PYE P247 DE LUXE YEAR 1969.

The PYE P247 DE LUXE is a 23 inches B/w television with VHF and UHF selectors.

The set is fabricated By PHILIPS in PHONOLA industry since PHONOLA was aquired in these years by the aforementioned PHILIPS. (some models were sharing similar chassis design).

The B/W Tubes Television set was powered with a External Voltage stabiliser unit (portable metal box) which relates to voltage regulators of the type employed to supply alternating current and a constant voltage to a load circuit from a source in which the line voltage varies. Such regulators are frequently provided employing saturable core reactors and condensers connected in circuit...  in such manner as to provide a plurality of variable voltage vectors which vary in different senses, as the line voltage varies, but which add vectorially in such manner that their vector sum remains substantially constant upon variations in line voltage, for providing automatic voltage stabilization of single or multiphase A. C. circuits where the supply voltage and frequency are subject to variation above and below normal value and where the load is subject to variation between normal limits.
voltage stabilization
is automatically effected by the provision of an inductive pilot control device which is adapted to provide two excitation supply voltages for producing excitation or satuation of two magnetic circuits of a reversible booster transformer unit or units and diversion of flux from one magnetic circuit to the other, the booster unit being energized by primary windings from the A. C. supplysystem and being provided with a secondary winding or windings connected between the supply system and the corresponding inain or distribution circuit and in series therewith, through which a corrective boost voltage is
imrorjiiced into the circuit under the influence of the pilot control device, of an amount equal to that of the supply voltage fluctuation which initiated it and appropriate in polarity and direction for restoring the voltage to normal value and providing automatic stabilization of the circuit voltage against supply voltages which fluctuate above and below normal value.

The pilot control device which may be employed singly or may comprise three units or their equivalent when applied to multiphase supply systems comprises a pair of closed magnetic circuits or cores constructed of strip wound magnetic material or stacked laminations, the two
circuits forming a pair being constructed of materials possessing dis~similar magnetic characteristics when jointly energized by identical windings in series or by a collective primary winding, the said magnetic circuits being suitably proportioned to provide equal fluxes when ener-
gized at normal voltage.

The pilot control device is provided with a main and an auxiliary secondary winding or group of windings, the main secondary winding or windings being adapted to provide a voltage representing the difference in the fluxes of the two circuits to which it is jointly associated, while
the auxiliary secondary winding embraces only one circuit, preferably that subject to the least amount of flux variation. Either of the windings consists of two equal sections or in effect a double winding with a center tapping to which one end of the single winding is connected.

The voltage in the single secondary winding of the pilot device becomes directionally additive to that in one half of the tapped secondary winding and substractive in respect to that in the other half. When the supply voltage is normal the voltage provided by the single secondary winding is zero, since there is no difference of flux in the two magnetic circuits, and the two excitation voltages
produced in the halves of the other secondary winding are equal and when connected to the two excitation windings of the booster units, do not produce any diversion of flux between the two circuits or sets of circuits in the magnetic system of the booster transformer unit become equal, and since the series winding on the booster unit is arranged to provide a voltage due to the difference of
the fluxes in its two magnetic circuits or sets of magnetic circuits, no corrective voltage is introduced into the main circuit by the booster. If, however, the supply voltage varies from normal the pilot control device provides a voltage across the one secondary winding due to the difference in the fluxes of the two dis-similar magnetic circuits of which it is comprised, which voltage is combined with thosc in the halves of the other secondary winding to provide two excitation voltages which vary complementarily to each other as the supply voltage fluotuates, and cause a transference of flux between the two
circuits or groups of circuits in the booster unit and automatically provide a corrective boost voltage in the main circuit in which the series winding of the booster transformer is includcd of a value equal to that of the variation in supply voltage which initiated it.
The pilot device may be arranged in various ways, forboth single phase and multiphase operation, as exemplified by the constructions hereinafter more fully described.Similarly, numerous arrangements of the booster transformer unit are possible, some of which are hereinafter described in detail. The booster transformer unit embodies thc principles of the inductive devices described in my co-pending Application No. 411,189, filed February 18, 1954.

As an alternative to the provision of an auxiliary secondary winding on the pilot control device this may be
replaced by an independent or external source of supply,which may be either subject to or independent of supply voltage variation, provided such supply may be arranged with a center tapping if required.

Feed-back arrangements may be employed for providing compensation against voltage drop due to the effects of load in various ways. These are preferably providedon the booster transformer unit and may comprise a current transformer in one or more lines of the main circuit,
the secondary output of the transformer being rectified and arranged to energize an additional excitation winding on the booster transformer unit which in clfect increases the amount of the corrective boost voltage as the load increases.




