SCHAUB LORENZ (ITT) 8228 I CHASSIS MONOPRINT B-FS/FST CRT TUBE VALVO EURO COLOR (PHILIPS) A41EAM00X01.

FLAT SQUARE Hi-Bri COLOUR PICTURE TUBE
• Flat and square screen
• 90° deflection
• In-line, hi-bi potential ART* gun
• 22,5 mm neck diameter
• Shadow mask of NiFe alloy with low thermal expansion
• Hi-Bri technology
• Mask with corner suspension
• Pigmented phosphors
• Fine pitch over entire screen
• Quick-heating low-power cathodes
• Soft flash
• Slotted shadow mask optimized for minimum moire at 625 lines system
• Internal magnetic shield
• Internal multipole
• Reinforced envelope for push-through mounting
• The tube is supplied with a deflection unit of the AT6050 series; it forms a self-converging and
raster correction free assembly.

Grid 2 voltage (V g2l adjusted for highest gun spot cut-off voltage Vk = 125 V.
Remaining guns adjusted for spot cut-off by means of cathode voltage
Vg2 range 310 to 685 V;
Vk range 100to 125 V.
Adjustment procedure:
Set the cathode voltage (Vk) for each gun at 125 V; increase the grid 2 voltage (Vg2l from approx.
300 V to the value at which one of the colours become just visible. Now decrease the cathode voltage
of the remaining guns so that the other colours also become visible.

FLASHOVER PROTECTION
With the high voltage used with this tube (max. 27,5 kV) internal flashovers may occur. As a result of
the Soft-Flash technology these flashover currents are limited to approx. 60 A offering higher set
reliability, optimum circuit protection and component savings.
Primary protective circuitry using properly grounded spark gaps and series isolation resistors (preferably
carbon composition) is still necessary to prevent tube damage. The spark gaps should be connected to
all picture tube electrodes at the socket according to the figure below; they are not required on the
heater pins. No other connections between the outer conductive coating and the chassis are permissible.
The spark gaps should be designed for a breakdown voltage at the focusing electrode (g3) of 12 kV
(1,5 x Vg3 max. at Va,g4 = 25 kV), and at the other electrodes of 1,5 to 2 kV.
The values of the series isolation resistors should be as high as possible (min. 1,5 k!i) without e;ausing
deterioration of the circuit performance. The resistors should be able to withstand an instantaneous
surge of 20 kV for the focusing circuit and 12 kV for the remaining circuits without arcing.

Notes
1. Absolute maximum rating system.
2. The X-ray dose rate remains below the acceptable value of 0,5 mR/h, measured with ionization
chamber when the tube is used within its limiting values.
3. During adjustment on the production line this value is likely to be surpassed considerably. It is
therefore strongly recommended to first make the necessary adjustments for normal operation
without picture tube.
4. Operation of the tube at lower voltages impairs the luminance and resolution.
5. The short-term average anode current should be limited by circuitry to 1000 μ.A.
6. For maximum cathode life and optimum performance, it is recommended that the heater supply
be designed for 6,3 Vat zero beam current.

In-line electron gun structure for color cathode ray tube PHILIPS MININECK

In-line electron gun structure for color cathode ray tubes in which the final focusing and accelerating electrodes each employ three in-line tapered, partially overlapping apertures in facing relationship, and at least one aperture opening, preferably the central aperture of the focusing electrode, is elongated to provide electron beam spot-shaping.



1. In an in-line electron gun structure for a color cathode ray tube, a lensing arrangement in the final focusing and accelerating electrodes comprising:
a first lensing structure in the forward portion of the focusing electrode, such structure having three in-line tapered apertures of substantially truncated volumetric configuration having substantially parallel axes of symmetry, each aperture having front beam exits and smaller dimensioned rear beam entrances, the front exits and rear entrances being generally circular and separated by sloping sidewalls, a portion of the sidewall of each aperture intersecting with a portion of the sidewall of an adjacent aperture to form an inwardly sloping arcuate rounded saddle along the region of intersection, such structure resulting from the partial overlapping of geometric constructions of the volumetric configurations; and
a second lensing structure in the rear portion of the final accelerating electrode in adjacent, facing relationship with the first structure, such second structure having three in-line tapered apertures of substantially truncated volumetric configuration having substantially parallel axes of symmetry, each aperture having rear beam entrances and smaller dimensioned front beam exits, the front exits and rear entrances being generally circular and separated by sloping sidwalls, a portion of the sidewall of each aperture intersecting with a portion of the sidewall of an adjacent aperture to form an inwardly sloping arcuate rounded saddle along the region of intersection, such structure resulting from the partial overlapping of geometric constructions of the volumetric configurations,
at least one of said entrances and exits in said first and second lensing structures being elongated to provide electron beam spot-shaping, elongation in the first structure being normal to the in-line plane and elongation in the second structure being in the direction of the in-line plane.
2

. The electron gun structure of claim 1 wherein the rear opening of the central aperture of the first lensing structure is elongated in a direction normal to the in-line plane. 3. The electron gun structure of claim 2 wherein the opening is elongated by an amount of from about 10 to 35 percent of the diameter of the opening in the in-line plane. 4. The electron gun structure of claim 1 wherein the front opening of the central aperture of the second lensing structure is elongated in the direction of the in-line plane. 5. The electron gun structure of claim 4 wherein the opening is elongated by an amount of from about 15 to 40 percent of the diameter of the opening normal to the in-line plane. 6. The electron gun structure of claim 1 wherein the front opening of the central aperture of the first lensing structure is elongated in a direction normal to the in-line plane. 7. The electron gun structure of claim 6 wherein the opening is elongated by an amount of from about 3 to 15 percent of the diameter of the opening in the in-line plane. 8. The electron gun structure of claim 1 wherein the rear opening of the central aperture of the second lensing structure is elongated in the direction of the in-line plane. 9. The electron gun structure of claim 8 wherein the opening is elongated by an amount of from about 5 to 20 percent of the diameter of the opening normal to the in-line plane.

