The HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 HI-COLOR DIGITAL PROCESSOR COLOUR TV RECEIVER is a 25 inches (59cm) color television with stereo sound , 50 programs PLL synth tuning and teletext.
The HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 was first HITACHI DIGITAL television set and was even first SALORA DIGITAL television set because SALORA was demanded to produce television sets for HITACHI brand.
To be noted that the Finnish broadcasting corporation began stereo and multi - sound transmissions for televisions with digital NICAM system in 1988. Transmissions had stereo sound and that made it possible to listen to programs either in Finnish or Swedish. Salora's experts team significantly influenced the selection of NICAM system as the Nordic standard.
HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 DIGITAL Colour television receiver or set , are known in which the majority of signal processing that takes place therein is carried out digitally. That is, a video or television signal is received in a conventional fashion using a known analog tuning circuit and then, following the tuning operation, the received analog television signal is converted into a digital signal and digitally processed before subsequently being converted back to an analog signal for display on a colour cathode ray tube.
The Salora M chassis was one of the first to appear in which signal processing and timebase waveform gener- ation are carried out digitally. As with other digital chas- sis, engineers tend to avert their eyes when one of them comes into the workshop. Once the back has been removed, you find lots of forty -pin ICs.
In order to solve the above problems, it is proposed to process all signals in a digital form from the video stage to the chrominance signal demodulation stage. In such a digital television receiver, various improvements in picture quality should result due to the advantages of digital signal processing.
Therefore digital television signal processing system introduced in 1984 by the Worldwide Semiconductor Group (Freiburg, West Germany) of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation is described in an ITT Corporation publication titled "VLSI Digital TV System--DIGIT 2000." In that system color video signals, after being processed in digital (binary) form, are converted to analog form by means of digital-to-analog converters before being coupled to an image displaying kinescope. The analog color video signals are coupled to the kinescope via analog buffer amplifiers and video output kinescope driver amplifiers which provide video output signals at a high level suitable for driving intensity control electrodes of the kinescope.
ITT Semiconductors in W. Germany have been working on the application of digital techniques to basic TV receiver signal processing since 1977 with the supervision of the Engineer Micic Ljubomir, and at the recent Berlin Radio Show presented a set of digital chips for processing the video, audio and deflection signals in a TV receiver. The set consists of a' couple of l.s.i. and six v.l.s.i. chips - and by very large scale integration (v.l.s.i.) we're talking about chips that contain some more 200,000 transistors. What are the advantages?
For the setmaker, there's reduction in the component count and simpler, automated receiver alignment - alignment data is simply fed into a programmable memory in the receiver, which then adjusts itself. Subsequently, the use of feedback enables the set to maintain its performance as it ages. From the user's viewpoint, the advantages are improved performance and the fact that extra features such as picture -within -a -picture (two pictures on the screen at the same time) and still pictures become relatively simple to incorporate. The disadvantage of course is the need for a lot of extra circuitry. Since the received signals remain in analogue form, analogue -to -digital conversion is required before signal processing is undertaken. As the c.r.t. requires analogue drive signals, digital -to -analogue conversion is required prior to the RGB output stages - the situation is somewhat different in the timebase and audio departments, since the line drive is basically digital anyway and class D amplifier techniques can be used in the field and audio output stages. In between the A -D conversion and the various output stages, handling the signals in digital form calls for much more elaborate circuitry - hence those chips with 200,000 or so transistors. The extra circuitry is all incorporated within a handful of chips of course, but the big question is if and when the use of these chips will become an economic proposition, taking into account reduced receiver assembly/setting up costs, compared to the use of the present analogue technology - after all, colour receiver component counts are already very low. With the present digital technology, it's not feasible to convert the signals to digital form at i.f. So conversion takes place following video and sound demodulation.
Fig.
1 shows in simple block diagram form the basic video and deflection
signal processing arrangement used in the system devised by ITT
Semiconductors. Before going into detail, two basic points have to be
considered - the rate at which the incoming analogue signals are sampled for conversion to digital form,
and the number of digits required for signal coding. Consider the
example shown in Fig. 2. At both (a) and (b) the signals are sampled at
times Ti, T2 etc. In (a) the signal is changing at a much faster rate
than the sampling rate. So very little of the signal information would
be present in the samples. In (b) the rate at which the signal is
changing is much slower, and since the sampling rate is the same the
samples will contain the signal information accurately. In practice, the
sampling rate has to be at least twice
the bandwidth of the signal being sampled. Once you've got your
samples, the next question is how many digits are required for adequate
resolution of the signal, i.e. how many steps are required on the
vertical (signal level) scale in Fig. 2 The use of a four -digit code,
i.e. 0000, 0001 etc., gives 16 possible signal levels. Doubling the
number of digits to eight gives 256 signal levels and so on. ITT's
experience shows that the luminance signal requires 8 bits (digits), the
colour -difference signals require 6 bits, the audio signal requires 12
bits (14 for hi-fi quality) while 13 bits are required for a linear
horizontal scan on a 26inch tube. These digital signals are handled as parallel data streams in the subsequent signal processing.
Returning to Fig. 1, the A -D and D -A conversion required in the video
channel is carried out by a single chip which ITT call the video codec
(coder/decoder). A clock pulse generator i.c. is required to produce the
various pulse trains necessary for the digital signal processing, and a
control i.c. is used to act as a computer for the whole digital system and
also to provide interfacing to enable the external controls
(brightness, volume, colour etc.) to produce the desired effects. In
addition, the control i.c. incorporates the digital channel selection
system. The video codec i.c. uses parallel A-D/D-A conversion, i.e. a
string of voltage comparators connected in parallel. This system places a
high premium on the number of bits used to code the signal in digital
form, so ITT have devised a technique of biasing the converter to
achieve 8 -bit resolution using only 7 bits (the viewer's eye does some
averaging on alternate lines, as with Simple PAL, but this time
averaging luminance levels). The A -D comparators provide grey -encoded outputs, so the first stage in the video processor i.c. is a grey -to -binary transcoder. As Fig.
3 shows, the processes carried out in the video processor i.c. then
follow the normal practice, though everything's done in digital form.
The key to this processing is the use of digital filters. These are clocked at rates up to 18MHz, and provide delays, addition and multiplication. The glass chroma delay
line required for PAL decoding in a conventional analogue decoder
consists of blocks of RAM (random-access memory) occupying only three
square millimeters of chip area each. As an example of the ingenuity of
the ITT design, the digital delay line used for chroma signal
averaging/separation in the PAL system is used in the NTSC version of
the chip as a luminance/chrominance signal separating comb filter. Fig. 4
shows the basic processes carried out in the deflection processor i.c.
This employs the sorts of techniques we're becoming used to in the
latest generation of sync processor i.c.s. Digital video goes in, and
the main outputs consist of a horizontal drive pulse plus drives to the
field output and 
EW
modulator circuits. The latter are produced by a pulse -width modulator
arrangement, i.e. the sort of thing employed with class D output
stages. The necessary gating and blanking pulses are also provided. A
further chip provides audio signal processing. One might wonder why the
relatively simple audio department calls for this sort of treatment. The
W. German networks are already equipping themselves for dual -channel
sound however, and the audio processor i.c. contains the circuitry
required to sort out the two -carrier sound signals. These chips represent a major step in digitalizing the domestic TV receiver. It seems likely that some enterprising setmaker will in due course announce a "digital TV set".
The interesting point then will be whether the chip yields, and the
chip prices as production increases, will eventually make it worthwhile
for all setmakers to follow this path (in 1984).
To be noted that the Finnish broadcasting corporation began stereo and multi - sound transmissions for televisions with digital NICAM system in 1988. Transmissions had stereo sound and that made it possible to listen to programs either in Finnish or Swedish. Salora's experts team significantly influenced the selection of NICAM system as the Nordic standard.
HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 DIGITAL Colour television receiver or set , are known in which the majority of signal processing that takes place therein is carried out digitally. That is, a video or television signal is received in a conventional fashion using a known analog tuning circuit and then, following the tuning operation, the received analog television signal is converted into a digital signal and digitally processed before subsequently being converted back to an analog signal for display on a colour cathode ray tube.
The Salora M chassis was one of the first to appear in which signal processing and timebase waveform gener- ation are carried out digitally. As with other digital chas- sis, engineers tend to avert their eyes when one of them comes into the workshop. Once the back has been removed, you find lots of forty -pin ICs.