Pye Ltd. was an electronics company founded in Cambridge, England and is currently wholly owned by Philips.

W.G. Pye & Co. Ltd. was founded in 1896 in Cambridge by William George Pye, an employee of the Cavendish Laboratory, as a part time business making scientific instruments. By the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the company employed 40 people manufacturing instruments that were used for teaching and research. The war increased demand for such instruments and the War Office needed experimental thermionic valves. The manufacture of these components afforded the company the technical knowledge that it needed to develop the first wireless receiver when the first UK broadcasts were made by the BBC in 1922. Instruments continued to be designed and manufactured under W G Pye Ltd, later situated in York Street Cambridge, while a separate company was started to build wireless components in a factory at Church Path, Chesterton.
A series of receivers made at Church Path and were given positive reviews by Popular Wireless magazine. In 1924 Harold Pye, the son of the founder, and Edward Appleton, his former tutor at St. John's College, designed a new series of receivers which proved even more saleable. In 1928 William Pye sold the company, now renamed Pye Radio Ltd., to C. O. Stanley, who established a chain of small component-manufacturing factories across East Anglia.
When the BBC started to explore television broadcasting, Pye found that the closest of their East Anglian offices was 25 miles outside the estimated effective 25 mile radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter. Stanley was fascinated by the new technology and on his instructions the company built a high gain receiver that could pick up these transmissions. In 1937 a 5-inch Pye television receiver was priced at 21 guineas (£22.05) and within two years the company had sold 2000 sets at an average price of £34.
The new EF50 valve from Philips enabled Pye to build this high gain receiver, which was a Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) type and not a superhet type. With the outbreak of World War 2 the Pye receiver using EF50 valves became a key component of many radar receivers, forming the 45 MHz Intermediate Amplifier (IF) section of the equipment. Pye went on to design and manufacture radio equipment for the British Army, including Wireless Sets No. 10, 18, 19, 22, 62 and 68.
In February 1944 Pye formed a specialist division called Pye Telecommunications Ltd which it intended would design and produce radio communications equipment when the war ended. This company developed, prospered and grew to become the leading UK producer of mobile radio equipment for commercial, business, industrial, police and government purposes.
See http://www.pyetelecomhistory.org
(Please note:- The collection at the site aforementioned does not have any information on Pye or Philips domestic broadcast radio, television or audio equipment - this collection consists only of military and professional two-way radio communications equipment.)

After the war Pye's B16T 9-inch table television was designed around the 12-year-old EF50 valve. It was soon superseded by the B18T, which used an extra high tension transformer (EHT) developed by German companies before the war to produce high cathode ray tube voltages.
In 1955 the company diversified into music production with Pye Records. The Independent Television Authority (ITA) started public transmissions in the same year so Pye had to produce new television designs that could receive ITV and the availability of a second channel introduced the need for tuners. Pye's V4 tunable television was launched in March 1954 and was followed by the V14. The V14 proved to be technically unreliable and so tarnished the Pye name that many dealers transferred their allegiance to other manufacturers. This failure so damaged corporate confidence that Pye avoided being first to market thereafter, although they developed the first British transistor in 1956. Pye TVT Ltd was formed to produce broadcast television equipment, including cameras which, as well as international sales, were very popular with British broadcasters including the BBC. The early cameras were called "the Photicon" and the later ones by their Mk number 2, 3, etc. The Mk7/8 solid state monochrome cameras were the last ones produced. The Pye Mk6 Image Orthicon camera was the last version supplied to BBC Outside Broadcasts in 1963 for a new fleet of eight outside broadcast vans. The ITV companies purchased the popular Pye Mk3s, and to a lesser extent the Mk4s and Mk7s. Unfortunately, Pye (TVT) never made it into producing a colour broadcast television camera but there was an abortive colour telecine camera; few if any were sold. The reason for this was probably the financial difficulties the company was in.
In 1979 PYE were implicated in an episode of Granda's World In Action in relation to the sale of UHV and VHF radios as well as telephone intercept equipment which was used in the Public Safety Unit's genocide of many Ugandans. [World In Action: Inside Idi Amin's Terror Machine first broadcast first broadcast 13 June 1979]