Description:

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 463,791, filed Feb. 4, 1983, describes and claims color cathode ray tube electrodes having tapered apertures. Such application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 450,574, filed Dec. 16, 1982, now abandoned.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 484,780, filed Apr. 14, 1983, describes and claims color cathode ray tube electrodes having tapered apertures and beam spot shaping inserts.
The above applications are assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an in-line electron gun structure for color cathode ray tubes (CCRT), in which the apertures of the final focusing and accelerating electrodes are tapered, and more particularly relates to such structures in which one or more apertures are elongated for electron beam spot-shaping.
Reducing the diameter of the necks of CCRTs can lead to cost savings for the television set maker and user in enabling smaller beam deflection yokes and consequent smaller power requirements. However, reducing neck diameter while maintaining or even increasing beam deflection angle and display screen area severely taxes the performance limits of the electron gun.
In the conventional, in-line electron gun design, an electron optical system is formed by applying critically determined voltages to each of a series of spatially positioned apertured electrodes. Each electrode has at least one planar apertured surface oriented normal to the tube's long or Z axis, and containing three side-by-side or "in-line" circular straight-through apertures. The apertures of adjacent electrodes are aligned to allow passage of the three (red, blue, and green) electron beams through the gun.
As the gun is made smaller to fit in the so-called "mini-neck" tube, the apertures are also made smaller and the focusing or lensing aberrations of the apertures are increased, thus degrading the quality of the resultant picture on the display screen.
Various design approaches have been taken to attempt to increase the effective apertures of the gun electrodes. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,332, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 303,751, filed Sept. 21, 1981 and assigned to the present assignee, describe overlapping lens structures. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 463,791, filed Feb. 4, 1983 and assigned to the present assignee, describes a "conical field focus" or CFF lens arrangement. Each of these designs is intended to increase effective apertures in the main lensing electrodes and thus to maintain or even improve gun performance in the new "mini-neck" tubes.
In the CFF arrangement, the electrode apertures have the shapes of truncated cones or hemispheres, and thus each aperture has a small opening and a related larger opening. In a preferred embodiment, the apertures are positioned so that the larger openings overlap. This overlapping eliminates portions of the sidewalls between adjacent apertures, leaving an arcuate "saddle" between these apertures.
Regardless of their complex shapes, CFF electrodes may be produced by deep drawing techniques, offering a marked cost advantage over other complex designs. However, in forming the CFF electrodes by drawing for mass production quantities, it has been discovered that the edge of the saddle between adjacent apertures becomes rounded, resulting in a slight decrease in the wall area between the apertures. Unfortunately, such a slight modification to the electrode is sufficient to distort the lensing field, and result in an out-of-round spot for the central electron beam on the display screen.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a modified electron gun structure with overlapping tapered apertures, which modified structure will compensate for the distortion in the lensing field caused by rounded saddles.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the invention, a lensing arrangement, featuring partially overlapping tapered apertures with generally circular openings in the final focusing and accelerating electrodes of an in-line electron gun for a CCRT, is modified by elongating at least one of the openings to provide electron beam spot-shaping, and to compensate for the distortion in the lensing field caused by rounded saddles between adjacent apertures.
Such arrangement involves the final low voltage (focusing) and high voltage (accelerating) lensing electrodes. The forward portion of the focusing electrode and the rear portion of the accelerating electrode are in adjacent, facing relationship, and each defines three partially overlapping, tapered, in-line apertures, a central aperture and two side apertures. The apertures are of a three-dimensional surface of revolution (hereinafter called a volumetric configuration), which is substantially truncated, for example, a truncated cone or hemisphere, the axes of symmetry of which are parallel to one another and to the associated path of the electron beam. Each aperture has a large opening in an outer aperture plane of the electrode and a smaller opening in the interior of the electrode, the openings being generally circular and being separated by sloping sidewalls. A portion of the sidewall of each aperture intersects a portion of the sidewall of an adjacent aperture to form an inwardly-sloping arcuate rounded saddle along the region of the intersection. The resulting structure is derived from the partial overlapping of geometric constructions of the volumetric configurations.
In order to compensate for the lensing field distortion caused by the rounded saddles, the structure includes at least one elongated, electron beam spot-shaping opening, preferably the smaller-dimensioned opening of the central aperture of at least one of the lensing electrodes.
As used herein, the term "elongated" generally means the form resulting from expansion of a circle along a radium (oblong), but also includes forms resulting from such expansion accompanied by some distortion of the circular curvature (eg., ellipse).
In the presently most preferred embodiment, the smaller dimensioned beam-entering rear opening of the central aperture of the focusing electrode is elongated in a direction normal to the in-line plane of the electron gun.
Alternatively, the smaller-dimensioned beam-exiting front opening of the central aperture of the accelerating electrode is elongated in the direction of the in-line plane of the electron gun.
As a further alternative, the larger-dimensioned central aperture opening of either the focusing or accelerating electrode may be elongated to achieve beam spot-shaping.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectioned elevation view of a color cathode ray tube wherein the invention is employed;
FIG. 2 is a sectioned view of the forward portion of the in-line plural beam electron gun assembly shown in FIG. 1, such view being taken along the in-line plane thereof;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view from above of the unitized low potential lensing electrode of the gun assembly of FIG. 2, affording a partial view of the small openings of the apertures;
FIG. 4 is a top view of one embodiment of the apertures of the unitized low potential lensing electrode of the invention including an elongated rear opening of the central aperture;
FIG. 5 is a sectioned elevation view of the embodiment of the low potential electrode of FIG. 4 taken along the plane A--A in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a top view of another embodiment of the apertures of the low potential electrode of the invention, including an elongated front opening of the central aperture;
FIG. 7 is a sectioned elevation view of the embodiment of FIG. 6 taken along the plane B--B of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a representation of beam spot shapes related to the electron gun of FIG. 2 without spot-shaping openings;
FIG. 9 is a representation of beam spot shapes related to the electron gun of FIG. 2 with spot-shaping openings; and
FIG. 10 is a top view of an elongated front opening of the central aperture of a unitized high potential lensing electrode of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to FIG. 1 of the drawings, there is shown a color cathode ray tube (CCRT) 11 of the type employing a plural beam in-line electron gun assembly. The envelope enclosure is comprised of an integration of neck 13, funnel 15 and face panel 17 portions. Disposed on the interior surface of the face panel is a patterned cathodoluminescent screen 19 formed as a repetitive array of color-emitting phosphor components in keeping with the state of the art. A multi-opening structure 21, such as a shadow mask, is positioned within the face panel, spaced from the patterned screen.
Encompassed within the envelope neck portion 13 is a unitized plural beam in-line electron gun assembly 23, comprised of a unitized structure of three side-by-side guns. Emanating therefrom are three separate electron beams 25, 27, and 29 which are directed to pass through mask 21 and land upon screen 19. It is within this electron gun assembly 23 that the structure of the invention resides.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the forward portion of the electron gun 23 of FIG. 1 is shown, including a low potential electrode 31, a high potential electrode 33, and a convergence cup 35. Electrode 31 is the final focusing electrode of the gun structure, and electrode 33 is the final accelerating electrode.
In a "Uni-Bi" gun typically used in mini-neck CCRTs, the main focusing electrode potential is typically 25 to 35 percent of the final accelerating electrode potential, the inter-electrode spacing is typically about 0.040 inches (1.02 millimeters), the angle of taper of the apertures is about 30° with respect to the tube axis, and the aperture diameters (smaller and larger dimensioned openings) are 0.140 and 0.220 inches (3.56 and 5.59 millimeters) for the focusing electrode and 0.150 and 0.250 inches (3.81 and 6.35 millimeters) for the accelerating electrode. The spacing between aperture centers is 0.177 inch (4.50 millimeter) (S ¹ ) for the focusing electrode and 0.182 inch (4.62 millimeter) (S ² ) for the accelerating electrode.
Together, these two electrodes form the final lensing fields for the electron beams. This is accomplished by cooperation between their adjacent, facing apertured portions to form lensing regions which extend across the inter-electrode space. The tapered sidewalls of the apertures enable optimum utilization of the available space inside the tube neck 13.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a focusing electrode 100 of the type shown in FIG. 2, having three in-line apertures with large front beam-exiting openings 110, 120 and 130 substantially in the forward planar surface of the electrode, and smaller rear beam-entering openings 140, 150 and 160 in the interior of the electrode, such openings connected by substantially tapered sidewalls terminating with relatively short cylindrical portions 170, 180 and 190. Geometric constructions of the apertures are truncated cones (ignoring cylindrical portions 170, 180 and 190) which partially overlap one another. This overlap is indicated in phantom in the forward planar surface, and results in the partial removal of sidewall portions of adjacent aperture and the formation of inwardly sloping arcuate edges 230 and 240. In fabrication of such electrode structure by drawing, the edge tends to have a rounded contour forming what is termed herein a "saddle", resulting in reduced sidewall area between apertures and distortion of the lensing field. This field distortion results (for a typical Uni-Bi mini-neck gun as described above) in electron beam spots at the screen as shown in FIG. 8. That is, the central beam spot tends to become compressed vertically and elongated in the direction of the in-line plane of the three beams. Compensation for such distortion is provided herein by beam spot-shaping elongation of the apertures, one embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 4, which is a top view of the aperture portion of focusing electrode 100. Side aperture openings 140 and 160 are circular, having a diameter "d", while central aperture opening 150 is elongated along each radius normal to in-line plane L by an amount r _e , for a total elongation of two times r _e , or d _e . Thus, the elongated dimension D _e of central opening 150 is d plus d _e . The amount of elongation will vary depending upon the degree of field distortion present and the amount of compensation desired, the amount of compensation increasing with the amount of elongation.
For the Uni-Bi gun described above, the amount of elongation may vary from about 10 to 35 percent (d _e /d×100) in the focusing electrode, and from about 15 to 40 percent in the accelerating electrode. A greater degree of elongation in the accelerating electrode is generally required to achieve the desired compensation because the electrons are traveling faster through this electrode than through the focusing electrode, and are less influenced by field distortions.