In a conventional television receiver, all signals are analog-processed. Analog signal processing, however, has the problems at the video stage and thereafter. These problems stem from the general drawbacks of analog signal processing with regard to time-base operation, specifically, incomplete Y/C separation (which causes cross color and dot interference), various types of problems resulting in low picture quality, and low precision of synchronization. Furthermore, from the viewpoints of cost and ease of manufacturing the analog circuit, a hybrid configuration must be employed even if the main circuit comprises an IC. In addition to these disadvantages, many adjustments must be performed. So here's one or more advantage of digital operation. Another is that the land cowboy down the road or the master monkeyshine mud of the city full 1500$/Eur crap-i-phone + last rayban featured or the common chimp-loud bike runner or even the simple next door neighbour who is good at fixing pushbikes after some asking there and there on low life knowledgeable Internet Bullshit teeeechie Forums won't have messed thing up before you get there. Bear in mind that with digital operation things don't need to be adjusted very often. So apart from the tube going low -emission or failure of an output stage we shouldn't have much to worry about. If only this were so! You are usually faced with a set that won't go at all. The "where do I start?" feeling returns pretty quickly.
In order to solve the above problems, it is proposed to process all signals in a digital form from the video stage to the chrominance signal demodulation stage. In such a digital television receiver, various improvements in picture quality should result due to the advantages of digital signal processing.
Therefore digital television signal processing system introduced in 1984 by the Worldwide Semiconductor Group (Freiburg, West Germany) of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation is described in an ITT Corporation publication titled "VLSI Digital TV System--DIGIT 2000." In that system color video signals, after being processed in digital (binary) form, are converted to analog form by means of digital-to-analog converters before being coupled to an image displaying kinescope. The analog color video signals are coupled to the kinescope via analog buffer amplifiers and video output kinescope driver amplifiers which provide video output signals at a high level suitable for driving intensity control electrodes of the kinescope.
Digital Signal Processing DIGVISION ITT in Brief:
FOR
several years now the use of digital techniques in television has been
growing. A considerable impetus came initially from the need for high
-quality Tv standards conversion. The IBA's DICE (Digital
Intercontinental Conversion Equipment) standards converter came into
operational use in 1972. It's success demonstrated convincingly the
advantages of processing video signals in digital form - digital signals
are neither phase nor level dependent. The trend since then has been
towards the all - digital studio: digital effects generators have been
in use for some time, and digital telecines were announced earlier this
year. An earlier example of the application of digital techniques to
television was the BBC's sound-in-syncs system, in which the sound
signal is converted to digital form so that it can be added to the video
signal for network distribution. The sound-in-syncs system first came
into use in 1969, and is was widely employed in pay tv systems
alongside with video scrambling methods in the 80's. Digital techniques
have already appeared on the domestic TV scene. The teletext signals
are digital, and require digital processing. In modern remote control
systems the commands from the remote control transmitter are in digital
form, and require digital decoding and digital - to -analogue conversion
in the receiver before the required control action can be put into
effect. Allied to this, digital techniques are used for the more
sophisticated channel tuning systems. The basic TV receiver itself
continues to use analogue techniques however. Are we about to see major
changes here? ITT Semiconductors in W. Germany have been working on the application of digital techniques to basic TV receiver signal processing since 1977 with the supervision of the Engineer Micic Ljubomir, and at the recent Berlin Radio Show presented a set of digital chips for processing the video, audio and deflection signals in a TV receiver. The set consists of a' couple of l.s.i. and six v.l.s.i. chips - and by very large scale integration (v.l.s.i.) we're talking about chips that contain some more 200,000 transistors. What are the advantages?
For the setmaker, there's reduction in the component count and simpler, automated receiver alignment - alignment data is simply fed into a programmable memory in the receiver, which then adjusts itself. Subsequently, the use of feedback enables the set to maintain its performance as it ages. From the user's viewpoint, the advantages are improved performance and the fact that extra features such as picture -within -a -picture (two pictures on the screen at the same time) and still pictures become relatively simple to incorporate. The disadvantage of course is the need for a lot of extra circuitry. Since the received signals remain in analogue form, analogue -to -digital conversion is required before signal processing is undertaken. As the c.r.t. requires analogue drive signals, digital -to -analogue conversion is required prior to the RGB output stages - the situation is somewhat different in the timebase and audio departments, since the line drive is basically digital anyway and class D amplifier techniques can be used in the field and audio output stages. In between the A -D conversion and the various output stages, handling the signals in digital form calls for much more elaborate circuitry - hence those chips with 200,000 or so transistors. The extra circuitry is all incorporated within a handful of chips of course, but the big question is if and when the use of these chips will become an economic proposition, taking into account reduced receiver assembly/setting up costs, compared to the use of the present analogue technology - after all, colour receiver component counts are already very low. With the present digital technology, it's not feasible to convert the signals to digital form at i.f. So conversion takes place following video and sound demodulation.
Fig.
1 shows in simple block diagram form the basic video and deflection
signal processing arrangement used in the system devised by ITT
Semiconductors. Before going into detail, two basic points have to be
considered - the rate at which the incoming analogue signals are sampled for conversion to digital form,
and the number of digits required for signal coding. Consider the
example shown in Fig. 2. At both (a) and (b) the signals are sampled at
times Ti, T2 etc. In (a) the signal is changing at a much faster rate
than the sampling rate. So very little of the signal information would
be present in the samples. In (b) the rate at which the signal is
changing is much slower, and since the sampling rate is the same the
samples will contain the signal information accurately. In practice, the
sampling rate has to be at least twice
the bandwidth of the signal being sampled. Once you've got your
samples, the next question is how many digits are required for adequate
resolution of the signal, i.e. how many steps are required on the
vertical (signal level) scale in Fig. 2 The use of a four -digit code,
i.e. 0000, 0001 etc., gives 16 possible signal levels. Doubling the
number of digits to eight gives 256 signal levels and so on. ITT's
experience shows that the luminance signal requires 8 bits (digits), the
colour -difference signals require 6 bits, the audio signal requires 12
bits (14 for hi-fi quality) while 13 bits are required for a linear
horizontal scan on a 26inch tube. These digital signals are handled as parallel data streams in the subsequent signal processing.
Returning to Fig. 1, the A -D and D -A conversion required in the video
channel is carried out by a single chip which ITT call the video codec
(coder/decoder). A clock pulse generator i.c. is required to produce the
various pulse trains necessary for the digital signal processing, and a
control i.c. is used to act as a computer for the whole digital system and
also to provide interfacing to enable the external controls
(brightness, volume, colour etc.) to produce the desired effects. In
addition, the control i.c. incorporates the digital channel selection
system. The video codec i.c. uses parallel A-D/D-A conversion, i.e. a
string of voltage comparators connected in parallel. This system places a
high premium on the number of bits used to code the signal in digital
form, so ITT have devised a technique of biasing the converter to
achieve 8 -bit resolution using only 7 bits (the viewer's eye does some
averaging on alternate lines, as with Simple PAL, but this time
averaging luminance levels). The A -D comparators provide grey -encoded outputs, so the first stage in the video processor i.c. is a grey -to -binary transcoder. As Fig.
3 shows, the processes carried out in the video processor i.c. then
follow the normal practice, though everything's done in digital form.
The key to this processing is the use of digital filters. These are clocked at rates up to 18MHz, and provide delays, addition and multiplication. The glass chroma delay
line required for PAL decoding in a conventional analogue decoder
consists of blocks of RAM (random-access memory) occupying only three
square millimeters of chip area each. As an example of the ingenuity of
the ITT design, the digital delay line used for chroma signal
averaging/separation in the PAL system is used in the NTSC version of
the chip as a luminance/chrominance signal separating comb filter. Fig. 4
shows the basic processes carried out in the deflection processor i.c.
This employs the sorts of techniques we're becoming used to in the
latest generation of sync processor i.c.s. Digital video goes in, and
the main outputs consist of a horizontal drive pulse plus drives to the
field output and 
EW
modulator circuits. The latter are produced by a pulse -width modulator
arrangement, i.e. the sort of thing employed with class D output
stages. The necessary gating and blanking pulses are also provided. A
further chip provides audio signal processing. One might wonder why the
relatively simple audio department calls for this sort of treatment. The
W. German networks are already equipping themselves for dual -channel
sound however, and the audio processor i.c. contains the circuitry
required to sort out the two -carrier sound signals. These chips represent a major step in digitalizing the domestic TV receiver. It seems likely that some enterprising setmaker will in due course announce a "digital TV set".