Not wishing to risk further damage to their fragile brand, Pye first used transistors in a product sold as a subsidiary brand: the Pam 710 radio, with the transistors themselves labelled Newmarket Transistors (another subsidiary). When this proved acceptable the company launched the Pye 123 radio a Pye 123 (still with the Newmarket label on the novel internal components). Products such as these reversed the decline but the arrival of Japanese competition reduced demand to a level that threatened the viability of the manufacturing plants. The company, like most of its domestic competitors, attempted to restore demand with price competition and, where viable production exceeded demand, sold excess stock at loss-making clearance prices. This tactic has no strategic value and by 1966 Pye was in such difficulties that they started to reduce their manufacturing capacity with closure of the EKCO factory in Southend-on-Sea.
Philips attempted to buy out the ailing Pye in 1966. The Trade Secretary Anthony Wedgwood Benn determined that a complete sale would create a de facto monopoly so he permitted the transfer of just a 60% shareholding with an undertaking that the Lowestoft factory would continue to manufacture televisions.
On 20 April 1964, BBC2 was launched, broadcasting entirely on the new television standard of 625-line UHF, but BBC1 and ITV would remain in 405-line VHF until 1969, so, until 1971, all television receivers in the UK had to handle both the VHF and UHF wavebands. This added to the cost of producing television sets. The price of buying a dual-standard set, combined with the small coverage of BBC2 and the highbrow programming on that channel, meant that initial sales of dual standard sets were slow. The VHF system was finally switched off in the UK on 3 January 1985.
The arrival of 625-line UHF & PAL colour television in the mid sixties was not the rescue that domestic manufacturers had hoped. Test signals began in 1966 and scheduled transmissions commenced on BBC2 on 1 July 1967, with a full colour service beginning on that channel on 2 December 1967. BBC1 and ITV followed suit on 15 November 1969.
The arrival of colour broadcasting in the UK added further to the cost and complexity of producing television sets. The resulting high price and low coverage ares of the new technology delayed consumer adoption further. It wasn't until the TV licence year of April 1976 to April 1977 that the number of colour licences sold outnumbered those of black and white.
In the early 1970s Sony and Hitachi launched UK colour televisions that cost less than £200. Domestic manufacturers attempted to compete, but were handicapped by outdated manufacturing techniques and an inflexible workforce. Pye found themselves with high stocks and low cash flow at a time when industrial relations were poor, the economy was ailing and there was little scope for cost reduction. Foundering, the Pye group of companies was bought outright by Philips in 1976. The Lowestoft factory was subsequently sold to Sanyo and Philips moved the manufacture of Pye televisions to Singapore. Prior to the manufacturing offshoring, the company produced a range of televisions branded 'PYE Chelsea'. The range were teak clad with stainless steel 'feet' and sported three large channel selectors. Whilst unsuitable for the then upcoming 4th UK channel, the equipment would operate through early video recorders, machines with larger channel capability. The Chelsea range were popular with TV rental companies such as Radio Rentals, Rumbelows and Wigfalls. Maintenance of these sets continued well into the 1980s, with the northern rental chain Wigfalls being the last to withdraw them in 1988.
The PYE brand enjoyed a short-lived renaissance of audio equipment (known as music centres) during the 1970s and in the late 1980s with televisions, gaining something of a cult status among college students at the time.
In recent years the Pye brand has enjoyed a resurgence on the UK market, with domestic products including DVD recorders. The Pye brand is one of a handful surviving today from the early domestic electronics era that dates to before World War II.

Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics Inc.), most commonly known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is a multinational Dutch electronics corporation.

Philips is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. In 2009, its sales were €23.18 billion. The company employs 115,924 people in more than 60 countries.

Philips is organized in a number of sectors: Philips Consumer Lifestyles (formerly Philips Consumer Electronics and Philips Domestic Appliances and Personal Care), Philips Lighting and Philips Healthcare (formerly Philips Medical Systems).
The company was founded in 1891 by Gerard Philips, a maternal cousin of Karl Marx, in Eindhoven, Netherlands. Its first products were light bulbs and other electro-technical equipment. Its first factory survives as a museum devoted to light sculpture. In the 1920s, the company started to manufacture other products, such as vacuum tubes (also known worldwide as 'valves'), In 1927 they acquired the British electronic valve manufacturers Mullard and in 1932 the German tube manufacturer Valvo, both of which became subsidiaries. In 1939 they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave (marketed in the USA using the Norelco brand name).
Philips was also instrumental in the revival of the Stirling engine.

As a chip maker, Philips Semiconductors was among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders.

In December 2005 Philips announced its intention to make the Semiconductor Division into a separate legal entity. This process of "disentanglement" was completed on 1 October 2006.

On 2 August 2006, Philips completed an agreement to sell a controlling 80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners. The sale completed a process, which began December 2005, with its decision to create a separate legal entity for Semiconductors and to pursue all strategic options. Six weeks before, ahead of its online dialogue, through a letter to 8,000 of Philips managers, it was announced that they were speeding up the transformation of Semiconductors into a stand-alone entity with majority ownership by a third party. It was stated then that "this is much more than just a transaction: it is probably the most significant milestone on a long journey of change for Philips and the beginning of a new chapter for everyone – especially those involved with Semiconductors".