Referring now to FIG. 5, which is a section view along plane A--A of FIG. 4, it is seen that front aperture 120 and rear aperture 150 are connected by tapered sidewall 500, which forms an angle θ ₁ with line p, parallel to the tube axis. The elongation of opening 150 results in a slight increase in the height of the elongated cylindrical portion of the aperture, indicated at 501 and 502. The diameters of the front apertures 110, 120 and 130 all have the diameter d _e .
Another embodiment of the beam spot-shaping structure for the central aperture of the focusing electrode is shown in FIG. 6. In this embodiment, the large opening 220 of the central aperture is elongated, rather than the small opening 250. Elongation is again by an amount of two times r _e or d _e , resulting in an elongated dimension D _e . For a given amount of compensation, the amount of elongation required in the large opening is generally less than in the small opening. This is true for both the focusing and accelerating electrodes. The reason for this is that the large openings are closer to the concentration gradient of the lensing fields, and thus less control is required to achieve the desired compensation. Nevertheless, elongation of the smaller openings is generally preferred because of the greater space available in the interior of the electrode than in the forward or apertured plane of the electrode.
For the Uni-Bi gun described above, the amount of elongation may vary from about 3 to 15 percent for the focusing electrode, and from about 5 to 20 percent for the accelerating electrode. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the rear apertures 240, 250 and 260 all have the diameter d _s .
In FIG. 7, a section view along plane B--B of FIG. 6, front aperture 220 and rear aperture 250 are connected by tapered sidewall 600, which forms angle θ ₂ with line p, parallel to the tube axis L.
FIG. 9 shows the beam spots after compensation by use of the elongated aperture openings as described herein.