The interesting point then will be whether the chip yields, and the
chip prices as production increases, will eventually make it worthwhile
for all setmakers to follow this path (in 1984).
The HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 Is a multistandard set and relates to a digital
multistandard decoder for video signals and to a method for decoding
video signals.
Colour video signals, so-called composite video, blanking and sync signals (CVBS) are essentially composed of a brightness signal or luminance component (Y), two colour difference signals or chrominance components (U, V or I, Q), vertical and horizontal sync signals (VS, HS) and a blanking signal (BL).
The different coding processes, e.g. NTSC, PAL and SECAM, introduced into the known colour television standards, differ in the nature of the chrominance transmission and in particular the different systems make use of different colour subcarrier frequencies and different line frequencies.
The following explanations relate to the PAL and NTSC systems, but correspondingly apply to video signals of other standards and non-standardized signals.
The colour subcarrier frequency (fsc) of a PAL system and a NTSC system is fsc(NTSC) = 3.58 MHz or fsc(PAL) = 4.43 MHz.
In addition, in PAL and NTSC systems the relationships of the colour subcarrier frequency (fsc) to the line frequency (fh) are given by fsc(NTSC) = 227.50 * fh or 4•fsc(NTSC) = 910 • fh fsc(PAL) = 283.75 * fh or 4•fsc(PAL) = 1135 • fh so that the phase of the colour subcarrier in the case of NTSC is changed by 180°/line and in PAL by 270°/line.
In the case of digital video signal processing and decoding the prior art fundamentally distinguishes between two system architectures. These are the burst-locked architecture and the line-locked architecture, i.e. systems which operate with sampling frequencies for the video signal, which are produced in phase-locked manner to the colour subcarrier frequency transmitted with the burst pulse or in phase-locked manner with the line frequency, respectively.
The principal advantage of the present invention is a color television receiver is provided having a fully digital color demodulator wherein the luminance signal and the chrominance signals are separated and digitally processed prior to being converted to analog signals in that the all-digital signal processing largely eliminates the need for nonintegratable circuit elements, i.e., particularly coils and capacitors, and that the subcircuits can be preferably implemented using integrated insulated-gate field-effect transistor circuits, i.e., so-called MOS technology. This technology is better suited for implementing digital circuits than the so-called bipolar technology.
The HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 is a multisound tv digital sound processing.
It has a DTI.(dti digital transient improvement pertains to a circuit for steepening color-signal transitions in color television receivers or the like particularly in DIGIVISION DIGIT2000 . ) circuit arrangement designed for use in digital color-television receivers or the like and contains for each of the two digital color-difference signals a slope detector to which both a digital signal defining an amplitude threshold value and a digital signal defining a time threshold value are applied. At least one intermediate value occurring during an edge to be steepened is stored, and at the same time value of the steepened edge, it is "inserted" into the latter.
The bandwidth of the color-difference channel is very small compared with the bandwidth of the luminance channel, namely only about 1/5 that of the luminance channel in the television standards now in use. This narrow bandwidth leads to blurred color transitions ("color edging") in case of sudden color-signal changes, e.g., at the edges of the usual color-bar test signal, because, compared with the associated luminance-signal transition, an approximately fivefold duration of the color-signal transition results from the narrow transmission bandwidth.
In the prior circuit arrangement, the relatively slowly rising color-signal edges are steepened by suitably delaying the color-difference signals and the luminance signal and steepening the edges of the color-difference signals at the end of the delay by suitable analog circuits. The color-difference signals and the luminance signal are present and processed in analog form as usual. This circuit arrangement is designed for use in digital color-television receivers or the like and contains for each of the two digital color-difference signals a slope detector to which both a digital signal defining an amplitude threshold value and a digital signal defining a time threshold value are applied. At least one intermediate value occurring during an edge to be steepened is stored, and at the same time value of the steepened edge, it is "inserted" into the latter. This is done by means of memories, switches, output registers, and a sequence controller.
ADVANTAGE - Increased picture sharpness and highly improved signal-to-noise ratio.
The set has a pair of rotatable 2 way speakers box side located, see pictures.
The set has even 2 SCART SOCKETS and outputs for external loudspeakers.
Pictures, as any ITT DIGIT2000 DIGITAL chassis based, are superb and this set is featuring the PHILIPS FSQ 45AX SYSTEM CRT TUBE, which in after models is replaced with TOSHIBA CRT TUBES.
The SALORA CHASSIS STB253 Chassis M here featured is a complex board with particular design in a way from POWER SUPPLY (IPSALO) to PCB 3 LAYER TYPE.
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History of Salora
History starts beginning 1928 in Salo (Finland), where Messrs Nordell and Koskinen built crystal receivers for the new Finish broadcasting station. Rapidly other radios followed, on battery and in 1930 on home electricity. In 1945, after WO II, the company was renamed SALORA oy. This name was a combination of the town SALO and the product RAdio. "Salora" grew and 15,000 radios were produced yearly by 300 people.
In 1957 Salora started the production of black/white TV-sets and in the beginning of the seventies, 2,000 people were employed and they built 1,000 TV-sets per day. At the end of the fifties they started the production of wireless phones for the army and the railways.
In 1966 the export of televisions to Sweden was starting and at the end of the seventies 60% of the production was destined for export. In 1978 a co-operation was founded with NOKIA – under the name MOBIRA – for the production of mobile phones.
In 1981 monitors for IBM were taken into production as well. Thereafter, in 1982, the mobile phone division was sold to NOKIA and in 1984 NOKIA bought the majority of the SALORA shares. In the same year SALORA started to make TV-sets for a famous Japanese brand for the total European market. In 1992 NOKIA took over SALORA completely.In February 2006 the brandname SALORA is being secured and from now on Albers Trading B.V. will supply her complete range of products under the name SALORA.
Hitachi, Ltd. ( Kabushiki-gaisha Hitachi Seisakusho) specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi 1-chome, is a Japanese multinational corporationChiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The company is the parent of the Hitachi Group (Hitachi Gurūpu) as part of the larger DKB Group companies. Hitachi is the third largest technological company by revenue as of 2009.
