision of an
auxiliary secondary winding on the pilot control device this may bereplaced by an independent or external source of supply,which may be either subject to or independent of supply voltage variation, provided such supply may be arranged with a center tapping if required.
Feed-back arrangements may be employed for providing compensation against voltage drop due to the effects of load in various ways. These are preferably providedon the booster transformer unit and may comprise a current transformer in one or more lines of the main circuit,
the secondary output of the transformer being rectified and arranged to energize an additional excitation winding on the booster transformer unit which in clfect increases the amount of the corrective boost voltage as the load increases.
Started in 1921 by Georg von Schaub as Schaub-Elektrizitätsgesellschaft and was located in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Germany, originally manufacturing various electric equipment but entered the radio receiver market in 1923. The name of the company was changed to G. Schaub Apparatebau Gesellschaft GmbH in 1925 but continue
d
to use plain Schaub as it's trademark and it became one of the
better known manufacturers of radios in central Europe. Moved to
Pforzheim-Dillweissenstein in 1934 and was taken over by C. Lorenz
in 1940 although the company operated mostly independently until the
early 50's. Restarted production of loudspeakers and receivers in
1946 or as soon as the occupation forces allowed and sold consumer
products initially as Schaub and as later as Schaub-Lorenz, all
manufacture of Lorenz CE
products was actually handed over to the company in 1950 due to the
blockade of Berlin by the Soviet occupation forces, the Schaub
company was finally merged with the rest of the C. Lorenz companies
in 1958 although the name was used at the least partially up until
the sale of the Lorenz consumer division to Nokia in 1988.One side Note:
The advert says "ITT Technik der Welt" (ITT the world Technology) indeed the contribution given by these organizations toghether the products of them increased man's life quality on certains aspects, so no surprises if today quality is heavily lowered by chinese market and other society crap mixtures, because anyway at the end it's a man choice.
ITT Corporation (NYS
E:
ITT) is a global diversified manufacturing company with 2008
revenues of $11.7 billion. ITT participates in global markets including
water and fluids management, defense and security, and motion and
flow control. Forbes.com named ITT Corporation to its list of
"America's Best Managed Companies" for 2008, and awarded the company
the top spot in the conglomerates category.,ITT's water business is the world's largest supplier of pumps and systems to transport, treat and control water, and other fluids. The company's defense electronics and services business is one of the ten largest US defense contractors providing defense and security systems, advanced technologies and operational services for military and civilian customers. ITT's motion and flow control business manufactures specialty components for aerospace, transportation and industrial markets.
In 2008, ITT was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (DJSI World) for the tenth time in recognition of the company's economic, environmental and social performance. ITT is one of the few companies to be included on the list every year since its inception in 1999.
The company was founded in 1920 as International Telephone & Telegraph. During the 1960s and 1970s, under the leadership of its CEO Harold Geneen the company rose to prominence as the archetypal conglomerate, deriving its growth from hundreds of acquisitions in diversified industries. ITT divested its telecommunications assets in 1986, and in 1995 spun off its non-manufacturing divisions, later to be purchased by Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide.
In 1996, the company became ITT Industries, Inc., but changed its name back to ITT Corporation in 2006.
HistoryITT was formed in 1920, created from the Puerto Rico Telephone Company co-founded by Sosthenes Behn.[1] Its first major expansion was in 1923 when it consolidated the Spanish Telecoms market into what is now Telefónica.[2] From 1922 to 1925 it purchased a number of European telephone companies. In 1925 it purchased the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Brussels, Belgium, which was formerly affiliated with AT&T, and manufactured rotary system switching equipment. In the 1930s, ITT grew through purchasing German electronic companies Standard Elektrizitaetsgesellschaft (SEG) and Mix & Genest, both of which were internationally active companies. Its only serious rival was the Theodore Gary & Company conglomerate, which operated a subsidiary, Associated Telephone and Telegraph, with manufacturing plants in Europe.