FIG. 10 shows the smaller opening 350 of the central aperture of the accelerating electrode, which opening 350 is elongated by an amount d _e to obtain dimension D _e . The principles of electron optics dictate that the direction of elongation in the accelerating electrode must be the same as the direction of elongation of the distorted beam spot, whereas the direction of elongation in the focusing electrode must be normal thereto, to achieve beam spot correction.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Just as one example, the side aperture openings can also be elongated in the same manner described for the central openings, to influence the shaping of the side aperture-related beam spots. This may be necessary, for example, in gun structures other than the particular Uni-Bi structure described herein.

Valvo Bauelemente GmbH is a Germany based company, specializing in the delevopment, manufacture and marketing of ferrite components for microwave and rf applications. Initially part of the Philips Components group this business has 30 years experience in the design and production of standard and special ferrite devices.

When Philips closed its activity located in Hamburg, Valvo Bauelemente GmbH continues this circulator and isolator business and started 1999 as an independent company, only 100 meters off the former Philips location.

AT ancient times VALVO was an components office of PHILIPS then the converted to the above company was started and the previous closed.

The Valvo GmbH celebrates on 1 1974 April its 50th anniversary. She is one of the largest component manufacturers in Germany and today supplies - with few exceptions - all electronic components for the consumer electronics and professional electronics.

The company's history began in 1924 - a year after the introduction of broadcasting in Germany - with the establishment of a radio ray tube factory by the Hamburg company CHF Müller. Benedictines built many companies that produced radio tubes and the brand "Valvo" one of the few that are pervasive in the long run. 1927 joined CHF Müller and radio tube factory with Philips companies, and the tube manufacturing was relocated to a suitable site in Hamburg-Lokstedt. Already in the 30s advanced to the manufacturing program to electrolytic capacitors, speakers, and special tubes Hochohmwiderstände.

The Development of the present comprehensive Valvo organization began after the war. In Hamburg-Lokstedt bigger and modern factory buildings for the manufacture of electron tubes were built in Hamburg-Stellingen began with the manufacture of ceramic capacitors, which was then developed into a long horn on, and in Herborn founded Philips is later taken over by Valvo work for Electrolyte and plastic film capacitors.

Valvo 1951, the production of ceramic magnetic components. The set up for this new manufacturing plant in Hamburg was already the largest of its kind in Germany. With the broadcast of the first experimental television broadcasts Began in 1951, the manufacture of television picture tubes. From these first attempts gave rise to the Bildröhrenfabrik Aachen, which is now the largest color picture tube plant in Europe. 1953 with the introduction of semiconductor technology in Hamburg-Lokstedt a key step in a new era has been done. From the radio tube factory, the tubes and semiconductor plants.

The sales departments have since 1955, a private office building in Hamburg, Valvo-house. They are supported by six branch offices in the care of professional clients. In addition, sales contracts are entered into with 13 distributors.

To Valvo organization in which more than 8000 employees, which are now the four works: the tubes and semiconductor plants in Hamburg, the Hamburg factory for electronic components, the Bildröhrenfabrik Aachen and the capacitors work Herborn. These large manufacturing plants pose a significant production potential; its importance is enhanced by cooperation with 120 components factories in 30 countries as part of the Philips company, including the Valvo GmbH is a subsidiary of the General Association of German Industry Philips (Alldephi).

Valvo has done in its 50-year history many contributions to the development of electronic engineering in Germany. In the radio tube factory in Hamburg, including the first Acid-tubes, the first German multigrid tubes as well as the first tube types for ac heater was manufactured in series. In the picture tube technique with the rectangular tube in standardized aspect ratio, of the 110 ° deflection and the picture tube, which can be operated without additional protective glazing, remarkable improvements have been introduced. Today, the partnership offered by Valvo "European television technology", under which one understands the euro color picture tubes and Ablenktechnik with strand wound saddle coils enforced. The latest development is the picture tube with Schnellheizkatoden. From the large number of special tube developments here only Hochleistungsklystron should be mentioned that works in many of the UHF television channels at home and abroad.

Also for semiconductors Valvo could play a key role early on. For example, in 1954, brought out types OC 70, OC 71 were first available in large quantities alloyed junction transistors on the German market, and the diffusionslegierten POB transistors (pushed out base) extended from 1959 the scope of the transistor in the FM area. A striking example of the successes of modern semiconductor technology, the close tolerance varicap BB 105, with which the automatic tuning for FM and TV reception could be solved economically justifiable.

1967 originated in Hamburg analog integrated circuits. They were among the first of such products manufactured in Europe. Today Valvo has a leading position in the field of integrated circuits for color televisions. The second generation of these circuits is already matured. It contributes significantly to the reduction of the number of individual components and the necessary adjustment processes. Also numerous radio receiver as part of a progressive circuit design, advanced integrated circuits are available.

On the development of soft and hard magnetic oxide ceramic materials has been working steadily in recent decades, for example, would be the 110 °-Ablenktechnik without the high magnetic quality and dimensional accuracy of modern yoke rings from "Ferroxcube 3C2" not have been possible. For line transformers and modern power transformer, the new material "Ferroxcube 3C8" was introduced, and in the area of ​​hard magnetic materials are "ferroxdure 380", "ferroxdure 260" and "ferroxdure 270" available.

On this basis, the broad technical Valvo GmbH presents its 50th anniversary as one of the leading suppliers of electronic equipment industry with a large production capacity and with the most modern technical equipment - a solid foundation for the further development of the position it has reached today.

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Die Valvo GmbH begeht am 1. April 1974 ihr 50jähriges Firmenjubiläum. Sie ist einer der größten Bauelementehersteller in Deutschland und liefert heute - von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen - sämtliche elektronischen Bauelemente für die Konsumelektronik und die professionelle Elektronik.

Die Geschichte des Unternehmens begann 1924 - ein Jahr nach der Einführung des Rundfunks in Deutschland - mit der Gründung einer Radioröhrenfabrik durch die Hamburger Röntgenfirma C. H. F. Müller. Damals entstanden viele Firmen, die Radioröhren herstellten; die Marke "Valvo" gehört zu den wenigen, die sich auf die Dauer erfolgreich behaupten konnten. 1927 schlossen sich C. H. F. Müller und die Radioröhrenfabrik den Philips-Unternehmen an, und die Röhrenfertigung

wurde auf ein geeignetes Gelände in Hamburg-Lokstedt verlagert. Schon in den 30er Jahren erweiterte man das Fertigungsprogramm auf Elektrolytkondensatoren,Lautsprecher,Hochohmwiderstände und Spezialröhren.