In its more than 115 year history, this counts as a big step that is definitely changing the profile of the company. Philips was one of few companies that successfully made the transition from the electrical world of the 19th century into the electronic age, starting its semiconductor activity in 1953 and building it into a global top 10 player in its industry. As such, Semiconductors was at the heart of many innovations in Philips over the past 50 years.

Agreeing to start a process that would ultimately lead to the decision to sell the Semiconductor Division therefore was one of the toughest decisions that the Board of Management ever had to make.

On 21 August 2006, Bain Capital and Apax Partners announced that they had signed definitive commitments to join the expanded consortium headed by KKR that is to acquire the controlling stake in the Semiconductors Division.

On 1 September 2006, it was announced in Berlin that the name of the new semiconductor company founded by Philips is NXP Semiconductors.

Coinciding with the sale of the Semiconductor Division, Philips also announced that they would drop the word 'Electronics' from the company name, thus becoming simply Koninklijke Philips N.V. (Royal Philips N.V.).

PHILIPS FOUNDATION:

The foundations of Philips were laid in 1891 when Anton and Gerard Philips established Philips & Co. in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The company begun manufacturing carbon-filament lamps and by the turn of the century, had become one of the largest producers in Europe. Stimulated by the industrial revolution in Europe, Philips’ first research laboratory started introducing its first innovations in the x-ray and radio technology. Over the years, the list of inventions has only been growing to include many breakthroughs that have continued to enrich people’s everyday lives.



In the early years of Philips &; Co., the representation of the company name took many forms: one was an emblem formed by the initial letters of Philips ; Co., and another was the word Philips printed on the glass of metal filament lamps.



One of the very first campaigns was launched in 1898 when Anton Philips used a range of postcards showing the Dutch national costumes as marketing tools. Each letter of the word Philips was printed in a row of light bulbs as at the top of every card. In the late 1920s, the Philips name began to take on the form that we recognize today.



The now familiar Philips waves and stars first appeared in 1926 on the packaging of miniwatt radio valves, as well as on the Philigraph, an early sound recording device. The waves symbolized radio waves, while the stars represented the ether of the evening sky through which the radio waves would travel.



In 1930 it was the first time that the four stars flanking the three waves were placed together in a circle. After that, the stars and waves started appearing on radios and gramophones, featuring this circle as part of their design. Gradually the use of the circle emblem was then extended to advertising materials and other products.



At this time Philips’ business activities were expanding rapidly and the company wanted to find a trademark that would uniquely represent Philips, but one that would also avoid legal problems with the owners of other well-known circular emblems. This wish resulted in the combination of the Philips circle and the wordmark within the shield emblem.



In 1938, the Philips shield made its first appearance. Although modified over the years, the basic design has remained constant ever since and, together with the wordmark, gives Philips the distinctive identity that is still embraced today.

The first steps of CRT production by Philips started in the thirties with the Deutsche Philips Electro-Spezial gesellschaft in Germany and the Philips NatLab (Physics laboratory) in Holland. After the introduction of television in Europe, just after WWII there was a growing demand of television sets and oscilloscope equipment. Philips in Holland was ambitious and started experimental television in 1948. Philips wanted to be the biggest on this market. From 1948 there was a small Philips production of television and oscilloscope tubes in the town of Eindhoven which soon developed in mass production. In 1976 a part of the Philips CRT production went to the town of Heerlen and produced its 500.000'th tube in 1986. In 1994 the company in Heerlen changed from Philips into CRT-Heerlen B.V. specialized in the production of small monochrome CRT's for the professional market and reached 1.000.000 produced tubes in 1996. In this stage the company was able to produce very complicated tubes like storage CRT's.
In 2001 the company merged into Professional Display Systems, PDS worked on LCD and Plasma technology but went bankrupt in 2009. The employees managed a start through as Cathode Ray Technology which now in 2012 has to close it's doors due to the lack of sales in a stressed market. Their main production was small CRT's for oscilloscope, radar and large medical use (X-ray displays). New experimental developments were small Electron Microscopy, 3D-TV displays, X-Ray purposes and Cathode Ray Lithography for wafer production. Unfortunately the time gap to develop these new products was too big.


28 of September 2012, Cathode Ray Technology (the Netherlands), the last Cathode Ray Tube factory in Europe closed. Ironically the company never experienced so much publicity as now, all of the media brought the news in Holland about the closure. In fact this means the end of mass production 115 years after Ferdinand Braun his invention. The rapid introduction and acceptation of LCD and Plasma displays was responsible for a drastic decrease in sales. Despite the replacement market for the next couple of years in the industrial, medical and avionics sector.
The numbers are small and the last few CRT producers worldwide are in heavy competition.