In the United States, ITT acquired the various companies of the Mackay Companies in 1928 through a specially organized subsidiary corporation, Postal Telegraph & Cable. These companies included the Commercial Cable Company, the Commercial Pacific Cable Company, Postal Telegraph, and the Federal Telegraph Company.
International telecommunications
International telecommunications manufacturing subsidiaries included STC in Australia and Britain, SEL in Germany, BTM in Belgium, and CGCT and LMT in France. Alec Reeves invented Pulse-code modulation (PCM), upon which future digital voice communication was based. These companies manufactured equipment according to ITT designs including the (1960s) Pentaconta crossbar switch and (1970s) Metaconta D, L and 10c Stored Program Control e
xchanges,
mostly for sale to their respective national telephone
administrations. This equipment was also produced under license in
Poznań (Poland), and in Yugoslavia, and elsewhere. ITT was the
largest owner of the LM Ericsson company in Sweden but sold out in
1960.1989 breakup
In 1989 ITT sold its international telecommunications product businesses to Alcatel, now Alcatel-Lucent. ITT Kellogg was also part of the 1989 sale to Alcatel. The company was then sold to private investors in the U.S. and went by the name Cortelco Kellogg. Today the company is known as Cortelco (Corinth Telecommunications Corporation, named for Corinth, MS headquarters). ITT Educational Services, Inc. (ESI) was spun off through an IPO in 1994, with ITT as an 83% shareholder. ITT merged its long distance division with Metromedia Long Distance, creating Metromedia-ITT. Metromedia-ITT would eventually be acquired by Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. (LDDS) in 1993. LDDS would later change its name to Worldcom in 1995.
In 1995, ITT Corporation split into 3 separate public companies:
* ITT Corp. — In 1997, ITT Corp. completed a merger with Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, selling off its non-hotel and resorts business. By 1999, ITT completely divested from ITT/ESI; however, the schools still operate as ITT Technical Institute using the ITT name under license.[1] Also in 1999, ITT Corp. dropped the ITT name in favor of Starwood.[7]
* ITT Hartford (insurance) — Today ITT Hartford is still a major insurance company although it has dropped the ITT from its name altogether. The company is now known as The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.
* ITT Industries — ITT operated under this name until 2006 and is a major manufacturing and defense contractor business.
o On July 1, 2006, ITT Industries changed its name to ITT Corporation as a result of its shareholders vote on May 9, 2006.
Purchase of International Motion Control (IMC)
An agreement was reached on June 26, 2007 for ITT to acquire privately held International Motion Control (IMC) for $395 million. The deal was closed and finalized in September 2007. An announcement was made September 14, 2010, to close the Cleveland site.
Purchase of EDO
An agreement was reached September 18, 2007 for ITT to buy EDO Corporation for $1.7 billion.[12] After EDO shareholders' approval, the deal was closed and finalized on December 20, 2007.
Purchase of Laing
On April 16, 2009, ITT announced it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire Laing GmbH of Germany, a privately held leading producer of energy-efficient circulator pumps primarily used in residential and commercial plumbing and heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
2011 breakup
On January 12, 2011, ITT announced a transformation to separate the company into 3, stand-alone, publicly-traded, and independent companies.