Der Ausbau zur heutigen umfassenden Valvo-Organisation setzte nach dem Kriege ein. In Hamburg-Lokstedt wurden größere und moderne Fabrikgebäude für die Herstellung von Elektronenröhren errichtet, in Hamburg-Stellingen begann man mit der Fertigung von Keramik-Kondensatoren, die dann in Langenhorn weiter ausgebaut wurde, und in Herborn gründete Philips ein später von Valvo übernommenes Werk für Elektrolyt- und Kunststoffolien-Kondensatoren.

1951 nahm Valvo die Produktion keramischer magnetischer Bauteile auf. Das für diese Fertigung in Hamburg eingerichtete neue Werk war damals schon das größte seiner Art in der Bundesrepublik. Mit der Ausstrahlung der ersten Fernsehversuchssendungen

1951 begann auch die Herstellung von Fernsehbildröhren. Aus diesen ersten Ansätzen heraus entstand die Bildröhrenfabrik Aachen, die heute das größte Farbbildröhrenwerk Europas ist. 1953 wurde mit der Einführung der Halbleitertechnik in Hamburg-Lokstedt ein entscheidender Schritt in eine neue Ära getan. Aus der Radioröhrenfabrik wurden die Röhren und Halbleiterwerke.

Die Vertriebsabteilungen haben seit 1955 ein eigenes Bürogebäude in Hamburg, das Valvo-Haus. Sie werden von sechs Zweigbüros in der Betreuung der professionellen Kunden unterstützt. Außerdem sind Vertriebsverträge mit 13 Distributoren abgeschlossen.

Zur Valvo-Organisation, in der mehr als 8000 Mitarbeiter beschäftigt sind, gehören heute die vier Werke: die Röhren- und Halbleiterwerke Hamburg, das Werk für elektronische Bauelemente Hamburg, die Bildröhrenfabrik Aachen und das Kondensatorenwerk Herborn. Diese großen Fertigungsstätten stellen ein erhebliches Produktionspotential dar; seine Bedeutung wird noch durch die Zusammenarbeit mit 120 Bauelementefabriken in 30 Ländern im Rahmen der Philips Unternehmen gesteigert, zu denen auch die Valvo GmbH als Tochter der Allgemeinen Deutschen Philips Industrie (Alldephi) gehört.

Valvo hat in seiner 50jährigen Geschichte viele Beiträge zur Entwicklung der elektronischen Technik in Deutschland geleistet. In der Radioröhrenfabrik Hamburg wurden unter anderem die ersten Acid-Röhren, die ersten deutschen Mehrgitterröhren sowie die ersten Röhrentypen für Wechselstromheizung serienmäßig gefertigt. In der Bildröhrentechnik sind mit der Rechteckröhre im normgerechten Seitenverhältnis, der 110°-Ablenkung sowie der Bildröhre, die ohne zusätzliche Schutzscheibe betrieben werden kann, bemerkenswerte Verbesserungen eingeführt worden. Heute hat sich die von Valvo angebotene "Europäische Fernsehtechnik", unter der man die Eurocolor-Bildröhren und die Ablenktechnik mit stranggewickelten Sattelspulen versteht, durchgesetzt. Die neueste Entwicklung ist die Bildröhre mit Schnellheizkatoden. Aus der großen Anzahl der Spezialröhrenentwicklungen sei hier nur das Hochleistungsklystron erwähnt, das heute in vielen UHF-Fernsehsendern des In-und Auslandes arbeitet.

Auch zur Halbleitertechnik konnte Valvo schon frühzeitig Entscheidendes beitragen. Zum Beispiel waren die 1954 herausgebrachten Typen OC 70, OC 71 die ersten in großer Stückzahl erhältlichen legierten Flächentransistoren auf dem deutschen Markt, und die diffusionslegierten POB-Transistoren (pushed out base) erweiterten ab 1959 den Anwendungsbereich des Transistors in das UKW-Gebiet. Ein markantes Beispiel für die Erfolge der modernen Halbleitertechnik sind die engtolerierten Abstimmdioden BB 105, mit denen die automatische Abstimmung beim UKW- und Fernsehempfang wirtschaftlich vertretbar gelöst werden konnte.

1967 entstanden in Hamburg integrierte Analogschaltungen. Sie gehörten zu den ersten derartigen in Europa gefertigten Produkten. Heute hat Valvo eine führende Stellung auf dem Gebiet der integrierten Schaltungen für Farbfernsehgeräte. Die zweite Generation dieser Schaltungen ist bereits herangereift. Sie trägt wesentlich zur Verringerung der Anzahl der Einzel-Bauelemente und der erforderlichen Abgleichvorgänge bei. Auch für Rundfunkempfänger werden zahlreiche im Rahmen eines fortschrittlichen Schaltungskonzeptes entwickelte integrierte Schaltungen angeboten.

An der Weiterentwicklung von weich und hartmagnetischen oxidkeramischen Werkstoffen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten kontinuierlich gearbeitet worden; zum Beispiel wäre die 110°-Ablenktechnik ohne die hohe magnetische Qualität und Maßhaltigkeit moderner Jochringe aus "Ferroxcube 3C2" nicht möglich gewesen. Für Zeilentransformatoren und moderne Leistungsübertrager wurde der neue Werkstoff "Ferroxcube 3C8" eingeführt, und auf dem Gebiet der hartmagnetischen Werkstoffe stehen "Ferroxdure 380", "Ferroxdure 260" und "Ferroxdure 270" zur Verfügung.