Gerard Philips:

Gerard Leonard Frederik Philips (October 9, 1858, in Zaltbommel – January 27, 1942, in The Hague, Netherlands) was a Dutch industrialist, co-founder (with his father Frederik Philips) of the Philips Company as a family business in 1891. Gerard and his younger brother Anton Philips changed the business to a corporation by founding in 1912 the NV Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken. As the first CEO of the Philips corporation, Gerard laid with Anton the base for the later Philips multinational.



Early life and education

Gerard was the first son of Benjamin Frederik David Philips (1 December 1830 – 12 June 1900) and Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921). His father was active in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands; he was a first cousin of Karl Marx.



Career

Gerard Philips became interested in electronics and engineering. Frederik was the financier for Gerard's purchase of the old factory building in Eindhoven where he established the first factory in 1891. They operated the Philips Company as a family business for more than a decade.



Marriage and family

On March 19, 1896 Philips married Johanna van der Willigen (30 September 1862 – 1942). They had no children.

Gerard was an uncle of Frits Philips, whom he and his brother brought into the business. Later they brought in his brother's grandson, Franz Otten.


Gerard and his brother Anton supported education and social programs in Eindhoven, including the Philips Sport Vereniging (Philips Sports Association), which they founded. From it the professional football (soccer) department developed into the independent Philips Sport Vereniging N.V.



Anton Philips:

Anton Frederik Philips (March 14, 1874, Zaltbommel, Gelderland – October 7, 1951, Eindhoven) co-founded Royal Philips Electronics N.V. in 1912 with his older brother Gerard Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. He served as CEO of the company from 1922 to 1939.



Early life and education

Anton was born to Maria Heyligers (1836 – 1921) and Benjamin Frederik David Philips (December 1, 1830 – June 12, 1900). His father was active in the tobacco business and a banker at Zaltbommel in the Netherlands. (He was a first cousin to Karl Marx.) Anton's brother Gerard was 16 years older.



Career

In May 1891 the father Frederik was the financier and, with his son Gerard Philips, co-founder of the Philips Company as a family business. In 1912 Anton joined the firm, which they named Royal Philips Electronics N.V.

During World War I, Anton Philips managed to increase sales by taking advantage of a boycott of German goods in several countries. He provided the markets with alternative products.

Anton (and his brother Gerard) are remembered as being civic-minded. In Eindhoven they supported education and social programs and facilities, such as the soccer department of the Philips Sports Association as the best-known example.

Anton Philips brought his son Frits Philips and grandson Franz Otten into the company in their times. Anton took the young Franz Otten with him and other family members to escape the Netherlands just before the Nazi Occupation during World War II; they went to the United States. They returned after the war.

His son Frits Philips chose to stay and manage the company during the occupation; he survived several months at the concentration camp of Vught after his workers went on strike. He saved the lives of 382 Jews by claiming them as indispensable to his factory, and thus helped them evade Nazi roundups and deportation to concentration camps.

Philips died in Eindhoven in 1951.



Marriage and family

Philips married Anne Henriëtte Elisabeth Maria de Jongh (Amersfoort, May 30, 1878 – Eindhoven, March 7, 1970). They had the following children:

* Anna Elisabeth Cornelia Philips (June 19, 1899 – ?), married in 1925 to Pieter Franciscus Sylvester Otten (1895 – 1969), and had:
o Diek Otten
o Franz Otten (b. c. 1928 - d. 1967), manager in the Dutch electronics company Philips
* Frederik Jacques Philips (1905-2005)
* Henriëtte Anna Philips (Eindhoven, October 26, 1906 – ?), married firstly to A. Knappert (d. 1932), without issue; married secondly to G. Jonkheer Sandberg (d. September 5, 1935), without issue; and married thirdly in New York City, New York, on September 29, 1938 to Jonkheer Gerrit van Riemsdijk (Aerdenhout, January 10, 1911 – Eindhoven, November 8, 2005). They had the following children:
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, October 2, 1939), married at Waalre on February 17, 1968 to Johannes Jasper Tuijt (b. Atjeh, Koeta Radja, March 10, 1930), son of Jacobus Tuijt and wife Hedwig Jager, without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, April 3, 1946), married firstly at Calvados, Falaise, on June 6, 1974 to Martinus Jan Petrus Vermooten (Utrecht, September 16, 1939 – Falaise, August 29, 1978), son of Martinus Vermooten and wife Anna Pieternella Hendrika Kwantes, without issue; married secondly in Paris on December 12, 1981 to Jean Yves Louis Bedos (Calvados, Rémy, January 9, 1947 – Calvados, Lisieux, October 5, 1982), son of Georges Charles Bedos and wife Henriette Louise Piel, without issue; and married thirdly at Manche, Sartilly, on September 21, 1985 to Arnaud Evain (b. Ardennes, Sedan, July 7, 1952), son of Jean Claude Evain and wife Flore Halleux, without issue
o ..., Jonkheerin Gerrit van Riemsdijk (b. Waalre, September 4, 1948), married at Waalre, October 28, 1972 to Elie Johan François van Dissel (b. Eindhoven, October 9, 1948), son of Willem Pieter

