The PHILIPS D24T116 /06 LEONARDO LUXUS AUTOMATIC is a 24 inches (61cm) B/W television with 6 programs preselection keyboard with potentiometric tuning system.
The mechanical turret approach to television tuning has been used almost exclusively for the past 60 years. Even though replete with the inherent disadvantages of mechanical complexity, unreliability and cost, such apparatus has been technically capable of performing its intended function and as a result the consumer has had to bear the burdens associated with the device. However, with the " recent " Broadcast demands for parity of tuning for UHF and VHF channels, the increasing number of UHF and cable TV stations have imposed new tuning performance requirements which severely tax the capability of the mechanical turret tuner. Consequently, attempts are now being made to provide all electronic tuning to meet the new requirements.
The invention relates to a tuning unit with bandswitch for high frequency receivers, especially radio and television receivers, having a potentiometer system for the control of capacity diodes, the said potentiometer system consisting of a plurality of parallel resistance paths along which wiper contacts can be driven by means of screw spindles disposed adjacent one another in a common insulating material housing in which a bandswitch formed of metal rods is associated with each tuning spindle.
In these tuning units, the working voltages
of the capacity diodes in the tuning circuits are recorded once a
precise tuning to the desired frequency has been performed. A
potentiometer tuning system has great advantages over the formerly used
channel selectors operating with mechanically adjustable capacitors
(tuning condensers) or mechanically adjustable inductances
(variometers), mainly because it is not required to have such great
precision in its tuning mechanism. Tuning units with bandswitches formed of variable resistances and combined with interlocking pushbuttons controlling the supply of recorded working voltages to capacity diodes are known. Channel selection is accomplished by depressing the knobs, and the tuning or fine tuning are performed by turning the knobs. The resistances serving as voltage dividers in these tuning units are combined into a component unit such that they are in the form of a ladderlike pattern on a common insulating plate forming the cover of the housing in which the tuning spindles and wiper contacts corresponding to the variable resistances are housed. The number of resistances corresponds to the number of channels or frequencies which are to be recorded. The wiper contact picks up a voltage which, when applied to the capacity diodes determines their capacitance and hence the frequency of the corresponding oscillating circuit. The adjustment of the wipers is performed by turning the tuning spindle coupled to the tuning knob. By the depression of a button the electrical connection between a contact rod and a tuning spindle is brought about and thus the selected voltage is applied to the capacity diodes. Since the push buttons release one another, it is possible simply by depressing another button to tune to a different receiving frequency or a different channel, as the case may be.
Moreover, using this arrangement, the only indication--during adjustment--of which channel is selected is by station identification.
The set has tone control and features a hybrid chassis with 8 tubes in power parts, some ics and discretes.
The set was fabricated by Philips Radios - Deutschland and was marketed only in Germany.
Semiconductors and the televison technology reality changing......................
So
far the history of television development has been entirely radio (and
picture) valves centric. And it would stay so for another decade. In the
background, however, an entirely new development was taking shape:
semiconductors. Especially the concept of semiconductor diodes was not
entirely new.
During
the war both in Germany and the US some diodes were developed as
detector in radar systems, but they remained exotic. In 1946 the US war
effort on these type of materials was published and available to its
allies in a 28-volume overview. At Philips Research this triggered one
group under dr. Piet Haaijman in the sector of Herre Rinia to a few
researchers working on metal-based detectors, using such materials as
selenium and germanium. These activities came into a completely new
perspective when in 1947 the the transistor was invented by John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Labs. This sent a
shock through the world of electronics, and also within Philips kicked
off semiconductor research. In 1948 Evert Verweij, one of the three
NatLab directors, visited the US and concluded that research should be
focused on germanium as base material.
The
group of Haaijman was extended to accelerate the work on germanium
diodes, whereas a second group under F. Stieltjes started work on the
transistor. One of the young researchers in this group was J. Tummers,
who would be the leading developer of transistors within Research.
Especially the transistor was a hard nut to crack, and progress was
slow, also because Bell Labs had disclosed only a minimum of details on
the engineering of their transistor, while also the US Department of
Defence pushed hard to keep it top secret. It was only by 1952, with the
famous Bell Licensees Symposium, that Bell Labs shared the "transistor
cook book" to a selected set of companies with which it has
cross-license agreements. From Europe this included Philips, Siemens,
AEG-Telefunken and GEC. So far the NatLab had worked on the
point-contact transistor, but these were very sensitive and unreliable,
and after the Bell Symposium they switched to grown junction
transistors.