HISTORY OF Standard
Elektrik Lorenz AG IN GERMAN:Die Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (heute Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland AG) ist ein Unternehmen der Nachrichtentechnik (früherer Slogan: SEL – Die ganze Nachrichtentechnik) mit Hauptsitz in Stuttgart. Zur Nachrichtentechnik zählen auch Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik, Telekommunikationstechnik (SEL war für die Röchelschaltung bekannt) und früher Fernmeldetechnik oder Schwachstromtechnik. Einen weiteren Geschäftsbereich hatte das Unternehmen in der Bahnsicherungstechnik, so wurden für die Deutsche Bundesbahn Relaisstellwerke und elektronische Stellwerke mit den dazugehörigen Außenanlagen (Signale, Gleisfreimeldeanlagen, Weichenantriebe) sowie die Linienzugbeeinflussung entwickelt und gebaut, welche auch bei ausländischen Bahnen Abnehmer fanden. Der Bereich gehört seit 2007 als Thales Transportation Systems GmbH (seit 02.2011 vorher Thales Ra
il
Signalling Solutions GmbH) zum Thales-Konzern. Die bereits 1998
ausgegliederten Bereiche Alcatel Air Navigation Systems und SEL
Verteidigungssysteme sind ebenfalls heute in Thales
Deutschland beheimatet.[1]Fernseher Illustraphon 743 von 1957
„Goldsuper Stereo 20“ (1961)
Das Flaggschiff der erfolgreichen Schaub-Lorenz Kofferradios der sechziger Jahre: Touring 70 Universal
Erster Digitalfernseher der Welt (1983)
Bis 1987 gehörte SEL zusammen mit anderen auf dem Sektor Telekommunikation in anderen Ländern tätigen Schwesterfirmen zum US-amerikanischen Mischkonzern International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT). ITT verkaufte die Aktien-Mehrheit an den ITT-Telekommunikationsfirmen an die französische Compagnie Générale d’Electricité (CGE), die nach der Zusammenfassung mit den eigenen Telekommunikationsaktivitäten daraus die Alcatel N.V. bildete.
Die Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG wurde 1993 in Alcatel SEL AG umbenannt. Die Aktienmehrheit liegt mit über 99 % bei der Alcatel. Mit der Fusion von Alcatel und Lucent zu Alcatel-Lucent am 1. Dezember 2006 und der Neu-Firmierung beider Unternehmen in Deutschland zur Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland AG entfiel der Zusatz SEL.
Geschichte
Die beiden Stammfirmen des Unternehmens, die Mix & Genest AG und die Telegraphenbauanstalt von C. Lorenz, wurden 1879 bzw. 1880 gegründet. Das erste Patent von Mix & Genest datiert von 1883, das erste Patent von C. Lorenz ist aus dem Jahr 1902.
Das Unternehmen Mix & Genest war wesentlicher Teil der Standard Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (SEG), in die auch die Süddeutsche Apparatefabrik (SAF), die 1875 von F. Heller als "Friedrich Heller, Fabrik Elektrotechnischer Apparate" gegründet wurde, integriert wurde. Der technische Schwerpunkt von Mix & Genest bzw. SEG sowie der C. Lorenz AG war der klassischen Fernmelde- bzw. Funktechnik zuzuordnen. Die C. Lorenz AG baute in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren Großsender für den neu gegründeten Rundfunk.
1930 übernahm die International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT) die Aktienmehrheit der Mix & Genest AG und der C. Lorenz AG. [2]
Die C. Lorenz AG positionierte sich mit der Übernahme der G. Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft mbH im Jahr 1940 in der Entwicklung und Herstellung von Rundfunkempfängern. Ab dem Jahr 1950 wurden alle Geräte bei Schaub in Pforzheim gefertigt. 1952 wurde das Typenprogramm beider Unternehmen verschmolzen und der Lorenz-Radio-Vertrieb in die Firma Schaub integriert. Ab 1955 wurden die Geräte unter dem Namen Schaub-L
orenz vertrieben.1956 wurde das Unternehmen SEG in Standard Elektrik AG umbenannt. Ebenfalls 1956 wurde ein Kabelwerk gegründet. Wesentlicher Motor für das 1957 gegründete Informatikwerk war Karl Steinbuch, der von 1948–1958 dem Unternehmen, zuletzt als Technischer Direktor und Leiter der Zentralen Forschung, angehörte.
1958 erfolgte die Vereinigung der Standard Elektrik AG mit der C. Lorenz AG zur Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (SEL).
Die Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG übernahm 1961 die Graetz KG. Die Firmenteile Schaub-Lorenz und Graetz waren zusammen mit einem Bildröhrenwerk Bestandteil der Unternehmensgruppe Audio Video der SEL AG, die 1979 als Audio-Video-Elektronik in die ITT ausgegliedert wurde. Die Produkte, die unter anderem Fernsehgeräte, Radios, Autoradios, Kassettenrecorder, Weltempfänger und Lautsprecherboxen umfassen, wurden fortan unter dem Namen ITT Schaub-Lorenz vertrieben.[2]
Versuche, auf dem neuen Gebiet der Raumfahrt-Elektronik Fuß zu fassen, waren auf folgende Produkte beschränkt:
* AZUR: Telemetrie/Telekommandogeräte
* Spacelab: Datenerfassung/Kommandoterminal.