Auf dieser breiten technischen Basis präsentiert sich die Valvo GmbH zum 50jährigen Firmenjubiläum als einer der bedeutendsten Zulieferer der elektronischen Geräte-Industrie mit einer großen Produktionskapazität und mit modernster technischer Ausrüstung - ein solides Fundament für den weiteren Ausbau der heute erreichten Position.

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PHILIPS D24T116 /06 LEONARDO LUXUS AUTOMATIC YEAR 1969.

The PHILIPS D24T116 /06  LEONARDO LUXUS AUTOMATIC is a 24 inches (61cm) B/W television with 6 programs preselection keyboard with potentiometric tuning system.

The mechanical turret approach to television tuning has been used almost exclusively for the past 60 years. Even though replete with the inherent disadvantages of mechanical complexity, unreliability and cost, such apparatus has been technically capable of performing its intended function and as a result the consumer has had to bear the burdens associated with the device. However, with the " recent "  Broadcast demands for parity of tuning for UHF and VHF channels, the increasing number of UHF and cable TV stations have imposed new tuning performance requirements which severely tax the capability of the mechanical turret tuner. Consequently, attempts are now being made to provide all electronic tuning to meet the new requirements.

The invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with each tuning spindle.
In these tuning units, the working voltages of the capacity diodes in the tuning circuits are recorded once a precise tuning to the desired frequency has been performed. A potentiometer tuning system has great advantages over the formerly used channel selectors operating with mechanically adjustable capacitors (tuning condensers) or mechanically adjustable inductances (variometers), mainly because it is not required to have such great precision in its tuning mechanism.
Tuning units with bandswitches formed of variable resistances and combined with interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of recorded working voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel selection is accomplished by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or fine tuning are performed by turning the knobs. The resistances serving as voltage dividers in these tuning units are combined into a component unit such that they are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common insulating plate forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning spindles and wiper contacts corresponding to the variable resistances are housed. The number of resistances corresponds to the number of channels or frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact picks up a voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines their capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding oscillating circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by turning the tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression of a button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a tuning spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied to the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it is possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be.
 Moreover, using this arrangement, the only indication--during adjustment--of which channel is selected is by station identification.



The set has tone control and features a hybrid chassis with 8 tubes in power parts, some ics and discretes.

The set was fabricated by Philips Radios - Deutschland and was marketed only in Germany.

Semiconductors and the televison technology reality changing......................

So far the history of television development has been entirely radio (and picture) valves centric. And it would stay so for another decade. In the background, however, an entirely new development was taking shape: semiconductors. Especially the concept of semiconductor diodes was not entirely new. 

During the war both in Germany and the US some diodes were developed as detector in radar systems, but they remained exotic. In 1946 the US war effort on these type of materials was published and available to its allies in a 28-volume overview. At Philips Research this triggered one group under dr. Piet Haaijman in the sector of Herre Rinia to a few researchers working on metal-based detectors, using such materials as selenium and germanium. These activities came into a completely new perspective when in 1947 the the transistor was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Labs. This sent a shock through the world of electronics, and also within Philips kicked off semiconductor research. In 1948 Evert Verweij, one of the three NatLab directors, visited the US and concluded that research should be focused on germanium as base material. 

The group of Haaijman was extended to accelerate the work on germanium diodes, whereas a second group under F. Stieltjes started work on the transistor. One of the young researchers in this group was J. Tummers, who would be the leading developer of transistors within Research. Especially the transistor was a hard nut to crack, and progress was slow, also because Bell Labs had disclosed only a minimum of details on the engineering of their transistor, while also the US Department of Defence pushed hard to keep it top secret. It was only by 1952, with the famous Bell Licensees Symposium, that Bell Labs shared the "transistor cook book" to a selected set of companies with which it has cross-license agreements. From Europe this included Philips, Siemens, AEG-Telefunken and GEC. So far the NatLab had worked on the point-contact transistor, but these were very sensitive and unreliable, and after the Bell Symposium they switched to grown junction transistors.

Quite quickly after the announcement of the transistor invention it became clear to the Philips management that this was an important development that the company could not ignore. By 1949 the research activities of the group of Piet Haaijman resulted in what was thought to be a producible germanium diode. At this point the HIG Elektronenbuizen decided it would create a dedicated Industriegroep Halfgeleiders (Industrial Group Semiconductors) with their HIG. On the one hand this was to give it the proper attention and focus, on the other hand it was to protect the radio valve group from distraction, giving its massive effort to role out the new families of television valves. At this time Jan van Vessem had succeeded Gerrit Alma as head of the Radiobuizen Labs, while ir H. Hazeu was the technical director of the HIG after Theo Tromp moved to the Philips board of directors in 1946. Hazeu and Tromp got along very well, and jointly pushed innovation, the importance of radio valves and picture tubes, but also recognized the importance and opportunities of semiconductors. Leader of the semiconductor activities became dr. Jan van der Spek. A production facility was built in Eindhoven and in 1950 the first products were delivered; the OA70 and OA50 diodes. The OA70 used germanium with a higher conductivity and consequently had a high bandwidth, making it fit for video detection. The OA50 was made or "regular" germanium and was a low frequency detector, so suitable for audio or synchronization signal detection. Because production was still unstable, the output was "binned" with lesser products sold as OA51, OA52 and OA56. By 1952 they were succeeded by the OA60 and OA61. Almost as soon as they appeared the germanium diodes were used by the Apparaten Lab for the functions as described. They were part of the TX1422 platform released in 1952, and thus in commercial sets from 1953.

As soon as the first generation diodes came available the company struggled with production capacity. The small-scale Eindhoven production facility was soon too small, and a second site was opened in Heerlen, but even that was not sufficient to cope with the demand. By the end of 1952 the pressure increased when, after the Bell Symposium, better transistors were in development. In a policy meeting where neither Tromp nor Hazeu were present especially the NatLab representative Herre Rinia proposed a massive switch from radio valves to semiconductors, with 50% of the HIG Elektronenbuizen R&D budget to be allocated to semiconductors. When he heard this Hazeu was shocked, and together with Tromp was able to reverse the decision. But it was decided that the HIG would put more resources into semiconductor development. Furthermore the Philips board gave the green light for the construction of a brand new large semiconductor factory in Nijmegen, construction of which was started immediately. It was also decided that all semiconductor developments were to be concentrated in Nijmegen too. By 1955 this plant had grown to 1100 employees, of which 122 in development.
Transistor developments in the meantime proved more problematic.