Quite quickly after the announcement of the transistor invention it became clear to the Philips management that this was an important development that the company could not ignore. By 1949 the research activities of the group of Piet Haaijman resulted in what was thought to be a producible germanium diode. At this point the HIG Elektronenbuizen decided it would create a dedicated Industriegroep Halfgeleiders (Industrial Group Semiconductors) with their HIG. On the one hand this was to give it the proper attention and focus, on the other hand it was to protect the radio valve group from distraction, giving its massive effort to role out the new families of television valves. At this time Jan van Vessem had succeeded Gerrit Alma as head of the Radiobuizen Labs, while ir H. Hazeu was the technical director of the HIG after Theo Tromp moved to the Philips board of directors in 1946. Hazeu and Tromp got along very well, and jointly pushed innovation, the importance of radio valves and picture tubes, but also recognized the importance and opportunities of semiconductors. Leader of the semiconductor activities became dr. Jan van der Spek. A production facility was built in Eindhoven and in 1950 the first products were delivered; the OA70 and OA50 diodes. The OA70 used germanium with a higher conductivity and consequently had a high bandwidth, making it fit for video detection. The OA50 was made or "regular" germanium and was a low frequency detector, so suitable for audio or synchronization signal detection. Because production was still unstable, the output was "binned" with lesser products sold as OA51, OA52 and OA56. By 1952 they were succeeded by the OA60 and OA61. Almost as soon as they appeared the germanium diodes were used by the Apparaten Lab for the functions as described. They were part of the TX1422 platform released in 1952, and thus in commercial sets from 1953.
As
soon as the first generation diodes came available the company
struggled with production capacity. The small-scale Eindhoven production
facility was soon too small, and a second site was opened in Heerlen,
but even that was not sufficient to cope with the demand. By the end of
1952 the pressure increased when, after the Bell Symposium, better
transistors were in development. In a policy meeting where neither Tromp
nor Hazeu were present especially the NatLab representative Herre Rinia
proposed a massive switch from radio valves to semiconductors, with 50%
of the HIG Elektronenbuizen R&D budget to be allocated to
semiconductors. When he heard this Hazeu was shocked, and together with
Tromp was able to reverse the decision. But it was decided that the HIG
would put more resources into semiconductor development. Furthermore the
Philips board gave the green light for the construction of a brand new
large semiconductor factory in Nijmegen, construction of which was
started immediately. It was also decided that all semiconductor
developments were to be concentrated in Nijmegen too. By 1955 this plant
had grown to 1100 employees, of which 122 in development.
Transistor developments in the meantime proved more problematic.
Transistor developments in the meantime proved more problematic.
The
NatLab had, after initial work on point contact transistors, switched
to the so-called growth or double-doping transistors, based on the
information obtained after the Bell Symposium. By the end of 1952 they
had made 100 transistors and proposed these be taken into production by
the IG Halfgeleiders. The director of the Radiobuizen Lab Jan van Vessem
and his staff were, however, not convinced of the reproducibility of
this technology.
Van Vessem was convinced that the RCA technology of alloy junction transistors was much better.
Due to rather blunt behaviour by Philips in the negotiations it took almost a year to obtain the desired license from RCA.
Although
a three first transistors were announced already in 1953, the OC10 to
OC12, these were hardly producible and effectively never cae beyond the
sample status.
The
first production transistors out of Nijmegen were the OC70 and OC71.
Both were germanium PNP transistors in a glass encapsulation, suitable
for audio and other low frequency applications, and launched in 1954.
However, where the germanium diodes were adopted very quickly, it would
take much longer for transistors to appear in the Philips television and
we won't see them in the next platforms.
Power type and voltage Alternating Current supply (AC) / 220 Volt
Loudspeaker Permanent Magnet Dynamic (PDyn) Loudspeaker (moving coil)
Dimensions (WHD) 680 x 490 x 390 mm / 26.8 x 19.3 x 15.4 inch
Notes 22 Dioden, 1 IC. VHF/UHF. 24 Zoll SW-Gerät.
(Television set kindly donated to me by Marshall Elia Z.)
The B/W Tubes Television set was powered with a External Voltage stabiliser unit for Television (portable metal box) which relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to supply alternating current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which the line voltage varies. Such regulators are frequently provided employing saturable core reactors and condensers connected in circuit... in such manner as to provide a plurality of variable voltage vectors which vary in different senses, as the line voltage varies, but which add vectorially in such manner that the
voltage stabilization
is automatically effected by the provision of an inductive pilot control device which is adapted to provide two excitation supply voltages for producing excitation or satuation of two magnetic circuits of a reversible booster transformer unit or units and diversion of flux from one magnetic circuit to the other, the booster unit being energized by primary windings from the A. C. supplysystem and being provided with a secondary winding or windings connected between the supply system and the corresponding inain or distribution circuit and in series therewith, through which a corrective boost voltage is
introduced into the circuit under the influence of the pilot control device, of an amount equal to that of the supply voltage fluctuation which initiated it and appropriate in polarity and direction for restoring the voltage to normal value and providing automatic stabilization of the circuit voltage against supply voltages which fluctuate above and below normal value.