HISTORY PROGRESSION:
1910-1919 1910
* Company formed.Completed five-horsepower induction motor
1911
* Completed 2-kVA transformer
1914
* Started production of AC ammeter and voltmeter
1916
* Completed 10,000-hp (7,355-kW) water turbine
* Started production of fans
1920-1929 1924
* Completed the first large-scale DC electric locomotive to be manufactured in Japan *figure2
1930-1939 1930
* Started production of pole-top transformers
1931
* Completed 10,000-A hydraulic electrolytic cell
1932
* Started production of elevators
* Completed Hitachi's first electric refrigerator *figure3
1933
* Completed 23,600-housepower Illgner set
1940-1949 1940
* Completed 5,000-line automatic private branch exchange
1943
* Completed 85,000-kW Francis water turbine and 70,000-kVA alternating current generator
1949
* Completed first U05 power excavator
1950-1959 1951
* Completed 6,500-kW Kaplan water turbine and 7,000-kVA AC generator (first umbrella-type generator made in Japan)
1952
* Completed 21,000-kW two-stage pump-turbine
1953
* Completed true low-pressure 300-m3/h air separation machine
* Completed 55,000-kW hydrogen-cooled turbine
1954
* Completed the first large-scale cold strip mill to be produced in Japan
1955
* Completed 100,000-kW Francis water turbine and 93,000-kVA alternating current generator
1956
* Completed the first DF90 diesel-electric engine to be built in Japan
1958
* Completed six-transistor miniature portable radio
* Electron microscopes awarded the grand prix at the World Exposition in Brussels *figure4
1959
* Completed electronic computers based on transistors
* Hitachi America, Ltd. established60-1969 1960
* Developed cubic-type refrigerator
1961
* Developed fully automatic washing machine
* Completed experimental nuclear reactor
1962
* Developed exothermic self-hardening mold
1963
* Completed 265,000-kW impulse reheating cross-compound turbine
1964
* Completed the first cars for the Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
* Developed seat reservation system for Japanese National Railways
* Manufactured monorail running between Haneda Airport and Hamamatsu-cho, Tokyo
1965
* Completed HITAC 5020 system
* Completed 19-inch 90° polarized color cathode ray tube using rare earth fluorescent elements
1966
* Developed LTP processing technique for silicon transistors
1967
* Developed dry-type room air conditioner
1968
* Developed hybrid LSI
* Completed HIDIC 100 electronic computer for control applications
* Developed 300-m/min elevators for high-rise buildings
1969
* Completed on-line banking system
* Developed and mass-produced all-transistor color televisions
* Developed Lo-D 2-Way speaker system
1970-1979 1970
* Developed computer-aided traffic control system for the Shinkansen (Bullet Train) *figure5
1971
* Competed large (1 Gbyte) file storage unit
1973
* Developed new-type image pickup tube
1974
* Developed numerically controlled ruling engine for aplanatic concave diffraction grating
* Commercial operation began at Japan's first 470,000-kW nuclear power station *figure6
* Successful automation of semiconductor assembly (automation of wire bonding for LSIs and transistors)
1975
* Developed high-performance heat transfer surface (Thermoexcell)
* Developed Hitachi High Crown Control Mill
* Completed large M-series computer system *figure7
1976
* Succeeded in trial of world's first optical transmission system
1977
* Developed high-speed amino acid analysis machine (type 837)
* Completed construction of Fugen advanced thermal converter reactor
1978
* Completed world's first field emission electron microscope with record-high resolution
* Experimental color camera with solid-state miniature image device developed
1979
* Completed HITAC M-series 200H
1980-1989 1980
* Completed 300-MW AC/DC converter for electricity link between Hokkaido and Honshu
1982
* Hitachi Europe Ltd. established
* Succeeded in world's first micro-level observation of magnetic field by the use of electron beam holography
1983
* Developed air conditioner with scroll compressor
1984
* Completed first improved standard BWR to be made in Japan
* Started mass production of 256-kilobit DRAMs *figure8
1985
* Completed the "JT-60" large-scale Tokamak device for break-even plasma experiments
* Developed CAD/CAE system with ultra-high resolution color display *figure9
1986
* Compared HITAC M-68X series
1987
* Practical application of predictive fuzzy control
* Completed large display using color liquid crystal projection
1988
* Developed quadrapedal robot
* Hitachi Asia Pte. Ltd. established
1989
* Developed world's fastest superconductive computer
* Developed superconductive MR imaging equipment
* Established two R&D centers in the U.S. and two laboratories in Europe
1990-1999 1990
* Released very large-scale computer with the world's fastest processing speed at that time
* Developed high-resolution TFT color liquid crystal display
1991
* Developed inverter-controlled electric locomotive with the world's largest control capacity
* Developed highly sensitive image pickup tubes
1992
* Completed core network 500-kV substation system
* Developed core technology for atomic manipulation and observation of atomic arrangement using scanning tunneling microscope
1993
* Developed Shinkansen (Bullet Train) with new maximum service speed of 270 km/h
* First in world to successfully demonstrate operation of single-electron memory at room temperature
* Developed capillary array DNA sequencer
1994
* Hitachi (China) Ltd. established
* Developed the original 32-bit RISC processor SuperH family
* Developed clean ATM
* Successful prototype of 1-Gbit DRAM
1995
* Developed Super TFT LCD module featuring ultra-wide viewing angles *figure10
* Developed 10-Gbit/s fiber optic transmission equipment
* Developed MULTI 2 encryption algorithm
1997
* Developed core technology for 4.7-Gbyte DVD-RAM
* Developed magnetocardiography technology for scanning cardiac patients
* Developed small proton accelerator for cancer treatment
1998
* Developed 320-Gbit/s optical data transmission system
* Developed refrigerator/air conditioner with PAM control
1999
* Commercialized lithium secondary battery using manganese system
2000- 2000
* Developed 52.5-Gbits/in2 perpendicular magnetic recording method
* Developed holographic electron microscope with 49.8-picometer resolution
2001
* Developed mobile web-gateway system
* Developed application processor for mobile phones
2002
* Developed world's smallest 0.3-mm square contactless IC chip *figure11
* Developed compact DNA analysis system genetic for SNP typing
2003
* Developed and commercialized compact, highly accurate, high-speed finger vein authentication system
* Successful measurement of infant brain functions using optical topography
* Dr. Hideaki Koizumi, a Hitachi Fellow, presented a lecture at the 400th Anniversary of the Foundation of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican City
2004
* Developed world's smallest sensor-net terminal with a battery life of over one year
* Developed high-temperature lead-free solder paste
2005
* Explosives Trace Detection System received U.S. TSA certification
* Exhibited "EMIEW" two-wheel mobile robot capable of direct dialogue at the 2005 World Exposition Aichi, Japan
* Established Hitachi (China) Research & Development Corporation
2006
* Confirmation of electro-luminescence phenomena on injection of electrical current in ultra-thin silicon film
* Basic experiment on the application of Optical Topography as a brain-machine interface
* Mass production of 2.5-inch HDD using perpendicular magnetic recording technology
2007
* Prototype of world's smallest noncontact RFID powder IC chip (dimensions 0.05mm × 0.05mm)
* Prototype of the 2-Mbit non-volatile SPRAM chip using magnetization reversal by spin injection
* Developed EMIEW 2, a small and lightweight interactive robot
2008
* Developed lithium-ion battery system technology for use in high-speed diesel hybrid trains
* Developed technology for small but highly efficient electric motors that do not use rare metals
Colour video signals, so-called composite video, blanking and sync signals (CVBS) are essentially composed of a brightness signal or luminance component (Y), two colour difference signals or chrominance components (U, V or I, Q), vertical and horizontal sync signals (VS, HS) and a blanking signal (BL).
The different coding processes, e.g. NTSC, PAL and SECAM, introduced into the known colour television standards, differ in the nature of the chrominance transmission and in particular the different systems make use of different colour subcarrier frequencies and different line frequencies.
The following explanations relate to the PAL and NTSC systems, but correspondingly apply to video signals of other standards and non-standardized signals.
The colour subcarrier frequency (fsc) of a PAL system and a NTSC system is fsc(NTSC) = 3.58 MHz or fsc(PAL) = 4.43 MHz.
In addition, in PAL and NTSC systems the relationships of the colour subcarrier frequency (fsc) to the line frequency (fh) are given by fsc(NTSC) = 227.50 * fh or 4•fsc(NTSC) = 910 • fh fsc(PAL) = 283.75 * fh or 4•fsc(PAL) = 1135 • fh so that the phase of the colour subcarrier in the case of NTSC is changed by 180°/line and in PAL by 270°/line.
In the case of digital video signal processing and decoding the prior art fundamentally distinguishes between two system architectures. These are the burst-locked architecture and the line-locked architecture, i.e. systems which operate with sampling frequencies for the video signal, which are produced in phase-locked manner to the colour subcarrier frequency transmitted with the burst pulse or in phase-locked manner with the line frequency, respectively.
The principal advantage of the present invention is a color television receiver is provided having a fully digital color demodulator wherein the luminance signal and the chrominance signals are separated and digitally processed prior to being converted to analog signals in that the all-digital signal processing largely eliminates the need for nonintegratable circuit elements, i.e., particularly coils and capacitors, and that the subcircuits can be preferably implemented using integrated insulated-gate field-effect transistor circuits, i.e., so-called MOS technology. This technology is better suited for implementing digital circuits than the so-called bipolar technology.
The HITACHI MODEL CPT2550 is a multisound tv digital sound processing.
It has a DTI.(dti digital transient improvement pertains to a circuit for steepening color-signal transitions in color television receivers or the like particularly in DIGIVISION DIGIT2000 . ) circuit arrangement designed for use in digital color-television receivers or the like and contains for each of the two digital color-difference signals a slope detector to which both a digital signal defining an amplitude threshold value and a digital signal defining a time threshold value are applied. At least one intermediate value occurring during an edge to be steepened is stored, and at the same time value of the steepened edge, it is "inserted" into the latter.
The bandwidth of the color-difference channel is very small compared with the bandwidth of the luminance channel, namely only about 1/5 that of the luminance channel in the television standards now in use. This narrow bandwidth leads to blurred color transitions ("color edging") in case of sudden color-signal changes, e.g., at the edges of the usual color-bar test signal, because, compared with the associated luminance-signal transition, an approximately fivefold duration of the color-signal transition results from the narrow transmission bandwidth.
In the prior circuit arrangement, the relatively slowly rising color-signal edges are steepened by suitably delaying the color-difference signals and the luminance signal and steepening the edges of the color-difference signals at the end of the delay by suitable analog circuits. The color-difference signals and the luminance signal are present and processed in analog form as usual. This circuit arrangement is designed for use in digital color-television receivers or the like and contains for each of the two digital color-difference signals a slope detector to which both a digital signal defining an amplitude threshold value and a digital signal defining a time threshold value are applied. At least one intermediate value occurring during an edge to be steepened is stored, and at the same time value of the steepened edge, it is "inserted" into the latter. This is done by means of memories, switches, output registers, and a sequence controller.