SEL entwickelte zu Beginn der 1970er Jahre das Präzisionsanflugverfahren SETAC. Dieser Unternehmensbereich wurde im Jahre 1987 von der finnischen Firma Nokia übernommen.
1976 hatte SEL ein Grundkapital von 357 Mio. DM bei 33.000 Beschäftigten und einem Umsatz von 2,6 Mrd. DM.
1983 stellte SEL auf der Internationalen Funkausstellung Berlin 1983 mit dem ITT Digivision den weltweit ersten Fernseher mit digitaler Signalverarbeitung vor.
2003 wurden die Markenrechte am Namen Schaub Lorenz an die italienische General Trading SpA verkauft. Die neugegründete Schaub Lorenz International GmbH vertreibt seitdem unter dem alten Markennamen Schaub-Lorenz importierte Konsumelektronik aus dem unteren Preisbereich.
Schaub oder Lorenz, beide Firmen haben ihre Wurzeln in Berlin !
Aber zunächst zu Lorenz:
Carl Lorenz betreibt seit 1870 eine mechanische Werkstatt in Berlin und gründet 1880 eine Telegraphenbauanstalt, eine Fabrik für elektrisches Licht, elektrische Eisenbahnen, Kunst und Industrie. Robert Held erwirbt im Jahr 1890 mit 27 Jahren die Firma von der Witwe Lorenz und wandelt 1906 die gesamte Firma in die C. Lorenz AG um und befasst sich mit dem Bau von Lichtbogen Systemen zur Erzeugung ungedämpfter Schwingungen. Mit einem "Lorenz-Poulsen-Sender" strahlt die Lorenz AG 1920 erstmals von der Versuchsfunkstelle in Eberswalde Rundfunksendungen in Deutschland ab.
1923 wurden die ersten Radiogeräte und Detektorempfänger produziert.
Robert Held stirbt im Jahr 1924. Am 1. April 1926 wird die Lorenz-Radio-Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH gegründet und ein Jahr später erwirbt die Fa. Lorenz die Patente der Firma Huth in Hannover.
Nach dem Tod von Robert Held wurde 1930 die Aktienmehrheit an die Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft (SEG) verkauft, die dem amerikanischen Unternehmen ITT gehörte.
Im Jahr 1935 ließ Lorenz die drehbare Ferritantenne patentieren, die später in Rundfunkgeräten eingesetzt wurde.
1940 übernimmt die C. Lorenz AG die Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft mbH mit Sitz in Pforzheim-Dillweißenstein.
Nun zu Schaub:
Der Erfinder und Elektropionier 1921 Georg von Schaub gründete in Berlin-Charlottenburg die „Schaub-Elektrizitätsgesellschaft“. Innerhalb von zwei Jahren wurden Detektorempfänger, zunächst noch einfachste Geräte zum Empfang von Hörfunksendungen, entwickelt und produziert.
Ab Oktober 1925 firmierte Schaub als G. Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft mbH.
1928 bagann die Serienproduktion von Überlagerungsempfänger wie den „Superhet U 8“ und ab 1932 eine fortentwickelte Version des Superhets „Super 33“.
Die Firma erreichte einen Gesamtmarktanteil von 4,5 % und spielte fortan in der Liga der großen Hersteller. 1934 wechselte Schaub seinen Betriebsstandort in die aufgelassene Maschinenfabrikhalle in Pforzheim-Dillweißenstein. Die Stadt Pforzheim wurde 1936 Mitgesellschafter.
Um die Entwicklung und Herstellung von Rundfunkempfängern voranzutreiben wurde 1940
die G. Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft mbH von der C. Lorenz AG übernommen.