Jacob van Dissel and wife Francisca Frederike Marie Wirtz, without issue.

(To see the Internal Chassis Just click on Older Post Button on bottom page, that's simple !)



A comment...........of a 1996 reality ..................
Philips, which seems to be a perennial walking wounded case. The company had appeared to be on the mend after a worldwide cost- cutting programme which was started five years ago when Jan Timmer took over as chairman.
 But, following a sharp profits fall, with the company's first quarterly loss since 1992, a further shake up is being undertaken.
The difficulty is that the company operates in a mature market, in which prices are falling at an annual rate of six per cent. Manufacturers are competing by cutting costs to gain a larger share of static demand. It's not a situation in which any firm that does its own manufacturing can achieve much. Philips' latest plan involves an overall loss of 6,000 jobs in its consumer electronics business, with far greater reliance placed on a group of external suppliers which are referred to as "a cluster of dedicated subcontractors".

This is an approach that was pioneered many years ago by major Japanese manufacturers. Rather than make everything yourself, you rely on subcontractors who, in return, rely on you for their main source of work. It is hardly a cosy arrangement: the whole point seems to be that the major fain can exert pressure on its subcontractors, thereby - in theory - achieving optimum efficiency and cost-effectiveness. What happens when lower and lower prices are demanded for subcontracted work is not made clear.

The whole edifice could collapse. However that might be, this is the course on which Philips has now embarked. The company is also to carry out distribution, sales and marketing on a regional rather than a national basis, and has said that it will not support Grundig's losses after this year.

But Philips' chief financial officer Dudley Eustace has said that it has "no intention of abandoning the television and audio business". One has to assume that the subcontracting will also be done on an international basis, as major Japanese firms have had to do. There is a sense of déjà vu about this, though one wishes Philips well - it is still one of the major contributors to research and development in our industry.

Toshiba, which has also just appointed a new top man, Taizo Nishimoro, provides an interesting contrast. Mr Nishimoro thinks that the western emphasis on sales and marketing rather than engineering is the way to go. So the whole industry seems to be moving full circle. Taizo Nishimoro has become the first non engineering president of Toshiba. Where the company cannot compete effectively on its own, he intends to seek international alliances or go for closures. He put it as follows. "The technology and the businesses we are engaged in are getting more complex.
 In these circumstances, if we try to do everything ourselves we are making a mistake." Here's how Minoru Makihara, who became head of Mitsubishi Corporation four years ago, sees it. "Technologies are now moving so fast that it is impossible for the top manager to know all the details. 
Companies are now looking for generalists who can understand broad changes, delegate and provide leadership." Corporate change indeed amongst our oriental colleagues. Major firms the world over are facing similar problems and having to adopt similar policies.

In a mature market such as consumer electronics, you have to rely on marketing to squeeze the last little bit of advantage from such developments as Dolby sound and other added value features. The consumer electronics industry has been hoping that the digital video disc would come to its aid and get sales and profits moving ahead.

The DVD was due to be released in Sept 1996 , but we are unlikely to hear much more about it yet awhile. There's no problem with the technology: the difficulty is with licensing and software. There is obviously no point in launching it without adequate software support. But the movie companies, which control most of the required supply of software, are concerned that a recordable version of the disc, due in a couple of years' time, would be a gift to pirates worldwide. Concessions have been made by the electronics industry, in particular that different disc formats should be used in different parts of the world. But a curious problem has arisen.
 The other main use of the DVD is as a ROM in computer systems. For this application flexible copying facilities are a major requirement. But the movie companies are unwilling to agree to this. At present the situation is deadlocked and the great hope of an autumn launch, all important for sales, has had to be postponed. Next year maybe? It's a great pity, since the DVD has much to offer.
There's a lot of sad news on the retail side as well. Colorvision has been placed in administrative receivership in 1996 , with a threat to 800 jobs at its 76 stores, while the Rumbelows shops that were taken over by computer retailer Escom have suffered a similar fate. The receivers have closed down the UK chain with the loss of 850 jobs at some 150 stores. Nothing seems to be going right just now.