Their vector sum remains substantially constant upon variations in line voltage, for providing automatic voltage stabilization of single or multiphase A. C. circuits where the supply voltage and frequency are subject to variation above and below normal value and where the load is subject to variation between normal limits.
The pilot control device which may be employed singly or may comprise three units or their equivalent when applied to multiphase supply systems comprises a pair of closed magnetic circuits or cores constructed of strip wound magnetic material or stacked laminations, the two
circuits forming a pair being constructed of materials possessing dis~similar magnetic characteristics when jointly energized by identical windings in series or by a collective primary winding, the said magnetic circuits being suitably proportioned to provide equal fluxes when energized at normal voltage.
The pilot control device is provided with a main and an auxiliary secondary winding or group of windings, the main secondary winding or windings being adapted to provide a voltage representing the difference in the fluxes of the two circuits to which it is jointly associated, while
the auxiliary secondary winding embraces only one circuit, preferably that subject to the least amount of flux variation. Either of the windings consists of two equal sections or in effect a double winding with a center tapping to which one end of the single winding is connected.
The voltage in the single secondary winding of the pilot device becomes directionally additive to that in one half of the tapped secondary winding a
nd substractive in respect to that in the other half. When the
supply voltage is normal the voltage provided by the single secondary
winding is zero, since there is no difference of flux in the two magnetic
circuits, and the two excitation voltagesproduced in the halves of the other secondary winding are equal and when connected to the two excitation windings of the booster units, do not produce any diversion of flux between the two circuits or sets of circuits in the magnetic system of the booster transformer unit become equal, and since the series winding on the booster unit is arranged to provide a voltage due to the difference of
the fluxes in its two magnetic circuits or sets of magnetic circuits, no corrective voltage is introduced into the main circuit by the booster. If, however, the supply voltage varies from normal the pilot control device provides a voltage across the one secondary winding due to the difference in the fluxes of the two dis-similar magnetic circuits of which it is comprised, which voltage is combined with thosc in the halves of the other secondary winding to provide two excitation voltages which vary complementarily to each other as the supply voltage fluotuates, and cause a transference of flux between the two
circuits or groups of circuits in the booster unit and automatically provide a corrective boost voltage in the main circuit in which the series winding of the booster transformer is included of a value equal to that of the variation in supply voltage which initiated it.
The pilot device may be arranged in various ways, forboth single phase and multiphase operation, as exemplified by the constructions hereinafter more fully described.Similarly, numerous arrangements of the booster transformer unit are possible, some of which are hereinafter described in detail. The booster transformer unit embodies thc principles of the inductive devices described in my co-pending Application No. 411,189, filed February 18, 1954.
As an alternative to the provision of an
auxiliary secondary winding on the pilot control device this may bereplaced by an independent or external source of supply,which may be either subject to or independent of supply voltage variation, provided such supply may be arranged with a center tapping if required.
Feed-back arrangements may be employed for providing compensation against voltage drop due to the effects of load in various ways. These are preferably providedon the booster transformer unit and may comprise a current transformer in one or more lines of the main circuit,
the secondary output of the transformer being rectified and arranged to energize an additional excitation winding on the booster transformer unit which in clfect increases the amount of the corrective boost voltage as the load increases.
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.), most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.
Philips is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles (formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly Philips Medical Systems).
he company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco brand name).
Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.
As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.
In December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of "disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.
On 2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling 80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those involved with Semiconductors".
In its more than 115 year history, this co
unts
as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company.
Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the
transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the
electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and
building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such,
Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over
the past 50 years.Agreeing to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.
On 21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the Semiconductors Division.
On 1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.
Coinciding with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).
PHILIPS FOUNDATION:
The
foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips
established Philips & Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The
company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of
the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe.
Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first
research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the
x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has
only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to
enrich people’s everyday lives.In the early years of Philips &; Co., the representation of the company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on the glass of metal filament lamps.
One of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.
The now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the radio waves would travel.
In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the
stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring
this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle
emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.At this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield emblem.
In 1938, the Philips shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced today.
The first steps of CRT production by Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe, just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in 1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated tubes like storage CRT's.
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop these new products was too big.
28 of September 2012, Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115 years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.
Gerard Philips:
Gerard
Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27,
1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder
(with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family
business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed
the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips'
Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation,
Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.Early life and education
Gerard was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 – 12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands; he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.