Eine Fusion der beiden Firmen kam der Wehrmacht sehr gelegen um nun deren dringend benötigten Rüstungsgüter zu fertigen. So wurden ab 1941 keine funktechnischen Geräte mehr für den zivilen Bedarf hergestellt und die Einzelmarke Schaub ging unter.
Fortan wurden in 12 Betriebsstätten mit ca. 24.000 Mitarbeitern aussschliesslich Güter für die Rüstungsindustrie gefertigt. Ein Luftangriff auf Pforzheim am 23. Februar 1945 zerstörte den Industriestandort Dillweißenstein nahezu vollständig.
Nach Kriegsende musste das Unternehmen mit lediglich 50 Mitarbeitern den Wiederaufbau starten.
Die amerikanische Besatzungsmacht erlaubte zunächst nur Reparaturarbeiten an elektrischen Aggregaten, lockerte aber zunehmend die Voraussetzungen, und der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung lies nicht lange auf sich warten. Ab dem Jahr 1946 wurden wieder Rundfunkgeräte für den zivilen Bereich gefertigt und die Belegschaft stieg bis 1949 auf 800 Mitarbeiter.
Die Firma musste auf den restaurierten Standort Schaubs in Pforzheim ausweichen weil Lorenz in West-Berlin mit der Berlin-Blockade zu kämpfen hatte und dadurch der Güterverkehr mit den westlichen Besatzungszonen unterbrochen war.
Man entschied 1950 noch in Pforzheim zu Produzieren und die Verwaltung des Unternehmens nach Stuttgart zu verlegen. Im Juli 1950 fasst Lorenz die Rundfunkproduktion in Stuttgart zusammen.
Ab 1952 wurde das technische Typenprogramm der beiden Firmen zusamengelegt und gliederte den Gesamt-Vertrieb bei Schaub ein. 1955 wurde die Schaub Apparatebau zu einer Abteilung der C. Lorenz AG.
Mitte 1955 trugen die Geräte den Markennamen Schaub-Lorenz. Nur Kofferradios findet man bis 1957 noch unter dem Namen Lorenz.
1958 fusionierten die C. Lorenz AG und die Standard Elektrik AG, ebenfalls ein Unternehmen der Nachrichtentechnik, zur Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG (SEL), eine Tochtergesellschaft der ITT, so das die Firma nun ITT-Schaub-Lorenz hieß.
Auch der Traditionsbetrieb Graetz zählt ab 1961 mit 13 Produktionsstandorten zum Verbund der SEL-Gruppe.
1975 fährt die SEL Verluste von 16 Mio DM ein und bis zu seiner Schließung im Jahr 1978 wurde der Standort Rastatt zum zentralen Rundfunkwerk für die qualitativ hochwertigen Marken von Schaub-Lorenz und Graetz (Fernsehgeräte, Radios, Autoradios, Kassettenrecorder, Weltempfänger und Lautsprecherboxen).
1979 geht das Segment in der "ITT-Audio-Video-Elektronik" auf.
Ende 1986 wurde SEL mit der französischen Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE) und Alcatel verschmolzen.
Anfang 1988 ging die Unterhaltungs-Elektronik-Sparte an den finnischen
Telekommunikationskonzern Nokia.
Weiterführende und interessante Seiten mit Informationen zu Schaub Lorenz:
G. Schaub bei Wikipedia
C. Lorenz AG bei Wikipedia
ITT Corporation bei Wikipedia
Geschichte der Alcatel-Lucent Deutschland
Privatsammlung von Ralf Kläs "Antik-Radio"
| Carl Lorenz |
* 6. Juli 1844 in Hannover; † 20. Dezember 1889 in Berlin Carl Lorenz war ein deutscher Techniker, Erfinder und Industrieller. Leben:
|
Die C. Lorenz AG war ein deutsches Unternehmen mit Sitz in Berlin. Geschichte:
|
A good point on good old B/W Televisions.....................