ADVANTAGE - Increased picture sharpness and highly improved signal-to-noise ratio.
The set has a pair of rotatable 2 way speakers box side located, see pictures.
The set has even 2 SCART SOCKETS and outputs for external loudspeakers.
A SCART Connector (which stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a standard for connecting audio-visual equipment together. The official standard for SCART is CENELEC document number EN 50049-1. SCART is also known as Péritel (especially in France) and Euroconnector but the name SCART will be used exclusively herein. The standard defines a 21-pin connector (herein after a SCART connector) for carrying analog television signals. Various pieces of equipment may be connected by cables having a plug fitting the SCART connectors. Television apparatuses commonly include one or more SCART connectors.
Although a SCART connector is bidirectional, the present invention is concerned with the use of a SCART connector as an input connector for receiving signals into a television apparatus. A SCART connector can receive input television signals either in an RGB format in which the red, green and blue signals are received on Pins 15, 11 and 7, respectively, or alternatively in an S-Video format in which the luminance (Y) and chroma (C) signals are received on Pins 20 and 15. As a result of the common usage of Pin 15 in accordance with the SCART standard, a SCART connector cannot receive input television signals in an RGB format and in an S-Video format at the same time.This kind of connector is todays obsoleted !Consequently many commercially available television apparatuses include a separate SCART connectors each dedicated to receive input television signals in one of an RGB format and an S-Video format. This limits the functionality of the SCART connectors. In practical terms, the number of SCART connectors which can be provided on a television apparatus is limited by cost and space considerations. However, different users wish the input a wide range of different combinations of formats of television signals, depending on the equipment they personally own and use. However, the provision of SCART connectors dedicated to input television signals in one of an RGB format and an S-Video format limits the overall connectivity of the television apparatus. Furthermore, for many users the different RGB format and S-Video format are confusing. Some users may not understand or may mistake the format of a television signal being supplied on a given cable from a given piece of equipment. This can result in the supply of input television signals of an inappropriate format for the SCART connector concerned.
Pictures, as any ITT DIGIT2000 DIGITAL chassis based, are superb and this set is featuring the PHILIPS FSQ 45AX SYSTEM CRT TUBE, which in after models is replaced with TOSHIBA CRT TUBES.
The SALORA CHASSIS STB253 Chassis M here featured is a complex board with particular design in a way from POWER SUPPLY (IPSALO) to PCB 3 LAYER TYPE.
The horizontal deflection circuit for a television receiver is designed
without a transformer so that the chassis is not voltage. The mains ac
is rectified directly without a transformer and applied to a pump stage.
The pump stage is coupled via a line transformer to the line output
stage. Whilst the pump stage is connected electrically to the mains
supply, the line output stage and the control circuits for the line
output stage and for the pump stage are all electrically isolated from
the ac mains. This isolation is achieved using three isolation
transformers. Horizontal deflection circuits are used in conjunction with television
picture tubes in television display devices. Typically, the horizontal
deflection circuit includes a magnetic winding associated with the
picture tube and a switching circuit by which energy from a direct
voltage source is coupled to the winding and to its associated
reactances. The switching circuit is synchronized with synchronizing
signals associated with the information content of the video to be
displayed on the picture tube. In order to avoid distorted images on the
displayed raster, the size of the horizontal scanning line and the peak
deflection or scanning current must be maintained constant over
substantial periods of time. It is desirable to have a regulator scheme adaptable for use with a
transistor deflection circuit which provides conductive isolation from
the power mains, has no substantial voltage across the regulator switch
during the retrace interval, a wide range of regulation, and which is
commutated off and therefore has relatively small losses and which
requires no independent turn-off circuit, or in which turn-off
transients are small if a turn-off circuit is used. A regulated television deflection apparatus adapted to be energized by
and isolated from a source of unregulated direct voltage includes a
regulator switch having a controlled current path and a control
electrode. A transformer has a primary winding serially coupled with the
main current path and with the source of direct voltage for coupling
energy from the source to the primary winding during those intervals in
which the regulator switch is on. The transformer has a secondary
winding conductively isolated from the primary winding. A deflection
winding is coupled across the secondary winding for forming a path for
the bidirectional flow of current therebetween. A trace switch is
coupled in parallel with the deflection winding and is operated at the
horizontal rate for promoting the flow of deflection current in the
deflection winding during recurrent trace and retrace intervals. The
voltage across the deflection winding during the retrace interval is
coupled to the primary winding for reducing the current in the main
current path to zero during the retrace intervals to turn the regulator
switch off. A control circuit is coupled to the control electrode for
controlling the time during the trace interval at which the regulator
switch is turned on for maintaining the voltage or energy level
associated with the deflection circuit at a substantially constant
amplitude.
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An Increasingly Versatile Device The domestic television set used to be simply the thing that reproduced the programmes transmitted by one or other of the three programme networks unless you happened to be connected to one of the wire systems that have experimented with local TV and pay TV at various times. But have you noticed what an increasingly versatile thing the TV set is becoming?
- The first major extension to the domestic TV set's possibilities came with the VCR, enabling you to record off air or replay prerecorded tapes. Domestic VTR systems have at a price been with us for roughly a decade now, but till the advent of the easy to handle VCR most low-cost VTR systems were intended for use with monitors, with the signal interconnections at video and audio frequencies.
- Then came TV games, first found in the pubs and amusement arcades, later appearing in compact, relatively inexpensive packages for home use. The significant point here was the entry of digital techniques on the domestic TV scene. On the broadcast side, digital techniques had been making a substantial contribution to operations for some years, starting with the BBC's sound-in-syncs system (1969) in which the TV sound signal is compressed, converted to digital form and inserted in the line sync pulse period, and culminating with the IBA's famed DICE, which provides electronic standards (lines, fields, colour) conversion by converting the signals to digital form, processing them, then converting them back into analogue form.
Rather far from TV games you might think, but it's all part of the same process - the increasing impact of digital techniques on the world of television. In fact the technology of TV games has evolved considerably since their first appearance.
The approach then was to employ a fair number of standard digital i.c.s to build up the circuitry required. But why not go about it in the same way as the calculator manufacturers?
It didn't take long for the semiconductor people to see this new possibility for using their l.s.i. technology. This made it a relatively simple matter to provide a range of games with just a single i.c. the basis of the present generation of TV games.
Add a second i.c. and the whole thing comes up in glorious colour. But it doesn't end there. The talk was now is of adopting microprocessor technology and making the system programmable, so that an almost unlimited range of games of varying degrees of complexity can be played. The favoured system seems to been to use prerecorded cassettes to provide the various programmes. And once you do that, you can extend the system to all sorts of other uses - teaching systems and so on. In fact you've made the TV set into part of a home computer installation - as we outlined in Teletopics last month. It's not impossible then to imagine some "viewers" using their TV sets for games, instruction and VCR use, while keeping up to date with teletext news and getting extra information via the PO's Viewdata system - and never watching a transmitted programme at all! We've come a long way then from the days of the TV set as a goggle
(goggle ????? or gooooooooooogle).................. box.
Teletext decoders and TV games were already being built into a few sets. What other digital innovations can we expect in TV sets? (may be DVB)
One now well established use of digital techniques is to provide all electronic channel selection.
The varicap tuner simply asks to be controlled in this way, and the system lends itself readily to remote control operation. Once you're controlling the tuner and generating various signals digitally there are other things you might as well do. Like flashing the selected channel number on the screen, or the time (coming shortly in Television!). Sets which do this sort of thing have been available on the Continent for some while now.
- The latest development along these lines is the picture within a picture a reduced size picture from another channel being inserted in the corner of the main display (PIP), so that you can watch two progrpnmes at once or see when to change over to a programme due to start on another channel. This involves some interesting digital processes - you've got to lose lines, and compact the video information by reading it into a memory at one speed and reading it out at another, in effect operating at two standards simultaneously while keeping both in sync (remember how difficult it has sometimes been to keep a set in sync on one standard!).
- There's only one thing that prevents a space-age TV installation in every home: cost.
But the cost of electronic hardware has a habit of falling dramatically once production has achieved a certain level. TV games are already commonplace, and teletext decoders have become a lot cheaper once specialised i.c. modules for the purpose go into large scale production. From this point in time, it already seems that one can regard the days when the TV set simply displayed one of the programmes available as the age of stream TV.
....................................But we all know how it ended !