• Publications

  
  A. Heerding: The origin of the Dutch incandescent lamp industry. (Vol. 1 of The history of N.V. Philips gloeilampenfabriek). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32169-7
  A. Heerding: A company of many parts. (Vol. 2 of The history of N.V. Philips' gloeilampenfabrieken). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-521-32170-0
  I.J. Blanken: The development of N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken into a major electrical group. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 3 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V.). ISBN 90-288-1439-6
  I.J. Blanken: Under German rule. Zaltbommel, European Library, 1999. (Vol. 4 of The history of Philips Electronics N.V). ISBN 90-288-1440-X

  References

  "Philips Annual Report 2018". Philips Results. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  "Philips Greenpeace International". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  
  "Philips Annual Report 2018 - Compare the previous 5 years". Philips Results. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  
  "Annual Report 2014". Philips. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  
  
  https://www.industryweek.com/global-economy/philips-drops-electronics-name-strategy-switch
  
  
  "Börse Frankfurt (Frankfurt Stock Exchange): Stock market quotes, charts and news". Boerse-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  
  "Philips Museum". Philips-museum.com. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  
  C.M. Hargreaves (1991). The Philips Stirling Engine. Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-88463-7. pp.28–30
  
  
  Philips Technical Review Vol.9 No.4 page 97 (1947)
  
  
  C.M. Hargreaves (1991), Fig. 3
  
  
  C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.61
  
  
  C.M. Hargreaves (1991), p.77
  
  
  "Philips Electronics NV | Dutch manufacturer". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  
  "BBC - WW2 People's War - Operation Oyster, Part 1". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  
  Everitt, Chris; Middlebrook, Martin (2 April 2014). "The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book". Pen and Sword. Retrieved 30 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  
  Bruce, Mr A I. "30th March 1943 WWII Timeline". Wehrmacht-history.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "Frits Philips celebrates 100th birthday". Philips. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  
  
  The Encyclopedia of the Righteous Among the Nations: Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust: The Netherlands, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004, pp. 596–597
  
  "PHILIPS Light Tower Complex - The Netherlands", Reynaers-solutions.com, Reynaers Aluminium, archived from the original on 20 January 2012, retrieved 12 September 2011
  
  "Waarom stopt Philips met zelf televisies maken?". de Volkskrant. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  
  "BFI – Film & TV Database – The Philips Time Machine (1977)". The British Film Institute Web Database. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  
  Snow, Blake (5 May 2007). "The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time". GamePro.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  
  https://www.trouw.nl/home/philips-gaat-aan-naam-eindelijk-het-woord-koninklijke-toevoegen~a0329b2a/
  
  "Philips Completes Acquisition Agilent Technologies' Healthcare Solutions Group". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  
  "Philips electronics to buy lifeline to expand in consumer health". Wsj.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "Philips to Acquire Healthcare Informatics Company XIMIS Inc. to Strengthen Presence in the Healthcare Information Technology Market". Finanznachrichten.de. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "News center - Philips". Arquivo.pt. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "Philips completes acquisition of US-based VISICU". Newscenter.philips.com. 21 February 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  
  NRC Handelsblad, 4 September 2010 Het nieuwe Philips wordt blij van een iPad-hoesje/The new Philips becomes happy from an iPad cover, Dutch original:" 'We zijn geen high-tech bedrijf meer, het gaat erom dat de technologieën introduceren die breed gedragen worden door de consument', zegt Valk [..] Consumer Lifestyle is nu zodanig ingericht dat er geen jaren meer gewerkt wordt aan uitvindingen die weinig kans van slagen hebben. [..]De Philips staf windt er geen doekjes om dat het bedrijf niet altijd voorop loopt bij de technologische ontwikkelingen in consumentengoederen."
  
  
  "Philips to merge Preethi biz in future". Moneycontrol.com. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 6 January2017.
  
  "Sectra news and press releases - Sectra and Philips sign large mammography modality acquisition deal". Sectra.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  
  "Philips to cut 4,500 jobs". The Guardian. 17 October 2011.
  