The Sixties was a time of great change for TV. At the start of the decade there were just monochrome sets with valves, designed for 405 -line transmissions at VHF. By the end there was 625 -line colour at UHF, with transistorised chassis that used the odd IC.
The following decade was one of growth. The "space race" had begun in 1957, when the USSR launched Sputnik 1 and terrified the Americans. Thereafter the USA began to spend countless billions of dollars on space missions. This got underway in earnest in the Sixties, with the announcement that America would be going all out to get a man on the moon by the end of the decade. There followed the Mercury series of earth - orbit missions, then the Apollo launches. Success was achieved in 1969. Most of these missions were televised, and in those days anything to do with space was hot stuff. It was inevitable that everyone wanted to have a television set. At the time an average receiver would be a monochrome one with a 14in. tube - there was no colour until 1967. It would cost about 75 guineas.
TV sets were often priced in guineas (21 shillings) as it made the price look a bit easier on the pocket. Anyway 75 guineas, equivalent to about £78.75 in 2000's currency, was a lot of money then. For those who couldn't, rental was a good option. The Sixties was a period of tremendous growth for rental TV.
Much else was rented at that time, even radios, also washing machines, spin driers, refrigerators and, later on, audio tape recorders (no VCRs then).
For most people these things were too expensive for cash purchase.
There were no credit cards then. And when it came to a TV set, the question of reli- ability had to be taken into account: renting took care of repair costs.
TV reliability.........The TV sets of the period were notoriously unreliable. They still used valves, which meant that a large amount of heat was generated. The dropper resistor contributed to this: it was used mainly as a series device to reduce the mains voltage to the level required to power the valve heaters. These were generally connected in series, so the heater volt- ages of all the valves were added together and the total was subtracted from the mains voltage. The difference was the voltage across the heater section of the dropper resistor, whose value was determined by simple application of Ohm's Law.
As valves are voltage -operated devices, there was no need to stabilise the current. So the power supply circuits in TV sets were very simple. They often consisted of nothing more than a dropper resistor, a half or biphase rectifier and a couple of smoothing capacitors. If a TV set had a transformer and a full wave rectifier in addition to the other components, it was sophisticated!
As the valve heaters were connected in series they were like Christmas -tree lights: should one fail they all went out and the TV set ceased to function. Another common problem with valves is the cathode -to -heater short. When this fault occurs in a valve, some of the heaters in the chain would go out and some would stay on. Those that stayed on would glow like search- lights, often becoming damaged as a result. Dropper failure could cause loss of HT (dead set with the heaters glowing), or no heater supply with HT present. When the HT rectifier valve went low emission, there was low EHT, a small picture and poor performance all round. CRTs would go soft or low emission, the result being a faint picture, or cathode -to -heater short-circuit, the result this time being uncontrollable brightness. On average a TV set would have twelve to fourteen valves, any one of which could go low -emission or fail in some other way. All valves have a finite life, so each one would probably have to be replaced at one time or another. The amount of heat generated in an average TV set would dry out the capacitors, which then failed. So you can see why people rented!
The CRT could cause various problems. Because of its cost, it was the gen- eral practice to place its heater at the earthy end of the chain. In this position it was less likely to be overloaded by a heater chain fault. But during the winter months, when the mains voltage dropped a bit, it would be starved of power. This would eventually lead to 'cathode poi- soning' with loss of emission. The 'cure' for this was to fit a booster transformer designed to overrun the heater by 10, 20 or 30 per cent. It would work fine for a while, until the CRT completely expired. At about this time CRT reactivators came into being - and a weird and wonderful collection of devices they turned out to be. Regunned tubes also started to appear. You couldn't do this with the `hard -glass' triode tubes made by Emitron. These were fitted in a number of older sets. Yes, they were still around, at least during the early Sixties.
Developments................... A great deal of development occurred during the Sixties. Many TV sets and radios made in the early Sixties were still hard -wired: the introduction of the printed circuit board changed the construction of electronic equipment forever. The first one was in a Pam transistor radio. PCBs were ideal for use in transistor radios, because of the small size of the components used and the fact that such radios ran almost cold.