One more comment about digital in 2000..............
Over the years we have learnt that one of the most important things in video/ TV technology is selecting the best system to use. We have also seen how difficult this can be. Prior to the start of the colour TV era in Europe there was an great to-do about the best system to adopt. The US NTSC system seemed an obvious choice to start with. It had been proved in use, and refine- ments had been devised. But alternative, better solutions were proposed - PAL and Secam. PAL proved to be a great success, in fact a good choice.The French Secam system seems to have worked just as well. Apart from the video tape battles of the Seventies, the next really big debate concerned digital TV. When it came to digital terrestrial TV (DTT), Europe and the USA again adopted different standards.One major difference is the modulation system used for transmission. Coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) was selected for the European DVB system, while in the USA a system called 8VSB was adopted. COFDM uses quadrature amplitude modulation of a number of orthogonal carriers that are spread across the channel bandwidth. Because of their number, each carrier has a relatively low bit rate.The main advantage of the system is its excellent behaviour under multipath reception conditions. 8VSB represents a rather older, pre phase modulation technoogy: eight state amplitude modulation of a single carrier, with a vestigial sideband. The decision on the US system was assigned to the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC), reporting to the FCC. The system it proposed was approved by the FCC on December 26th, 1996. The curious date might suggest that there had been a certain amount of politicking. In fact there had been an almighty row between the TV and computer industries about the video standard to adopt, the two fearing that one or other would gain an advantage as the technologies converged. It was 'resolved' by adopting a sort of "open standard" we are talking about resolution and scanning standards here - the idea apparently being that the technology would somehow sort itself out.There seems to have been rather less concern about the modulation standard. 8VSB was adopted because it was assumed to be able to provide a larger service area than the alternatives, including COFDM, for a given transmitter power. Well, the USA is a very large place! But the US TV industry, or at least some parts of it, is now having second thoughts. Once the FCC had made its decision, there was pressure to get on with digital TV. In early 1998 there were announce- ments about the start of transmissions and broadcasters assured the FCC that DTT would be available in the ten areas of greatest population concentration by May 1999. Rapid advances were expected, with an anticipated analogue TV switch -off in 2006. So far however things have not gone like that. At the end of 1999 some seventy DTI' transmitters were in operation, but Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association estimates suggest that only some 50,000 sets and 5,000 STBs had been sold.There have been many reports of technical problems, in particular with reception in urban and hilly areas and the use of indoor aerials, also with video/audio sync and other matters. Poor reception with indoor aerials in urban conditions is of particular concern: that's how much of the population receives its TV. The UK was the first European country to start DTI', in late 1998 - at much the same time as in the USA. The contrast is striking. ONdigital had signed up well over 500,000 subscribers by the end of 1999, a much higher proportion of viewers than in the USA. Free STBs have played a part of course, but it's notable that DTT 's reception in the UK has been relatively hassle -free. In making this comparison it should also be remembered that the main aim of DTT technology differs in Europe and the USA.The main concern in Europe has been to provide additional channels. In the USA it has been to move to HDTV, in particular to provide a successor the NTSC system. There have been plenty of channels in the USA for many a year. For example the DirecTV satellite service started in mid 1994 and offers some 200 channels. Internationally, various countries have been comparing the US and European digital systems. They have overwhelmingly come down in favour of the DVB system. There have been some very damaging assessments of the ATSC standard. The present concern in the US TV industry results from this poor domestic take up and lack of international success. Did the FCC make a boob, in particular in the choice of 8VSB? Following compara- tive tests carried out by Sinclair Broadcasting Group Inc., the company has petitioned the FCC to adopt COFDM as an option in the ATSC standard. Not only did its tests confirm poor reception with indoor aerials: they also established that the greater coverage predicted for 8VSB failed to materialise in practice. Could the USA have two DTT transmission standards? It seems unlikely. It would involve dual standard receivers and non standardisation of transmitters. In the all important business of system selection, it looks as if the FCC got it wrong.
.................................... It is obviously wasteful to duplicate terrestrial TV transmissions in analogue and digital form. Sooner or later transmissions will all be digital, since this is a more efficient use of spectrum space. The question is when? It would suit some to switch off the analogue transmitters as soon as possible. 2006 has been suggested as a time to start, with ana- logue transmissions finally ending in 2010. All very neat and tidy. Whether it will work out in that way is another matter. Strong doubts are already beginning to be aired.
The government has, quite properly, laid down conditions to be met before the switch off occurs. Basically that the digital signal coverage should equal that achieved for analogue TV, currently 99.4 per cent of the population, and that digital receiving equipment should be available at an affordable price. The real problem is that there is a difference between a coverage of 99.4 per cent and 99.4 per cent of the population actually having digital receiving equipment. Why should those who are interested in only free - to -air channels go out and buy/rent a digital receiver? It is already becoming evident that this represents a fair chunk of the population.
The ITC has warned the government that the 2006-2010 timetable is in jeopardy. Peter Rogers, the ITC's chief executive, has said "we need to persuade people only interested in watching free -to -air television to switch to digital. "Unless we do, there will be no switch - over." Well not quite, because the analogue receivers will eventually wear out and have to be replaced. But that could take a long, long time. Meanwhile many people will expect to be able to continue to watch their usual TV fare using their existing analogue receivers.Research carried out by Culture Secretary Chris Smith's department has established that between forty and fifty per cent of the population expects the BBC licence to cover their TV viewing, which means what they get at present in analogue form. A substantial percentage of the population simply isn't interested in going digital. In fact take up of integrated receiver -decoders, as opposed to the free digital set -top boxes, has so far been very slow.Of five million TV sets sold in the UK year 1999 , only 10,000 were digital. There are important factors apart from overall coverage and how many people have sets. There is the extension of coverage, which becomes more difficult to achieve eco- nomically as the number of those not covered decreases. There is the problem of reception quality. And there is the question of domestic arrangements and convenience. Extending coverage to the last ten fifteen per cent of the population by means of conventional terrestrial transmitters will be expensive. Mr Smith's department seems to have conceded that other methods of signal delivery may have to be adopted - by satellite, by microwave links or by cable. The latter has of course never been economic where few households are involved.The frequency planners have been trying to find ways of increasing coverage even to well populated areas. There are so many areas where problems of one sort or another make the provision of DTT difficult. Satellite TV is the obvious solution.The time may well come when it is wondered why anyone bothered with DTT. Signal quality is becoming an increasingly important factor as the digital roll out continues. In areas where the signal is marginal, viewers could experience the extreme irritation of picture break up or complete loss like even todays. This is quite apart from the actual quality of the channel, which depends on the number of bits per second used. There is a maximum number of bits per multiplex, the total being shared by several channels. The fewer the bits, the poorer the picture in terms of definition and rendering.There have already been complaints about poor quality. The question of domestic arrangements is one that has not so far received adequate public attention. Most households 2000 nowadays don't have just one TV set that the family watches. They have a main one, probably, almost certainly one or more VCRs, and several other sets around the house to serve various purposes. What 'the percentage of households that have digital TV' should really mean is the percentage willing to replace all this equipment. It will be expensive, and people would not be happy if they were told to throw away their other equipment when they get a single nice new all singing all dancing widescreen digital TV set. It fact there would be uproar. The move from analogue to digital is not like that from 405 to 625 lines, which went fairly smoothly.
In those days few people had video equipment or a multitude of sets. The transition to digital is not going to be smooth, and the suggestion of a switch off during 2006-2010 already looks totally unrealistic. Unless the government subsidises or gives away digital TV sets - and why should it? - people will expect their existing equipment to continue to be usable.So it's likely that analogue TV will be with us for many years yet. But that would be the end of analogue too..............................Indeed...............................
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History of Salora
History starts beginning 1928 in Salo (Finland), where Messrs Nordell and Koskinen built crystal receivers for the new Finish broadcasting station. Rapidly other radios followed, on battery and in 1930 on home electricity. In 1945, after WO II, the company was renamed SALORA oy. This name was a combination of the town SALO and the product RAdio. "Salora" grew and 15,000 radios were produced yearly by 300 people.
In 1957 Salora started the production of black/white TV-sets and in the beginning of the seventies, 2,000 people were employed and they built 1,000 TV-sets per day. At the end of the fifties they started the production of wireless phones for the army and the railways.
In 1966 the export of televisions to Sweden was starting and at the end of the seventies 60% of the production was destined for export. In 1978 a co-operation was founded with NOKIA – under the name MOBIRA – for the production of mobile phones.