  "Philips Electronics cuts another 2,200 jobs". Bbc.co.uk. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  Lezhnev, Sasha; Alex Hellmuth (August 2012). "Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets: Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012" (PDF). Enough Project. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  
  "Philips, LG Electronics, 4 others fined 1.47 billion Euros for EU cartel". The Economic Times. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  
  Van, Robert. (29 January 2013) Philips Exits Consumer Electronics - The Source - WSJ. Blogs.wsj.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
  
  "Philips to exit hi-fis and DVD players". BBC News. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  
  "Philips exits shrinking home entertainment business". Reuters. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  
  Philips to take legal action against Funai. Broadbandtvnews.com (25 October 2013). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
  
  Sterling, Toby; Mari Yamaguchi. "Philips Breaks off Deal With Funai". ABC News. Amsterdam. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  
  "Philips announces decision by ICC International Court of Arbitration in Funai arbitration case". Philips Electronics. 2016-04-26. Retrieved 2016-07-23.
  
  "Paradox Engineering and Philips Lighting working together on smart city solutions". startupticker.ch. Retrieved on September 2013.
  
  "Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.: Name change" (PDF). eurex. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  
  "Philips unveils new brand direction centered around innovation and people". Newscenter.philips.com. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  
  "Dutch electronics giant Philips plans to split business". Bbc.com. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  
  Tartwijk, Maarten Van (31 March 2015). "Philips Sells Majority Stake in LED Components, Automotive Business". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  
  Escritt, Thomas. "Philips expands in medical devices with $1.2 billion Volcano deal". Reuters.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "Subscribe to read". Ft.com. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "Philips lighting is now Signify". Signify. 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  
  
  Whitaker, Tim (19 August 2005). "Analysis: Philips acquires controlling stake in Lumileds". www.ledsmagazine.com. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  
  "Philips announces 100% ownership of Lumileds". www.ledsmagazine.com. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  
  "Lumileds Officially an Independent Company as Funds Affiliated with Apollo Global Management and Philips Complete Transaction". Lumileds. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  
  "Interactive world maps". Annualreport2013.philips.com. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  Nieuwhof, Marc (15 November 2010). "IP.Philips.com". IP.Philips.com. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  
  "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  
  "(Company profile – Philips Hong Kong)". Philips.com.hk. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  
  
  "珠海经济特区飞利浦家庭电器有限公司联系方式_信用报告_工商信息－启信宝". Qixin.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  Philips opens lighting center in China Automotive News Report – 1 May 2008
  
  "Bangalore.philips.com". Bangalore.philips.com. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  
  "India's Most Trusted Brands 2014". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015.
  
  "Philips Israel- Company Overview". Philips.co.il. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  
  "Philips Pakistan - Company Overview". Philips.com.pk. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  
  "Philips Deutschland - Philips". Philips.de. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "Philips Portuguesa". Restosdecoleccao.blogspot.pt. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "História Local - Philips". Philips.pt. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "Google Maps". Google.pt. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  Portugal, Philips. "Philips Portugal manufacturer in P, radio technology from Po". Radiomuseum.org. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "Artigos Project : Global Report Volume 20" (PDF). Pardalmonteiro.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "Philips - Portugal". Philips.pt. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "philips uk - Google Maps". Maps.google.co.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  
  "Dutch firm Philips to move North American headquarters from Andover to Cambridge". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "Philips Brasil Home Page". 30 December 1996. Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  John Biggs, Tech Crunch. "Welcome To The Future: Polymer Vision Demos SVGA Rollable Screen." 27 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  
  Lewis, Gareth (15 July 2009). "50 jobs go at Polymer Vision". Southern Daily Echo. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  
  "Products & Solutions". Philips Healthcare. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  
  "LED 12.5W A19 Soft White 12.5W (60W) Dimmable A19". Energy-saving light bulbs. Philips.
  
  "Indoor Luminaires". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  
  "Outdoor Luminaires". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  
  "Lamps". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  
  "Lighting Controls". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "Digital projection lighting". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "Horticulture". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "Solar". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "Lighting systems for office & industry". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  
  "Retail and hospitality systems". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  
  "Lighting systems: for public spaces". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  
  "Choose a bulb". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "Choose a lamp". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "Philips Hue homepage". Philips Lighting. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  
  "The 64 Slice CT Scanner". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  
  "Philips Shield Wordmark Timeline" (JPG). Philips.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  
  "Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy". Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  
  "https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/articles/2018/20180124-philips-spearheads-the-circular-economy-with-firm-2020-pledge.html". External link in |title= (help)
  
  "History of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation". www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  
  "Ford tops Interbrand's forth annual ranking as the "greenest" brand in 2014". POPSOP. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  
  "Philips – Our Green Products". Philips. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  
  Margery Conner, EE Times. "$10M L Prize goes to Philips for 60W replacement LED bulb." 3 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  
  "DOE Announces Philips as First Winner of the L Prize Competition". US Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  
  "Guide to Greener Electronics | Greenpeace International". Greenpeace.org. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  
  "Guide to Greener Electronics – Greenpeace International". Greenpeace International. Retrieved 14 November 2011.