They were not so good for use with valve circuitry, as the heat from the valves caused all sorts of problems. Print cracks could develop if a board became warped. If it became carbonised there could be serious leakage and tracking problems. In addition it was more difficult to remove components from a PCB. Many technicians at that time didn't like PCBs. As the Sixties progressed, transistors took over more and more in TV sets. They first appeared in a rather random fashion, for example in the sync separator stages in some Pye models. Then the IF strip became transistorised. Early transistors were based on the use of germanium, which was far from ideal.
The change to silicon produced devices that were more robust and had a better signal-to-noise ratio.
Car radios became fully transistorised, and 'solid-state' circuitry ceased to be based on earlier valve arrangements. Many hi-fi amplifiers had been transistorised from the late Fifties, and all tape recorders were now solid-state.
Both reel-to-reel and compact -cassette recorders were available at this time. Initially, audio cassette recorders had a maximum upper frequency response of only about 9kHz.
To increase it meant either a smaller head gap or a faster speed. Philips, which developed the compact audio cassette and holds the patents for the design (which we still use in 2000!) wouldn't allow an increase in speed. Good reel-to-reel recorders had a fre- quency response that extended to 20kHz when the tape speed was 15in./sec.
This is true hi-fi. In time the frequency response of compact -cassette recorders did improve, because of the use of better head materials with a smaller gap.
This led to the demise of the reel-to-reel audio recorder as a domestic product We began to benefit from spin-offs of the space race between the USA and the USSR.
The need to squeeze as much technology as possible into the early computers in the Mercury space capsules used by the USA lead to the first inte- grated circuits.
This technology soon found its way into consumer equipment. Often these devices were hybrid encap- sulations rather than true chips, but they did improve reliability and saved space. The few chips around in those days were analogue devices. To start with most UHF tuners used valves such as the PC86 and PC88. They were all manually tuned. Some had slow-motion drives and others had push -buttons. They didn't have a lot of gain, so it was important to have an adequate aerial and use low -loss cable..............................
Some of References
- http://www.radiofundgrube.de/fabrikat_schaublorenz.php
- "Fifty Years of the C. Lorenz Company, 1880-1930" Smithsonian Institution Libraries Trade Literature Collection
"History of the radio manufacturer Lorenz"
Sutton, Antony C., "I.T.T. Works Both Sides of the War", Ch. 5 in Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, Studies in Reformed Theology, 2000’ http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/wall_street/index.html
Leidig, Ludwig. Bombshell. sbpra 2013. ISBN 978-1-62516-346-2
Sampson, Anthony; The Sovereign State: The Secret History of ITT; Hodder and Stoughton, 1973; ISBN 0-340-17195-2
"Report on C. Lorenz A.G.", Combined Intelligence Objective Sub-committee G-2 Division, H.M. Stationery Office, May 1945;
"Lorenz", in Vintage Radio
""ITT's History in Consumer Electronics"". Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
Bauer, A. O.; "Receiver and Transmitter in Germany 1920-1945" Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings, IEE Int’l Conf. on 100 Years of Radio, Sept 1994, pp. 78-79;
Klawitter, Gerd; 100 Years of Wireless Technology in Germany, Vol. 2, Science and Technology, Berlin, pp. 85-96, 2002 (in German); ISBN 3-896-855-115
"Schaub-Lorenz DKE (1938)"
"History of Radio Flight Navigation Systems," including Memoirs of Dr. E. Kramer; http://www.radarworld.org/flightnav.pdf
Greg Goebel; "Battle of the Beams"
Watson, Raymond C., Jr.; Radar Origins Worldwide, Trafford Publishing. 2009, pp. 243-247; ISBN 978-1-4269-2110-0 (Soft), 978-4269-2111-7 (Hard)
"C. Lorenz Akliengesellschaft"; http://www.teleprinter.net/english/inhalt/t2.shtml
Churchhouse, Robert; Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma and the Internet, Cambridge University Press, 2002; ISBN 978-0-521-00890-7