In 1981 monitors for IBM were taken into production as well. Thereafter, in 1982, the mobile phone division was sold to NOKIA and in 1984 NOKIA bought the majority of the SALORA shares. In the same year SALORA started to make TV-sets for a famous Japanese brand for the total European market. In 1992 NOKIA took over SALORA completely.In February 2006 the brandname SALORA is being secured and from now on Albers Trading B.V. will supply her complete range of products under the name SALORA.
Hitachi, Ltd. ( Kabushiki-gaisha Hitachi Seisakusho) specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi 1-chome, is a Japanese multinational corporationChiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The company is the parent of the Hitachi Group (Hitachi Gurūpu) as part of the larger DKB Group companies. Hitachi is the third largest technological company by revenue as of 2009.
| Corporate Name | Hitachi, Ltd. (Kabushiki Kaisha Hitachi Seisakusho) |
|---|---|
| Established | February 1, 1920 [Founded in 1910] |
| Headquarters | 6-6, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8280 Japan phone:+81-3-3258-1111 |
| Management | Hiroaki Nakanishi Representative Executive Officer and President |
| In-house Company System |
|
HISTORY PROGRESSION:
1910-1919 1910
* Company formed.Completed five-horsepower induction motor
1911
* Completed 2-kVA transformer
1914
* Started production of AC ammeter and voltmeter
1916
* Completed 10,000-hp (7,355-kW) water turbine
* Started production of fans
1920-1929 1924
* Completed the first large-scale DC electric locomotive to be manufactured in Japan *figure2
1930-1939 1930
* Started production of pole-top transformers
1931
* Completed 10,000-A hydraulic electrolytic cell
1932
* Started production of elevators
* Completed Hitachi's first electric refrigerator *figure3
1933
* Completed 23,600-housepower Illgner set
1940-1949 1940
* Completed 5,000-line automatic private branch exchange
1943
* Completed 85,000-kW Francis water turbine and 70,000-kVA alternating current generator
1949
* Completed first U05 power excavator
1950-1959 1951
* Completed 6,500-kW Kaplan water turbine and 7,000-kVA AC generator (first umbrella-type generator made in Japan)
1952
* Completed 21,000-kW two-stage pump-turbine
1953
* Completed true low-pressure 300-m3/h air separation machine
* Completed 55,000-kW hydrogen-cooled turbine
1954
* Completed the first large-scale cold strip mill to be produced in Japan
1955
* Completed 100,000-kW Francis water turbine and 93,000-kVA alternating current generator
1956
* Completed the first DF90 diesel-electric engine to be built in Japan
1958
* Completed six-transistor miniature portable radio
* Electron microscopes awarded the grand prix at the World Exposition in Brussels *figure4
1959
* Completed electronic computers based on transistors
* Hitachi America, Ltd. established60-1969 1960
* Developed cubic-type refrigerator
1961
* Developed fully automatic washing machine
* Completed experimental nuclear reactor
1962
* Developed exothermic self-hardening mold
1963
* Completed 265,000-kW impulse reheating cross-compound turbine
1964
* Completed the first cars for the Shinkansen (Bullet Train)
* Developed seat reservation system for Japanese National Railways
* Manufactured monorail running between Haneda Airport and Hamamatsu-cho, Tokyo
1965
* Completed HITAC 5020 system
* Completed 19-inch 90° polarized color cathode ray tube using rare earth fluorescent elements
1966
* Developed LTP processing technique for silicon transistors
1967
* Developed dry-type room air conditioner
1968
* Developed hybrid LSI
* Completed HIDIC 100 electronic computer for control applications
* Developed 300-m/min elevators for high-rise buildings
1969
* Completed on-line banking system
* Developed and mass-produced all-transistor color televisions
* Developed Lo-D 2-Way speaker system
1970-1979 1970
* Developed computer-aided traffic control system for the Shinkansen (Bullet Train) *figure5
1971
* Competed large (1 Gbyte) file storage unit
1973
* Developed new-type image pickup tube
1974
* Developed numerically controlled ruling engine for aplanatic concave diffraction grating
* Commercial operation began at Japan's first 470,000-kW nuclear power station *figure6
* Successful automation of semiconductor assembly (automation of wire bonding for LSIs and transistors)
1975
* Developed high-performance heat transfer surface (Thermoexcell)
* Developed Hitachi High Crown Control Mill
* Completed large M-series computer system *figure7
1976
* Succeeded in trial of world's first optical transmission system
1977
* Developed high-speed amino acid analysis machine (type 837)
* Completed construction of Fugen advanced thermal converter reactor
1978
* Completed world's first field emission electron microscope with record-high resolution
* Experimental color camera with solid-state miniature image device developed
1979
* Completed HITAC M-series 200H
1980-1989 1980
* Completed 300-MW AC/DC converter for electricity link between Hokkaido and Honshu
1982
* Hitachi Europe Ltd. established
* Succeeded in world's first micro-level observation of magnetic field by the use of electron beam holography
1983
* Developed air conditioner with scroll compressor
1984
* Completed first improved standard BWR to be made in Japan
* Started mass production of 256-kilobit DRAMs *figure8
1985
* Completed the "JT-60" large-scale Tokamak device for break-even plasma experiments
* Developed CAD/CAE system with ultra-high resolution color display *figure9
1986
* Compared HITAC M-68X series
1987
* Practical application of predictive fuzzy control
* Completed large display using color liquid crystal projection
1988
* Developed quadrapedal robot
* Hitachi Asia Pte. Ltd. established
1989
* Developed world's fastest superconductive computer
* Developed superconductive MR imaging equipment
* Established two R&D centers in the U.S. and two laboratories in Europe
1990-1999 1990
* Released very large-scale computer with the world's fastest processing speed at that time
* Developed high-resolution TFT color liquid crystal display
1991
* Developed inverter-controlled electric locomotive with the world's largest control capacity
* Developed highly sensitive image pickup tubes
1992
* Completed core network 500-kV substation system
* Developed core technology for atomic manipulation and observation of atomic arrangement using scanning tunneling microscope
1993
* Developed Shinkansen (Bullet Train) with new maximum service speed of 270 km/h
* First in world to successfully demonstrate operation of single-electron memory at room temperature
* Developed capillary array DNA sequencer
1994
* Hitachi (China) Ltd. established
* Developed the original 32-bit RISC processor SuperH family
* Developed clean ATM
* Successful prototype of 1-Gbit DRAM
1995
* Developed Super TFT LCD module featuring ultra-wide viewing angles *figure10
* Developed 10-Gbit/s fiber optic transmission equipment
* Developed MULTI 2 encryption algorithm
1997
* Developed core technology for 4.7-Gbyte DVD-RAM
* Developed magnetocardiography technology for scanning cardiac patients
* Developed small proton accelerator for cancer treatment
1998
* Developed 320-Gbit/s optical data transmission system
* Developed refrigerator/air conditioner with PAM control
1999
* Commercialized lithium secondary battery using manganese system
2000- 2000
* Developed 52.5-Gbits/in2 perpendicular magnetic recording method
* Developed holographic electron microscope with 49.8-picometer resolution
2001
* Developed mobile web-gateway system
* Developed application processor for mobile phones
2002
* Developed world's smallest 0.3-mm square contactless IC chip *figure11
* Developed compact DNA analysis system genetic for SNP typing
2003
* Developed and commercialized compact, highly accurate, high-speed finger vein authentication system
* Successful measurement of infant brain functions using optical topography
* Dr. Hideaki Koizumi, a Hitachi Fellow, presented a lecture at the 400th Anniversary of the Foundation of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican City
2004
* Developed world's smallest sensor-net terminal with a battery life of over one year
* Developed high-temperature lead-free solder paste
2005
* Explosives Trace Detection System received U.S. TSA certification
* Exhibited "EMIEW" two-wheel mobile robot capable of direct dialogue at the 2005 World Exposition Aichi, Japan
* Established Hitachi (China) Research & Development Corporation
2006
* Confirmation of electro-luminescence phenomena on injection of electrical current in ultra-thin silicon film
* Basic experiment on the application of Optical Topography as a brain-machine interface
* Mass production of 2.5-inch HDD using perpendicular magnetic recording technology
2007
* Prototype of world's smallest noncontact RFID powder IC chip (dimensions 0.05mm × 0.05mm)
* Prototype of the 2-Mbit non-volatile SPRAM chip using magnetization reversal by spin injection
* Developed EMIEW 2, a small and lightweight interactive robot
2008
* Developed lithium-ion battery system technology for use in high-speed diesel hybrid trains
* Developed technology for small but highly efficient electric motors that do not use rare metals
JAPAN IS STRANGE