 The NatLab had, after initial work on point contact transistors, switched to the so-called growth or double-doping transistors, based on the information obtained after the Bell Symposium. By the end of 1952 they had made 100 transistors and proposed these be taken into production by the IG Halfgeleiders. The director of the Radiobuizen Lab Jan van Vessem and his staff were, however, not convinced of the reproducibility of this technology.

Van Vessem was convinced that the RCA technology of alloy junction transistors was much better. 

Due to rather blunt behaviour by Philips in the negotiations it took almost a year to obtain the desired license from RCA. 

Although a three first transistors were announced already in 1953, the OC10 to OC12, these were hardly producible and effectively never cae beyond the sample status. 

The first production transistors out of Nijmegen were the OC70 and OC71. Both were germanium PNP transistors in a glass encapsulation, suitable for audio and other low frequency applications, and launched in 1954. However, where the germanium diodes were adopted very quickly, it would take much longer for transistors to appear in the Philips television and we won't see them in the next platforms.

Power type and voltage     Alternating Current supply (AC) / 220 Volt
Loudspeaker     Permanent Magnet Dynamic (PDyn) Loudspeaker (moving coil)

Dimensions (WHD)     680 x 490 x 390 mm / 26.8 x 19.3 x 15.4 inch
Notes     22 Dioden, 1 IC. VHF/UHF. 24 Zoll SW-Gerät.


(Television set kindly donated to me by Marshall Elia Z.)

The B/W Tubes Television set was powered with a External Voltage stabiliser unit for Television (portable metal box) which relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to supply alternating current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which the line voltage varies. Such regulators are frequently provided employing saturable core reactors and condensers connected in circuit...  in such manner as to provide a plurality of variable voltage vectors which vary in different senses, as the line voltage varies, but which add vectorially in such manner that the
voltage stabilization
is automatically effected by the provision of an inductive pilot control device which is adapted to provide two excitation supply voltages for producing excitation or satuation of two magnetic circuits of a reversible booster transformer unit or units and diversion of flux from one magnetic circuit to the other, the booster unit being energized by primary windings from the A. C. supplysystem and being provided with a secondary winding or windings connected between the supply system and the corresponding inain or distribution circuit and in series therewith, through which a corrective boost voltage is
introduced into the circuit under the influence of the pilot control device, of an amount equal to that of the supply voltage fluctuation which initiated it and appropriate in polarity and direction for restoring the voltage to normal value and providing automatic stabilization of the circuit voltage against supply voltages which fluctuate above and below normal value.

Their vector sum remains substantially constant upon variations in line voltage, for providing automatic voltage stabilization of single or multiphase A. C. circuits where the supply voltage and frequency are subject to variation above and below normal value and where the load is subject to variation between normal limits.
The pilot control device which may be employed singly or may comprise three units or their equivalent when applied to multiphase supply systems comprises a pair of closed magnetic circuits or cores constructed of strip wound magnetic material or stacked laminations, the two
circuits forming a pair being constructed of materials possessing dis~similar magnetic characteristics when jointly energized by identical windings in series or by a collective primary winding, the said magnetic circuits being suitably proportioned to provide equal fluxes when energized at normal voltage.

The pilot control device is provided with a main and an auxiliary secondary winding or group of windings, the main secondary winding or windings being adapted to provide a voltage representing the difference in the fluxes of the two circuits to which it is jointly associated, while
the auxiliary secondary winding embraces only one circuit, preferably that subject to the least amount of flux variation. Either of the windings consists of two equal sections or in effect a double winding with a center tapping to which one end of the single winding is connected.

The voltage in the single secondary winding of the pilot device becomes directionally additive to that in one half of the tapped secondary winding a nd substractive in respect to that in the other half. When the supply voltage is normal the voltage provided by the single secondary winding is zero, since there is no difference of flux in the two magnetic circuits, and the two excitation voltages
produced in the halves of the other secondary winding are equal and when connected to the two excitation windings of the booster units, do not produce any diversion of flux between the two circuits or sets of circuits in the magnetic system of the booster transformer unit become equal, and since the series winding on the booster unit is arranged to provide a voltage due to the difference of
the fluxes in its two magnetic circuits or sets of magnetic circuits, no corrective voltage is introduced into the main circuit by the booster. If, however, the supply voltage varies from normal the pilot control device provides a voltage across the one secondary winding due to the difference in the fluxes of the two dis-similar magnetic circuits of which it is comprised, which voltage is combined with thosc in the halves of the other secondary winding to provide two excitation voltages which vary complementarily to each other as the supply voltage fluotuates, and cause a transference of flux between the two
circuits or groups of circuits in the booster unit and automatically provide a corrective boost voltage in the main circuit in which the series winding of the booster transformer is included of a value equal to that of the variation in supply voltage which initiated it.
The pilot device may be arranged in various ways, forboth single phase and multiphase operation, as exemplified by the constructions hereinafter more fully described.Similarly, numerous arrangements of the booster transformer unit are possible, some of which are hereinafter described in detail. The booster transformer unit embodies thc principles of the inductive devices described in my co-pending Application No. 411,189, filed February 18, 1954.

As an alternative to the provision of an auxiliary secondary winding on the pilot control device this may be
replaced by an independent or external source of supply,which may be either subject to or independent of supply voltage variation, provided such supply may be arranged with a center tapping if required.

Feed-back arrangements may be employed for providing compensation against voltage drop due to the effects of load in various ways. These are preferably providedon the booster transformer unit and may comprise a current transformer in one or more lines of the main circuit,
the secondary output of the transformer being rectified and arranged to energize an additional excitation winding on the booster transformer unit which in clfect increases the amount of the corrective boost voltage as the load increases.




Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.), most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.

Philips is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.

Philips is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles (formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly Philips Medical Systems).
he company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco brand name).
Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.

As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.

In December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of "disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.

On 2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling 80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those involved with Semiconductors".

In its more than 115 year history, this counts as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company. Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such, Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over the past 50 years.

Agreeing to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.

On 21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the Semiconductors Division.

On 1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.

Coinciding with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).

PHILIPS FOUNDATION:

The foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips established Philips & Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe. Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to enrich people’s everyday lives.



In the early years of Philips &; Co., the representation of the company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on the glass of metal filament lamps.



One of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.



The now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the radio waves would travel.



In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.



At this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield emblem.



In 1938, the Philips shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced today.

The first steps of CRT production by Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe, just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in 1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated tubes like storage CRT's.
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop these new products was too big.


28 of September 2012, Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115 years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.

Gerard Philips:

Gerard Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27, 1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder (with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation, Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.



Early life and education

Gerard was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 – 12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands; he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.



Career

Gerard Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.


Marriage and family

On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.

Gerard was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz Otten.


Gerard and his brother Anton supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.



Anton Philips:

Anton Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7, 1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.



Early life and education

Anton was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years older.



Career

In May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business. In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips Electronics N.V.

During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increase sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.

Anton (and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities, such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the best-known example.

Anton Philips brought his son Frits Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times. Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.

His son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.

Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.



Marriage and family

Philips married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30, 1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:

* Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925 to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:
o Diek Otten
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)
* Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G. Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November 8, 2005). They had the following children:
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja, March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3, 1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise, August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December 12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 – Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes, Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux, without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem Pieter

Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.

(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)




A comment...........of a 1996 reality ..................
Philips, which seems to be a perennial walking wounded case. The company had appeared to be on the mend after a worldwide cost- cutting programme which was started five years ago when Jan Timmer took over as chairman.
 But, following a sharp profits fall, with the company's first quarterly loss since 1992, a further shake up is being undertaken.
The difficulty is that the company operates in a mature market, in which prices are falling at an annual rate of six per cent. Manufacturers are competing by cutting costs to gain a larger share of static demand. It's not a situation in which any firm that does its own manufacturing can achieve much. Philips' latest plan involves an overall loss of 6,000 jobs in its consumer electronics business, with far greater reliance placed on a group of external suppliers which are referred to as "a cluster of dedicated subcontractors".

This is an approach that was pioneered many years ago by major Japanese manufacturers. Rather than make everything yourself, you rely on subcontractors who, in return, rely on you for their main source of work. It is hardly a cosy arrangement: the whole point seems to be that the major fain can exert pressure on its subcontractors, thereby - in theory - achieving optimum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. What happens when lower and lower prices are demanded for subcontracted work is not made clear.

The whole edifice could collapse. However that might be, this is the course on which Philips has now embarked. The company is also to carry out distribution, sales and marketing on a regional rather than a national basis, and has said that it will not support Grundig's losses after this year.

But Philips' chief financial officer Dudley Eustace has said that it has "no intention of abandoning the television and audio business". One has to assume that the subcontracting will also be done on an international basis, as major Japanese firms have had to do. There is a sense of déjà vu about this, though one wishes Philips well - it is still one of the major contributors to research and development in our industry.

Toshiba, which has also just appointed a new top man, Taizo Nishimoro, provides an interesting contrast. Mr Nishimoro thinks that the western emphasis on sales and marketing rather than engineering is the way to go. So the whole industry seems to be moving full circle. Taizo Nishimoro has become the first non engineering president of Toshiba. Where the company cannot compete effectively on its own, he intends to seek international alliances or go for closures. He put it as follows. "The technology and the businesses we are engaged in are getting more complex.
 In these circumstances, if we try to do everything ourselves we are making a mistake." Here's how Minoru Makihara, who became head of Mitsubishi Corporation four years ago, sees it. "Technologies are now moving so fast that it is impossible for the top manager to know all the details. 
Companies are now looking for generalists who can understand broad changes, delegate and provide leadership." Corporate change indeed amongst our oriental colleagues. Major firms the world over are facing similar problems and having to adopt similar policies.

In a mature market such as consumer electronics, you have to rely on marketing to squeeze the last little bit of advantage from such developments as Dolby sound and other added value features. The consumer electronics industry has been hoping that the digital video disc would come to its aid and get sales and profits moving ahead.

 

The DVD was due to be released in Sept 1996 , but we are unlikely to hear much more about it yet awhile. There's no problem with the technology: the difficulty is with licensing and software. There is obviously no point in launching it without adequate software support. But the movie companies, which control most of the required supply of software, are concerned that a recordable version of the disc, due in a couple of years' time, would be a gift to pirates worldwide. Concessions have been made by the electronics industry, in particular that different disc formats should be used in different parts of the world. But a curious problem has arisen.
 The other main use of the DVD is as a ROM in computer systems. For this application flexible copying facilities are a major requirement. But the movie companies are unwilling to agree to this. At present the situation is deadlocked and the great hope of an autumn launch, all important for sales, has had to be postponed. Next year maybe? It's a great pity, since the DVD has much to offer.
There's a lot of sad news on the retail side as well. Colorvision has been placed in administrative receivership, with a threat to 800 jobs at its 76 stores, while the Rumbelows shops that were taken over by computer retailer Escom have suffered a similar fate. The receivers have closed down the UK chain with the loss of 850 jobs at some 150 stores. Nothing seems to be going right just now.

• Publications

  
  A. Heerding: The origin of the Dutch incandescent lamp industry. (Vol. 1 of The history of N.V. Philips gloeilampenfabriek). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32169-7
  A. Heerding: A company of many parts. (Vol. 2 of The history of N.V. Philips' gloeilampenfabrieken). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-32170-0
  I.J. Blanken: The development of N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken into a major electrical group. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 3 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V.). ISBN 90-288-1439-6
  I.J. Blanken: Under German rule. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 4 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V). ISBN 90-288-1440-X

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