Career
Gerard Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.
Marriage and family
On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.
Gerard was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz Otten.
Gerard and his brother Anton supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.
Anton Philips:
Anton
Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7,
1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with
his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He
served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.Early life and education
Anton was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years older.
Career
In May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business. In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips Electronics N.V.
During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increas
e
sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several
countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.Anton (and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities, such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the best-known example.
Anton Philips brought his son Frits Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times. Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.
His son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.
Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.
Marriage and family
Philips married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30, 1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:
* Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925 to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:
o Diek Otten
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)
* Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G. Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November 8, 2005). They had the following children:
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja, March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3, 1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise, August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December 12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 – Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes, Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux, without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem Pieter
Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.
(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)
A comment...........of a 1996 reality ..................
Philips, which seems to be a perennial walking wounded case. The company had appeared to be on the mend after a worldwide cost- cutting programme which was started five years ago when Jan Timmer took over as chairman.
But, following a sharp profits fall, with the company's first quarterly loss since 1992, a further shake up is being undertaken.
The difficulty is that the company operates in a mature market, in which prices are falling at an annual rate of six per cent. Manufacturers are competing by cutting costs to gain a larger share of static demand. It's not a situation in which any firm that does its own manufacturi
ng
can achieve much. Philips' latest plan involves an overall loss of
6,000 jobs in its consumer electronics business, with far greater
reliance placed on a group of external suppliers which are referred to
as "a cluster of dedicated subcontractors".This is an approach that was pioneered many years ago by major Japanese manufacturers. Rather than make everything yourself, you rely on subcontractors who, in return, rely on you for their main source of work. It is hardly a cosy arrangement: the whole point seems to be that the major fain can exert pressure on its subcontractors, thereby - in theory - achieving optimum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. What happens when lower and lower prices are demanded for subcontracted work is not made clear.
The whole edifice could collapse.
However that might be, this is the course on which Philips has now
embarked. The company is also to carry out distribution, sales and
marketing on a regional rather than a national basis, and has said that
it will not support Grundig's losses after this year.But Philips' chief financial officer Dudley Eustace has said that it has "no intention of abandoning the television and audio business". One has to assume that the subcontracting will also be done on an international basis, as major Japanese firms have had to do. There is a sense of déjà vu about this, though one wishes Philips well - it is still one of the major contributors to research and development in our industry.
Toshiba, which has also just appointed a new top man, Taizo Nishimoro, provides an interesting contrast. Mr Nishimoro thinks that the western emphasis on sales and marketing rather than engineering is the way to go. So the whole industry seems to be moving full circle. Taizo Nishimoro has become the first non engineering president of Toshiba. Where the company cannot compete effectively on its own, he intends to seek international alliances or go for closures. He put it as follows. "The technology and the businesses we are engaged in are getting more complex.
In
these circumstances, if we try to do everything ourselves we are making
a mistake." Here's how Minoru Makihara, who became head of Mitsubishi
Corporation four years ago, sees it. "Technologies are now moving so fast that it is impossible for the top manager to know all the details. Companies are now looking for generalists who can understand broad changes, delegate and provide leadership." Corporate change indeed amongst our oriental colleagues. Major firms the world over are facing similar problems and having to adopt similar policies.
In a mature market such as consumer electronics, you have to rely on marketing to squeeze the last little bit of advantage from such developments as Dolby sound and other added value features. The consumer electronics industry has been hoping that the digital video disc would come to its aid and get sales and profits moving ahead.
The other main use of the DVD is as a ROM in computer systems. For this application flexible copying facilities are a major requirement. But the movie companies are unwilling to agree to this. At present the situation is deadlocked and the great hope of an autumn launch, all important for sales, has had to be postponed. Next year maybe? It's a great pity, since the DVD has much to offer.
There's a lot of sad news on the retail side as well. Colorvision has been placed in administrative receivership, with a threat to 800 jobs at its 76 stores, while the Rumbelows shops that were taken over by computer retailer Escom have suffered a similar fate. The receivers have closed down the UK chain with the loss of 850 jobs at some 150 stores. Nothing seems to be going right just now.
Publications
A. Heerding: The origin of the Dutch incandescent lamp industry. (Vol. 1 of The history of N.V. Philips gloeilampenfabriek). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32169-7
A. Heerding: A company of many parts. (Vol. 2 of The history of N.V. Philips' gloeilampenfabrieken). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-32170-0
I.J. Blanken: The development of N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken into a major electrical group. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 3 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V.). ISBN 90-288-1439-6
I.J. Blanken: Under German rule. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 4 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V). ISBN 90-288-1440-XReferences
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