Strange how situations change. It seems not so long ago that Japan and its industries, particularly electronics, could do no wrong. They taught us how to make cars and TV sets properly. They invested heavily and came up with a seem- ingly endless stream of desirable, innova- tive products. Both outsiders and insiders could see no end to this success story. We were told, by more than one leading Japanese electronics industrialist, that the 21st century would be the Japanese one, when Japan became predominant industri- ally and culturally. For the last couple of years the situation has been somewhat different. Japan is still the world's second largest economy, but the previous confidence has gone. The econo- my has stalled, and doesn't look like getting going again for some time. Profitability has become appalling, and the talk now is all of restructuring and job losses. Sony has announced that some 17,000 jobs will be lost worldwide, ten per cent of its workforce, while fifteen of its seventy factories are to be closed. Mighty Hitachi, whose activities span a much wider field and whose turnover is equivalent to over two per cent of Japan's gross domestic product, has launched a detailed review of its businesses. 6,500 of its 66,000 parent company employees are to be made redun- dant by March next year. On a consolidat- ed basis Hitachi is Japan's largest employ- er, with 330,000 staff. Businesses are to be dropped or reorganised. The story from Mitsubishi Electric is similar: there is to be a "sweeping restructuring of its portfolio of businesses". In the UK, the latest manifes- tation of this is the closure of Mitsubishi's VCR plant at Livingston. 14,500 jobs will go (8,400 in Japan) at Mitsubishi Electric, nearly ten per cent of the workforce. Other manufacturers who have announced poor results and restructuring recently include NEC, Matsushita, Sharp and Toshiba. It's all a long way since the time when, it seemed, all the Japanese had to do was to get the product right and produce more and more of it. Some of this was foreseeable. Markets reach saturation point; new products are not always a runaway success; if investment in new plant is excessive you end up with too much capacity; and so on. Then there is the fact that Japan is not isolated from econom- ic problems elsewhere: no economy that is heavily dependent on exports can be. But there are also more specific Japanese prob- lems. The banking system is beset by non- performing loans that Japanese bankers are reluctant to write off. The bubble economy of a few years ago, when asset values rose to unrealistic levels, collapsed. This is part of the cause of the banking system difficul- ties. Then there is the practice of cross - ownership, with firms owning substantial stakes in each other. This can work nicely when everything is doing well: when reces- sion looms, it aggravates the problems. Japan's unemployment rate hit a new high of 4.8 per cent (3.39m) in March, part- ly because of the corporate sector restructur- ing. Japanese industrialists hope to improve their profitability in the second half of the year, and will be helped by improved condi- tions in SE Asia. But it will be hard going, particularly to improve domestic market conditions. The Japanese have always had a high propensity to save. This increases when the economic climate is poor, with unemployment a threat. Right now Japanese consumers are saving rather than buying. No one seems to know how to alter their behaviour. There is also a demographic problem: the Japanese population is ageing. Japanese interest rates are negligible. So borrowing is not a problem. But conversely all those savings are bringing in little income. In the Western world interest rate changes often have a considerable impact on the economy. This economic tool is not available when interest rates are negligible. The Japanese have been advised to get their banking system sorted out, but that's not the sort of thing that can be done overnight. Right now the best opportunity for Japan seems to be to export its way out of its dif- ficulties, something that shouldn't be too difficult once worldwide expansion has resumed. But the high value of the yen is a drawback. From the economic viewpoint it's an extremely interesting situation, one in which the laws of economics have little to offer. This could be because such laws are, basically, descriptive rather than prescrip- tive. In the real world you can't always ini- tiate economic activity through monetary or fiscal means. Some commentators have gone so far as to suggest that the Japanese government should spend, spend, spend and print money to kick-start the economy. This is a dangerous course that can go badly wrong. It has already been tried by the Japanese government to a limited extent, with similarly limited success. The one thing that we do know is that economies are not stable. Change is ever present in one form or another. The prob- lem lies in trying to control it. This is all rather humbling, and certainly something of a comeuppance for the rather arrogant Japanese industrialists who had talked about the century of Japanese economic hegemony.
Some References:
"Hitachi Financial Statements" (PDF). Hitachi. "Hitachi to grant electron microscopes". The Jakarta Post. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2012. "Corporate Profile". Retrieved 8 October 2014. Our Businesses : Hitachi Global. Hitachi.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16. "Global 500 2014". Retrieved 2015-04-29. "Little Known Facts About Hitachi". Retrieved 8 October 2014. III, Kenneth E. Hendrickson (2014-11-25). The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810888883. Jr, Alfred D. Chandler; Hikino, Takashi; Nordenflycht, Andrew Von (2005). Inventing the Electronic Century. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674018051. "History (1910–1959) : Hitachi Global". Hitachi.com. 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2013-01-07. Fransman, Martin; Fransman, Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute for Japanese-European Technology Studies (Jets) Martin (1995). Japan's Computer and Communications Industry: The Evolution of Industrial Giants and Global Competitiveness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198233336. "History (1910–1959)". Hitachi. Retrieved 11 November 2012. "History (1980–1999)". Hitachi. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2012. "WD to Buy Hitachi's Drive Business for $4.3 Billion". PC Magazine. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2012. "Western Digital Closes Hitachi GST Acquisition, to Operate Separate Subsidiaries". Network World. 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2014-09-01. Television, Marc Chacksfield 2012-01-23T13:26:00 22Z. "Hitachi to stop making TVs in 2012". TechRadar. Retrieved 2019-01-15. Welch, Chris (2012-09-27). "Hitachi invents quartz glass storage capable of preserving data for millions of years". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-01-15. "Hitachi buys UK nuclear project from E.On and RWE". BBC News. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012. "Hitachi wins bid to build up to six UK nuclear plants". Reuters. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012. "Hitachi and Mitsubishi Heavy shares rise after merger". BBC News. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. "MHI, Hitachi plan to merge thermal power units to boost overseas sales". The Japan Times. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012. "News Releases". Retrieved 8 October 2014. "Hitachi to invest $2.8B in IoT: launches new unit and platform". ReadWrite. 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2019-01-15. "Honda, Hitachi Automotive to form EV motor joint venture". Reuters. 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2019-01-15. GlobeNewsWire. "Hitachi INS Software and Zoomdata Partner to Develop Big Data Analytics Market in Japan." March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018. "Bloomberg - Are you a robot?". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-03-29. "Defense Systems Company". Stuart, Laura Anne (19 April 2013). "The Rebirth of the Magic Wand". Express Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013. Trout, Christopher (28 August 2014). "The 46-year-old sex toy Hitachi won't talk about". Engadget. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014. "Hitachi targets 2015 for glass-based data storage that lasts 100 million years". pcworld.com. 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2016-06-02. "Japan's nuclear companies look to restructuring". Nuclear Engineering International. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2017. Patel, Sonal (1 June 2016). "GE-Hitachi Exits Nuclear Laser-Based Enrichment Venture". POWER. Retrieved 1 April 2017. Yasuhara, Akiko (31 March 2017). "Toshiba's U.S. unit bankruptcy dims Japan's nuclear ambitions". The Japan Times. Retrieved 1 April 2017. "UK unveils financial terms it offered Hitachi". World Nuclear News. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019. "G1TOWER : About Us : Hitachi Global". Hitachi, Ltd. Retrieved 2014-08-14. "Company Overview of Hitachi Communication Technologies America, Inc". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-06-02. "Hitachi Certifications". Retrieved 8 October 2014. "Hitachi Transportation Systems website". Retrieved 8 October 2014. "Hitachi Launches Bid For Intercity Express Programme". Hitachi-Rail.com. 2008-06-30. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2013-01-07. "Hitachi agrees to buy Ansaldo STS and AnsaldoBreda". Railway Gazette. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2017. "Hitachi completes Ansaldo deal". Railway Gazette. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2017. "Hitachi buys shares in Ansaldo STS to raise stake to over 50 percent". Reuters. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2017. PRWEB. "Hitachi Solutions Acquires Leading Microsoft Dynamics Solution Provider Ignify." December 14, 2015. Retrieved Jul 18, 2017. Hitachi company Overview – R&D Group Organization section Accessed 9th October 2014 Archived 2014-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Murph, Darren (2011-03-07). "Western Digital drops $4.3 billion to acquire Hitachi GST, enter staring contest with Seagate". Engadget.com. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
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